commercial floriculture in india

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INTRODUCTIONFloriculture:-

Origin: Latinfls, flr-,flower; klchar To grow

It is the art and knowledge of growing flowers to perfection

or

It is a branch of horticulture which deals with commercial growing , marketing and

arranging flowers and ornamental plants.

Hi-Tech floriculture:The technology which is ultramodern, less environmental dependent and capitalintensive having improved

productivity with quality produce is hi-tech Floriculture.

Commercial Floriculture:-

The science and art of commercial floriculture has been recognised as an economic activity with

the potential for generating employment and earning valuable foreign exchange.

IMPORTANCE/SIGNIFICANCE OF FLORICULTURE IN INDIA

Besides food and nutritional security, the aesthetic value is also equally important for our daily lively hood

as well as for environmental purity.

Floriculture is important from the following point of view;

1. Economic point of view

2. Aesthetic point of view3. Social point of view

Economic point of view

Floriculture is a fast emerging major venture in the world, especially as a potential money-spinnerfor many countries in world.

Many flowers and ornamental plants are being grown for domestic as well as for export market willprovide more return/unit area than any other agricultural/horticultural crops.

For example in markets such as Delhi and Mumbai and other metros a single spike of gladiolus andgerbera cut flower may sell up to Rs. 3-5 in Kharif and Rs. 5-10/spike in Rabi/Summer.

Gestation period of flower crop is very less compared to other crops. Modern-day floriculture refers to the production of high-value cut flowers such as rose, gladiolus,

carnation, mums, orchids, tuberose, anthurium, lilium, gerbera etc,.

Now days, growing of these cut flower crops, suited for flower arrangements/decorations forbouquets preparation and for floral boskets, have increased substantially and its share of the total

trade has also improved.

The sale of loose flowers of Jasmine, Crossandra, Marigold, China Aster, Chrysanthemums, Berlariaand Gaillardia etc., are a roaring business in south India.

Marketing of Floriculture products for different ventures is emerging as a potential segment of thisfield.

Besides, one can also work as consultant, landscape architect etc with proper training. Plant rental service One can also work as entrepreneur and offer employment to others. In addition to these careers which involve research and actual growing of crops. Floriculture also provides service career opportunities which include such jobs like floral designers,

grounds keepers, landscape designers, architects and horticultural therapists.

Professional qualification combined with an inclination towards gardening and such other activitiesproduces efficient floriculturists and landscaping professionals all over the globe.

Presently more than 145 countries are involved in flower production on commercial scale. Rose is another important commercial flower the cut blooms of which are highly prized in large

cities, Rosa damascena and Edouard rose are used for manufacture of attar and rose water. The

flowers of Rosa damascena and R. borboniana are used for preparing conserve or gulkand, a

product mainly used in sweets, and for chewing in combination with pan(betel leaf).

Perfumery industries:- Flowers of Jasmine for extraction of jasmine oil. There is a great demand for good quality of flower seeds, nursery stocks such as bulbs, budded

roses and potted plants have a good internal as well as export market.

Aesthetic point of view


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Lot of scope for landscaping and is considered as billion dollar earning industry in states whichultimately adds the monitory value of any building/property.

To a Japanese flower arranger each flower expresses one or more meaning (eg. Ikebana). The wealth of any nation is linked with the health of its people. Unless we can ensure the healthy

development of our citizens, especially for the younger generation, by providing them for open

breathing places through bio-aesthetic planning like in Chandigarh city and landscape gardening,

we cannot expect to buildup a healthy society and prosperous nation.

Horticultural therapy It is the new dimension of horticultural sciences to heal the psychic debility and the science is to

use garden, landscape plants, parts of plants, growing activity as tools to work.

The bio-force of plants offer a permanent solution to the problems of bio force of human thus, bioaesthetic horticulture is emerging as a new occupational therapeutic tool to restore the lost

rhythm and harmony back to human self or inner environment.

It is being utilized in psychiatric hospitals, general hospitals and physical rehabilitation centers,homes for elderly, prisons and schools.

The patients can achieve higher level of personal development and satisfaction.Social point of view

Flowers symbolize the purity, beauty, peace, love, adoration, innocence and passion etc. Hence,many flowers are used to express the most sensitive, delicate and loving feelings eloquently whatour words fail to express.

In our society no social function is complete without the use of flowers, floral ornaments,bouquets or flower arrangements they are invariably used in all social functions.

Used in social gatherings, birthday parties, welcoming friends or relatives and honoring dignitaries.The concept of Valentines Day is fast catching up in India also.

The arrival of new born is rejoiced with flowers, To an Indian, especially for Hindus, flowershave a much greater significance in religions offerings.

It has estimated that more than 30-40 % of the total flower productions are being consumed in

Kolkata city alone used for worshiping purpose.

Floral garlands, gajras and venis are required in marriage ceremonies for adornment of hairs bywomen of all ages, especially in the south India.

In the present modern era sicks are wished for speedy recovery by offering beautiful cut flowers,while the deads are bidden farewell with flowers along with tear of sorrow.

Flowers are very closely associated with mankind from the dawn of human civilization. There isincreasing habit of saying with flowers. Any Indians born with flowers live with flowers and finally

dies with flowers.

In India, floriculture industry comprises i.e.,Income generating activities in Floriculture are, Cut Flowers Loose Flowers Cut Greens Foliage and Flowering Pot Plants Dry Flowers Production of bulbs and tubers Hybrid seed production Nursery production of plants and potted plants, Flower baskets, pots and containers etc. Extraction of essential oil Plant rental services Garlands and venis Flower arrangements and floral craft Landscape DesigningPER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF FLOWERS AND PLANTS:

The consumption of floriculture products is linked to the GDP of the countries. Developedcountries with high per capita income obviously are the major consuming markets.


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With rising income, consumption of floricultural products is on the increase both in developed anddeveloping countries. It is estimated that, the Global demand for floricultural products is growing

@ 8-10 %. In India the demand for cut flowers and pot plants is growing @ 20-25 %.

CATEGORIES OF FLORICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN GLOBAL TRADE: Live plants and buds, Cut flowers Cut foliages Dry flowers Seeds of different seasonals, Pigments (Xanthophylls) and Essential oils etcROLE OF INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND OTHER AGENCIES FOR EXPORT:

In recent times, the Indian government has done a lot for promotion of exports of floricultureproducts. The Government has identified floriculture industry as thrust focus area for export.

The import duty on seeds, bulbs, cuttings etc. has reduced to zero and that to on goods for greenhouse items, seed development machinery has been brought down to 25%.

Income tax and other tax concessions have been granted to new floriculture exporting companies. Subsidy of freight charges equal to 25 % of IATA approved rates i.e., Rs. 10 per kg Europe and

United States and Rs.6 per kg for South East Asia and Middle East.

Reduction in the tariff from 55 to 10 % on import of live plants and other plant bulbs, root, cutflowers and other ornamental foliage.

The import of flower seeds and tissue culture material of any plant origin is now allowed withoutan import permit.

The Agricultural and Processed Food Product Export Development Authority (APEDA) and NationalHorticulture Board (NHB) have also helped for export promotion.

INSTITUTIONAL ASSISTANCE TO FLORICULTURE HI-TECH PROJECTS

NABARD Soft Loan Assistance:

1. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) has evolved a scheme for extending

soft loan assistance to prospective entrepreneurs.

2. The entrepreneurs could be individual, proprietary / partnership firm, group of individuals, co-

operative societies etc.3. The assistance will be restricted to the shortfall in promoters contribution stipulated under relevant

schemes.

NATIONAL HORTICULTURE BOARD (NHB)

NHB has evolved a scheme for development of post harvest infrastructure during the eighth fiveyear plan period.

Registered farmers organization, Co-operative societies and corporate sector are eligible forfinancial assistances.

Promoters have to contribute 20% of the project cost. 40% will be provided by NHB as soft loan @5% p.a. Remaining cost of the project will be financed by commercial banks.

APEDA SCHEMES TO ASSIST EXPORT ORIENTED FLORICULTURE For development of Infrastructure and services @ 25% of cost of the project and Rs. 1.5 lakhs for

purchase of refer van.

For development of post-harvest infrastructure @ 50% of cost/ Rs. 5.0 lakhs for pre cooling andcold storage units.

Scheme for packing development30% of cost; maximum Rs. 1.0 lakh. Scheme for export promotion and market development; maximum Rs. 0.5 lakh. Scheme for survey, feasibility, consultancy and data base, - 40% of cost and maximum Rs. 20.0

lakhs.

Scheme for air freight subsidy 25 % of IATA (International Air Transport Association) rates;maximum Rs. 10/- per kg for Europe and USA and USA and Rs, 6/kg for West Asia and South-East

Asia. It has already setup cold storage and cargo handling facilities which are operational at Indira

Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai and Thiruvananthapuram.


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Nationalized banks viz.,SBI, Canara Agri-Commercialization and Enterprise funded by the United States Agency for International

Development (ACE-UASIG)

State finance Corporations

SCOPE TO ENTER FLORICULTURE INDUSTRY IN INDIA:

India is bestowed with diverse agro-climatic and ecological conditions, which are favourable togrow all types of commercially important flowers generally found in different parts of the world.

India is geographically well located between two major markets that is Europe and East Asia. Winter being mild in India we can export flowers to temperate countries during the winter season,

when the demand is in peak because of festival like Christmas, New Year day and Valentines Day.

Labour cost is very low in India. The Govt. of India has identified floriculture as extreme focus thrust area for export during IX

plan.

The Govt. of India has identified product specific zones for selective development Products specific intensive floriculture zones:

Product Zone Product

1. Area around Delhi, UP and

Punjab

Rose, carnation, chrysanthemum,

gladiolus

2. Area around Bangalore Rose, carnation, chrysanthemum, ornamental foliage plants

seeds

3. Area around Trivendrum Orchids, Anthurium and foliage plants

4. Area around Pune / Nashik Rose, carnation, gladiolus, dahlia, chrysanthemum, aster,

tuberose

5. North Eastern region

including Sikkim

Orchids, Gladiolus, Liliums, Gerbera, Salvia, Anthurium and other

foliage plants

6. Area around Kolkata Lotus, tuberose, jasmine, chrysanthemum and Dahlia.

7. Area around Srinagar Gladiolus, Liliums Carnation, Rose

8. Area around Solan, H.P. Gladiolus, other bulbous plants and seeds

9.Area around Coimbatore

including Nilgiris

Jasmine, tuberose, chrysanthemum, rose, carnation-orchids

With the implementation of GATT(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)agreement Europeannations would bring down the import duty, which at present is 15 per cent.

With international market growing at 8-10% and domestic market at 15-20 % hence the scope toenter floriculture industry is unlimited.

Govt. of India is setting up the infrastructure for floriculture industry. APEDA is giving financial assistance to some extent for export of floriculture products. Easy bank finance For 100 % export oriented units (EOUs) government has allowed sale of 50 per cent of production

in domestic markets.

100 % tax exemption on implements / raw materials used in greenhouses for 100 % EOUs The rules and regulations related to import and exports have been minimized. Singapore have International standard flower auction centre, which is helpful for Indian exports. Floriculture products posses 25-30 time more foreign exchange earning ability than cereals or

other agricultural products.

The quality of water available for irrigation is acceptable in most of the cases. Floriculture is capable of attracting and retaining a large number of progressive farmers /

entrepreneurs.


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Ample sunlight and optimum temperature during winter means there is no need for artificiallighting or heating in green house production.

APEDA and GOK have established four flower auction centers including one in Bangalore at a costof Rs. 7 crores. Already a flower auction is working though on a small scale.

Since India has the largest middle class population in the world today, demand for flowers fordomestic consumption is steadily increasing with the gradual improvement in the standard of living

and quality of life.

constraints/Problems/bottlenecks/hurdles/disadvantages/drawbacks for floriculture industry

1. Lack of specific information on area and production of different flowers is a handicap in planningproduction for domestic and export market.

2. Lack of information on new / Ruling varieties continuously keep changing in internationalmarkets.

3. Lack of information on modern practices like high density planting, fertilizer and irrigationmanagement plant protection care, proper grading etc.

4. Lack of infrastructure facilities like Green house (Glass house, poly house), Cold chain etc.5. Lack of basic infrastructure roads, water electricity, inadequate refrigerated transport and storage

facilities, Lack of professional backup of delivery and supporting companies.

6. The scale of production in many units is too small to reduce the cost of production, to achievediversification and to market effectively.

7. High rates of royalty payment to foreign breeders;8. Poor facilities for post harvest handling of cut flowers;9. Elaborate procedures and delay in claiming subsidies;10.No direct flights (Cargo flights) from places like Bangalore and Pune which are main production

centersresults in double shipmentincreases cost and more scope for spoilage.

11.The freight rates in India are high which makes products uncompetitive in international markets.12.There are no organized marketing co-operatives of other bodies which can take care of floriculture

trade in India.

13.Lack of Research and development in floriculture. New varieties, post-harvest techniques, moderncultivations method etc. It is a continuous process.

14.No detailed economic feasibility studies with reference to establishment, maintenance and cost ofproduction in glass house conditions / protected cultivation.

15.Plants in soil based container medium is not allowed in most middle-east and European markets so peat moss, perlite and rock wool mediums requires research and cost effectiveness.

16.Lack of streamlined quality control mechanism and poor co-ordination between govt. agenciesinvolved in import and export of floriculture products.

17.Exemption from import duty by importing countries (15%) Some countries like ColumbiaMauritius etc are exempted.-Government level talks needed.

18.Phyto-sanitory certificates are given only in selected cities like Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Madras.19.Lack of appropriate planting material and production technology for export lack of knowledge

about importing and exporting countries.

20.No regular cargo flights from India21. Indian mentality- lack of quality consciousness, Cheating This affects floriculture industry as awhole.

22.Lack of our sale promotion activities in importing countries.23.Lack of training facilities in high tech production technology.24.Lack of market intelligence (international) e.g varieties, selling ratesGeneral Information:- India ranks 2ndnext to China with an area of 191 thousand hectare and produces 1031 thousand

metric tons of loose flowers and 69,027 lakh cut flowers annually (2010-11).

1.15 Lakh ha area under floricultural crops in India. GHT emerged as a viable in the agri-business in India. India - 600 ha under green house cultivation. Export value of flowers appro. Rs.350 crores during 2009-10 Major area under greenhouse in India is around Bangalore, Hyderbad, Pune, Nasik, Delhi etc.


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Guj.-one of the leading state for adoption GHT. Major area under greenhouse in Gujarat is aroundSurat, Navsari, Valsad Districts.

Occupying area -100 ha under GHT in Gujarat Tamilnadu is a leading loose flower producing state in India. West Bengal is a leading cut flower producing state in India. Leading exporter of flowers in the world is The Netherland The leading importing country for floriculture products from India

Export Constraints

Non availability of adequate cargo space in major airlines, since most of the airline operator preferheavy consignments

High airfreightFreight cost is 3 to 4 times higher than that in Mauritius, Israel and few Asiancountries.

Direct international cargo flights are only for a few cities which leads to change of flights at two tothree places and the flowers being perishable are badly affected.

Lack of basic infrastructure roads, water electricity, inadequate refrigerated transport and storagefacilities, Lack of professional backup of delivery and supporting companies.

The scale of production in many units is too small to reduce the cost of production, to achievediversification and to market effectively.

High rates of royalty payment to foreign breeders; Poor facilities for post harvest handling of cut flowers; Elaborate procedures and delay in claiming subsidies; Tedious phyto- sanitary certification and an unorganized domestic market

Frequently asked Questions:

National flower of India- Lotus First DDG of Horticulture- K.L.Chadha First Horticulture commissioner and Executive Director of NHM and National Professor- K.L.

Chadha

The headquarter of National Horticulture Board(NHB)- Gurgaon, Haryana First website for flower auction in India-www.rosebazar.comat Bangalore The first Director General of ICAR and famous rosarian- Dr. B.P. Pal The international flower market is situated at Aalsmeer in The Netherlands The largest producer of perfumery products- Bulgaria Apopka, Florida is regarded as cut greens capital of the world Largest exporter of cut flowers and pot plants- The Netherlands The largest exporter of cut greens- Italy India is the largest producer of the loose flowers in the world Largest rose-growing area is situated in the Aligarh district.

ROSEINTRODUCTION

Roses are symbol of beauty, fragrance and are used to convey the message of love. Without roses gardens

are not considered complete. Great diversity in plant growth, colour of flowers, flower shape, fragrance,

slow openings of flowers and good keeping quality made roses so popular that it is grown commercially to

meet the demand of cut blooms. It is top ranking cut flower, in the flower trade on the basis of average,production and consumption. In India roses are grown for cut flowers, making essential oils, rose water and

Gulkand. Some countries have adopted rose as their national flower e.g. England
http://www.rosebazar.com/http://www.rosebazar.com/http://www.rosebazar.com/http://www.rosebazar.com/


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BOTANY

Rose is an ornamental shrub with upright or climbing stems, usually prickly. The leaves are

alternate, compound, oddly pinnate (R. persicahas undivided leaves), with stipules adherent to the leaf

stalks. Flowers are solitary or in corymbs. Calyx is 5 lobed, lobes either simple or compound, and inserted

at the top of a roundish or pear shaped fleshy tube. The ripe fruit (hip / hep) consist of many one seeded

carpals in a fleshy tube & the seeds are hard.

ORIGIN & HISTORY

Roses are native of The Himalayas region, west Asia, China, Europe & North America. There

are about 150 recognized species, but only 8 species have played a major role evolving modern rosecultivars. The rose breeders and Geneticists have not yet exploited 95 percent of the rose species.

The species grown wild in India :

Rosa brunonii (Himalyan musk rose)

R. eglanteria

R. foetida syn. (R. eglanteria)

R. giantea syn.(R. odorata var. gigantea)

R. involucrate syn(R. clinophyla)

R. leschenayltina syn(R. sempervirance)

R. longicuspis

R. macrophyla

R. moschata (musk rose)R. rebiginosa (sweet brier, Eglantine rose)

R. walpolina

R. sericea (Laddak rose)

Classification of Roses

1. Hybrid Teas2. Floribundas3. Hybrid Perpetuals4. Teas5. Grandifloras6. Polyanthas7. China roses8. Miniatures9. Damask roses10.Bourbon Roses11.Cabbage roses12.Moss Roses13.French roses14.Albas15.Musk roses16.Noisette roses17.Rugosas18.Austrian Briars19.Ramblers(A) Hybrid Teas

It is obtained by crossing hybrid perpetuals & Teas roses. The 1st variety La France of this

class was produced by French breeder GUILLOT(1867). Main characteristics of H.T. roses are

production of bloom on long canes, elongated buds, slow opening of flowers & good keeping quality.

varieties :-

YellowGolden Giant, Buccaneer, Aalsmeer gold, Dutch Gold, Fragrant Gold,

Orange, Scarlet, Coral & VermilionMontezuma, Superstar, Fragrant , Cloud, Queen, Fabiola.

PinkConfidence, Picture, South Seas, First prize, Mischief, Sonia.

Red, Dark CrimsonChristian Dior, Avon, Crimson Glory, Baccara, Oklahama

Happiness, Black ladyApricot / BronzeThais, Sunset song, Valencia, Whisky,

Mauve / LavenderAfrican star, Blue moon, Paradise, sterling silver


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WhiteJune bride, Pascali, Tushar

BicolourBajazzo, Flaming sunset

Colour blendKiss of fire, Tahiti, sea shell, Double Delight,

Striped & Hand paintedAnvil sparks, Careless love, Siddharth, Madhosh

Exhibition varietiesAnvil spark, Avon, Christian Dior, Eiffel Tower, First Prize, Garden

Party, Pusa Sonia, Show Girl, Super Star, The Doctor

Scented varieties :Avon,Sughandha, Kana Kangi, La France, Seventh heaven

Commercial varietiesSuperstar, Montezuma, happiness, Ilona, Sonia,Gladiator ( very popular among

Nasik and Pune)(B) FLORIBUNDAS

These have been produced by crossing Hybrid Tea x Dwarf Polyantha by Danish breeder Poulsen in

1912 & 1st Floribunda was named Rodhatte. Produce flowers in clusters like polyantha of better

shape & bigger size than the flowers of polyantha but flowers are smaller than hybrid Teas. They are

produced in great profusion appearing like bouquets.

Varieties

Red- Marlena, Rob Roy, Jantar Mantar; Orange- Scarlet- Shola, Zambra, Zorina,

Pink- Queen Elizabeth, Mercedes, Belinda

white- Himangini, Iceberg

(C) HYBRID PERPETUALS

They are the immediate forerunners of Hybrid Teas. These are considered to be the off-springs ofRosa chinensis, R. gallica and R. centifolia.They flower more than once in the season.

(D) TEAS

Also called Tea scented China roses they derived their name from their distinct aroma, believed

to be felt when a chest of tea leaves is opened. They are known to have originating from R. chinensis

and R. gigantae.

(E) GRANDIFLORAS

Mainly obtained from crosses between Hybrid Tea and Floribunda types. They produce Hybrid Tea

like blooms in clusters. e.g. Montezuma, Queen Elizabeth.

(F) POLYANTHAS

The dwarf small flowered Polyanthas were forerunners of the popular large flowered Floribundas

of today. e.g. Echo, Anjani, Nartaki, Swati, Priti, Rishi Bankim.(G) CHINA ROSES

The China rose (R. chinensis), more than any other, is responsible for nearly all the present day rose

and bears red to nearly white flowers in small clusters.

(H) MINIATURE ROSE

This are also called as baby or fairy roses. They are neat & compact but dwarf plants. These are

easily propagated by semi-hard to hard wood cutting.

Varieties Gold Star, Cinderella, Peon,

Indian VarietiesChandrika, Delhi Starlet, Pushkala, Dazzler

(I) DAMASK ROSES

Rosa damascena

R. Phoenica x R. gallica(J) RAMBLERS

Ramblers have climbing habit, these have been produced by crossing Hybrid perpetuals x R.

wichuriana & R. multiflora

Exotic Varieties American pillar, Excelsa, Dorothy, Perkins, Albertine

Indian varieties Delhi white, kanyakumari, Lalkila, Akash Pradip

GENETICS AND BREEDING :

The present day garden roses are complex hybrids involving interspecific hybridization, polyploidy

with high female & male sterility. The basic chromosome number in rose is 7 , colour in roses as in other

flowers is governed by the expression of water soluble pigments called anthocyanidins.

ROSE BREEDING IN INDIAMore than 300 cultivars have been developed in India. Some important cultivars developed

at IARI & by Dr. B. P. Pal are


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Hybrid TeaAnurag, Arjun, Bhim, Chitwan, Dr.B.P.Pal, Dr.Homi Bhabha, Jawahar,

Kanakungi, Mechak, Mridula, Mrinalini, Poornima, Raja surendra singh of Nalagadh &

Raktagandha.

FloribundaBanjaran, Chandrama, Delhi Princess, Loree, Mohini, Nellambari,

Prema, Rupali, Sadabahar, Sindoor, Shabnam, Suchitra & Suryakiran.

At IARI 3 rose cultivars were developed through induced mutation

1. Abhisarika from Kiss of fire2. Pusa Christian from Christian Dior3. Madhosh from Gulzar

Importance and Uses

1. Shrub or Bush: - Shrubs or bush roses, prepared by budding the desired cultivars on a rootstock atthe height of 5 to 10 cm from the ground level, are planted in small group to create excellent mass

effect in a rose or flower garden. They may also be mixed with other plants in a shrubbery. Flowers

on such plants can either be retained on the plants or can be cut for indoor decoration. Cultivars

like Christian Dior, Double Delight, Paradise, First Prize, Gladiator, Kiss of Fire, Montezuma, and

Paradise make good bushes and are also suitable for growing as shrub.

2. Standard Rose: - Standard roses or tree roses as it is popularly known, is a very important featurein the rose garden. They are not distinctive type but prepared by budding any cultivar at a higher

point on long rootstock and allowing the crown to form only at the top leaving the entire stem

clear of any vegetative growth. According to their height of budding they may be(a) Full Standards Are prepared by budding at a height of 1.01.15 m.

(b) Half Standards between 45 cm & 60 cm.

(c) Weeping standards At 1.5 m or even higher above the ground.

Hybrid teas & few grandiflora are suitable for making the full standard roses. .

Floribunda & Polyantha roses are excellent for growing as half standards. Rambling roses such as white

pearl & prosperity are other cultivars suitable for making beautiful weeping standards.

3. Climbers :- The The climbing & rambling roses can be used to cover the walls of houses or fencingor pergolas, arbours & arches. Ramblers produce flowers only once in a year & flowers are in

clusters lasting for several weeks. Unlike ramblers, the flowers of many climbing Hybrid Teas

appear singly or in group of two or threes.

4. Hedge and edge:- A rose can also be useful for making hedge or edge. They are also suitable forpanting along the garden paths, giving beautiful colours. Vigorous floribundas are suitable for

hedge & if necessary, the plants can be planted in 2 rows. Climbing or rambling roses may also be

used for making tall hedges.

5. Rockery :- Roses are also grown in rockeries and for this purpose hardy miniatures and pomponcultivars such as Fairy Queen and Magic may be selected

6. Pot plants:- Roses can easily be grown in as a pot plants in suitable containers kept both indoor aswell as outdoors. For beautifying the balconies or terraces which receive limited sunlight,

Miniatures and dwarf polyanthas should be selected. Bush roses may also be grown in pot for

beautifying the compounds around the building & for display in rose shows.

7. Hangers:- miniatures can also be grown in hanging baskets, and cultivars suitable for making rosehangers are the climbing Miniatures.

8. Cut- flowers:- Rose makes one one of the best cut-flowers and as such is in great demand in theinternal as well as foreign markets. In the European markets roses cut flowers are regularly

imported to supplement the internal production. Germany is the biggest consumer & importer of

cut flowers. In general, cultivars with more petallage & opening slowly with long lasting quality are

chosen as cut flowers. Rose cut- flowers are arranged in in flower vases look extremely beautiful

and they have a rightful place in the scheme of interior decoration. Christian Dior, Happiness,

Queen Elizabeth, Super star, Illona, Sonia, Red success, Belinda etc. are suitable for this purpose.

Indian cultivars Arjun & Raktagandha producing flowers with long stems are also suitable for cut-

flowers.

9. Perfume and Allied products:-a. Rose oil (Rose perfume)

Rose oil is an important commercial product obtained from rose petals. Bulgarian rose otto is

largely used in perfuming soaps & cosmetics. The commonly grown rose sp. for rose oil are Rosa


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damascena, R. barboniana, R. centifolia, R. alba & R. gallica. In India, R.damascena & R.barbonianaare

cultivated for rose oil.

Bulgaria has emerged as a major producer & exporter of the otto of roses & the roses perfumery. Generally, 1 kg oil is obtained from 30004000 Kg petals. Among the different sp. of

rose R.damascenagives max. oil yield.

R.damascena 0.0570.058%

R.barboniana 0.0400.042%

R.teplitz 0.030.035%

The principle constituent of normal rose oil is 1-citronellol (4065%)The essential oil content was highest in flowers harvested early in the morning at 8:309:00 am.

a. Rose waterIt is obtained from petals & used as perfume & in medicines & confectionary. It is used in eye

lotions and eye drops, drinking water in functions

b. GulkandRose petals are also preserved for direct consumption, by making gulkand. Which is prepared by

pounding equal proportion of petals and white sugar. It is considered both a tonic and laxative. Rosa

damascena, R.chinensis, R.gallica, R.pomifera& some other scented roses. e. g. Edouard are used for

preparing gulkand.

c. Source of vitaminsRose hips are a very good source of ascorbic acid the life given Vit.C, that every 100 g of rose hip

syrup contain 150 mg of ascorbic acid.

d. Other usesIn Europe, roses are also used for making pot-pourri, conserves, rose vinegar & rose petal wine.

Jams, jellies & syrup have been made for centuries in Bulgaria & exported.

Dried rose petals are known aspankhuriwhich is occasionally used for preparing sweetened colddrinks.

PROPAGATION :-

Means production of new individual Sexual propagation:-Seeds

To produce new hybrids through breeding. The seeds formed in the fruit known as hips are sown for obtaining hybrid seedling. Temperature below 20-250C. is required for better germination

Root cutting

Plants produced by root cuttings are more resistant to frost than stem cutting.Cuttings

The most important use of cutting is to raise rootstocks for budding. e.g. Some climbers, ramblers & polyanthus, Miniatures

Layering

For the multiplication of climbers & ramblers, this method is quite useful.Grafting

This is exacting operation, failures are common. cost of grafted plant is higher than budded plant.

Budding

Roses are commonly propagated by T or Shield budding. The common rootstocks is used in Edouard rose (R. bourbonica) or R. multiflora. Plants are ready for transplanting within two years. Recently, R. indica var.odorata has been found better than the former rootstock. Thorn less rootstock is also getting popular, as easily propagated by hardwood & semi hardwood

cutting

Cuttage Buddage

cutting are budded immediately and planted in sand or burnt rice husk mediaunder polythene cover in December- January.

It takes about 3-4 weeks for cutting to strike roots and bud to grow.


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60 g N, 20 g P2O5 and 20 g K2O should be applied per sq. m. containing nine plants in two splits

i.e., half amount of N, full dose of P and K at the time of pruning and remaining half dose of N is applied

one month after the first application. ( PAU)

Irrigation

Water requirement of roses depend upon soil type & seasons. During summer water requirement is more than winter. During winter - 710 days interval Summers- 56 days interval

Pruning:-It is a art and science of cutting away a portion of a plant to improve its shape, to influence

growth, flowering and fruitfulness, to improve the quality of product.

Training:-

Means developing a desired shape of the plant with particular objectives by controlling the

habit of growth

Old, weak and dead wood is removed each year to encourage the regular development of strongand healthy bush and to obtain good flower yield.

Most of the varieties taken about 6065 days for blooming after pruning. Therefore, to secureflowers for particular occasion pruning can be adjusted accordingly.

Over crowding of shoots at the centre should be thinned out to keep the centre open.

Prunning

technique in Hybrid Tea and Grandiflora roses Pruning technique in Floribunda roses

Prunning technique in Climbing roses

Pruning are of three types

1. Hard pruning- To obtain larger exhibition blooms, a harder pruning by retaining only 3-4 buds on eachstem is followed

2. Moderate pruning For hybrid Tea, it is good in which stem are cut to half of their length leaving about 5 to 7

buds on pruned stem

3. Light pruning- It is preferred in Floribunda roses Miniature requires the removal of dead and weak shoots and just clipping of top. In climbing roses, all interlaced stems and old shoots are to be removed.

Pruning time

Most of the part of India - October In hills - After the dormant winter season In Bangalore, Pune and Nasik- Twice in the year in June and November

Weeding:-


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Generally, hand weeding is practiced. Monocot weed can be effectively

controlled with Glyphosate (1.0 Kg a.i. /ha) & dicot weeds with Oxyfluorfen (0.5 Kg a.i. /ha) as pre

emergent treatment.

Mulching:-

Rose beds may be mulched with straw, black polythene film. It helps conserve soil moisture, suppress weeds & produce more flowers of better quality.

Pinching:-

Pinching in rose is generally practiced to adjust flowering for a particular season.

Suckers:- The shoots or sucker of the root stock emerging from the base of the plant should be removed as

soon as they appear.

They can be distinguished from those of the scion by the shape & size of their leaves.Harvesting

The rose flowers are cut while still in the bud stage after the sepals curl back & the colour is fullyshowing.

Loose flower should be harvested only when they are fully open.Post harvest Management

The cut roses are kept in plastic buckets / containers filled with clean water having disinfectant &preservative (silver thio- sulphate) to enhance their shelf life.

The graded flowers are bunched with 10 or 20 stems in each bunch.Yield

6 to 7 lacs sticks / ha.

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF CUT ROSE

Ideal growing media

Light, well drained pH 6 - 6.5 EC less than 1.0 Humus 10-12% Imp constituents are sand, coco-peat and rock wool

Characteristics of rootstock spp. Fibrous root system Easily propagated Vigorous growth habit and healthy Resistant/tolerant to biotic and abiotic stress Uniform growth Free from suckers Thick bark to hold firmly the bud Support the bud for long time Able to grow varied soil and agro climatic conditions

Environment

Temp (Day : 18-28C and night:15-18C) Light (Photoperiod over 12 Hrs. and Intensity:6000-8000 f.c.) RH(50-60 %) Aeration (Good in air and soil) CO2 (1000-3000 PPM)

varieties

Long stem (50-120 cm): Vivaldi, First Red, Grand Gala, Konfetti, Tineke Medium stem (50-70 cm): Jaguar, golden Times, Baronesse, Lambada Small flowered (30-70 cm): Motrea, Coronette, Calypso, CaronaBed size Single, double and four row planting system


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The double row bed system is better than 3 or 4 row beds because it is very difficult to manage it inIndia.

45-60 cm raised 100 cm width 6085 cm path between two raised bed

Spacing :

30 x 25 cm, 60,000-70,000 plants/ha

Planting Method

Six month old budded plants with at least two shoots is ideal The roots are soaked in a diluted solution of Benlate to avoid disease The polyhouse should be kept warm and high humidity is maintained

Framework Development

The framework of basal shoots is very important for increasing quality flower production To build up a strong root system, maximum leaf area is required Number of new shoots are to be encouraged which can produce marketable flowers The pin sized flower bud is removed without leaves up to one month after planting

BENDING

The bending is a major operation for polyhouse roses, to reduce apical dominance by whichdormant bud below the bend get extraordinary impetus and thereby produce long shoots with

flowers The branch arise from the main shoot bent smoothly towards path side by pressing hard followed

by bending it with thumb and index finger by leaving two leaves below


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Maintenance of bent stems

Roll these suckers twice a week to avoid energy towards bottom break Only sprouts that come on the bent branches within 5 cm from the bending place can be left

AFTER CARE

Overhead water spray during strong sunshine hrs to assist establishment and post planting losses Deshooting after 7-8 months of planting Resting of plants is done during off season (June-August)

IMPORTANT DISEASE

SN Name of pest Management

1 Powedery mildew 1)WP sulfer or sulfer fumigation

2) Spray kerathion,calaxin, contaf

2 Black spot 1) Spray contact fungicides

3 Die back 1)Cutting and burning heavily infested parts

2) Proper ventilation and watering3)Spray dicofol @ 2.5 ml/ltr

4 Crown gall 1) Use tolerant rootstocks: indica,multiflora, caniana

5 Rust 1) Use of bittertenol, tridimefon and triforine

6 Downey mildew 1) Spray Metalaxyl-MZ,Fosetyl-AL

IMPORTANT INSECT PEST

SN Name of disease Management

1

Red scale

1)Healthy planting material

2)Cutting and burning heavily infested shoots

3)Soil application of carbofuron@1kg/ha

4)Spray confidor @4ml/10ltr OR 5ml neem oil/ltr water

2 Thrips 1)Spray Imidacloropid 4ml/10ltr OR 5ml neem oil/ltr water

2)Spray dimethoate @ 2 ml/ltr at iitial stage

3)Drenching 4ml/ltr cloropyriphios

reducing resting pupa population

3 White fly 1)Spray trizophos @ 1.5 ml/ltr or karanj oil 5 ml/ltr

4 Bud catterpillar 1)Spray trizophos MP@ 1 ml/ltr or

endosulphan oil 2 ml/ltr

DISORDERS

Bull head : malformed flower Bent neck Limp neck Blind shoot Vascular plugging

PINCHING

Removal of shoot apex to overcome apical dominance and lateral shoot development 2-3 unfolded leaves are removed Reduce plant height Promote lateral branching Regulate flowering

Harvesting

For local market: When outer one/two petals starts unfurling For distant market:


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Fully coloured tight bud

Loose flower: Fully open flowers White, pink and yellow cvs are harvested earlier to red as red may not open if harvested at tight

bud stage

Pre cooling

Immediately after harvesting To remove field heat, slow down the respiration, flowers water loss and arrest the excessive

opening the buds

Cold rooms (3-5 degree c)FLORAL PRESERVATIVES

Aluminium sulphate OR Citric acid(300 ppm)Storage

2-30 CGrading

Long stemmed (50-120 cm): with 10 cm difference Medium stemmed (50-70 cm): with 5 cm difference Small flowered (30-70 cm): with 3-5 cm difference

Optimum Yield

Open field: 25-50 stems/m2/year Indian Green House:150-200stems/m2/year Loose flowers: 3-5 tonnes/ha/year

GERBERAOTHER NAMES

TRANSVAAL DAISY BARBERTON DAISY AFRICAN DAISY

TYPES OF GERBERA

SINGLE DOUBLE

Introduction: Genus Gerberawas coined in honour of German naturalist, Traugott Gerber. Native of S.African and Asiatic regions. Gerbera jamesonii belongs to family Compositae / Asteraceae.

Cultivation Requirements

Soil:Well drained, rich, neutral or slightly alkaline soil is most suitable. Soil pH between 5- 7.2 givesgood quality flowers.

Water:pH5.5 to 7.2; EC < 0.5 Light:32-43k lux for 8-10 hrs per day. Temperature:Day temp. of 22 - 25 C and night of 12 - 15 C is optimum, the ideal temperature

for flower bud initiation is 23 C

Gerbera cultivation

Until a decade ago, Gerbera was grown under shade houses where crop failures were theirbecause of rains. A crop grown under poly house has a life of 2 years with high quality flowers

Poly house protects the plants and flowers from direct rains, harm full u.v. rays, pests, diseases andheavy winds.

Climatic conditions can be controlled in a poly house up to some extent. Provision for moveable shade net is a must.

PROPAGATION

SEEDS DIVISION OF PLANTS CUTTINGS MICRO-PROPAGATION

Cultivation


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Soil preparation: Plough the soil thoroughly 3-4 times up to a depth of

40-50 cm.

Spread Farm yard manure, basal dose of fertilizers, bone meal, neem cake and paddy husk (ifrequired).

Fumigate with metham sodium / basamide or formalin and keep the soil covered with poly film

for a week at least.

Make beds 60 cm wide with 40-50 cm pathway. Leach the beds with water before planting.

Bed layout

Beds should be 60 cm wide and 40 cm height with 40-50 cm pathway. In hydroponics, plants are grown in pots filled with coco peat / peat moss etc. One has to very

careful regarding fertigation in hydroponic culture.

Planting

Planting material should be sourced from a good company. Gerbera can be planted throughout the year, however plan in such a way that produce come

during the season.

Usually 810 plants are planted per square meter . Two row planting with plant to plant 3040 cm and row to row 40 cm distance in triangle system is

ideal for good growth. Keep the crown of the plantlet above the ground while planting . Deep planting may lead to

seedling rot.

VARIETAL WEALTH

SUNWAY, DALMA, CABANA, PITON FINOLA, MARMARA, SAWANA,WINTER

QUEEN, DAWN, SPYKER, MYTHE, OXFORD,

CROSSROAD, EVERGREEN

Irrigation

It is preferred to have two drip lines runningadjacent to the rows in the centre.

Drippers ( 2 lph ) should coincide with plants for proper irrigation and fertigation. Irrigate young plants first with mist for about 10 days and then start through drip. Irrigation interval should be many numbers per day , preferably with fertilizers! Too wet soil will invite Phytophthora root rot And too dry will invites mites etc.

Fertigation / week / 1000 sq.m

Name Quantity ( kg )

Solution A

Ammonium Nitrate 2.0

Magnesium Sulphate 1.4

Mono Potassium Phosphate 1.4Sulphate of Potash 1.4

Solution B

Potassium Nitrate 3.2

Calcium Nitrate 2.8

Do not fertigate for first 10 days. Apply 19:19:19: @2.5 kg alternate day for first 30-40 days. Pl. analysis soil/water sample before start fertigation schedule.

Cultural practices

Keep the shade net ( 50 % ) close when the plants are young or during summer. Irrigate through mist for first few days and then start drip.

Regular preventive sprays of pesticides and fungicides should be given.


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Remove the first floral bud which is seen by 30-40 days. Take flower production only when enoughfoliage is there (i.e. by about 3 months ).

Scout for any pest and disease symptoms. Remove the dry and infected leaves regularly.

Harvesting Stages of Gerbera

Before out row of ray florets show pollen When outer row of petals is perpendicular on stalk Harvest the flower when disc florets are half open.

Harvest / Post harvest Harvesting is done by bending the flower at base on either side ( boot stage ). Each flower is packed in a plastic cup / cone and bundled in 10s. Pack 50 bundles in a carton box

for on ward journey.

A pretreatment of STS may be given during storage at the farm.OPTIMUM YIELD

GREEN HOUSE:200-250 FLOWERS/M2/YEAR OPEN FIELD:120-150 FLOWERS/M2/YEAR

Packaging

Box Size- 100X40X20cm

No. of Bunches -35

No. of Flowers -350MICRONUTRIENTS DEFICIENCY

IRON DEF.:Young leaves show intervenal cholorosis, leaf and folwer size small Remedy:Foliar Spray of FeSO4 (0.5 per cent) with 0.5 per cent urea Maintain moderately acidic PH

Mg Deficiency

The leaves turn yellowish, Remedy: Treating the crop with chelates of megnesium combination

Health Management

Root rot ( Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp.

)

Soil sterilization.

Foot rot ( Phytophthora spp., Fusarium

spp. )

Soil drench with Thiophanate M, benomyl,

metalaxyl, carbendazim etc.

Sclerotium rot

( Sclerotium rolfsii)

Soil sterilization, drenching / spraying of

Carbendazim.

Blight ( Botrytis cinerea) Spray Quintal, Dithane M-45.

Powdery mildew ( Erysiphe

cichoracearum , Oidium sp. )

Spray Thiophanate M, balyton, calyxin.

Downy mildew

( Bremia lactucae)

Spray Ridomil, Thiophanate M on lower side of

the leaves.

White flies Spray Triazophos, acephate, Acetamiprid.

Leaf minor ( Liriomyza trifolii)

and Aphid

Spray acephate, chlorfenpyr, monocrotophos,

soil application of Phorate or Carbofuran.

Mites (Hemitarsonemus latus) Spray propagite, abemactin, dicofol .

Root knot nematode

( Meloidogyne sp.)

Soil sterilization, application of Carbofuran, Soil

application of Paecilomyces formulations.

PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS


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Pre harvest stem break: When the flower stem is subjected to stress and wilt specialy in sunnyweather and after it sudden application of water leads to extreme tension, is imposed on cells in

the stem

Corrections: keeping soil moist during sunny days and reducing air temperatureBent Neck

Insufficient flower stem hardening or maturation of the stem tissue below the harvested flowercan result in stem collapse.

Corrections: do not harvest flower stem when they are immature in winterPremature flower wilt: It occurs mostly after a period of cloudy days with low light intensities followed by a clear sunny

day.

Lack of carbohydrate Corrections:- If possible screen the crop and let the plants get used to the radiation gradually

MARIGOLD Botanical name

Tagetes erecta(African marigold) Tagetes patula(French marigold) Tagetes tenuifolia (Syn. T. sygnata) Tagetes lucida (sweet scented marigold) Tagetes lacera Tagetes lemmonii

There are 30 species of genus Tegetes Family-Asteraceae Centre of origin-Mexico The name Tegeteswas given after a Tagesa demigod known for his beauty African marigold is represents vulgar mind and French marigold is a symbol of jealousy Known as friendship flower in USA African Marigold:- Hardy, erect and tall annual growing up to 90 cm Flowers are large, Globular and yellow and orange coloured in various shades French Marigold:- The hardy annual bushy plant (20-30 cm.) Flowers are small either single or double Flower colours are yellow to Mahogany red

Importance and Use

Garlands, bedding plants, herbaceous boarders, newly planted shrubberies French marigold- Most Ideal for rockeries, edging, hanging baskets and window boxes Leaf extract is good remedy of ear ache Leaf paste used for boils and carbuncle Flower extract- as blood purifier, cure for piles, eye diseases and ulcers The essential oil from flowers is used in perfumery industry Control of nematodeVarieties

African marigold- Giant double African orange, Giant double African yellow, Cracker Jack, Climax,Dubloon, Golden Age, Crown of Gold, Chrysanthemum charm, Spun gold

French Marigold- Red Brocade, Rusty Red, Butter Scotch, Valencia, SussanaINDIAN VARIETIES:-

Local types (orange & yellow), Pusa Narangi Gainda, Pusa Basanthi Gainda (IARI varieties) and MDU 1

can be cultivated.SOIL & CLIMATE

Marigold can be successfully cultivated on a wide variety of soil.


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well drained , deep fertile soil having good water holding capacity pH 7.0 to 7.5 Marigold requires mild climate of luxuriant growth & profuse flowering. High temperature (26.20 C - 36.40 C) is adversely affect flowering Mild climate (14.50 C - 28.6 0 C) during growing period greatly improved flowering October month is best for planting.PLANTING

Raising the seedling in nursery bed, at the time of transplanting, they should be stocky and bears 3-4 true leaves.

Thin & long seedlings do not make a good plant. Very old seedlings are also not desirable. T.P. in well prepared land and soil is pressed around root zone to avoid air pockets. Light irrigation is given after transplanting Spacing 20x30 cm or 30x30 cmPROPAGATION

By seed and apical cutting Seeds are sown in the raised bedsPLANTING TIME

Flowering season Sowing time Transplanting time

Late Rains Mid June Mid July

Winter Mid September Mid October

Summer January- February February- March

PINCHING

In tall cultivars of Tagetes erecta, development of axillary branches and flower production areinfluence by the presence of apical dominance and grow upward to their final height and produce

terminal flower bud and after that the axillary branches develop which also bear flower.

The removal of apical shoots enhance well shaped bushy plants with more number of uniformflowers.

Pinching is done 40 days after transplanting, late pinching at 50-60 days proved less effectiveMANURES AND FERTILIZERS 200:100:100 kg NPK/ ha Full dose of P and K and half dose of N is applied at the time of transplanting Remaining 100 kg/ha N is applied one month after transplantingIRRIGATION

Marigold takes 55-60 days to complete vegetative growth At all stages of vegetative growth and during flower production, sufficient moisture in the soil is

essential

Lighter soil required more frequent irrigation than heavy soil Summerirrigation is given at 4-5 days intervalHARVESTING Cool hours in the morning or evening Field should be irrigated before plucking so that flower keep well for longer Regular plucking is important for increasing productivity Flowers are collected in polythene bags or bamboo basket for carrying to the marketYIELD

African Marigold11 - 18 tonnes/ha(1.5 - 2.5 million flowers/ha)

French Marigold - 8 - 12 tonnes/ha(6 - 8 million flowers/ha)

PESTS

Sr.No

Name Control


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1 Red Spider Mite - Sometimes appear near flowering time,

Plants give dusty appearance

Kelthane

2 Hairy Caterpillar - Eats away foliage Endosulphan or

Quinalphos

3 Leaf Hopper - Rolling of leaves, wilting of shoot tips and

leaflets

Melathion

DISEASESSr. No Name

1 Damping off by fungus Rhizoctonia solani

2 Collar Rot by fungus Phtopthora spp., Pythium spp. And Sclerotium rolfsii

3 Flower Bud Rot by fungusAlternaria dianthi

4 Powdery Mildew Byfungus Oidium sp. AndLeveillula taurica

JASMINEIntroduction

Jasmine is one of the oldest fragrant flowers cultivated by man. More than 40 jasmine species are found in India, of which only three species are used for

commercial cultivation. They are

Jasminum sambac(Arabian jasmine or mogra (double)) J. grandiflorum(Chameli or Janti) J. auriculatum(Jooee) and The first two species are mainly cultivated for selling as fresh flowers whereas the last one iscultivated for concrete extraction. Jasmines are native of India and also China, Burma, Australia, and South East Europe Family- Oleaceae Basic chromosome number is n= 13 "Chameli" in Hindi. "Mallika" in Sanskrit and "Malligai" in Tamil Jasminum humile Known asItalian jasmine orSwarn chameli is a shrub native to tropical Asia

The yellow, faintly scented flowers

Tamil Nadu is the leading producer of jasmine in the country. Since the crop requires lots of manpower for harvesting and other operations, only small farmers

are cultivating the crop.

It is an ideal crop for small farmers whose land holdings are less than 1 acre.Importance and uses

Widely cultivated for its flowers, jasmine is enjoyed in the garden, as both shrub and climber. Flowers and buds are used for making garlands, bouquets, veni, used for decorating hair of women

and for religious offering

Flowers are also used for the production of perfumed hair oils and attars The world famous jasmine oil is extracted from the flowers of Spanish jasmine (J. grandiflorum) The Grasse region of France supplies the best quality jasmine perfume in the world The jasmine oil is regarded as unique as it blend well with other floral extracts and it is highly

valued throughout the world for producing high grade perfumes

The natural oil of Jasmine is used in high grade perfumes and almost all the superior perfumescontain at least a small quantity of Jasmine oil

The oil is use din soap and cosmetic industries The flowers of Arabian Jasmine (J. sambac) are reported to be used in China for flavouring tea


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Propagation

Cuttings of almost mature wood Layers, commonly ground layers Seeds are hardly used for propagation but are used for raising new hybrids. Growth regulators are

also effective.

The highest rooting of 90% was recorded in soft wood cutting treated with IAA 1000 ppm and hardwood cuttings treated with NAA 500 ppm

Best rooting and survival were obtained with IBA at 4000 ppmSoil and ClimateJasmine can be cultivated in wide range of soils i.e., from sandy loam to clay soils.

However, it comes up well in well drained rich sandy loam or clayey loam soils.

The ideal conditions for successful cultivation are warm summer with ample water supply and sunny days.

Land Preparation and Planting

One or two initial ploughings are required to remove the weeds present in the land, which is followed by

digging of pits at a size of 45 - 90 cm3.

Each pit should be applied 10-15 kg of well rotten Farm Yard Manure (FYM) before filling the pits.

Planting should be done during June-November

Spacing- 1.5m x 1.5m.

Varieties

Jasminum sambac1. Gundumali2. Madanban3. Single Mogra4. Double Mogra J. Auriculatum1. CO-12. CO-2 J. Grandiflorum1. CO-12. CO-2

IrrigationFirst irrigation should be given immediately after planting and subsequent irrigation at an interval of 7-10

days depending upon the weather conditions and soil type.

Manuring

It is recommended that each plant should be applied with 10 kg of FYM and 60 g of Nitrogen and 120 g

each of Phosphorus and Potassium and should be applied in two split doses i.e., once after annual pruning

and again during June-July

Inter Cultural Operations

Weeding and strengthening of irrigation channels and bunds are the intercultural operations followed for

jasmine cultivation. The first weeding should be done 20-25 days after planting and subsequent weedings

are done once in 2-3 months

PruningPruning is done to get the desired crop. Normally, irrigation is withheld prior to pruning and plants are

pruned by removing all past season shoots including dead and diseased branches. It is advisable to prune

the plants during the last week of November to get increased yield and quality flowers.

Season of flowering and harvesting

Flowering commences after 6 months of planting. Fully developed unopened flower buds should be picked

in the early morning i.e., before sun rise.

Plant Protection

Pests - Bud worm, blossom midge and red spider mite are the major pests of jasmine. Spraying of

monocrotophos 36 EC @ 2ml /l is recommended to control bud worm and blossom midge. To control

the red spider mite, spraying of sulfur (50% WP) @ 2g / l is recommended.

Diseases - Nematode and root rot are the major diseases attacking the jasmine crop. Control measures forNematode - 10 g of Temic granules/plant near root zone and for Root rot - Drench the soil around plant

with Copper oxychloride @ 2.5 g / l


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Yield parameters:

Particulars/year

1 2 3 4....

Flower yield in kg/acre 750 1,500 2,500 3,500

TUBEROSEB.N :-Polianthes tuberosa L.

Family :-Amaryllidaceae

Origin :-Mexico

Chromosome No.:- n=30

Vernacular name: Nishigandha/ Rajnigandha/Gul-e-shabu/ gulchhari.

INTRODUCTIONTUBEROSE (Polianthes tuberosa L.) is widely grown in the plain of India flaunting its fragrance

both outdoor and indoor.

Tuberose is an ornamental bulbous plant. Tuberose is in great demand for its

attractive and fragrant flower spikes. It is one of the most important bulbous ornamentals of tropical

and subtropical areas. It is commercially cultivated for cut and loose flower trade. Tuberose flower

is a good source of essential oil . Tuberose varieties are named on the basis of the number of rows

of petals they bear . There are double semi double and single forms are available . It require as

warm humid climate and temperature around 300C for its luxuriant growth. It is generally planted

in FebruaryMarch in plains and AprilMay in hills.

Distribution

Tuberose is cultivated in

America

Italy France South Africa Formosa Egypt Israel India Mexico Morocco Taiwan

In IndiaTuberose cultivated in

West Bengal Assam Maharashtra Rajasthan Gujarat Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Tamilnadu

In Gujarat

Tuberose cultivated in Navsari


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Valsad Surat Baroda

Uses

As cut flowers In the landscape As potted plant For essential oil Making artistic garland Floral ornaments Bouquets and buttonholes

Types of Tuberose1. Single type tuberose2. Double type tuberose

Types and cultivars of tuberose

Types CultivarsSingle Local single

Suvasini

Vaibhav (IIHI)Prajwal

Hyderabad singlePhule Rajni

Calcutta singleSingal Mexican

Rajat Rekha (NBRI)Double Local double

Hyderabad doubleCalcutta double

Swarna rekha (NBRI)Shringar (IIHR)

Shringar:

single type flowers on strong, medium spikes. The flower buds are attractive with slightly pinkish tinge The spike has more number of flowers and the individual flowers are larger in size

compared to the local 'Single' variety.

This hybrid yields 36% higher loose flowers when compared to local 'single'. The concrete content(0.13%). tolerant to nematode (Meloidogyne incognita race 1). The concrete obtained from 'Shringar' has higher iodole content than that of 'Mexican

single.


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this hybrid has been released at Karnataka State Level.

Suvasini: This is a multi-whorled variety with bold, big, pure white flowers borne on long spikes he

number of flowers in a spike in also more.

Flower opening is bold in this hybrid as compared to shy opening of flowers in the cvDouble.

Spike yield is 26% higher compared to local 'double'. this hybrid has been released at Karnataka State Level.

Prajwal: This new hybrid bears single type flowers on tall stiff spikes. The flower buds are

slightly pinkish. It yields more loose flowers than other varieties.

Vaibhav:

This hybrid bears double flowers on medium spikes. Flower buds are greenish. Spike yield is higher compared to other varieties.

Growth and flowering

Tuberose is perennial plant (3 years crop). Flowering is maximum in the first two years.

The single flowered type, in the first year, will produce 8 to 12 side shoots, with 60 to 80 number of leaves of 50 to 60 cm length from one large size bulb.

It take 55 to 65 days for the appearance of the flower spike from planting. The spike take 26 to 29 days for opening of flower. Number of spike per plant varies from 1 to 3. Spike length 90 to 120 cm with 20 to 35 flowers. Flowers gradually develop from the base to apex on the spike. In the case of Double flowered type the plant produce 35 to 45 leaves of 48 to 55 cm length

during the first year.

Spike length varies from 75 to 95 cm with 40 to 50 flowers per spike.Temperature Tuberose can be grown with success under wide climatic condition ranging from tropical to

subtropical and temperate climates.

Warm and humid climate with average temperature ranges from 200c to 350c. High atmospheric humidity and temperature around 300c is optimum. The spike length and quality of flower is affected if the temperature is above 400c. Very low

temperature and frost asso damage the plants and flower.

Light

Tuberose is sun loving plant. High light intensity is required for bulb and flower production. For bulb production, tuberose must be grown in full sun.

Soil

Tuberose can be grown in any type of soil from light sandy to clay loam. At least 45 cm deep, well- drained, friable soil and rich in organic matter and nutrients with

plenty of moisture are preferable.

For pot cultivation, a mixture of garden soil, FYM and leaf mould in proportion of 2:1:1should be used.

pH 6.5 to 7.5.PropagationTuberose propagated by

Seed (for developing hybrids) Bulbs and bulb- lets.


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(multiplication of tuberose is done commercially by bulbs). Bulb size 2.5 to 3.5cm indiameter

Planting time

In IndiaArea Time of planting

Plains February-March

Hills AprilMaySouth India JulyAugust

West Bengal1

st

week of April

Planting distance

In IndiaArea Planting distance

Nasik (MH) 15cm X 20cm

Nadia (WB) 20cm X 20cm

Howrah(WB) 25cm X 20 cm

Lucknow(UP) 30cm X 30cm

South India 20cm X 20cm

Gujarat 30cm X 30cm

Nutrition

FYM 20t/ha 200-200-150 NPK kg/ha/year In Gujarat 200-200-200 NPK kg/ha/year

Irrigation

Application of water for the purpose of supplying regular moisture is essential for thegrowth and development of tuberose plant.

The crop is irrigated at 5-7 day intervals. In the summer months, irrigation is recommended twice a week.

Inter-culture

Hoeing

Earthing up Mulching Weeding -> use Atrazine 3Kg/ha

-> use Gramaxone 3Li/ha

Harvesting Flower Tuberose beings to flower after 110-120 days of planting. Harvesting is done in the early morning or late evening. Harvest when 2-3 flowers are open on the flower stalk and others are showing color. Harvesting is done by cutting the fully-opened spikes from the base or single flowers are

harvested as they open by day.

Picking of individual flowers should be completed before 8.00am Bulb


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Bulbs reach maturity at the cessation of flowering during winter season. At this stageirrigation is stopped.

Before digging out the bulbs, the leaves become dry and the bulbs attain dormancy. The leaves are then cut off at the ground level and the bulbs are dug out.

Grading

The flower spikes are graded according to the

Stalk length Length of rachis Number of flowers per spike Weight of spike

Yield

Flower Cut flower:-

5 lakh flower spikes/ha/3 year Loose flower

10,000 to 14,000 kg/ha/year 30,000 kg/ha/3 years

Bulb

22 to 25 t/ha of plantable size

Post- Harvest handling

Stage of harvest:-When first pair of flowers in the spike is fully open

Storage:-Can be stored wet or dry at 7 to 100for 3 to 5 days

Pulsing:-pulsing is a short duration treatment given to cut flower in form of high concentration of

sucrose and germicide.

8 percent sucrose + 200ppm 8-HQC for 24 hours reduce floret abscission, promote floret opening

and increase vase life.Pests

Bud Borer

(Helicoverpa

armigera):

This pest mainly damages flowers.

Eggs are deposited singly on growing

spikes. Eggs are deposited singly on

growing spikes. Larvae bore into buds

and flowers and feed on them by

making holes.

Setting up to light traps

Sprays of Endosulphan 0.07% or Methyl

Parathion 0.05%

Aphids: These are tiny insects, soft bodied,

green, deep purple or black in colour.

These usually occur in cluster andfeed on flower buds and young leaves.

malathion @0.1% at an interval of 15

days is effective.

Grasshoppers: Eat the young leaves and floral buds Dusting the plants with 5% Folidol dust

Spraying of [email protected]% or

Malathion 0.1% or Carbaryl @0.02

Mites: Mites thrive well under hot and dry

conditions, usually on the undersides

of the leaves, where these make webs,

if allowed to continue. These are

usually red or brown in colour and

multiply fast.

kelthane @ 1.2% concentration


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Thrips: Thrips feed on leaves, flower, stalk

and flowers. These suck the sap and

damage the whole plant sometimes,

these are associated with a contagious

disease known as bunchy top, where

the inflorescence is malformed.

Spary malathion (0.1%)

Weevils (

Myllocerus sp):

The weevils are nocturnal in habit and

damaged shoots and leaves. Usually,they feed the edge of the leaves,

producing a characteristic notched

effect. Larvae feed on roots and tunnel

into the bulbs.

Applying BHC dust ( 10%) in the soil

before planting controls larvae.

Root-knot

nematode

(Meloidogyne

incognita),

Greasy streak

nematode(Aphelencoides

besseyil )

Streak nematode damage leaves

whereas root gall nematode causes

stunting of plant growth and

yellowing and drying of leaves

Application of Thimet or furadan (20

kg/ha) to the soil.

Nematode

Root-knot nematode

(Meloidogyne

incognita), Greasy

streak nematode

(Aphelencoides

besseyil )

Streak nematode damage leaveswhereas root gall nematode causes

stunting of plant growth and

yellowing and drying of leaves

Application of Thimet or

furadan (20 kg/ha) to the soil.

Tuberose hybrid 'Shringar' released from IIHR, was found to be tolerant to nematode (Meloidogyne

incognita).

Diseases

Stem Rot The diseases symptoms are preceded by the

appearance of prominent spots of loose green

colour due to rotting which extend and cover

the entire leaf. The infected leaves get

detached from the plant. More or less roundsclerotic, brown spots are formed on and

around the infected leaf. As a result, the

infected plant becomes weak andunproductive.

soil application of

Brassicol( 20%) @ 30

kg/hectare.

Botrytis Spot and

Blight ( Botrytis

elliptic)

The disease appear during the rainy season.Infected flowers show dark brown spots and

ultimately the entire inflorescence dries up.

The infection also occurs on the leaves and

stalks.

Carbendazim @2g/litre ofwater effectively controls

the disease. The treatment

should be repeated at 15

days interval.


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Sclerotial Wilt

( Sclerotium

rolfsii):

The initial symptom of this disease is

flaccidity and drooping of leaves. The leaves

become yellow and dry up. The fungus mainly

affects the roots and the infection gradually

spreads upward through the tuber and collar

portion of the stem. Both tubers and roots

show rotting symptoms. Thick cottony growth

of the fungus is visible on the rotten stem andon petioles at the soil level.

Frequently asked questions

The tuberose bulbs are reported to contain an alkaloid lycorine, which cause vomitting. The bulbs are diuretic and emitic, rubbed with turmeric and butter and applied as a paste

over red pimples of infants.

Dried tuberose bulbs in the powdered form are used as a remedy for Gonorrhea The family of tuberose isAmaryllidaceae The native of tuberose is Mexico The common name of tuberose Gulchari andGulshabbo in hindi and Rajanigandha in

Bengali

The bulb of tuberose contains alkaloid Lycorine which cause vomiting The haploid chromosome number of tuberose is 30 Two gamma induced mutants cultivars Rajat Rekha (Single) and Swarna Rekha (double)

are developed by NBRI, Lucknow

Dormancy of tuberose bulb can successfully broken by the treatment with 4% thioureasolution for one hour

CARNATIONExport Market

The main importing countries for cut flowers are Germany, France, UK, USA, Switzerland,Italy, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Belgium/Luxembourg and Japan (in order of the volume

of imports).

The main exporting countries are Holland (70%), Columbia (9.2%), Israel (5.8%), Italy(4.9%), Spain (2.3%), Kenya (1.4%) and the Canary Islands (1.1%).

The five flowers, namely, rose, chrysanthemum, carnation, tulip and lily account for 70-75per cent of the world trade.

The target markets for cut flowers identified by the floriculture committee of the CommerceMinistry are Europe, Middle East, USA, Japan, Far East (Hong Kong, Singapore).Potential Centers

The selection of location for production of carnation or any other flower for export purposesdepends mainly on three factors;

cost of production quality cost of transportation. Only the production of high quality flowers at low cost can face the international

competition. Based on these considerations, the location for the production should be

decided.


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Areas around Pune, Nasik, Bangalore and Delhi have been identified by experts as mostpotential centers for cultivation of carnation. Other locations can also be selected on the

basic factors indicated above.

Introduction The top ten cut flowers in international trade: roses, chrysanthemum, carnation, tulip, lily,

freesia, gerbera, gypsophilla, cymbidium, iris, gladiolus, anthurium and narcissus.

Popularity of carnation ranks among the top three cut flowers in the West. It is loved for itsexquisite form, beauty and clove like fragrance and good vase life.

Carnation

Botanical name:-Dianthus caryophyllus Family:-Crayophyllaceae Centre of origin-Mediterranean area/ Southern Europe ( France) Basic chromosome number in 15 and most of the species are diploid There are 250species of dianthus found in the world of which only few are cultivated

D. caryophyllus

D. barbatus

D. chinensis

D. knappii - yellow colored Besides cultivated forms, about 9species are found in India The common name, carnation (Latin, carnatio, from caro; carnis, flesh), is believed to be

derived forma Greek word coronation because these flowers were used in decoration the

crowns of Greek athletes

The generic word Dianthus is derived from Greek word Dios- divine and anthos- flower while the

species name has been given after generic name of the clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus) due to

resemblance of fragrance of carnation flower to clove.

Why Carnation become popular Excellent vase life Wide range of flower colour and forms Ability to withstand long distance transportation Rehydrate easily Lighter weight

Importance and Use Excellent for cut-flowers, bedding, pots, boarders, edging and rock garden Cool climate in Kashmir, Kullu valley, Kalimpong, Bangalore etc. are most suitable for cut

flower growing including carnation

In certain parts of France and Holland, the carnation flowers are used for extraction ofperfume and only light coloured flowers are used for this purpose.

Carnation absolute are used in sophisticated perfumesMorphology

Half hardy perennial, herbaceous, suffrutescent at the base Medium tall(0.45 to 1.0 m) with thick, narrow and linear succulent leaves which are keeled

and five nerved

The stems are hardy, woody below, glabrous and possess one to three angles with tumidjoints

The flowers are solitary, terminally formed; the petals are broad with frilled margins and thecalyx is cylindrical with bracts at the base

Classification

1. Chabaud or Marguerite:- annual with single or double flowers reproducing true from seed. Large flowers with fringed petals, do not last for long time2. Border or Picotte


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Symmetrical flower, with single coloured or irregular colour markings or blended coloursmakes it attractive

The flowers are frilled with open centre and petals are broad and smooth edgedBordercarnationsSelf ( single colour)

1. Fancies( Yellow or white background mottled with various colours)2. Picottes (White or yellow with narrow bands)3. Bizarres ( 2 to 3 colours)4. Flakes ( Clear ground flaked with one colour)3. Malmaison Stiff and massive habit plants with broad leaves Fully double flowers mainly pink with well filled centers4. Perpetual flowering ( Florists Carnations) Hybrids involving of manyDianthus species, flower all year round Quality flowers which withstand long distance transport

Florists carnations

1. Standard type:- Ability to produce single large sized blooms on longer flower stalk if timely disbudding and

proper nutrition is applied Better adapted in cool climate Suffer from diseases when grown under warm climate2. Spray type (Miniature ):- Ability to produce small to medium sized numerous flowers and bloom size do not increase

irrespective of disbudding and best fertilizer application

Better adopted to warm climateVarieties

Standard type variety :White- White Sim, Roma, Candy, Calypso, Sonsara

Pink- Pink Sim, Pamir, Nora, Lena, SharinaRed- Scania, Red William, Granda, Espana, Killer

Yellow- Pallas, Yellow Dusty, Murcia, Tahiti

Orange- Tangerine Sim, Orange Triumph

Spray type variety :White- White Royallete, Tibet, Iceland, Excel, White Lilia

Pink- Annelies, Barbara, Silvery Pink, Madea, Karina, Medley

Red- Rony, Karma, Enzo, Etna, Peach Delight

Yellow- Yellow Odeon, Alicetta, Lior, Goldilocks

Soil

Roots of carnation are fibrous and highly susceptible to poor drainage. A rich porous and friable sandy loam or loamy sand soil rich in organic matter is considered

to be most ideal.

The ideal soil pH is 6.0 t0 7.0Climate:

Require high light intensity during winter and cool temperature during summer The ideal temperature is 100C to 200) Sunlight for 12 hours RH: 50-60%

Ideal greenhouse conditions for Carnation cultivation


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Light- Photo period ( Long day over 16 hours) and Intensity (100 watts bulb spaced at 10.5m. at 1.5 m height)

Temperature: Night ( Winter 100 110C , spring 12.70C, Summer 130 15.40C) and day(100110C)

Free circulation of air Relative humidity: 50-60% CO2 - 500-1500 ppm)

Propagation1. Annual carnation- seeds2. Perennial carnation- Terminal cutting For better rooting cuttings are treated with 500 ppm NAA or IBA for 5 seconds and high

humidity

IAA at 50-200 ppm for 5 minutes also stimulated rooting High percentage of rooting is observed in cool months than summer month

Micro propagation

Bed Preparation

commercial production of carnation is done in container system of planting Raised bed of 30 cm high with 1.0 m x 10.0 m size with 60 cm. service area prepared abovethe ground

Soil media having 3:1 sandy loam soil and well rotten FYM if thoroughly mixed Container is sterilized with formalin Then rooted cuttings are planted at the same depth as in the nursery

Optimum planting Density and distance

Ordinary- 25-32 plants/ m2 _High density - 40 plants/ m2 Standard- 20x20 cm Spray- 30x30 cm

Disbudding1. Standard type

Removal of lateral buds below the terminal ones. Lateral bubs down to about six nodes from the terminal flower bud are removed to

encourage the growth of main flower bud

The best time is when the flower bud diameter is about 15 mm Terminal bud is retained and all the lateral buds are removed

2. Spray type

The main flower bud is removed to encourage the lateral flower buds to develop The disbudding in all the types of carnation should be done within 7 days from the

appearance of there buds

When side shoots after flowering are 3-5 cm long then retain 6-10 shoots per plant Terminal bud is removed and lateral buds are retained

De-shooting

1. Standard type

When side shoots after flowering are 3-5 cm long then retain 3-5 shoots per plant2. Spray type

When side shoots after flowering are 3-5 cm long then retain 6-10 shoots per plantPinching

It is an important cultural practices It depends on time of flowering and cultivar In pinching terminal growing shoot about 2-3 cm long is removed to overcome apical

dominance and to promote side branching when the plants are 6-8 leaf pair stage. It is donein four ways to regulate flowering in carnation.


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Pinching techniques1. Single Pinching- Terminal growing shoot about 2-3 cm long is removed once in all the

shoots

2. Pinch and a half- First pinching is done in all the shoots. When the side shoots are 6-8 cmlong and this stage occur at 40-50 days after pinching. Then half of the shoots are again

pinched. This increase the duration of flowering.

3. Pinch plus pull pinch- First pinching is done in all the shoots. Later on keep removing theshoots by pulling up to 2 months, so as to get single large peak flowering

4. Double pinching- First pinching is done in all the shoots. When the side shoots are 6-8 cmlong and this stage occur at 40-50 days after pinching, then again do the pinching in all the

shoots. This delays the flowering and flower quality is also poor

5. The marguerite and annual carnation pinching is done at 40 and 60 days after transplantingHarvesting

The standard cultivar for local market are harvested when flowers are half opened orpainting brush or outer petal is perpendicular to stem, while for distant market cross is

developed on buds and colour is visible

The spray cultivars for local market are harvested when two flowers have opened and othershave shown colour, while for distant market when 50 % flowers have shown colour

For loose flower fully opened flowers are harvestedHarvesting time: Early morning and/or in the late afternoon, and they should

not be wet at harvest. Immediately after harvesting flowers should be placed in a bucket of

clean water inside the green house and transported to the grading hall.

Flower yield Standard- 4-6 stems/plant Spray8-12 stems/plant Average yield 200-300 flower stems/m2/year

Grading

Based on minimum stem length (cm) A: over 45 cm B: 30-45 cm C: Less than 30 cm

Diseases :

Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. dianthi) Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas caryophylli) Foot rot (Phytopthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiarum) Flower bud rot (Alternaria dianthii) Rust (Uromyces caryophyllinnus) Flower blight (Botrytis cinerea) Fairy ring spot Viral diseases

Important pests:1. Aphid2. Mealy bug3. Red spider mite4. Thrips5. White fly6. Heliothis caterpillars7. Nematodes

Disorders Calyx splitting Grassiness Sleepiness Splitting at nodes and bushiness


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Small narrow leaves and tied tipsCauses and control of Calyx splitting

Temperature fluctuation Night temperature should not be below 100C. Use of more nitrogenous fertilizes Vary from cultivar to cultivar Do rubber banding before flower opening

Causes of Grassiness and control No flower production Genetically related disorder Vary from cultivar to cultivar Remove and destroy all plants

Causes of Sleepiness and control There is temporary or permanent wilting of flowers Exposure to ethylene or water stress or higher temperature Spary STS 0.4 mM before harvesting

Causes of splitting of nodes and control Poor shoots developed through gaps

Poor flower quality Boron deficiency Apply boron 2 g/m2

How tinting is done in CarnationA concentrated liquid or powder colour is mixed in small amount of warm pure water

(370C) and stems are placed in it. The colour develops in different patterns on the petals

after 10-24 hours

Name Symptoms Control

1. Fusarium wilt(Fusarium oxysporum

dianthii)

Associated with Hotweather and high

humidity

Yellowing of leavesand wilting of entireplant

Soil borne disease

Spot application of 0.2 %

Bavistin

2. Alternaria leaf spot

GladiolusIntroduction Botanical Name :- Gladiolus grandiflorus Family :-Iridaceae Centre of Origin :-Tropical and south africa Pollination System :-Cross/Self pollinated Chromosome No. :-2n=30 to 120 Plant Discription :

It is a herbaceous plant bearing underground storage stems known as corms from which

arise sword shaped foliage so known as sword lily bearing terminal inflorescences of flowers

known as spikes

Area Under Cultivation


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Gladiolus is mainly cultivates in Maharashtra, Karnataka, West Bengal, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh,

and Uttar Pradesh.

Peculiarities of gladiolus Grown for cut flowers, borders, bedding, pots, bouquets and floral arrangements. Florets open acropetally forming a natural progression of different stages of floret opening. Corms are very rich in vitamin C, carbohydrates and proteins.

Important species of Gladiolus

G. atroviolaceus G. communis G. cardinalis G. floribundus G. gandavensis G. grandiflorus (All modern day cultivars are designated in it) G. hybridus G. primilinum G. psittacinus

NBRI, LucknowArchana, Basant Bhar, Gazel, Jwala, Manhar, Manisha, Mohini, Mukta, Pitambar, Smita, Triloki,

Aldebaran,

IIHR, BangaloreAarti, Apsara, Meera, Poonam, Sapna, Shobha

ExoticGrock, Jacksonville Gold, White Goddess, Friendship, American beauty, Psittacinus hybrid,

Cartago, Eurovision, Priscilla, Spic & span, Nova, peter pears, mayor, and Topaz.

Propagation For multiplying the planting stock it is advisable and cheaper to use cormels. They are

produced in clusters on stolons between mother and daughter corms. Cormels are selected carefully to prevent spreading of disease. Hot water treatment or water

soaking for four to seven days facilitates early and uniform sprouting.

Swelling of root at the base indicates that cormels are ready for planting.Corms:-

The corm is a fleshy, underground storage stem with a central axis. The gladiolus corm is

formed by swelling of 5 to 8 shortened basal internodes of the flower stalk.

Soil Gladiolus produces the best spikes when grown in deep, well-drained sandy loam soil. A heavy clay soil, with poor drainage, is unfit as the gladiolus root system is easily

damaged by excessive soil moisture. However, mixing of 5-8 cm thick layer of river sand along with the manure will make the

clay soil cultivable or Planting of gladiolus on raised bed

pH 6 to 7Climate

Gladiolus prefers mild climate and sunny situation for their proper growth and flowering. Temperature is considered as a major factor influencing the number of days taken for

flowering.

Optimum growth of gladioli occurs at temperatures between 10Oand 25OC where the nighttemperature is not above 16

OC.

However, it can tolerate temperature up to 40OC only if the relative humidity is high andsoil moisture levels are optimum.


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Light levels affect initiation of flower. The period of flower initiation commences when the third leaf becomes visible and ends when the sixth and seventh leaf appears.

commercial floriculture in india

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