Communication

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COMMUNICATION

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SMILE: A UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE

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COMMUNICATION

• regards as a transactional process/model

• as a transactional model communication is:– Dynamic

– Ongoing process

• No start and end points

DEFINITION

– Circle (Circular)

• Circle process

• Process of delivering message from source/sender to receiver

• Both sender and receiver have their own role and are influencing each other

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– Non-repetitive – reaction & response can be

repeated but not exactly in the same way as before

– A word once spoken cannot be taken back

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Definition

• two-way process, and have behavior impact

– Source with intention encoding & sending message through selected channel to receiver aiming to produce certain behavior.

SourceSource MessageMessage

FeedbackFeedback

ReceiverReceiverChannelChannel

Chart 1 : Communication elements

(Source: Mohd Baharudin Othman & Mohd Khairie Ahmad, 2003)

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Source/sender:

• Refers to an individual or a group or person that sends information

Source/SenderSource/Sender

FUNCTIONS:

• encoding message• source exchange message into verbal

or nonverbal symbol

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• determine intention/select communication channel to deliver/convey message

• interpret message which delivered by the sender

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• ensure message is received by the receiver

• interpret feedback • will re-encode message in case the

receiver fail to

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• derives from encode process

• a set of symbol (verbal/non-verbal) or content of information sent by sender of message.

MessageMessage

• Selected verbal or nonverbal symbol gives a specific meaning to receiver

• verbal or non-verbal behavior may enhance the meaning of the given message

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• A medium used to convey information from a sender (or transmitter) to a receiver

• Communication channels can be categorized into two main categories: Direct and Indirect channels of communication

ChannelChannel

• example: i. face to face communication, ii. letter iii. magazine iv. radio v. e-mail vi. telephone vii. chatting room) internet

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• Channel is selected based on:

– target audience or message receiver

– message type

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• Refers to an individual or a group or person that receive information from sender/source of message

• Function:– Decode a message:

• is the reverse of encoding, which is the process of transforming information from one format into another

ReceiverReceiver

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• Purpose of feedback is to change and alter messages so the intention of the sender is understood by the receiver of the message.

• Sender and receiver share response

FeedbackFeedback

• Response from:

– sender: involves conscious and unconscious demand towards verbal and non-verbal signal such as face expression, physical signal or behavior changes

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• receiver: gives feedback to sender by channeling information consciously, clearly and with minimum barrier

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• Channel is selected based on:

– target audience or message receiver– message type

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TYPE OF COMMUNICATION

1. Mass communication2. Organizational communication3. Group communication4. Dyadic Communication

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Mass communication

CHARACTERISTICS:i. The size of the target audience is

normally big, heterogeneous, and anonymous

ii. Message is channel publicly i. Reach big audience and the

same time

iii. Communicator operates in a complex organization with high operation cost

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• Interdependence process between individual,exchanging and interpreting message

• Main aim:

– to achieve organization objective

Organizational

communication

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• Benefits of large group:

– Various skill, ability and knowledge – More energy in solving problem or

conducting activity– Meeting various members that are

different in term of knowledge and personality

Group communication

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Weaknesses:

possibility of the existence of a subgroup

different degrees of involvement in communication

Dominated by talkative members

Small group Communication…

The bigger the group the higher the needs of having a leader

Possibility of leader to over rules group function

Difficult to achieve consensus among members

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• Also known as interpersonal communication.

• source and receiver send and receive information exclusively

Dyadic Communication

• is simply a method of communication that only involves two people such as a telephone conversation or even a set of letters sent to and received from a pen-pal.

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• In this communication process, sender can immediately receive and evaluate feedback from the receiver.

• thus, it allows for more specific tailoring of the message and more personal communication that do many of the other media.

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MODELS OFCOMMUNICATION

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• classic outline of the study of communication

• Questions describing communications:– Who? – Says what? – In which channel? – To whom? – With what effect?

Lasswell Model (1948)

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• Based on mathematic concept

• Premises:

– Sources produce information which can be communicated verbally, or by written communication, music, picture

– Transmitter: interpret message into signal to receiver

The Mathematical Theory of Communication

Shahnon & Weaver (1949)

– example: chatting

• Information source: Brain/Presumably a person who creates a message

• Transmitter: Voice

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Receiver produces feedback by interpreting message

Destination: Presumably a person who consumes and processes the message

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Chart 3: The Mathematical

Theory of Communication

Information source

transmitter receiver destination

message

Noisesource

message

signalReceivedsignal

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• Introducing concepts of:

– Entropy : A measure of the loss of information in a transmitted message

– Redundancy: Repetition of parts or all of a message to circumvent transmission errors / redundant or excessive

Shahnon & Weaver (1949)

– If there are obstacles in communication channel, thus there would be a higher need to redundancy, to reduce entropy

• Communication can be enhanced when Entropy & redundancy are equal

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First model: communication is assumed as an interaction between two people

Model Schramm (1954)

Source Encoder Decoder Destination

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Signal

• Introducing three (3) communication models

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destination destinationsourcesource signalsignal

Field of experience Field of experience

2encoderencoder

decoderdecoder

Second Model: main assumption;

communication is effective when information are shared between sender and receiver

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MessageMessage

MessageMessageEncoder

Interpreter

Decoder

Decoder

Interpreter

Encoder

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Third Model: both, sender and receiver interact by encoding, interpreting, re-coding, sending and receiving information/message

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Theodare Newcomb (1953)

• states that communication as an aspect of social psychology which study interaction among persons.

Newcomb Symmetry Model

• Regards as an easy model– Assume:

• A sending information to B about something, which is X

• A behavior towards B and X is interdependence

• X: regards as an object to approach or to avoid

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SOMETHING(X)

INDIVIDUALA

INDIVIDUALB

Graph 5: Newcomb Symmetry Model

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Communication barriers

1. Vocabulary 2. Relationship between words 3. Selective observation4. Failure in giving feedback 5. Bipolar thinking 6. Bypassing: giving information in one

short7. Judgment tendency

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COMMUNICATION & COMMUNITY

• COMMUNICATION BASIC ROLE:

1. convey message to individual, group and community in order to gain:

• Knowledge • Experience• information

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• Communication function in increasing development growth

• Mass Media Communication.

• Changes:introducing new values

new behavior in line with modernization

introducing new skillnew knowledge

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- Knowledge source

- Gives new sight by exposing the audience about experience

2. Enhance the degree of aspiration or the need to be developed

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4. Tendency to involve in policy-making process

5. Reform power structure in a traditional community by providing knowledge to the public

6. Help people to find new values or norms as well as harmonization in certain period of time

7. Enhance patriotism value

8. Help public to realize their right and their importance in community

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9. Enable to plan and to conduct development programs which in line with people

10.Making economic, social and political development as continuous process

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Schramm states there are three main functions of communication in social changes:

i. Convey national agenda or nation building aspiration to public

ii. Chances to the public to involve in d decision-making process

iii. Educating workforce that are suitable with nation needs in line

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THANK YOU AND WASSALAM

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