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Research Article Open Access
Volume 2 • Issue 4 • 1000110J Marine Sci Res DevISSN:2155-9910 JMSRD an open access journal
Open AccessResearch Article
Marine ScienceResearch & Development
Varadharajan and Soundarapandian, J Marine Sci Res Dev 2012, 2:4http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000110
*Corresponding author: D. Varadharajan, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 502, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail: [email protected]
Received May 08, 2012; Accepted August 18, 2012; Published August 24, 2012
Citation: Varadharajan D, Soundarapandian P (2012) Commercially Important Crab Fishery Resources from Arukkattuthurai to Pasipattinam, South East Coast of India. J Marine Sci Res Dev 2:110. doi:10.4172/2155-9910.1000110
Commercially Important Crab Fishery Resources from Arukkattuthurai to Pasipattinam, South East Coast of IndiaD. Varadharajan* and P. Soundarapandian
Faculty of Marine Sciences, Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
Keywords: Crab; P. pelagicus; P. sanguinolentus; Resource; Arukkattuthurai; Pasipattinam
IntroductionFishery resources are renewable living resources that demand
judicious exploitation for obtaining sustainable yields. The crustacean fisheries of India have been assumed significant in recent years. The marine crustaceans found along the Indian coasts, crabs rank third after shrimps and lobsters by virtue of importance as an esteemed seafood delicacy and also by the value of fishery they support. The haemolymph of the crab provides a valuable medical product critical to maintaining the safety of many drugs and devices used in medical care. Fresh and nutritious seafood of crab is always the spirit for various delicious dishes. Crabs are serving either as live, fresh, boiled, steamed, chilled, fried or baked and considered as popular dishes in many restaurants. Moreover, many crabs can serve as feed for fish cultures for turtles and domestic birds and other animals [1]. In duck farms, food mixed with crab powder not only stimulates growth of the ducks, but also raise their spawning rate. The data on the crab landings is essential to make out the contribution of crabs to the Indian economy. The area from different coast is supplying a significant quantity of seafood for the state, yet there is no comprehensive information on crab catches from this region, as they are very much useful for the development of marketing, management, research, export and policy making. Various authors have dealt with fishing methods and the landing of crabs from different parts in Indian coasts. [2,3] reported commercial fishing of crabs from Bombay waters. [4,5] have reported on the crab fishery from Goa. Reports on crab fishing and fishery were also available from Karnataka [6], Kerala [7], Tamil Nadu [8-10], Andhrapradesh [11] and Orissa [12]. From the previous crab landing reports the crab population is declining every year. So crab fishery resource study is essential to improve the population of the respective areas. Hence the present study was aimed to assess the crab fishery resources from Arukkattuthurai to Pasipattinam in south east coast of India for a period of one year.
Materials and Methods Crabs were surveyed in different landing centres to estimate
the landing of this important edible species in the Palk Bay coast of south east coast of India (Plates 3a-3e). The following stations were selected for the present study; Arukkattuthurai (St1), Pointcalimere
(St2), Muthupettai (St3), Adirampattinam (St4), Mallipattinam (St5), Sethubavachatram (St6), Kattumavadi (St7), Manamelkudi (St8), Jegathapattinam (St9) and Pasipattinam (St10). The study was made from January 2010 to December 2010. In this study, weight in 5 grams accuracy was taken individually for males, females and berried females. For the purpose of crab catch estimation the observation of crab landings and counting of baskets was taken into consideration. The availability of the berried crabs was also recorded from the total crabs landed during the study period. The methodology for the above study is carried out by following the method of [10].
ResultsThe individual male, female and berried crabs were reported
uniformly maximum in Mallipattinam and minimum in Pasipattinam (Mallipattinam > Manamelkudi > Jegathapattinam> Sethubavachatram> Pointcalimere> Arukkattuthurai> Muthupettai> Adirampattinam> Kattumavadi> Pasipattinam) (Tables 1-3). However total landing of male (48976 kg), female (38745 kg) and berried (16533 kg) crabs were recorded maximum in Mallipattinam. Similarly male (23932 kg), female (16087) and berried (5418) crabs were minimum in Pasipattinam. Total crabs were also followed similar trend as individual crabs (Table 4). Among 12 crab species reported P. pelagicus (16529.8 kg) was maximum and C.truncata (18371.28 kg) was minimum for all sexes. Among various stations crabs were landed maximum in Mallipattinam (104254 kg) and minimum in Pasipattinam (45437 kg) (Tables 1-5). The crabs landed in various stations showed significant difference (Table 6).
AbstractThe documentation of crab landings especially commercially important crabs are need of the hour to get clear
picture about total landings of crabs and also their seasonal availability for better management. So it is attempted to record the individual as well as total crab landings from Arukkattuthurai to Pasipattinam. The individual male, female and berried crabs were reported uniformly maximum in Mallipattinam and minimum in Pasipattinam (Mallipattinam > Manamelkudi > Jegathapattinam > Sethubavachatram > Pointcalimere > Arukkattuthurai > Muthupettai > Adirampattinam > Kattumavadi > Pasipattinam). However total landings of male (48976 kg), female (38745 kg) and berried (16533 kg) crabs were recorded maximum in Mallipattinam. However male (23932 kg), female (16087) and berried (5418) crabs were minimum in Pasipattinam. Among 12 crab species reported P. pelagicus (165297.8 kg) was maximum and C.truncata (18371.28 kg) was minimum for all sexes. Among various stations crabs were landed maximum in Mallipattinam (104254 kg) and minimum in Pasipattinam (45437 kg).
Citation: Varadharajan D, Soundarapandian P (2012) Commercially Important Crab Fishery Resources from Arukkattuthurai to Pasipattinam, South East Coast of India. J Marine Sci Res Dev 2:110. doi:10.4172/2155-9910.1000110
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Volume 2 • Issue 4 • 1000110J Marine Sci Res DevISSN:2155-9910 JMSRD an open access journal
Discussion and ConclusionFisheries in India, particularly marine fisheries have shown a
tremendous progress in recent times. Fluctuations have been noticed in the marine fish landings from year to year and these are due to fishery
independent factors such as salinity, temperature and current and also fishery dependent factors such as rate of exploitation, season of exploitation and size exploited. The crustaceans are not only important scavengers of the sea but also valuable food for fishes. The data collected
(St 1-Arukkattuthurai, St 2- Pointcalimere, St 3-Muthupettai, St 4- Adirampattinam, St 5- Mallipattinam, St 6-Sethubavachatram, St 7-Kattumavadi,St 8- Manamelkudi, St 9- Jegathapattinam, St 10-Pasipattinam)
Table 1: Total male crabs (Kg) landed from different stations during January 2010 to December 2010.
(St 1-Arukkattuthurai, St 2- Pointcalimere, St 3-Muthupettai, St 4- Adirampattinam,St 5- Mallipattinam, St 6-Sethubavachatram, St 7-Kattumavadi, St 8- Manamelkudi,St 9- Jegathapattinam, St 10-Pasipattinam)
Table 3: Total Berried crabs (Kg) landed from different stations during January 2010 to December 2010.
Citation: Varadharajan D, Soundarapandian P (2012) Commercially Important Crab Fishery Resources from Arukkattuthurai to Pasipattinam, South East Coast of India. J Marine Sci Res Dev 2:110. doi:10.4172/2155-9910.1000110
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Volume 2 • Issue 4 • 1000110J Marine Sci Res DevISSN:2155-9910 JMSRD an open access journal
on landings of crabs contributing directly to support the mankind. Fisherman used different kinds of fishing gears to collect crabs such as crab nets, singhi valai, sembara valai, meen valai, koi valai, veral valai and oda valai. The trawl nets operated by mechanised boats and other powered vessels also bring appreciable amounts of crabs with other fishes all along the coastal waters [7]. In Indian coast commercial crab population is being overexploited has led to research on the life history, habitat requirements and population dynamics of this species [13]. To date, these factors and the overall health of the population have been poorly understood. Under these assumptions it is clear that though absolute estimates may vary over the period, the respective percentage contributions are expected to remain more or less the same [14].
Totally 12 (S. serrata, S. tranquebarica, P. pelagicus, P. sanguinolentus, P. gladiator, P. vigil, C. feriata, C. natator, C. lucifera, C. variegata, C. granulata and C. truncata) commercially important crabs were recorded in all stations of the present study. The crab species recorded was belonging to the family Portunidae includes the genera Scylla, Portunus, Charybdis and Podophthalmus. As in the present study, commercially important
crab landings were already reported by different authors [10,15] in south east coast India. Tamil Nadu tops the list in crab landings all over India and the coastal belt from Tuticorin to Mallipattinam has been proven as the strongest potential of edible sea crabs [10,16]. In the present study not only total contribution of the crabs but also individual contributions of crabs were maximum in Mallipattinam than other stations. The total annual crab landings of the Parangipettai was 79,445.6 kg and Palk straight was 3, 88,196.032 kg as reported by [10,17] respectively. The total crabs landed in the present study are 7, 00057 kg, which is relative by more than last year as reported by [18]. The crab landings varied in the past two decades are due to many reasons [18]. Landing is abundant in some areas in India is due to large number of trawl operations. The important mechanised fishing centre is Mallipattinam, Sethubavachatram and Jegathapattinam but in other stations the fisherman using only the fiber boat, catamaran and small boats [19]. The number of mechanised trawling boats owned by local fishermen at Mallipattinam, Sethubavachatram and Jegathapattinam are 137, 82 and 118 respectively. This may be the reason for landing of crabs are maximum in Mallipattinam followed by Manamelkudi and Jegathapattinam.
Table 4: Total (Kg) male, female and berried female crabs landed from different stations during January 2010 to December 2010.
Table 6: One way analysis of variance for the crabs landed in different landing centers from January-2010 to December-2010.
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F critCrab landed 269626389 9 29958488 1.153176 0.332315 1.966054Within Groups 2857702142 110 25979110Total 3127328531 119
Citation: Varadharajan D, Soundarapandian P (2012) Commercially Important Crab Fishery Resources from Arukkattuthurai to Pasipattinam, South East Coast of India. J Marine Sci Res Dev 2:110. doi:10.4172/2155-9910.1000110
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Volume 2 • Issue 4 • 1000110J Marine Sci Res DevISSN:2155-9910 JMSRD an open access journal
The crabs like P. pelagicus, P. sanguinolentus, S. serrata and S.tranquebarica forming a major crab fishery along south east coast [10, 16, 17]. The above mentioned four species also contributed maximum throughout the study period of the present study in almost all the stations. This might be due to their continuous breeding activity and the fecundity up to 0.52 million eggs [15]. In the present study P. vigil, P. gladiator, C. feriata, C. natator, C. lucifera, C. granulata, C. truncata and C. variegata fishery is purely seasonal and contributes very less as far as total crab fishery is concerned. The previous report by [15] also supported the present findings among ten landing centers; C. truncata was less in Pasipattinam (582 kg), Muthupettai (1424.5 kg) and Adirampattinam (1471.8 kg). However, P. gladiator was available less in Pasipattinam (1939.8 kg) and Muthupettai (2947 kg). Similarly C. lucifera (1774.6 kg) and C. granulata (911.9) were available less in Sethubavachatram landing centre. Berried crabs of P. pelagicus, P.sanguinolentus, S.serrata and S. tranquebarica are available all the months of the year. In general the total numbers of berried crabs are maximum in Mallipattinam (16,533 kg) and minimum in Pasipattinam (5418 kg) which directly reflects the total number of crabs landed. Although, the commercial crabs are caught throughout the year at various regions of the coast, the main season varies from place to place [19]. On the west coast, the fishery is generally active in the latter half of the year. In the east coast, the peak season is observed in January to April and June to October and December. Landing of Portunid species have been estimated from other parts of the country as well [6, 7, 9, 11, 20, 21, 22].
There has been significant variation in the results obtained by different workers who studied fecundity of portunid crabs from various regions [5,23]. The number of eggs produced
by crustaceans varies widely [24]. According to [25] the fecundity can vary seasonally, annually and between areas. Among Brachyuran crabs, there is substantial variation in fecundity and is breeds round the year. Among various crab species reported in the present study, P.pelagicus and P.sanguinolentus were landed maximum in almost all the stations. This is also supported by various workers in different parts. P. pelagicus as a continuous breeder with maximum intensity during September - March near Mandapam on southeast coast of India [26,27] reported the occurrence of berried females of P. pelagicus throughout the year with pronounced abundance from January to March and September to December in Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar. The high with definite peaks during December to January along the southwest coast of India suggesting peak breeding during that period [28]. The breeding of this species is from August to April with peak in January [5,29]. mentioned that the breeding of P. pelagicus takes place during February to March in the Zuari estuary in Goa. Two peaks in the incidence of gravid females of P. pelagicus, one in September and another in February were reported from Australian waters by [30]. The report on the biology of P. sanguinolentus observed that the species is breeding during February to April along the Malabar Coast [20,31] reported year round spawning with peak activity during March to April along the Mangalore coast, while [32] noticed that the crab is breeding throughout the year in the Bombay area [6] mentioned that this crab is breeding all through the season with maximum intensity in February and April to May along the South Kanara coast [33] indicated that this species spawn year round with a peak season from October to February [29] found that breeding is almost continuous throughout the year except July with peak activity in February along the southwest coast of India. The peak breeding seasons of P. sanguinolentus was from November to March and December to May and July to August and C. feriata from April to July in southwest coast [34,35] estimated
the preponderance of berried S. serrata and P. pelagicus during post monsoon and in the months from August to October [36] along Tuticorin Bay observed that the maximum breeding activity in P. pelagicus during June followed by a gradual decrease in consecutive months and maximum in December. The portunid crab larval and juvenile abundance was at maximum level during late post monsoon and summer and minimum during December in the Vellar estuary [37]. The peak seasons of S. serrata were reported by [38]. For example S. tranquebarica, S. serrata have reported with comparatively higher fecundity [39-41]. The changes in the seasons of berried crab availability in two coasts might be due to different monsoonal periods, current patterns and environmental parameters.
According to the Annual Report 2009-2010 released by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, the west coast remains more productive, contributing 56% of the total catch in the country, while the remaining 44 % is contributed by the east coast. However, the fish landing in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh had shown an increasing trend during the same period [19]. The fundamental economic laws of supply and demand can be applied to understand the market for commercial fisheries, but there are added complications due to the common property nature of crab resources [42]. This common property problem is the subject of most of the commercial fisheries economics literature analyzing the reasons for biological and economic overfishing [26,43]. The estimation of biodiversity values in monetary terms helps to promote and justify conservation actions at the public policy and decision making level and is essential to define the optimal level of conservation [22].
In the present study the Arukkattuthurai to Pasipattinam supports a major crab fishery along southeast coast of India. The occurrence of brachyuran zoea is fairly large numbers during January to June and throughout year in south east coast [21]. It is suggest that these crabs are not moving far away from the fishing ground for hatching their eggs. In contrast, the occurrence of juveniles of Portunid crabs (45-80 mm cw) in small numbers and the rarity of younger juveniles (25-50 mm cw) in trawl, mini trawl and shore seine catches throughout the year indicates that the berried crabs particularly the larger ones, probably move to more saline deeper waters for hatching. The low incidence of ovigerous crabs in comparison to that of portunid crabs can well be explained by the offshore migratory behaviour of this crab for hatching. The possible conservative measures to increase the crab landings and to make it available throughout the year are given as follows; The large scale destruction of young crabs would obviously have adverse effect on the crab resources; therefore a specific size (For example, Scylla spp. is 140 mm of carapace width) for harvest is to be fixed. The fishing areas should be closed or the fishing effort should be minimized for certain period of time or seasonal banning of the shipment of crabs should be done. The conservation measures for catching young, undersized and berried crabs should be done by educating the fishermen through audiovisual aids. Sea ranching should be promoted for over exploited species. And certain regulatory measures and laws should be enforced like, fixing legal minimum size (across the broadest part of carapace) and protection of ovigerous crabs. The law breakers should be fined or punished.
The existing crab fishery of India is not commercially developed as in other countries. But from a comparison of the present exploitation and the evaluation of the potential crab resources of different regions, it would appear that there is a scope for developing the fishery in to a major industry. Prerequisites for such an expansion from the commercial point of view are the extensive use of the efficient tackles
Citation: Varadharajan D, Soundarapandian P (2012) Commercially Important Crab Fishery Resources from Arukkattuthurai to Pasipattinam, South East Coast of India. J Marine Sci Res Dev 2:110. doi:10.4172/2155-9910.1000110
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Volume 2 • Issue 4 • 1000110J Marine Sci Res DevISSN:2155-9910 JMSRD an open access journal
to catch crabs, the development of quick transportation facilities of this extremely perishable commodity to the consumer centers and the development of a taste for crab meat among the population. From the scientific point of view, it is essential that intensive investigations on improved fishing technique, on farming of suitable varieties of crabs and on various biological aspects are to be carried out not only to harvest crabs from unexploited inshore and offshore regions, but also to safeguard the stock from injudicious exploitation, as it is not uncommon to see females in berry being extensively fished and sold in the markets. Various commercial crab species are reported as food by the local communities and future research should focus on establishing their nutritive food value, biology and ecological relationships in their marine habitats. The primary fishing is the lifeblood of many small coastal communities, often where other sources of jobs and incomes. So it is recommended the protection of the breeding stock and undersized commercial valuable crabs. As well as recommended returning back to the sea of juveniles, ovigerous females and recently moulted crabs as a way of preventing overfishing. The evident conclusion from this study is that coastal fishery landing reports are important contributors in country’s economy, in terms of household income, employment and exports.
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Citation: Varadharajan D, Soundarapandian P (2012) Commercially Important Crab Fishery Resources from Arukkattuthurai to Pasipattinam, South East Coast of India. J Marine Sci Res Dev 2:110. doi:10.4172/2155-9910.1000110
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