COMMON SENSE One of the most important factors in convincing many Americans that complete independence was to only way to go was Common Sense by Thomas.

COMMON SENSE

• One of the most important factors in convincing many Americans that complete independence was to only way to go was Common Sense by Thomas Paine– Mobilized support of

“ordinary Americans” for independence

THOMAS PAINE

• Came to America in 1774– Had been a corset-maker and

tax collector in England• Failed in both careers• Marriage also failed

• Arrived in Philadelphia– Obtained job with

Pennsylvania magazine– Became friends with Dr.

Benjamin Rush and John Adams

• Men who were privately discussing the idea of independence

TARGET AUDIENCE

• Paine decided to bring issues involved in the conflict with England to the mass American audience– Was very successful

• Because he came from that same audience

– Had been a craftsman and he spoke their language, knew how they thought, and knew what they wanted

WHAT PAINE SAID (I)

• Began pamphlet with an attack on the principle of monarchy– Argued that there

was no reason why one person should be placed above everyone else because they happened to be born into a certain family

WHAT PAINE SAID (2)

• Called on Americans to do away with their king and establish a republican form of government– Did not provide many

details– Did say it should have

frequent elections, a national legislature, and local legislatures for each state

WHAT PAINE SAID (3)

• Argued that British economic policies had crippled American prosperity

• Stated that America would never be truly prosperous or “politically great” until it had completely broken from British control

• Independent, republican America would start a process of independence for all the people of the world who were not free

POPULARITY OF COMMON SENSE

• Went through 25 editions and reached hundreds of thousands of readers in early 1776

• Spread idea of independence from an educated elite to ordinary Americans

THOMAS PAINE: PIONEER

• Paine was pioneer in a new style of political writing– Marked by clarity,

directness, and forcefulness

• Avoided fancy words, Latin phrases, and obscure literary allusions

– Aimed his work at ordinary people

• Not educated classes• Expressed what they felt

in clear terms they could easily understand

CREATING A GOVERNMENT

• After the Declaration of Independence was signed, American had to set up a government– Most colonies had already

set up provisional local governments based on old colonial assemblies

– Changed into permanent state governments after July 4, 1776

• Each with a written constitution

SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

• Second Continental Congress– Convened after Lexington

and Concord– Set up special committee

after signing of Declaration of Independence to create new national government

• Finished in November 1777

• Called the Articles of Confederation

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION I

• Congress granted power to conduct war, conduct foreign policy, and borrow and print money– Not given power to

regulate trade, levy taxes, or draft soldiers

– Had to ask states for money and troops

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION II

• Did not provide for a separate chief executive

– Executive committee from members of Congress would enforce laws

• Did not create a Supreme Court

– Disputes between states were to be settled by a complicated system of arbitration

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION III

• States retained a large amount of independence and power– Each state legislature elected

and paid salaries of its representatives to Congress

– Each state only had one vote in Congress

• No matter how many representatives it had

– Nine states had to be in favor of a piece of legislation for it to pass

– All 13 states had to agree before the Articles could be changed

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION IV

• Ratification of the Articles delayed for fours years because of disagreements– Some states liked document because it

provided for a weak central government• Others wanted a stronger central

government– Smaller states liked the idea that each

state would only have one vote in Congress

• Larger states thought that voting power in Congress should be based on population

• All disagreements eventually settled by compromise and Articles of Confederation were ratified by Congress in 1781

WHY DID FRENCH HELP? (1)

• Not because French government admired American desire for self-government and democracy– Was an absolute

monarchy at time and had no representative institutions

Louis XVI of France

WHY DID THE FRENCH HELP? (2)

• French helped for reasons of power politics– Count of Vergennes

realized that England was France’s major enemy

– If American colonists gained their independence, British power would be weakened and France would thereby benefit

– France had much to gain in a diplomatic sense from an American victory

Count of Vergennes

FRENCH AID

• French sent military advisors to help train and organize the American army– Marquis de Lafayette

• Also secretly provided weapons and ammo

• But Americans needed more– Needed more weapons,

money, and support of French army and navy

– Also needed France to officially recognize America as an independent country

Marquis de Lafayette

FRANKLIN IN PARIS• Americans sent Benjamin Franklin to

Paris to get stronger commitment from the French– But Vergennes would not commit

• Because Americans were losing war with the British and Vergennes did not want to openly back a loser

• Would not recognize America as an independent country until colonists gave some indication that they could win

• Did agree to provide more money– 68 million dollars over course

of war

BATTLE OF SARATOGA

• Americans win Battle of Saratoga in December 1777

– British offer peace terms

– Franklin played on this to pressure Vergennes into giving him what he wanted

• France officially recognized America as independent county

• Formed military alliance

BATTLE OF YORKTOWN• October 1778• American army commanded by

Nathaniel Greene and George Washington attack General Cornwallis from one side of Yorktown

• French army commanded by Lafayette attack Cornwallis from other side

• French navy bombards Yorktown and prevents Cornwallis’ escape by sea

• Cornwallis surrendered on October 19, 1778 and the British ask for peace shortly thereafter

SLAVERY

• It was only the Revolution and the manpower shortage that resulted in both the British and American armies that transformed the situation of African slaves in the former colonies

MANPOWER SHORTAGE• Royal governor of Virginia

announced that he would free all Virginian slaves who would fight on the British side– November 1776– Thousands of slaves

responded to his appeal

• More and more British commanders followed his example as manpower shortage went from bad to worse in subsequent months

AMERICAN POLICY• Americans slower to use slave

soldiers– Many commanders and political

leaders were slave owners and had a lot to lose from this policy

• Growing manpower shortage forced change in policy– New England states began to

use black recruits– Upper south grudgingly adopted

similar policy– Only South Carolina and Georgia

refused to use black troops• Because of deep fear of slave

rebellion

AFTER THE WAR• Revolutionary War opened

opportunities for slaves to gain their liberty that had not existed earlier

• When British left, thousands of blacks went with them to Canada or England– Others eluded their American

masters and remained free in America

• Some American masters kept their word and freed slaves who had fought on American side after the War– Others did not– Many slaves took off for freedom

anyway

LIBERTARIAN IDEOLOGY

• Libertarian ideology used to justify Revolution challenged institution of slavery– If all men were created equal,

then why were some men slaves?

– This question bothered some white Americans and made it impossible for them to ignore contradiction between their proclaimed ideology and American reality

– Large numbers of white Americans began to question slavery for the first time

CHANGE IN NATIONAL OPINION

• Some people freed their slaves and some demanded liberty for all slaves– Pushed slaveowners

on the defensive– By 1800, slavery was

no longer a national institution and its routine acceptance could no longer be taken for granted

• Had become unique only to the South

SLAVERY DISAPPEARS IN THE NORTH

• Slavery disappeared first in New England– Where blacks were few

in number and not a threat to white dominance

• Blacks more numerous in Middle Atlantic states and abolition of slavery therefore more difficult there– Nonetheless, every

state north of New Jersey had freed its slaves and abolished slavery by 1804

THE LOWER SOUTH

• Some slaveowners in upper South freed their slaves but no state legislature abolished slavery

• Even individual emancipations did not occur in Lower South– Demand for slaves actually

increased in region• Due to manpower losses,

spread of rice cultivation and introduction of cotton growing