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Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems
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Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

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Page 1: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle

• Calving Disorders

• Early Lactation Pitfalls

• Everyday Problems

Page 2: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving Disorders

• Dystocia

• Paralysis

• Prolapsed Uterus

• Retained Placenta

• Metritis

• Milk fever

Page 3: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersDystocia

• WhatDifficulty with calving

• WhenNo progress after calf in the birth canal

• WhyCalf not presented properly

Large calf

Twins

Milk fever

Page 4: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersDystocia

• Diagnosis Vaginal Exam

Must recognize proper presentations

Front- 2 front legs, head

Rear- 2 rear legs

“Spine to spine”

ALWAYS clean before examination

Page 5: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersDystocia

• Treatment Assisted pulling

Correct problems in presentation

Consider veterinary help-especially if something feels unusual

Page 6: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersDystocia

• Prevention Breed heifers of proper size

Calving ease bulls

Frequent observation- better to check cow and ask for unecessary help than have a dead cow

Always check for second calf

Page 7: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersCalving Paralysis

• WhatCow has nerve and muscle damage from

trauma of calving

• WhenAfter calf is pulled

• WhyCalf not presented properly

Large calf

Calving too long a time periuod

Page 8: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersCalving Paralysis

• Diagnosis History of hard calving

Cow is usually alert, eating, drinking

Normal temperature

Be careful of more serious problems

• TreatmentTincture of time

Lifting

Anti-inflammatory agents

Treatment

Page 9: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersCalving Paralysis

• Prevention Avoid dystocias

Know when to call veterinarian

Usually if hadn’t made any progress in 30 minutes of assistance

Page 10: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersProlapsed Uterus

• WhatCow has pushed uterus outside body-

“inside out”

• WhenAfter calf is pulled out

• WhyDystocia

Large calf

Milk Fever

Page 11: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersProlapsed Uterus

• Diagnosis Usually within hours after calving

Uterus laying on ground behind cow

• TreatmentCall veterinarian immediately

Provide clean area, feedsacks, sheets to help lift uterus

Antibacterials

Page 12: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersProlapsed Uterus

• Prevention Avoid dystocias

Treat milk fevers promptly

Page 13: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersRetained Placenta

• WhatCow has fetal membranes still attached to

uterus-partly outside the cow

• WhenAfter calving- at least 12 hours later

• WhyDystocia

Milk Fever

Twins

Page 14: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Retained Fetal MembranesWhat is Normal?

• 50 Citations in Literature from 1979 to 1995– Lactational Incidence Rates Ranged

from 1.3% to 39.2%– Median LIR was 8.6%

Kelton, et al., 1998. JDS 81:2502

Page 15: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersRetained Uterus

• Diagnosis “Cow didn’t clean”

Wait 12 hours after calving

• TreatmentNothing - if metritis isn’t present

Remove suspended membranes

Lutalyse- consult veterinarian

Page 16: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersRetained Placenta

• Prevention Avoid dystocias

Prevent milk fever

Well balanced dry cow rations

ECP- consult veterinarian

Page 17: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersMetritis

• WhatAn infection of the uterus that has actually

invaded into tissue

• WhenUsually observed within 2 weeks after

calving

• WhyDystocia

Twins

Retained placenta

Page 18: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

MetritisWhat is Normal?

• 43 Citations in Literature from 1979 to 1995– Lactational Incidence Rate Ranged

from 2.2% to 37.3%– Median LIR was 10.1%

Kelton, et al., 1998. JDS 81:2502

Page 19: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersMetritis

• Diagnosis Vaginal discharge - foul smelling

Cow may have fever, off feed

• TreatmentMore severe cases require antibacterials

Lutalyse

Consult veterinarian for protocol

Page 20: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersMetritis

• Prevention Avoid dystocias

Prevent milk fever

Well balanced dry cow rations

Prevent retained placentas

PHYSICAL EXAMS of cows for 7 to 10 days after calving

Page 21: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersMilk Fever

• WhatHypocalcemia- low calcium in blood

• WhenUsually observed within 2 days after

calving-can occur before calving

• WhyCows 3rd lactation or greater

Rapid synthesis of milk into udder, drains calcium from blood

Page 22: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Serum Calcium Levels at Parturition

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Days from Parturition

Ser

um

Ca

(mg

/dl)

Normal

Hypocalcemia

Milk Fever

Goff, 1999. DHM 36(11):29

Page 23: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Milk FeverWhat is Normal?

• 33 Citations in Literature from 1979to 1995– Lactational Incidence Rates Ranged

from 0.03% to 22.3%– Median LIR was 6.5%

Kelton, et al., 1998. JDS 81:2502

Page 24: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersMilk Fever

• Diagnosis No fever- or low body temperature

Cow down- early may be staggering

Off feed, no manure

Glazed eyes, “S” bend in neck

Be careful of other problems

• TreatmentCalcium IV, subcutaneous

Must be careful of overdosing

Page 25: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Calving DisordersMilk Fever

• Prevention Early detection while cow still standing

Well balanced ration, especially before calving

Page 26: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle

• Calving Disorders

• Early Lactation Pitfalls

• Everyday Problems

Page 27: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Early Lactation PitfallsDisplaced Abomasum

• WhatAbomasum in wrong place of abdomen-

“DA”

• WhenUsually within 60 days after calving-can

occur anytime

• WhyCows that go off feed

Any previous health problem

Page 28: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

LDAWhat is Normal?

• 22 Citations in Literature from 1979 to 1995– Lactational Incidence Rate Ranged

from 0.3% to 6.3%– Median LIR was 1.7%

Kelton, et al., 1998. JDS 81:2502

Page 29: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Early Lactation PitfallsDisplaced Abomasum

• Diagnosis“Ping” heard on side of abdomen

Off feed

Ketosis

• TreatmentSurgery

Page 30: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Early Lactation PitfallsDisplaced Abomasum

• PreventionBalanced ration with fiber

Balanced ration for transition cows

Prevent causes of cows going off-feed

Page 31: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Early Lactation PitfallsKetosis

• WhatCow in low energy balance

Burns off fat so fast creates “ketones” in blood

• WhenUsually within 30 days after calving

• WhyLow body condition

Any other cause for going off-feed

Page 32: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

KetosisWhat is Normal?

• 36 Citations in Literature from 1979 to 1995– Lactational Incidence Rate Ranged

from 1.3% to 18.3%– Median LIR was 4.8%

Kelton, et al., 1998. JDS 81:2502

Page 33: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Early Lactation PitfallsKetosis

• Diagnosis“Smell” of acetone on breath

Keto-stick turns purple in urine

Off feed

• TreatmentDextrose IV

Propylene glycol drench

Glucocorticoids

Consult veterinarian for protocol

Page 34: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Early Lactation PitfallsKetosis

• PreventionBalanced ration for all stages of lactation

cycle- including dry cows

Maintain proper body condition for all stages of lactation cycle

Prevent other diseases

Page 35: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Early Lactation PitfallsOther Diseases

• Rumen acidosis

• Abomasal Ulcers

• Fatty Liver

• All require veterinary assistance in diagnosis/prevention

Page 36: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle

• Calving Disorders

• Early Lactation Pitfalls

• Everyday Problems

Page 37: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everday ProblemsMastitis

• WhatInfection of the udder

Most likely to treat clinical mastitis

Can be mild to severe

• WhenUsually lactating cows

• WhyPoor milking technique

Unclean cow housing

Page 38: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Clinical MastitisWhat is Normal?

• 62 Citations in Literature from 1979 to 1995– Lactational Incidence Rate Ranged

from 1.7% to 54.6%– Median LIR was 14.2%

• Michigan study suggested 1-2 % of cows each month is a good goal

Kelton, et al., 1998. JDS 81:2502

Page 39: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everyday Problems Mastitis

• DiagnosisAbnormal milk

Swollen quarter

Cow may be off feed, fever

Off feed

• TreatmentConsult veterinarian

Antibacterials

Supportive care

Page 40: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everyday Problems Mastitis

• PreventionImportant to keep records

Culture of milk samples

Proper milking technique

Maintain clean, dry, comfortable cows

Page 41: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everday ProblemsPneumonia

• WhatInfection of the respiratory tract-lungs

• WhenAnytime

Usually after new arrivals

Rapid weather changes

• WhyLack of immunity (vaccination)

Poor ventilation/housing

Page 42: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everyday Problems Pneumonia

• DiagnosisFever

Labored breathing/sounds

Depression

Off feed

• TreatmentConsult veterinarian

Antibacterials

Supportive care

Page 43: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everyday Problems Pneumonia

• PreventionImportant to keep records

Vaccination program

Biosecurity program

Maintain well-ventilated, dry housing

Page 44: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everday ProblemsLameness

• WhatInfection or injury of feet or legs

• WhenAnytime

• WhyFoot rot

Heel warts

Punctures

Rumen acidosis/laminitis “founder”

Page 45: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everyday Problems Lameness

• DiagnosisCow with limp

Standing / walking with “humped back”

Must examine foot

• TreatmentConsult veterinarian-antibacterials

Foot trimming/bandages

Page 46: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everyday Problems Lameness

• PreventionRegular foot trimming

Foot baths

Well designed stalls for cows

Well balanced rations

Page 47: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everday ProblemsEnteritis

• WhatInfection of intestinal tract

Can be acute (winter dysentery) or

Chronic (Johne’s)

• WhenAnytime

Page 48: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everday ProblemsEnteritis

• WhyFeed changes

Salmonella

Winter dysentery

Parasites (younger animals)

BVD

Johne’s disease

Page 49: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everyday Problems Enteritis

• DiagnosisOff feed

Diarrhea

Weight loss

Blood or fecal tests

• TreatmentConsult veterinarian-

Page 50: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everyday Problems Enteritis

• PreventionVaccination (BVD)

Strict biosecurity

Sanitation

Clean feed handling

Separatiuon of calves from cows

Culling

Gradual feed changes

Page 51: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everday ProblemsHardware

• WhatForeign object (metal) in digestive tract

• WhenAnytime

• WhyCows swallow nails, wire

Causes punctures in digestive tract

Liver abcesses

Heart damage

Page 52: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everyday Problems Hardware

• DiagnosisOff feed

Often normal to dry manure

Arched back

Usually no fever

Diarrhea

• TreatmentConsult veterinarian-antibacterials

Magnet

Page 53: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Everyday Problems Hardware

• PreventionCareful of needles, tools, wire, nails

around farm

Magnets to all heifers?

Page 54: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Goals and Objectives of 100-Day Contract

• Protect Fresh Cows from Pathogens via Sanitation and Vaccination

• “Temp” All Fresh Cows Daily for 10 Days Post-Calving and Treat Appropriately

• Use ECP® Sterile Solution on Problem Cows to Keep Uterus Sensitive to Oxytocin

• Prevent Toxic Metritis

Fresh Period

Page 55: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Fresh Period

Goals and Objectives of 100-Day Contract

• Keep Cows on Feed Following Calving

• Early Identification Problems– Day One if Possible

• Develop Standard Operating Procedures

• Return to Positive Energy Balance by 45 Days in Milk

Page 56: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Components of 100-Day Contract

• Clean Calving EnvironmentClean Calving Environment

• Third Upjohn J-5 Bacterin within Two Third Upjohn J-5 Bacterin within Two Weeks of CalvingWeeks of Calving

• Body Condition Score at CalvingBody Condition Score at Calving

• Daily Monitoring of Each Cow for First 10 Daily Monitoring of Each Cow for First 10 Days after CalvingDays after Calving

• Administer Supportive Therapy as NeededAdminister Supportive Therapy as Needed

Fresh Period

Page 57: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

10 Day Postpartum Monitoring Program

• Involves evaluating each fresh cow every day for 10 days.– Observe Attitude of Cow– Rectal temperature (>103.0°F.)– Sick, “Off feed”

• Ketosis• Displaced Abomasum• Physical exam for other diseases

Page 58: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Dr. Lynn Upham, Bovine Proceedings, September, 1996

10 Day Postpartum Monitoring Program

• Practical approach to managing uterine health with 2 major goals:– Maximize potential milk yield by keeping cows

“on feed” (pick up and diagnose problems early!)

– Aid future reproduction by stimulating rapid uterine involution

Page 59: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Fresh Cow Monitoring System

Flow Chart

Normal

Normal

1) 10 Day PP Monitoring

Fever Sick/"Off Feed"

Normal

"Abnormal"1) 10 Day PP Monitoring2) ECP® Sterile Solution, 2 cc. IM3) LUTALYSE® Sterile Solution, 1 ds. (14-28 days PP)

Fresh Cow

Fever Sick/"Off Feed"

Page 60: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

“Abnormal” Fresh Cow

• Assisted Calving - If chains/baling twine are used or if vulva is entered.

• Twins

• Dead Calves

• Milk Fever

• Retained Placenta

Page 61: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Fresh Cow Program

No treatment

Antibiotic ECP® (4 mg - if not

given day one)PREDEF® 2X (20 mg once)

Supportive Rx as needed

PREDEF® 2X (20 mg once)

Supportive Rx as needed

Normal Fever +/- Off-feed Off-feed; no fever

Day One Problem Cows

ECP® (4 mg once)

10-Day EvaluationTemperature andPhysical Exam

LUTALYSE®

Clean-UpDay 14-21

LUTALYSE®

Clean-UpDay 14-21

Page 62: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Why ?

ECP® (Estradiol cypionate) -- day one• Very low dose (4mg)

– Effects last 5-7 days– Keeps uterus sensitive to oxytocin – Improved neutrophil function ?

Page 63: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

ECP® (estradiol cypionate)

• All “abnormal” cows receive 2 cc IM as soon as possible after calving.

• Purpose:– Increases uterine contractions; keeps the uterus “sensitive”

to oxytocin– Increases uterine blood supply– Activates neutrophils

• When:– Early postpartum – May repeat in seven days– Do not use after 14 days

Page 64: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Why?

Temperature monitoring– GLA thermometers

– Early warning

– More effective treatment

– Improved Animal Welfare!

Page 65: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Why?

Antibiotic Treatment– Broad-spectrum systemic

– Fever of unknown origin

– Treating metritis

Page 66: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

What Can We Give These Cows Day One to Keep Them From Becoming Toxic Metritis

Day 5-10 ?

Calcium ?

Oxytocin ?

Estrogens ?

Antibiotics ?

Page 67: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Parasite Control

Parasite Is an organism that makes its living at

the expense of another

Page 68: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Parasite Control

Ectoparasites

Flies, lice, ticks

Endoparasites

Nematodes (worms)

Protozoans (coccidia, cryptosporidia)

Page 69: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Parasite Control

Ectoparasites (Flies, lice, ticks)

Can cause loss of production

More important as carriers (vectors) of disease

• Pink eye, Lyme disease, blue tongue, anaplasmosis

Control by topical insectisides

• Eprinex, Ivomec (not for lactating cows)

Page 70: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Parasite Control

Endoparasites- Nematodes

Most critical for younger animals

Have to be ingested from pasture

Most infective during warm, wet weather

Can cause weight loss

Control by deworming at strategic times of year- summer, fall

Page 71: Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle Calving Disorders Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems.

Parasite Control

Endoparasites- Protozoans

Most critical for younger animals

Have to be ingested from contaminated feed, feeders, bedding

Can cause weight loss-severe diarrhea

Control by cleaning feeding equipment

Coccidiostats in feed , e.g. ionophores for heifers > 3 mos of age