Track 1: Spanish Colonial Structures, Traditions Cultures Updated: July 16, 2016 1 11/1/16 9:45am - 11:15am CS1.1 Heather Hartshorn CS1.1 Anna Nau CS1.1 Ivan Myjer San Antonio is a city whose culture is built on the rich and layered history. Of the historic fabric, the eighteenth century mission churches are among the most striking architectural reminders of the Spanish colonial era. Though these structures were built from a blending of Spanish and indigenous traditions, the materials employed were, of course, local to San Antonio. This paper focuses on the masonry materials used to build the Alamo, Mission San Jose, and Mission Concepcion. Of particular interest are the binders employed in the masonry mortars. Local materials and trends throughout the various periods of construction will be discussed as well as the performance of these mortars in conjunction with the masonry. Our laboratory studies have provided insight into potential local sources of masonry mortar used to construct these three mission churches. In this paper, we emphasize the binder materials that were locally available and assess those employed throughout the construction. Multiple mortar samples from each building have been analyzed through petrographic examination and chemical analysis. Inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) has been used to estimate the composition of the binder in each of these samples and differentiate between potential binder sources. In addition, certain performance characteristics of the mortars are a function of the chemical composition of the binder. These include plastic properties (i.e. workability), expected setting and curing (i.e. hydraulicity), and resulting mechanical and hydric properties. The performance of the mortar is of particular interest in relation to its role within the masonry assembly that is composed of locally-quarried limestone that tends to be soft and permeable. In addition to characterizing original binder materials from the eighteenth century construction of all three mission churches, this study also evaluates the choice of binder materials employed throughout the nineteenth century building campaigns at the Alamo. During this time, the Alamo was occupied by multiple parties including the U.S. Army. Though the prospective binder choices would have broadened beyond locally-sourced limes to include early American cements often utilized by the military, even the nineteenth century construction continues to employ locally-sourced materials. In addition to the original materials used in these Spanish mission structures, we have also investigated current local calcareous materials that may serve as analogous binders. The composition and properties of these materials are similarly evaluated and compared with existing mortars to investigate the viability of these local sources as potential repair materials. Evaluating Locally-Sourced Mortar Materials at the Spanish Missions Track 1: Spanish Colonial Structures, Traditions and Cultures San Antonio Missions (LU: 1.5 Hrs) Preserving the San Antonio Mission Churches: Challenges and Opportunities of Multiple-Site Preservation Management The history and identity of San Antonio are inextricably linked to its five eighteenth-century Spanish Colonial Missions. Four of the missions - Mission Concepción, Mission San José, Mission San Juan, and Mission Espada – are home to active Roman Catholic parishes of the Archdiocese of San Antonio. These churches are also located within the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, the only national park in the United States to house active places of religious worship, and are now part of the San Antonio Missions World Heritage site. Today, the parish churches are each roots of their community, continuing a living religious and cultural tradition that is nearly 300 years old. Managing preservation priorities presents a challenge for any historic building. For the mission churches, the challenges are magnified by the need to coordinate ongoing maintenance and preservation projects across multiple buildings, agencies, and stakeholders, all with limited funds and personnel. The non-profit organization Old Spanish Missions, Inc. oversees the care and preservation of the four mission churches. Over the last ten years, they have retained Ford, Powell & Carson Architects to carry out a series of critical preservation and restoration projects. A significant amount of resources have gone into completing much needed repairs of historic fabric, as well as numerous updates to the infrastructure that supports the operation of the individual parishes. Drawing on the experience of managing seven major projects since 2010, this paper will explore the challenges and opportunities presented in preserving a multi-building heritage site. In collaboration with specialist engineers and conservators, these projects have included interior restorations of all four churches, masonry and plaster conservation, and structural stabilizations. Lessons learned from these projects are currently guiding the creation of an updated conditions assessment of all four churches that identifies preservation priorities for the next decade. This includes the creation of a new systematic maintenance plan – the first of its kind for the mission churches – that will guide cyclical repairs and ensure regular maintenance of the preserved and stabilized buildings. The need to co-ordinate this plan with the overall management plan for the World Heritage site presents additional challenges and opportunities. While the individual mission churches may have different preservation and maintenance needs, the goal of this plan is guided by an overarching preservation philosophy: to respect the historical authenticity and architectural integrity of the churches and their settings while also serving the evolving needs of their modern parishes. The Conservation of the Carved Stone Frontispiece at Mission San Jose y San Miguel de Aguayo
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Track1:SpanishColonialStructures,TraditionsCultures Updated:July16,2016
1
11/1/16 9:45am - 11:15am
CS1.1 Heather Hartshorn
CS1.1 Anna Nau
CS1.1 Ivan Myjer
SanAntonioisacitywhosecultureisbuiltontherichandlayeredhistory.Ofthehistoricfabric,theeighteenthcenturymissionchurchesareamongthemoststrikingarchitecturalremindersoftheSpanishcolonialera.ThoughthesestructureswerebuiltfromablendingofSpanishandindigenoustraditions,thematerialsemployedwere,ofcourse,localtoSanAntonio.ThispaperfocusesonthemasonrymaterialsusedtobuildtheAlamo,MissionSanJose,andMissionConcepcion.Ofparticularinterestarethebindersemployedinthemasonrymortars.Localmaterialsandtrendsthroughoutthevariousperiodsofconstructionwillbediscussedaswellastheperformanceofthesemortarsinconjunctionwiththemasonry.Ourlaboratorystudieshaveprovidedinsightintopotentiallocalsourcesofmasonrymortarusedtoconstructthesethreemissionchurches.Inthispaper,weemphasizethebindermaterialsthatwerelocallyavailableandassessthoseemployedthroughouttheconstruction.Multiplemortarsamplesfromeachbuildinghavebeenanalyzedthroughpetrographicexaminationandchemicalanalysis.Inductivelycoupledplasma-opticalemissionspectroscopy(ICP-OES)hasbeenusedtoestimatethecompositionofthebinderineachofthesesamplesanddifferentiatebetweenpotentialbindersources.Inaddition,certainperformancecharacteristicsofthemortarsareafunctionofthechemicalcompositionofthebinder.Theseincludeplasticproperties(i.e.workability),expectedsettingandcuring(i.e.hydraulicity),andresultingmechanicalandhydricproperties.Theperformanceofthemortarisofparticularinterestinrelationtoitsrolewithinthemasonryassemblythatiscomposedoflocally-quarriedlimestonethattendstobesoftandpermeable.Inadditiontocharacterizingoriginalbindermaterialsfromtheeighteenthcenturyconstructionofallthreemissionchurches,thisstudyalsoevaluatesthechoiceofbindermaterialsemployedthroughoutthenineteenthcenturybuildingcampaignsattheAlamo.Duringthistime,theAlamowasoccupiedbymultiplepartiesincludingtheU.S.Army.Thoughtheprospectivebinderchoiceswouldhavebroadenedbeyondlocally-sourcedlimestoincludeearlyAmericancementsoftenutilizedbythemilitary,eventhenineteenthcenturyconstructioncontinuestoemploylocally-sourcedmaterials.InadditiontotheoriginalmaterialsusedintheseSpanishmissionstructures,wehavealsoinvestigatedcurrentlocalcalcareousmaterialsthatmayserveasanalogousbinders.Thecompositionandpropertiesofthesematerialsaresimilarlyevaluatedandcomparedwithexistingmortarstoinvestigatetheviabilityoftheselocalsourcesaspotentialrepairmaterials.
EvaluatingLocally-SourcedMortarMaterialsattheSpanishMissions
Track1:SpanishColonialStructures,TraditionsandCulturesSanAntonioMissions(LU:1.5Hrs)
PreservingtheSanAntonioMissionChurches:ChallengesandOpportunitiesofMultiple-SitePreservationManagement
ThehistoryandidentityofSanAntonioareinextricablylinkedtoitsfiveeighteenth-centurySpanishColonialMissions.Fourofthemissions-MissionConcepción,MissionSanJosé,MissionSanJuan,andMissionEspada–arehometoactiveRomanCatholicparishesoftheArchdioceseofSanAntonio.ThesechurchesarealsolocatedwithintheSanAntonioMissionsNationalHistoricalPark,theonlynationalparkintheUnitedStatestohouseactiveplacesofreligiousworship,andarenowpartoftheSanAntonioMissionsWorldHeritagesite.Today,theparishchurchesareeachrootsoftheircommunity,continuingalivingreligiousandculturaltraditionthatisnearly300yearsold.Managingpreservationprioritiespresentsachallengeforanyhistoricbuilding.Forthemissionchurches,thechallengesaremagnifiedbytheneedtocoordinateongoingmaintenanceandpreservationprojectsacrossmultiplebuildings,agencies,andstakeholders,allwithlimitedfundsandpersonnel.Thenon-profitorganizationOldSpanishMissions,Inc.overseesthecareandpreservationofthefourmissionchurches.Overthelasttenyears,theyhaveretainedFord,Powell&CarsonArchitectstocarryoutaseriesofcriticalpreservationandrestorationprojects.Asignificantamountofresourceshavegoneintocompletingmuchneededrepairsofhistoricfabric,aswellasnumerousupdatestotheinfrastructurethatsupportstheoperationoftheindividualparishes.Drawingontheexperienceofmanagingsevenmajorprojectssince2010,thispaperwillexplorethechallengesandopportunitiespresentedinpreservingamulti-buildingheritagesite.Incollaborationwithspecialistengineersandconservators,theseprojectshaveincludedinteriorrestorationsofallfourchurches,masonryandplasterconservation,andstructuralstabilizations.Lessonslearnedfromtheseprojectsarecurrentlyguidingthecreationofanupdatedconditionsassessmentofallfourchurchesthatidentifiespreservationprioritiesforthenextdecade.Thisincludesthecreationofanewsystematicmaintenanceplan–thefirstofitskindforthemissionchurches–thatwillguidecyclicalrepairsandensureregularmaintenanceofthepreservedandstabilizedbuildings.Theneedtoco-ordinatethisplanwiththeoverallmanagementplanfortheWorldHeritagesitepresentsadditionalchallengesandopportunities.Whiletheindividualmissionchurchesmayhavedifferentpreservationandmaintenanceneeds,thegoalofthisplanisguidedbyanoverarchingpreservationphilosophy:torespectthehistoricalauthenticityandarchitecturalintegrityofthechurchesandtheirsettingswhilealsoservingtheevolvingneedsoftheirmodernparishes.
TheConservationoftheCarvedStoneFrontispieceatMissionSanJoseySanMigueldeAguayo
Track1:SpanishColonialStructures,TraditionsCultures Updated:July16,2016
2
11/1/16 1:15pm - 2:45pm
CS1.2 Angelyn Bass
CS1.2 Casey Weisdock
CS1.2 Pamela Rosser
Themid18thcenturystonefrontispieceatMissionSanJoseySanMigueldeAguayoinSanAntonio,Texaswascarvedbyanunknownmasterormasters.Thepropertiesofthesoftbutdenselocallyquarriedlimestoneallowedthecarverstoworkthestonelikeitwaswood.Theycreatedverythinformsthatseparatefromtheparentblockandtwistandturnfreelyinspacebeforereconnectingseveralfeetaway.Inonevirtuosicsectiontenlayersofdetail,eachseparatedbynegativespace,wasachievedfromasingleblockofstone.Theconservationofthefrontispiecewasamultiyearendeavorthatprogressedoverthecourseoffouryearsfrominitialassessmentandemergencystabilizationtofulldocumentation,archivalresearch,stoneandmortaranalysis,treatmentplan,mockupsandphasedimplementation.Theconservationplanthatwasdraftedafterthetestingandresearchwerecompleteplacedapremiumonreestablishingthemannerinwhichwateroriginalflowedoverthefaçade.Analysisofthemicriticlimestoneusedforthecarvingsindicatedthatthestonewasverysusceptibletodeteriorationfromthecombinedeffectsofwatererosion,swellingofclaysinherentinthestone,saltcrystallizationdamageandfrostaction.Tomitigatedeteriorationrelatedtowaterflowandwaterretentioninthewall,earlierrepairsmadewithPortlandCementmortarswereremovedandnewcarvedstoneandhydrauliclimebasedsculptedmortarrepairswereinstalledintheirplace.Apremiumwasplacedonensuringthatalloftheadditiverepairswouldbefullyreversibleinthefuture.Toachievethisgoal,restorationtechniquesderivedfrompre-industrialerasweremodifiedandadaptedtofittheconservationgoals.Newpiecesofcarvedstoneweresecuredwithfrictionandmortarsetpinsratherthanwithepoxy.Thestonedutchmenwerebackcarvedtofitthecontoursoftheexistingareasoflosssothattheremovaloforiginalfabricwasavoided.Inkeylocations,additiverepairswereusedtoprovidestructuralsupporttofragilepiecesoforiginalstonethatprojectedfromthewall.Inthesecasesthenewstonewasnotattachedtotheoriginalcarvedstonebutrathertoanadjacentsectionofflatstonework.Softreversiblemortarswereusedasabufferbetweennewpiecesofstoneandoriginalcarvings.Asimilarapproachwastakenwiththeuseofrepairmortarstosculptmissingdetails.AnapproachutilizedbytheSpanishbuilderstorepairlossesthatoccurredduringconstructionwasadaptedforfillinglosses.Theapproach,whichrunscountertocurrentstonepatchingapproaches,involvedusingverylargeaggregateinthemixaswellasabufferlayerofneatlimebetweenthestoneandthepatch.
SanAntonioMissions(LU:1.5Hrs)ConservingthePolychromeStuccosatMissionsConcepcion,SanJoseand
Espada,SanAntonioTexasSince2012,AngelynBass,DouglasPorter,andprojectarchitect,Ford,Powell&CarsonArchitects&Planners,Inc,havebeencharacterizingandconservingthedecoratedstuccoesoftheMissionConcepcionchurchinSanAntonio.Itswallsareoflimestonerubblemasonryfacedwithtufablocksquarriedonsite.Thewestfaçadeandbelltowerwereoriginallystuccoedanddecorated(ca.1770)withfigurativeandsimulatedarchitecturalelements,includingstonevoussoirs,quoins,andtilesorashlarsdecoratedwithquatrefoillilies,flutedcolumnswithcapitals,andmultiplediamondsandovalfriezes.Thedecorativepolychromyisauniqueamalgamationofformalandvernacularinfluences:thechurchformandornamentationisrepresentativeofRenaissanceandBaroquetraditionsinterpretedthroughregionalarchitectsfromtheFranciscanmissionarycollegeofQuerétaro,Mexico.European,NativeandLatinAmericanbuildersandartisansconstructedandpaintedthestructureswithlocalbuildingmaterialsandpigments.Inhis1890guidebooktothecity,WilliamCornerdescribedthepaintedfaçadewithits“redandbluequatrefoilcrossesofdifferentpatternsandwithlargeyellowandorangesquarestosimulatedressedstone”…musthavemadethefacade“verygorgeouswithcolor....Thisfrescoingisrapidlydisappearing,andfrombutalittledistance,thefrontlookstobemerelygrayundecoratedstone.”Theprojectteam,however,documentedover2750SFofwell-preservedhistoriclimestucco,1500LFofincising,andover130SFofpolychromepainting.Themulti-coatstuccosystemincludesalayerofextruded(bedding)limemortar,struckofftofilljointsandleveldefectsintheashlarblocks,withsucceedinglayersoflimeandfinesand.Thestuccoconsistofcarbonaceousaggregatesinlime-basedbindersthatareweaklyhydraulic.Thestuccowasinstalledinn.6’tallliftsthatformdiscerniblehorizontalbandsacrossthebuilding;thehighlyerodedfirstlifthasarelativelylowbindercontentcomparedtotheothers,whichareinabetterstateofpreservation.Paints(appliedasecco)areessentiallyoil-based,andthepigmentsincluderedandyellowochres,charcoalblack(appearsblue),andcalciumcarbonate.Treatmenttestingandpilottreatmentincludeddryandwetcleaningofsurfacesoiling;consolidationoffriablestuccoandmortars;reattachmentofdelaminatedstuccobyinjectiongroutingandedging,and;losscompensation.In2015,thescopewasexpandedtoincludesurveyandmappingofthestuccosonthemissionchurchesatSanJoseandEspadainaprojectthatisongoing.ThispaperdescribesthebuildingtechnologyrepresentedbythehistoricstuccosanddecorativefinishesusedattheMissionsinSpanishColonialtimes;summarizestheassessmentmethodologyusedatConcepcion,EspadaandSanJose,and;conveystheresultsofmaterialsinvestigationsandpilottreatmentatMissionConcepcion.
PerformanceBasedEvaluationofSelectSaltCrystallizationInhibitorsAsaMeanstoMitigateSaltDamageinArchitecturalTerracotta
Saltcrystallizationstandsasahighlydestructivedeteriorationmechanisminporousbuildingmaterialsandcontributesgreatlytothelossofculturalheritage.Saltcrystallizationinhibitors(SCIs)usedasaremedialtreatmentmethodiffoundsuccessfulcouldbeaviablealternativetototaldesalinizationandothertraditionalconservationtreatmentssuchaswaterbath,poulticing,orionexchangeresins,asthesemethodsarenotpossibleorappropriateinsomecircumstances.Althoughthesite,WesternClayManufacturingCompanyusbeingusedasacase-studyforthisspecificresearch,saltdamagebeingoneofthemostcommonmechanismsofdeteriorationinbuildingstone,brickandterracottaandoutdoorstatuaryandmonuments,makestheresultsofthisresearchwidelyapplicable.Oftentotaldesalinizationeffortsprovetobeinappropriateduetotheextentofsaltcontamination,thesizeofasite,orthatthesourceofsaltcontaminationcannotbecutoff.Inaddition,researchislimitedinregardtohoweffectiveSCIsare,andevenlessresearchhasbeenconductedonhowSCIsfunctioninceramicmaterials.ThisthesisproposestoconductaperformancebasedevaluationofselectSCIsasameanstomitigatesaltdamageinterracotta.SpecificallySodiumandPotassiumFerrocyanidewillbeusedindividuallyaswellaswiththeadditionofSodiumHexametaphosphate,acommonsurfactant,inordertodetermineiftheyhavetheabilitytodelaynucleation,increasesolubilityandarecapableofchangingthemorphologyofsaltcrystallizationinordertoreducetheirdamagingeffectsonporousbuildingmaterials.
Sophisticatedtechnology:AnalyzingpigmentsattheAlamo
Track1:SpanishColonialStructures,TraditionsCultures Updated:July16,2016
3
CS1.2 Dennis Baltuskonis
11/1/16 3:15pm - 4:45pm
CS1.3 Kim Lovejoy
CS1.3 Jean Jang
TheHeartoftheAlamo;TechnicalphotographyplusPost-imageprocessingtechniquesusedtosuccessfullyrecover18thcenturyfrescodesignsfromthe
InteriorSacristywalls
TraditionalconservationtechniquesfirstuncoveredtheexistenceofSpanishcolonialerafrescoesontheinteriorwallsoftheSacristyintheAlamoChurchsixteenyearsago.Thestencildesignsdiscoveredencompasstheentireroom;atwainscotlevel,friezebandaboveentrydoorsandalongthearchedwalls.Astheunknownbecamemoreevidentmanyquestionsarose;whattypeofpigmentsarethese,howwerethepigmentsmade,wheredidthepigmentscomefrom,whatwastheapplicationmethod,whoorwhomappliedthedecorativefinishesandwereotherwallsinthechurchdecorativelypainted?Theuniversalconservationlabanalysisprovidedsomeoftheanswers.Thismethodrequiredharvestingsamplesfromthehistoricsurfaces.Severalofthepigmentfragmentsfoundwerelessthan2mm,makingthecollectionofsamplesdifficulttoharvest.Multiplequestionsbegantoemerge.Suchas:Isthereanotherwayofanalyzingthepigmentwithoutremoval?In2014,utilizingtraditionalanalysisandstateofthearttechnologyanswersbegantoemergeattheAlamo.ThroughtheuseofaportableX-rayfluorescencespectroscopy(pXRF),pigmentsremainingonthewallsweresampledandcharacteristicelementswereidentified.Threeerasofwallpigmenthavebeendocumented.(1)TheSpanishcolonialera.Thisisconsistentwithpigmentsusedduringthattime.(2)TheUSArmyoccupation1845-1861.AwhitepigmentcontainingZincislikelyfromthisera.(3)Themodern-post1920era.AwhitepigmentcontainingbothZincandTitaniumwereidentifiedtobefromthisera.InadditiontothepXRF,ascanningelectronmicroscope,SEMwithenergy-dispersivex-rayspectroscopyEDS,capabilitieshasalsobeenusedonselectedsampledfragments.Elementalmapsconfirmtheidentificationofvermillion(HgS),greencopperpigmentandmetalleafwithhighlevelsofcopper.Thisadvancedtechnologyhelpsguideconservationeffortsandleavesthemicroscopicandlargerhistoricelementsintact.
Typicallythoughtofasamilitaryfort,thisiconicTexaslandmarkwasfirstandforemostaSpanishborderlandmission.NothinghighlightsthisfactmorethantherecentrecoveryofhandpaintedfrescodesignswithintheSacristyofMissionSanAntoniodeValero(TheAlamo).UsingMultispectralimaging(MSI)andavarietyofcomputer-assisted,Post-imageprocessingtechniques,asuccessfulworkflowwasdevelopedthatallowedfortherecoveryofthemajordesignmotifsonceexistingontheinteriorwalls.Duringimageprocessing,additionaltelltaledetailsemergedfromsomeoftheimagesrevealthatthedesignconstructionprocessoccurredinseveraldistinctstages;scouringobservedintheoriginalcolonialplastersuggesttheoverallwalldesignwasfirstlaidoutwithinbroadhorizontalandverticalborders;thediscoveryoftiny‘pouncemarks’(adottedlinethatmarkedoutthedesign)implytheuseofastencil;the‘dots’werethenconnectedthroughapaintedlinearoutlinethatservedasborders;andfinallyfilled-inwithcolortoproducethefinaldesign.Althoughthefivemajorrecoveredwalldesignswillbeshown,thepresentationfocusesonthe“MainFrieze”;{twoprimary“designgroups”residingwithina14-inchwidehorizontalband(heightjustabovetheportals)thatrepeataroundtheroomperimeter}.Theworkflowthatwaseventuallydevelopedrepresentsausefulsurveyofcomputer-assistedphotographyasitiscurrentlyappliedinarcheologyandculturalheritagesettings.Thetechniquesemployed,(fromimagecapturerequirements,toPhotomosaicconstruction,tothecreationofa“digitaltracing.”)willbediscussedandcontrastedwithmorerecent3-DimagingtechnologieslikeRTI(ReflectanceTransformationImaging)andDSLR-photogrammetry.The“MainFrieze”design,aswepresentlybelieveitlooked,isahighlyintricatedesignmotifcompletewithdelicatelinear“tendrils”whichextendoutwardandtietogethertheentirerepeatingdesign.Eventhoughtheiconographyoftherevealeddesignsholdsatalethathasyettobetold,theycapturetheimaginationanddictatefutureresearchandthoughtsabouttheexistentialvalueourState’sculturalheritage.
CaliforniaProjects(LU:1.5Hrs)FibrousPlaster:SpecifyingReinforcementSystemsfora
Robust19th-c.TechnologyFibrousplaster,alsoknownas"stickandrag,"isathingypsumplastershellreinforcedwithnaturalfiberssuchasjuteandhempwovenintoburlap,alsoknownasgunnyclothorhessian.ThetechnologyissimilartohowEgyptianswrappedtheirmummies.Innovationsandpatentsintheindustrialrevolutionofthe19thcenturyledtothethecommercialuseofthistechnologyforceilingsbeginninginEnglandinthemiddleofthe19thcentury,whichsoonspreadtotheUnitedStates.Manylarge,highlyornateplasterceilingsincorporatethistechnology.Whilemanyoftheseceilingswererobustlyconstructedandremainingoodcondition,decorativefibrousplasterceilingspresentubiquitouschallengesininvestigation,repairsofdamages,andpreventivemaintenancetoreduceriskoffailures.EverGreeneandWissJanneyElster'sNYCstafftogethercomparedexperiencesfromthecombinednationwideexperienceofthetwofirmsover20yearstoclassifycausesforfailure,inspectionandrepaircasestudies.Deteriorationwasfrequentlycausedbyman-madeeffects,includingwaterdamageandimpactbyhumandisturbanceofattachmentsystemsandtheplasteritself.Systemicdeteriorationcanalsooccurbydeteriorationofnaturalfibersencasedingypsumplaster;differentialexpansionandcontractionofplaster,supportstructureandsurroundingarchitecture;andflawsinfabricationandconstruction.Although“industrialized,”fibrousplasterwasstillahandmadecraftanddesignedempirically.Failuretomaintainexteriorbuildingenvelopes,andlackofunderstandingbymaintenanceworkersandrepairteams,caninflictsometimesseriousdamages.Thispaper,developedjointlywithEricHammarbergofWJE,willdiscussfibrousplasterconditionsobservedinceilingsfrom1900through1960.Wewilldiscusstypicalcausesofthedamage,whichtorepair(andnot),andspecificrepairoptionsincludingdiscretesupplementalmechanicalanchors,adhesives,sealants,delaminationrepairsbetweenplaster,suspensionwadsandhessianfabric,cracks,allowancesforexpansion,relativehumiditycontrols,protectionfromfuturehumanandmechanicalimpact,waterdamage,etc.Factorstobeconsideredincustomizingtypicalrepairmethodswithdetailsandmaterialsspecifictoeachcondition,includingpracticalityofmethods,flexibilitydurability,laborandmaterialcosts,availabilityofmaterials,andaccessforinstallation,willbeaddressed,describingprosandcons.CasestudieswillincludeexamplesfromacrosstheU.S.,fromcarton-pierreornamentintheIllinoisStateCapitolintroducedbytheFrenchémigréarchitect,AlfredPiquenardinthe1880s;SpanishColonialRevivalatmospherictheaterssuchastheBalboa,SanDiego(1929,restorationbyWestlakeReedLeskosky);theSaenger,NewOrleans(1927,Martinez&Johnson,2013);otherrevival-styleinteriorsintheSouth;andtheNewYorkPublicLibrary,RoseReadingRoom,tobecompletedSeptember2016,wherecustomizedtechniquesarebeingtestedandemployedonalargescalethroughcollaborationbetweenWJEArchitects/EngineersandEverGreeneconservatorsandcraftsmen.
PerformanceEvaluationofNanolimeasaConsolidantforFriableLime-BasedPlaster
Track1:SpanishColonialStructures,TraditionsCultures Updated:July16,2016
4
CS1.3 Rachel Burch
CS1.3 Steve Farneth
11/2/16 8:30am - 10:15amCS1.4 Angélica Pérez Ramos
Thisresearchfocusesontheperformanceevaluationofcommercialnanolimeproductasaconsolidantforfriablehistoriclime-basedplastersuchasthematerialfoundatMissionSanJosédeTumacácori,aSpanishColonialmissionsitenearTucson,Arizona.Whileplasticityoflimeallowslime-basedmaterialsgenerallytobestableovertime,recurringimpactofvariousweatheringagents–moistureinfiltration,temperaturefluctuation,UVradiation,saltcrystallization,andacidrain–causelime-basedplastertodeteriorate.ParticularlyontheexteriorplasteratMissionSanJosédeTumacácori,repeatedmoistureinfiltrationandtemperaturefluctuationaremajorweatheringagentsthatresultedinalossofinter-granularcohesion.Althoughitisaslowprocess,ashistoricexteriorplasterbecomeslooseandfriableitcanbesusceptibletofurtherlossofrareoriginalpaintedsurfacesandthepreventivemasonrystructurelayer.Acompatibleyeteffectiveconsolidationmethodissoughttopreserveaestheticandfunctionaldesignofthemonument.Nanolimeisarelativelyrecentlydevelopedmaterialsynthesizedofnanoscalecalciumhydroxideparticlesandobtainingstabilitybyusingalcoholsolvents.Behaviorofnanolimeproductshasbeenstudiedpreviouslyondifferentconsolidatingmaterials,howeveracomprehensiveevaluationasaconsolidantonlime-basedplasterisverylimited.Thus,thisresearchconductslaboratoryanalysisfollowingtestingmethodsestablishedbyASTMandRILEMstandards.Althoughtwocommercialproductlinesareavailableinternationally,CaLoSiL,producedbyIBZ-SalzchemieGmbH&Co.KG,whichwasavailablethroughtheNorthAmericanregionaldistributorwasusedfortheexperiment.Theevaluationprogramwasdesignedtoexaminetheperformanceofnanolimeconsolidantbasedonconsolidantselectioncriteriaincludingcompatibilitytooriginalmateriality,efficacyofenhancinggraincohesion,durabilitytoweatheringcycle,andimpactonaestheticcharacter.Ultimately,theanalyticalfindingsofthisthesiswillbeusedasabasistoestablishcomparativedatatopreviousandfutureresearchonthenanolimeandasarecommendationforfutureconservationplantopreservefragilelime-basedplaster.
MissionSanJuanCapistranohasundergonemultiplechangesinfortuneandhencetoitsbuildingfabricoverthecenturiesfollowingitsfoundingin1776.LiketheotherMissionsoftheCaliforniachain,thishasincludedthepiecemealconstructionofadobeandbrickbuildingsatthesite,theadaptationandrepurposingofhistoricstructures,thecompletelossofsome,andthepartialandwholesalereconstructionofothers.Thehistoricfinishesthatsurvivearefoundinafragmentarystate,andalmostalwaysoverlainbylaterlimewashandmodernpaintlayers.OurconservationinterventionsattheMissionoverthelasttenyearshavebeenfocusedonpreservingthefragmentary‘archaeologicalrecord’thesehistoricfinishesrepresent,whilefacilitatingtheongoinguseoftheroomsforpresentationofthehistoryoftheMissiontovisitors.Atanhistoricsitewithahistoryofcontinuousrebuildingandarchitecturalmodification,andmanyphasesofrestorationeffortsdatingbacktothe1920s,conservationdecision-makingcanbeparticularlychallengingwhenthesurvivingoriginalmaterialissofragmentaryanditsauthenticityalreadysignificantlycompromised.Ourapproachwasthereforetoprioritizeprotectionofsurvivingtracesofhistoricfinishesbystabilizingoriginalmaterialinplace,andusuallyleavingtheselayersprotected-andhiddenfromview-underneworexistingoverlyinglayers.Ourhands-ontreatmentpreservationmethodsweretraditional,simpleandunglamorous,andusually(aswedesired)ourweeksofworkwerecompletelyundetectabletothevieweruponcompletion.Ourminimally-invasivetechniqueswerebasedontheuseofcompatible,lime-basedmaterials,namelymortarrepairs,injectiongroutingandedgingrepairsusingcustommortarsandslurriesofnaturalhydrauliclime(NHL-2),slakedlime,sandandmarbledust;andlimewashandlime-basedpaintsofslaked,hydraulicorhydratedlime.The‘twist’wewereabletoaddtoourusuallimetoolboxwasutilizingtherelativelynewmaterial,CaLoSiL®(nano-particlesoflime),asbothasprayconsolidant,andbymodifyingittoextenditsuseasaninjectable‘adhesive’andevenanedgingmaterial.Thiswaywewereabletocompletelyavoidintroducingadditionalsyntheticmaterialsadjacenttothehistoricfinishes.Weareconfidentthatourtreatmentssignificantlyenhancedthelongevityofthesurvivinghistoricfinishesintothefutureaswellasdramaticallyimprovingbothvisualappearaneandvisitorinterpretationoftherooms.
TheconservationofhistoricdecorativefinishesatMissionSanJuanCapistrano,OrangeCounty,California:thepreservationoffragmentary
schemesusingtraditionallime-basedtechniques,withananolime'twist'
Inthe1970’spreservationpracticewasinanearlystageofdevelopment.Therewerenobuildingcodesthatreflectedarchaicmaterialsperformance.Adobe,inparticular,wasamateriallittleunderstoodandevenlessappreciatedbystructuralengineersandbuildingofficialsinCalifornia.Whilethestandardpracticeforseismicstrengtheningofadobewasdemolition,preservationarchitectsandengineersmanagedtopreservethesebuildingsindifferentways.Fortyyearslater,withthedevelopmentofseismicresearchonadobeperformanceandbuildingcodesforhistoricbuildingswhichacknowledgetheperformanceofarchaicmaterials,some40yearoldpreservationprojectsarebeingre-rehabilitated.Thispresentationwilldiscusstwoprojectsinvolvingre-rehabilitationofadobestructureswhichwerestrengthenedandpreservedinthe1970’s.Onestructure,theMontanezAdobe,whichwasstrengthenedin1978withavisible,buthighlyreversiblesystem;theother(TheCooperMoleraAdobe),wasstrengthened,withaconcealed,buthighlydestructiveandnon-reversiblesystem.Thetwore-rehabilitationprojectswillbedescribed.Theeffectsofthereversibilityorlackofreversibilityofthepastprojectsonourworkwillbepresented.Andtheimplicationsofourpresentdayapproachtotheworkoffuturearchitectsandengineers,whoseconcernsandapproacheswecannotbegintoknow,willbediscussed.
Thingschange….sometimesforthebetter!Reversibility,whyitmatters.
LatinAmericaandThePhilippines(LU:1.75Hrs)OptimizationofhydratedlimemortarsforConservationofBuiltHeritage
Track1:SpanishColonialStructures,TraditionsCultures Updated:July16,2016
5
CS1.4 Benjamin Ibarra
CS1.4 Stephen Kelley
CS1.4 Monika Therrien
Sinceitisknownthathydratedlimeisamaterialpresentinthemostbuildingsystemsinhistoricbuildings,ithasbeenpondereditsuseininterventionsaimedatconservingthembyensurecompatibilitybetweenexistingconstructivefactoriesandnewones.However,itsuseisbecominglessattractiveduetothedifficultyitrepresentsfindingskilledlabortoruntheprocesswork,andthelongperiodoftimerequiredtogettheproduct,triggeringlittlesuccessfulresultsinsomeinterventionswhileaprocessofhistoricalproductionisbeinglost.InMexico,amortaradditive,geographicallyandeconomicallyaffordable,isthenopalmucilagethathasreflectedfavorablebehaviorwhenitisemployedintheformulationofmortarsforrestorationpurposes.Asaresult,thisresearchmainobjectiveistoimprovemechanical,rheologicalpropertiesandavailabilitycarbonationoflimemortarsusedinbuiltheritageconservation,byusingthenopalmucilageatasuitableconcentrationforhydrationofquicklime.Ifthisgoalisachieved,asecondaimcouldbecovered:areductioninagingtimeofhydratedlimeputty.Rheologicalpropertiesmaybeachievedoptimalasaresultofcompletehydrationofthecalciumoxideinlesstimeusingnopalmucilageinsteadofwaterashydrationmedium.Themainobjectivewouldbeachievedbythefollowingspecificobjectives:DeterminingthemethodofnopalmucilageextractionthatreflectsabetterperformanceinspecificconcentrationsashydrationmediumfortheoxideCalcium,comparinglimemortarscrystallography,carbonationandmechanicalbehaviormadefromhydratedlimeinwaterandthosepreparedusinglimehydratedincactusmucilage.ThisresearchextendsitsborderstoaninvestigationwithchemicalgoalsthatisbeingdevelopedbythefacultyofChemistryatUNAM,whereamodelofexperimentalanalysisisbeingdesignedinordertodeterminethechemicalinteractionbetweenthenopalmucilageandquicklime.Advancesinresearchtodateincludeshistoriographicalandethnographicresearchoflimeandmucilage,chemicallimebehaviorthroughtime,chemicalandphysicallimeproperties,restoringlimemortarsrequirementscitedbysomeinstitutionslikeICCROMandtheexperienceasanexecutor.Itwasalsoperformedanexperimentalphasewheredifferentnopalmucilageextractionmethodsanddifferentnopalspeciesweretested.RelevantpartialresultshavebeenobtainedfromanOtomiextractionmethodandtherehavebeenidentifiedsomefactorsastemperature,agitationandtimethatjoininthecompositionofmucilage.Afirststagelimehydrationwasperformedwithdifferentconcentrationsofmucilageanddifferentbehaviorswereobservedduringdifferenthydrationstages.Asecondexperimentalphaseisabouttobegin,wherespecimenpreparationandtheirmechanical,physicalandcrystallographicpropertieswillbeanalyzedtoobtainresultsthatwillbediscussedinordertosettleconclusions.
PreservingStonecuttingCraftsmanship;RestorationoftheSixteenth-CenturyRibbedVaultoftheOpenChapelatTeposcolula,Oaxaca,Mexico.
Therestorationofthesixteenth-centurystoneribbedvaultoftheopenchapelatSanPedroySanPabloTeposoclulaOaxaca,Mexico,isaprojectthatmakesustravelbackintime.Theprocessesinvolvedinrestoringthislate-gothicvaulthaverecreatedthathistoricmomentofthesixteenthcenturywhenknowledge-transferinbuildingtechnologyresultedinmanyoutstandingbuildingsintheAmericas.Thispresentationwillrevealthefour-yearsconservationprojectandtheuncommoncircumstancesthatemergedfromtheuniquetaskofreconstructingthestoneribbedvaultapplyingmaterials,methodsandtechniquesusedduringitsoriginalconstruction.Itwillalsopresenthowtherevivalofancienthandcraftstonecuttingtechniqueswerecrucialtosucceedwiththeconservationofoneofthemostimportantsixteenth-centuryopenchapelsinMexico.TheindigenouspeopleofMexicolearnednewbuildingmethodsduringthesixteenthcentury.Theyalsousedtheskillslearnedfromtheirancestorsinordertoobtain,transport,andcarvethestoneneededfortheambitiousbuildingscommissionedbythespaniards.Ontheotherhand,masterbuildersfromEuropefacedacomplexenterpriseovercominglanguagebarriersandorganizationalcustomsofthenativecommunitiesofMexico.Theywereforcedtodevelopknowledge-transfertoolsthatallowedthemtosucceedwiththeirwork.Now,facingtherestorationoftheribbedvaultfourhundredandfiftyyearslater,somequestionsemerge:Whatarethepreservationstrategiesnecessarytoapplycanonicallythegothicmethodsofconstructionintheconservationofastonemadestructure?Wereconditionsfacedbythemastermasonsofthesixteenth-centurydifferenttothosefacedbytheteamwhodidtherestorationattheduskofthetwentiethcentury?Whatarethelaborskillsnecessaryfortherestorationofalate-gothicribbedvaultandhowstonemasonscanbetrainedtocompletesuchchallenge?Whataretheimplicationsofrevivingthehandcraftofstonecuttingskillsnecessarytocompletearestorationworkofthisnature?Howdothesocialandeconomicalconditionsofadevelopingcountryinfluencetheconservationstrategiesofmonumentalbuildings?Whileunfoldingthisexperiencethattransportedintimeeveryoneinvolvedintheproject,thispresentationwillanswerthequestionsmentionedabovepresentingacriticalstandonconservationissuesinLatinAmerica.Furthermore,thepreservationstrategiesadoptedforthisprojectwillcreatenewquestionsmotivatingdebateamongsttheattendeesinthesession.TheopenChapelofSanPedroandSanPabloTeposcolulahasbeendistinguishedasoneofthemostexquisitepiecesofarchitecturebuiltintheAmericasduringthesixteenthcentury.TheribbedvaultthatcoversthealtarhasbeenpointedasthemostcomplexstoneworkundertookduringtheSpanishColonialperiodofMexico.
RetrofitproposalsfortheFilipinoSpanishColonialChurchestomeetModernSeismicDemands
RomanCatholicchurchesontheIslandofBoholareadistinctgroupofchurchesestablishedduringtheearlySpanishColonialperiod(16th-19thCenturies)andarethegreatestconcentrationofthisbuildingtypeinthePhilippines.Spanish-eramasonrychurchesareoftripleleafconstructionwiththincutcoralstonewallsurfacesandathickcoreofargamasa(rubblelaidinamixtureofslakedlime,sandandwater)whichhasahardnesssimilartoweakconcrete.ManyofthesechurcheshavebeendeclaredNationalCulturalTreasuresfortheircultural,historicalandarchitecturalimportancetotheFilipinopeople.ThePhilippinearchipelagoislocatedwithinthePacific“ringoffire”andthusisinaveryactiveseismiczone.OnOctober15,2013,a7.2MMIearthquakehitBoholwiththeepicenternearInabangaseverelydamagingmanyofthechurches.TheLoonchurch,reputedasthelargestinBoholandoneoftheoldest,wasturnedintoapileofrubblebytheshakingandaccompanyingsoilliquefaction,aswasthatofMaribojoc–completelylevelledwithnothingleftstanding.Geologistsandseismologistexpectfuturequakes,albeitthetimingisindeterminable.ThedamagewroughtbytheearthquakeinBoholtoseveralofthemosthistoricchurchesofthePhilippinesraisedconcernsnotonlyfortherestorationoftheBoholchurches,butthepotentialdamagetootherhistoricchurchesandstructuresinthePhilippinesfromfutureearthquakes.ThespeakerhasvisitedtheIslandofBoholfourtimessincetheEarthquake–twiceasaUNESCOTangibleImmovableHeritageExperttoevaluatethedamagetothechurchesandotherstructures,andtwiceasaninvitedparticipantoftheNationalMuseum,NationalCommissionforCultureandtheArts,NationalHistoricalCommissionofthePhilippinesandtheRomanCatholicArchdioceseofTagbilaran.Hewouldliketointroducethisinterestingbuildingtype;howitscarehasbeenaffectedbytheculturalchangeswroughtbythemovefromSpanishtoAmericancolonialismandfinallytoindependence;andpresentcurrenteffortstorehabilitateandseismicallyretrofitthesestructurestomeetthedemandsoffutureseismicevents.
ArchaeologyoftheUrbanismofSantafédeBogotá:Oldaqueductsandsewagesystemsofthecity
Track1:SpanishColonialStructures,TraditionsCultures Updated:July16,2016
6
CS1.4 Stephen Waite
11/2/16 10:45am - 12:15pmCS1.5 Nakita Reed
CS1.5 Vishal Joshi
FollowingrecentexcavationsintheformerRoyalStreetofSantafédeBogotá(Colombia),varioussewerandaqueductsystemsofthecolonialandrepublicancitywereputintoevidence.Thesefindingsledtothecompletionoftypologicalcharacterizationofthevariousstructuresthatwereidentified.ThroughtheuseofcertainarchaeometricmethodssuchasScanningElectronicMicroscopyincombinationwithcrossandthinsectionsoftheceramicsandglazes,itwaspossibletounderstandhowthesesewersweremadeandwhen,observingtechnologicalchangesthroughtime,inresponseofthecitygrowthandtheneedsandexpectationsoftheirinhabitants.Basedontheseanalyses,itwasalsopossibletotrackthecrafttraditionfromwhichthesehydraulicstructuresderivedfrom,mostofwhichwerelocallymanufacturedshowingtheintroductionofsemi-industrializedprocessesandasaconsequence,theintendoftheadoptionof“standards".Thisalsomeantdelvingintohistoricalsources,particularlyfortheRepublicanera,ofwhichthebidsforthecontracts,thecitydwellersperceptionsofthesehydraulicsystems,andthesocio-economicandpoliticalcontextthatmadepossibletheinstallmentofa“modern”sewagesystemweredocumented.Finally,fromabroaderscopeofanalysisbetweentheinstallationofthefirstaqueductsandtheirrelationshiptotheurbansettlementandthegeographicalenvironment,alternativehypothesesareraisedregardingtheselectionofthesiteforfoundingthecityandtheorientationofthelayoutofBogotá.
Thekeyislime:preservingmampuestowallconstructioninCuba’scolonialbuildings
Upuntilthemid-20thc.,CubaanditscapitalcityHavanawereregardedasthecrownjewelsoftheCaribbean.StrategicallylocatedatthecrossroadsoftheEuropean–WesternHemispheretraderoute,its15th-c.Spanishsettlementinitiatedauniquepathtowardsitsbuiltculturalheritage.Fourcenturiesofcolonialwealthandhumandiversityproducedrichandimaginativearchitecture;representedinthosebuildingsareCuba'sculture,historyandtraditionsasacivilsociety.ThesophisticatedandmaturedevelopmentofitscitiesandbuildingsinfluencedculturesintheNewWorld;however,preservingthatlineagereliesupontheproperconservationofitsexistingcolonialstructures.ThispaperwilladdressoneofthemostcommontraditionalconstructionmethodsofcolonialCuba:themampuestomasonrywall.ThisOldWorldtechnologywassimple;itwassimilartotoday’scast-in-placeconcreteprocess.However,humaninterventionsutilizingmodernmaterialsandmethodsforrepairs,haveresultedinsignificantdamage:Cuba’sfundamentalbuildingtraditionthathasinfluencedotherwesternhemispherecultures,isbeinglost.Inordertoproperlyconservethosestructures,twopointswillbediscussed.First,describetheusefulnessofvariousmoderninvestigativetechnologies;however,thosemustbelimitedtotheassessmentofexistingconditionsandidentifyingoriginalmaterials.Second,examinewhymodernmaterialtechnologyforrepairsmustnotbeused;instead,explainhowtoapplythetraditionalmethodofnon-hydrauliclimerepairs—an“oldworldmaterialtechnology”.
AdditionalCaseStudies(LU:1.5Hrs)Findingyourwayhome:bestpracticesinpreservationdocumentation
MenokinisaNationalHistoricLandmark,primarilyforitsassociationasthehomeofFrancisLightfootLee,aVirginiasigneroftheDeclarationofIndependence.Since1934,thepropertyhasbeenresearchedanddocumentedmanytimesbyhistoricalarchitects,photographers,archaeologists,surveyors,historians,andconservators.Inadditiontherehavebeennumerousplannedandemergencystabilizationinterventions,.Typicallyeachinterventionorresearchprojecthasbeenastandaloneeventwiththeresultsoftennoteasilyusablebylaterworkers.TheMenokinFoundation’svisionforthefutureofthesiteistosaveandadapttheMenokinRuin.Theirvisionincludesatechnologicallyandeducationallyinnovativedesignthatwillstabilizetheexistingruinwithbothinnovativeandtraditionaltechniques.AstheHistoricalArchitectsonthedesignteam,ledbyMachadoSilvetti,ourworkonthisColonialeraplantationhouseruindemonstratedthatatrailofdocumentationbreadcrumbsisnotenoughtofindyourway‘home’tocriticaldata.Thecompleteddocumentationontheprojectincludesthefullspectrumofanaloganddigitaltools-from1934HABSdrawingsto2015laserscanningandeverythinginbetween.Theabilitytosynthesizecriticaldatafromdifferentfirms,differenttechnologies,andabsentpersonnelisonlypossiblethroughestablishinglinks.Makingsenseofdecadesofrecordsanddesigndocuments,andintegratingthatknowledgewithrecenttestingandmockupsresultshasledusinsightof‘home’.ThroughthepresentationofthevariousdocumentationstrategiesutilizedatMenokinwewilldiscussthefollowing:•Methodsofrecordinghistorical,temporalandphysicaldata;•Bestpracticesforcrosslinkingdatumpoints•Bestpracticesandviablesolutionsforimplementingdatacollectionforhistoricproperties•Recommendationsforpreparingaguidebookforfuturetravelers•Howtoavoiddead-endsandprepareaguidebookforfutureexplorersAfterthepresentationparticipantswillhaveabetterunderstandingofwhypreservationtechnologistsneedtoleaveatrailforfutureresearchersandthebestpracticestoaidfuturestewardsincaringfortheproperty.MENOKINORIGINS:Menokinwasbuiltc.1769ontheoccasionofthemarriageofFrancisLightfootLeeandRebeccaTayloe.RebeccawasthedaughterofJohnTayloeII,whobuiltneighboringMountAiry.HegavethecouplethelargeplantationonCatPointCreek,andfinancedconstructionofthetwo-storystoneMenokinanditsdependencies.Soonafter,FrancisLightfootLeejoinedthecauseofAmericanindependence,servedintheContinentalCongressfrom1775to1779andsignedtheDeclarationofIndependenceandtheArticlesofConfederation.ExcepttheyearswhenFrancisLightfootLee’stermofserviceintheContinentalCongressdrewbothhimandRebeccaTayloeLeetoPhiladelphia,thecouplelivedatMenokinuntiltheybothdiedin1797.
PreservingNepaleseHeritage
Track1:SpanishColonialStructures,TraditionsCultures Updated:July16,2016
7
CS1.5 Jared Shoemaker
CS1.5 John GrillRestorationoftheOldStoneChurchFaçade
WDP&Associates,(WDP)wascontactedtoinvestigatethedeteriorationofagothicstylestonechurchlocatedincentralVirginia.Thechurchwasofficiallydedicatedin1897andtheexteriorwallsofthechurchconsistedofmulti-wythebrickmasonryfinishedwithPennsylvaniaashlargreenstone,orserpentinestone.Thechurchwasexperiencingwaterinfiltrationaswellassignificantcrackingandspallingoftheoriginalgreenstonefaçade.Thedeteriorationhadprogressedtothepointthatoverheadprotectionwasinstalledtoshieldparishionersfromfallingdebris.WDPwastaskedwithperforminganevaluationanddeterminingacomprehensiverepairandrestorationprogram.Theoriginalconstructionconsistedof6to8inchthickgreenstone,arubblemasonrywythe,andtwofullbrickmasonrywythes.Severalrestorationmethodswereevaluatedincludingconsolidationtreatmentsaswellasusingcastconcretetomatchtheexistinggreenstone.Neithermethodmetthelongtermplansoftheparish.Therestorationconsistedof;removaloftheexistinggreenstoneandrubblemasonry,repointingoftheremainingbrick,installationofanewbrickwytheandgroutedcollarjointbehindnew4inchthickgranitestone.Finally,theexistinglimestoneandnewgranitewerepointedatonetimetomatch.Laserscansoftheexistingchurchelevationwerecollectedtoreplicatetheexactdimensionsofeveryexistinggreenserpentinestonewithmountaingreengranitestone.Eachnewgranitestonewasanexactreplicaofthestoneitreplacedwiththeexceptionofthicknesssoasnottoaddadditionalloadingtothefoundationwalls.Usinggranitestoneratherthancastconcretereplicasprovidedamoredurablefaçade,whilestayingtruetothetraditionalmasonryconstructionmethods.Performingtheextensiverepairswithoutdisruptionofanyservicesrequiredthedevelopmentofauniquephasingplanandtemporaryexternalstrengtheningmeasuresthatsequencedthestoneremovalinsuchamannerthantheexteriorwallsretainedenoughstabilitytoresistoutofplaneloadsandsupporttheroofstructurewhileremovingoverhalfoftheoverallwallthickness.Theoriginalmortarswereanalyzedandreplacementmortarsreplicatedtheoriginalmortarproperties,aggregatecolorandgradation.Theaddedwytheconsistedofhandmoldedbrickcarefullyselectedtomatchthepropertiesoftheoriginalbrickascloselyaspossible,andjoinedwiththeexistingwythesusingtraditionalheadercourses.GFRPbarswereincorporatedintothewallsatlocationsofhightensilestressasaresultofthereductioninstonethickness.TheGFRPwaschosenbasedonthehightensilecapacity,smalldiameterandthelongevityprovidedbynotbeingsusceptibletocorrosion.Thisrestorationcombinedseveralexamplesofnewtechnologywithtraditionalbrickandstonemasonryconstructionmethodstorestoreandimprovethis100plusyearoldfaçade.
GottesmanHallisaninteriorexhibitionspacelocatedintheNewYorkPublicLibrary.Constructedin1911,GottesmanhallwasdesignedwithBeaux-Artsstylemarblefloors,walls,columnsandarchessimilartotheoverallstructureofthebuilding.Insteadofcontinuingthemonumentalarchitecturalstylethroughouttheroom,thedesignerjuxtaposedthisspacewithaRenaissancestylehand-carvedwoodceiling.Althoughdifferentstylesareused,theornateanddelicatecarvedrichnessofthedarkoakceilingcomplimentsthemassofthewhiteCipollinomarble.Thisspaceisadistinctcontrastofoldworldarchitecturalstylesborncenturiesapartandmergedbeautifullytocreateanaesthetically-pleasingspaceunlikeanyother.Theceilingisanornatelycarvedwoodceilingwithagridofinterconnectedgeometriccoffersincludingsquares,rectangles,octagons,ovalsandtrapezoids.DuetotheageofthebuildingandthetemperatureandhumidityswingsknowntoNewYorkCity,smallpiecesoftheceilingfellinearly2015.Althoughnotlikelyfatal,theNYPLwasconcernedthepiecesmayhaverepresentedamoresystemicproblem.WJEwascontactedtoperformaclose-upinspectionoftheentireceilingandtoproviderecommendationsforrepairincludingconstructiondrawingsandspecifications.TakingtheroleofrestorationexpertandArchitect,WJEworkedwithateamofhighlyskilledcraftsmen,constructionmanagers,andtheclienttoreinstatethespacetoitsintendedgrandeur.Craftsmenakintotheoriginalceilingartistswereemployedtorecreateselectelementsthathadbeenlostordamaged.Allnewelementswerehandcarvedastheexistingceilingwascreated.Otherrepairsincludedsecuringlooseelements,Dutchmanrepairs,localizedpatchingandreplacingtwolargeaccesspanelswithlightercompositematerialsandappropriatelydesignedveneerpattern.Minorremovalofanchors,patching,andre-pointingrepairswerealsocompletedatthemarblewallsandarchways.Eachrepairwasindividuallyinspectedforanysemblanceofdiscontinuityofwoodgrain,figure,andtone.Waxingwasappliedtoensureauniformcohesivefinishwiththeoldandnew.Throughtheuseofbothtimetestedtechniquesandmodernconstructionmethods,WJEwasabletorestoreGottesmanHallinlessthanthreemonths.
EarthquakeshavealwaysbeenapartofNepalesehistory.TheApril2015GorkhaearthquakeisoneamongstthenumerousquakesthathaverockedthisHimalayanregion.Nepalisconsideredthe11thmostearthquakepronecountryintheworld.Interestingly,asimilarearthquakein1934,affectedtheheritagesitesofNepal,withequalandbrutalintensity.Thisisclearlyevidentfromhistoricphotographstakeninitsaftermath.Thepresentearthquakehasraisedanumberofquestionsanddebates.Whydidsuchalargenumberofheritagestructuressuccumbtotheearthquake?IsthissomethingtodowiththeinherentmaterialsandconstructionmethodsinNepalorisitaresultofdeferredmaintenance?TheongoingdebateinNepaliswhethertocontinuewithtraditionaltechnologyorintroducecontemporaryreinforcingortodevelopahybridbeingamixofthetwo.However,thegovernmentseemstobeadvocatingahardlinetraditionalmethodsstance.Whichcomesevenafterthefactthatnumerousheritagestructuresthatsurvivedonlywithminordamagesinthe2015earthquakewereactuallyretrofittedorrebuiltafterthe1934earthquake.Theresearchfocusesoncasestudiesofheritagebuildingsthatwererestoredbeforethisearthquake,analyzingthemuchcelebratedCyasilipMandapwhichwasreconstructedandcompletedin1990withGermanexpertiseintheBhaktapurDurbarSquare.ThisanalysisgivesusanunderstandingoftheearthquakeresilientmethodsincorporatedbytheGermans.ThethesisalsoincludesworkthatwascarriedoutbyusatthePatanDurbarSquare,inDecember2015.Amassiverestorationexercisewhichwascharacterizedbyaclearabsenceofarchitecturaldrawings.Further,asaresultofmytravelsIalsomanagedtovisitandhaveavisualreconnaissanceofthesevenWorldHeritageSitesintheKathmanduValleytoassesstheirexistingconditions.ThisresearchwillconcludewithaspectsthatmakeNepaleseheritageinherentlyvulnerabletoearthquakes.Afewstrikingstructuralissuesthatshouldbeconsideredduringthereconstructionofthesedamagedworldheritagesites.Thethesisoveralldealswithdisasterresponseandhowheritagestructurescanberebuiltmakingthembetterequippedtosurvivefutureearthquakes.AlargenumberofNepalesewerecynicalaboutthefutureoftheirheritage.However,theearthquakehasreinvigoratedthelocalcarpentertraditionsallowingthisintangibleheritagetocontinueunabated.Finally,thistopicisimportantforthepreservationcommunityatlargebecauseitlaysthefoundationsforthefutureearthquakeresilientstructures.Thesetechniquescanbeusedinotherearthquakeproneregionsacrosstheworld,equallyemphasizingthefactthattheheritagestructuresinsuchearthquakepronenationswillcollapseafterafewyearsandtheywillhavetoberebuilt.Underlyingasaconsequencetheconceptofcyclicalheritage.
RestorationoftheNewYorkPublicLibrary'sGottesmanHall
Track2:CulturalLandscapes:PatternsandPalimpsests Updated:July16,2016
1
11/1/16 9:45am - 11:15am
CS2.1 Allyson Bradford
CS2.1 Shelley Smith
CS2.1 Dr. Oriel Prizeman
Track2:CulturalLandscapes:PatternsandPalimpsestsMappingCulture,Part1(LU:1.5Hrs)
ALayeredApproachtotheDocumentationofHistoricResources
LastyearIwasselectedasaL.T.ShanksTravelScholarshiprecipientbasedonmyresearchandtravelproposal.TheoutcomeofmyresearchandthreeweeksoftravelthroughoutFrancewasaphotographyexhibitandpresentationatmyschool.Myproposalfocusedontheimportanceofdocumentinghistoricresourcesasamatterofassessingtheircurrentcondition,aswellaspreservingamemoryoftheirmeaningtosociety.In1851withphotographyinitsinfancy,France'sCommissiondesMonumentsHistoriquedecidedtodotheirfirstphotographicsurveyofculturalmonumentswiththegoalofassessingtheirneedforrestoration.ÉdouardBaldus,oneofthe5photographersselectedforthisMissionHéliographique,soonbecamerecognizedasthemostprominentarchitecturalphotographerinFrance,accordingtotheMetropolitanMuseumofArt.Itwashiscommissionin1861bytheCheminsdeferdeParisàLyonetlaMéditerranéethatcaughtmyattention.AccordingtotheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,Baldus,“pioneerednewaestheticgroundanddrewfromadecade’sworktospeakforcefullyandeloquentlyabouttherelationshipofhistoryandprogress.Thealbumisamasterfullycomposedsequenceofsixty-ninephotographsofthelandscape,towns,principlesitesofinterest,andrailroadstructuresalongthelinefromLyontoMarseilleandToulon.Byinterspersingboldlygeometricimagesoftherailroadtracks,stations,tunnelsandviaductswithhisclassicviewsofhistoricarchitecture-therampartsofAvignon,theMaisonCarrée,Saint-Trophime,thePontduGard-BalduspresentedSecondEmpireengineersasthenaturalheirstoagreattraditionofbuildingthatstretchedbacktoRomanandMedievaltimes.”(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bald/hd_bald.htm)AfterreadingabouttheworkofÉdouardBaldusandspecificallyhisPLMalbum,Iwasinspiredtoretracehisstepsandtakethesamepicturesthathetook154yearslater.Whatwouldbedifferent,whatwouldbegoneandwhatwouldbeexactlythesame?Whydidhechoosethosespecificbuildings,bridges,monumentsandlandscapesandwhydidheframetheshotsthewayhedid?Thisledmetootherquestionsregardingtheso-calledpuredocumentationofhistoricresources.Whyisitconsideredsoobjectivewheninfactitisextremelysubjectivebasedonwhatisincludedorexcludedfromtheframe?Peoplecan'thelpbutexperiencetheirsurroundingsdifferently,whichisinherentlyincorporatedintotheirphotographs.Whatifwewenttotheotherextremeandtreateddocumentationashighlysubjective?Doesdocumentationthenbecomeaphysicalexpressionofmemory?MypresentationbringstogethertheoriginalphotographsofBaldus,myrecreatedimages154yearslaterandmyinterpretivedoubleexposureimagescomposedfrommylayeredmemoryofthatmoment.Togethertheycreatealayeredapproachtodocumentation.
StewardshipandPreservationintheLayeredLandscape:LessonsfromBedford,NewYork
TheTownofBedford,NewYork,a39-square-milemunicipality40milesnorthofNewYorkCity,providesarichlyinstructivecasestudyinthemanagementofaculturallandscape.BeginningwiththefirstEuropeansettlementinthe1640s,Bedfordhasretainedconsiderablehistoricfabriclayeredthroughoutitsbuildingsandlandscapes—earlyagrarianfarmsteadsandavillagegreen,apost-Revolutionrebuilding,thecomingoftherailroadanddisplacementofanentirevillagebytheCityreservoirsysteminthenineteenthcentury,andwavesofmansion-buildingintheboomyearsofthe1880sandthe1920s.TwoofBedford’sthreehamletscontainaNationalRegisterHistoricDistrict.Theareasbeyondthehamletsarecharacterizedbypreservedopenspaces,gorgesandwetlands,rollinghillsandsteepoutcroppings,dirtroadsandstonewalls,barnsandoutbuildings,andastunningvarietyofresidentialtypes,frommodestfarmandworkerhousingtovillageVictorians,capes,post-warsuburbanenclaves,andgrandcountryestates.HowthissuburbofNewYorkcametoretainsuchextraordinaryevidenceandcharacterfromnearlyfourcenturiesofpost-contacthabitationisitselfapartofBedford’sculturallandscapenarrative.Respondingtothebreakupoflargeestates,theTownenactedfour-acrezoningasearlyas1928,andfollowedinlaterdecadeswithabevyofenvironmentalregulationandlandconservationstrategiesthatretainedlowdensityandiconicviewscapes.DecadesofpreservationcaselawintheUnitedStatesprovideafirmandtestedbasisfortheprotectionofindividuallandmarksandcarefullydelimitedhistoricdistricts.Thetoolsforprotectingculturallandscapesaremoreelusive.SincetheenactmentofBedford’stown-widepreservationordinancein2003,itscitizens,officialsandcommissionmembershaveselectedfromthestandardmenuofpreservationcriteriaandstrategiesinanattempttoapply“lighttouch”protectionsforhistoricresources,whileallowingacontinuedlayeringofthelivingculturallandscape.Thelessonslearnedfromthisexperiencerevealadeepdisconnectbetweenthispresumablyreasonablegoalandthestandardpracticesofhistoriclandmarkanddistrictadministration.Mismatchwasfoundateverystepoftheprocess,fromthedefinition,identification,anddesignationofresources,tothedeploymentofcriteria,andtheproceduresforreviewandapproval.ThiscasestudywillexplorethechallengesfacedbyBedfordinunderstandingandsupportingchangeratherthanseekingtofreezeorarrestit,inclassifyingresourcestoavoidaone-size-fits-allpreservationstrategy,increativelyengagingcommunitytomanagetheirevolvinglandscape,andinvaluinghistoricfabricandlayeredhistoryaboveconsiderationsfor“harmonious”developmentandsurfaceaesthetics.Bedford’sstrategiesandsolutionssuggestaframeworkandapathforwardforothercommunitiesseekingtomanagetheirculturallandscapes.
ThehistoricwalledcityofAjmer,India:Acasestudyinmappingtangibleandintangibleheritageforconservationplanning
Track2:CulturalLandscapes:PatternsandPalimpsests Updated:July16,2016
2
CS2.1 Carrie Barton
11/1/16 1:15pm - 2:45pm
CS2.2 Stephanie Phillips
UsingtheARCHESopensourcewebapplicationasaCulturalResourcesManagementTool
UsingArches,anopen-sourcesoftwareplatform,PRESERVE/scapesandLegionGIShavedevelopedacutting-edgemanagementdatabaseforthenationallysignificantculturallandscapeattheArmedForcesRetirementHome(AFRH)campusinWashington,DC(AFRH-W).BecauseofAFRH’sneedtobalanceoperationswithitsfederalpreservationresponsibilities,AFRH-WprovedtobeanidealtestinggroundtoshowhowArchescanbeimplementedasbothaninventorysystemandmanagementtool.DevelopedandsupportedbytheGettyConservationInstituteandtheWorldMonumentsFund(WMF),Archesisaccessibleandreplicableforotherorganizations.TheAFRH-WcustomizationofArches,thefirstofitskind,providestheopportunitytoeducatepreservationprofessionalsaboutthepotentialofthispowerfulweb-basedapplicationtodocument,manage,andshareinformationaboutculturallandscapes.Establishedin1852,AFRH-Wisthenation’soldestcontinuouslyoperatingretirementcommunityforenlistedmilitarypersonnel.Theentiretyofthis272-acrecampusislistedasahistoricdistrict,andsectionsarefurtherdesignatedasaNationalHistoricLandmarkandaNationalMonument.Asanextensivelydocumentedculturallandscape,AFRH-Whasaninventoryofover250resourcesincludingbuildings,structures,objects,andsites(archaeologicalandlandscape).Becausethecampusisfederallyownedandlocatedinthenation’scapital,AFRH-Wissubjecttoanintenseregulatoryenvironmentthatmakesthemanagementofitscomplexculturallandscapeanongoingchallengeforthissmallagency.AfterlearningaboutArchesatthe2013APTiconference,ourteamsettodevelopacustomizedapplicationofArchesforAFRH-W.Asanopensource,web-andgeospatiallybasedinformationsystem,Archesprovidesausefulandcost-efficientdatabasethatmeetsglobalstandardsforthedocumentationofimmobileassets.AFRH-W’srichculturallandscapebenefitsfromtheinnovativewaysthatArchesfacilitatesdocumentation,suchastheabilitytocreaterelationshipsamongresourcesandincorporatemultiplemapoverlayswithintheresourceinventory.OurteambuiltuponthisbasefunctionalitybyaddingculturalresourcemanagementcapabilitiesthatarespecifictoAFRH’sobligationsasafederalagency.ThisnewsystemhelpsAFRHfacilitateinternalactivities,aswellastheregulatoryprocesseswiththeDCSHPOandotherexternalreviewbodies.Further,Arches’webaccessibility,combinedwiththeabilitytodefineamulti-tieredpermissionsstructurecreatesaone-stopshopforbothpubliceducationandagencymanagement.BecauseofitscontinueddevelopmentthroughtheGettyandWMF,Archeshasevolvedasapowerfultoolinthefieldofculturallandscapedocumentation.ThepossibilitiesforArchesareendless;withanactiveopen-sourcecommunity,newandinnovativeideasarefreelysharedasimplementationsaredevelopedaroundtheworld.AsthefirstimplementationofArchesatafederallevelintheU.S.,theAFRH-WCulturalResourcesDatabaseshowsthepotentialofthisexcitingtool.
MappingCulture,Part2(LU:1.5Hrs)CapitolComplexesandTownSquares:TheValueofTakingaCultural
LandscapeApproachWithHistoricCivicArchitecture
ThehistoriccentreofAjmeractsasbothpilgrimagedestinationandcitycentre,however,despitecertaininfrastructuralupgrades,itsnarrowstreetsarechallengedtoaccommodatetheconstantandincreasingmovementofvehicular,pedestrianandanimaltraffic.Theissuesathandarehugelycomplex:thehistoricalandintangibleculturalsignificancesoverlayreligionsandgenerationsalloccupyingthesamephysicalspaceatthesametime.Communicationisakeyconcernforthoseworkingtoimproveinfrastructuralandcivicfeatureswhilstcompelledtorespecttraditionsandbothtangibleandintangibleheritage.Arecentexampleofthekindofproblematstakewastheinstallationofsubterraneanpowerlines,whichultimatelyfailedbecausetheyterminateatthresholdsinthestreetbeforereachingendusers.Eventsandritualcalendarsmaycollidewithdailyroutinesorextremeweatherevents.Thequestionofhowtobettermapordelineatethesecomplexinteractionsbecomesakeypre-requisiteofsuccessfulfutureconservationplanning.TheprojectispartoftheAHRC-ICHRsupportedNetworkingGrantforCultureHeritageandRapidUrbanisationinIndia,titled“ThehistoriccityofAjmer-Pushkar:mappinglayersofhistory,useandmeaningforsustainableplanningandconservation”andrunsfromJanuarytoDecember2016.Theprojectaimstodevelopmethodsforenhancinginteractionbetweenoccupants,developersandplannersinacitythathasalmostnoaccuratemaps.Thisaimtodevelopcommunityparticipationinconservationmanagementhasasignificantlegacyinboththeoryandpractice.Hererapidprototypemodels,bothphysicalanddigitalareusedtorecordparticipantcontributions,oralhistoriesandover-layeredtimetables.Theaimtotranscribethesetoa3Dmodelforpublicconsultationistestedinthecontextofasmall‘Chowk’orpublicnodeinthecity.Theextentofthespaceleadsfromacrowdedroadintersectionsurroundedwithshopsandbusinesses,throughcourtyardsofanadjoiningnineteenthcentury‘Haveli’orcourtyardhouseandbeyondthattoitsprivateshrine.Usingethnographicmethodstocollectdataandarchitecturalconventionstomodelandmapit,theexperimentalprojectisacollaborativeoneinvolvingstudentsofSPABhopal.ThecorecollaboratorsaretheWelshSchoolofArchitecture(WSA),CardiffUniversity(Prof.AdamHardy,PrincipalInvestigator;Dr.OrielPrizeman,Co-investigator),theSchoolofPlanningandArchitecture(SPA),Bhopal(Prof.AjayKhare,Co-Investigator),andDRONAHFoundation,thenot-for-profitwingoftheheritageNGO(Dr.ShikhaJain,Co-Investigator).TheworkbuildsonaworkshopheldinAjmerinFebruary2016.Itaimstodevelopaprototypeforrecordingthemotionofeventsonamap[thatisyettobedrawn],whilstthelessobviousstaticoccupationsandmemoriesofindividualsaresourcedandthenattachedtoaninteractivemodelbasedona3dLaserScan.
Track2:CulturalLandscapes:PatternsandPalimpsests Updated:July16,2016
3
CS2.2 Martin Shore
CS2.2 Julie McGilvray
AnimportantmissionfortheArchitectoftheCapitol(AOC)istopreserveandmaintainitsiconicheritageassets.WithinthepastfewyearsthisrolehasbeenpubliclyvisiblewiththerestorationoftheCapitoldome.However,theAOC’sroleasstewardappliesnotonlytoitsinventoryofbuildings,butalsotoitsnaturalenvironment.TheAOCisresponsibleformaintainingnearly575acresofgrounds.Increasinglyinrecentyears,theAOChasbecomemoreawarethatthebenefitsfrompreservingtheselandscapesareenormousandhasgainedabetterunderstandingthatlandscapesprovidesceniceconomic,social,andeducationalopportunitiesthathelpusunderstandourselvesasindividuals,communitiesandasanation.Asanexample,therewasalwayssomeunderstandingoftheimportanceoftheFrederickLawOlmsteddesignoftheCapitolGrounds,originallydesignedin1874toprovideadignifiedsettingfortheCapitolinparklikeprecinct.Overtime,thebonesofthehistoricOlmsteddesignremained,butthereneverwasacompleteunderstandingoftheplan’sunderlyingconcepts.WithintheAOC,theCapitolGroundsOffice,asstewardsofthislandscape,neededadetailedstudytodeterminesiteintegrity,periodofsignificanceandmanagementdirection.TheyadvocatedthataCulturalLandscapeReport(CLR)beprepared.TheCapitolSquareCulturalLandscapeReportbecamethefirstsuchdocumentcompletedfortheAOC.TheCapitolSquareCLRresearchedanddocumentedthesite’shistorystartingin1790through2010.Itoutlineditsevolution,identifiedlandscapesignificanceandintegrity.Throughanalysis,recommendationsforitsappropriatepreservationandtreatmentwereclarified.TheserecommendationsarebeingintegratedintoallCapitolSquareprojects:projectsasdiverseasmasonryandlandscaperestorationalongtheOlmstedterracewalls,tothemodificationofhardscapeelementstocreateabarrierfreeenvironmentforallwhovisit.SincetheCapitolSquareCLRwascompletedin2010,threemoreCulturalLandscapeReportswerecompletedfortheAOC:1)SenateParks;2)UnionSquare,theBotanicGardenandSquare575;and3)LibraryofCongressBuildingGrounds.Eachoftheselandscapesisquitedifferentfromoneotherintheircharacter,designandperiodofsignificance.ThroughtheprocessofproducingandlearningfromtheseCLRs,acomprehensivemanagementphilosophyhasemerged,onethatsetsprincipledpatternsforfuturesitegrowthandevolution.Becausethesefourculturallandscapereportswerecompletedwithinsevenyearsofeachotherbyaconsistentprojectteam,thelandscapesbegintobeunderstoodwithintheirgreatercontextoftheCapitolCampusasacohesivegovernmentdistrict.Together,thesefourCLRsillustratehowbesttheAOCcanmaintainandpreserveitsnationaltreasuresforfuturegenerationsandservetomaketheAOCtobeamoreeffectivesteward.
MacrothroughMicro:ExploringtheIntersectionofTechnologyandScaleforImprovedResearch,Planning,andStewardshipofCulturalLandscapes
CulturalLandscapesaremultivalentfieldsofinteraction.Theyencompassbothprocessesandphysicalfeatures,varyingintypefromsuchresourcesasbuildingstoviewsandvistastonaturalsystems.Throughthisrange,thevalueoftheculturallandscapeconceptliesinitsabilitytohelpusunderstandheritagethroughacomprehensive,systems-orientedapproach.However,recognizingandmanagingcomplexhistoricenvironmentscomeswithauniquesetofchallenges.Further,traditionalapproachesinhistoricpreservationoftenstumbleinthefaceofaculturallandscape’slayeredreality.Thisstudyarguesthatunderstandingaculturallandscape’ssystemsacrossvaryingscales,engagingbothprocessesandfeatures,iscriticalforthoroughresearch,planning,andstewardship.Evolvingandwell-testedtechnologiescoupledwithinterdisciplinarypartnershipsprovidethetoolsforahigherlevelofheritagepreservationandmanagement.CurrentlytheNationalParkService(NPS)overseesparkculturallandscapesunderacycleofresearch,planning,andstewardship.Research,usuallycompletedthroughaCulturalLandscapesInventory(CLI),buildstheinitialdocumentationandanalysisneededtoconveycontext,significance,andintegrity.PlanningiscarriedoutthroughaCulturalLandscapeReport(CLR),whichincludesandbuildsupontheresearchofaCLIbutaddstreatmentalternativesforspecificareas.Stewardshipisthehands-onroutinecareoftheseplacesandisbaseduponrecommendationsfromCLIs,CLRs,HistoricStructureReports(HSRs),VegetationManagementPlans,andotherguidance.Eachlevelofthiscyclerequiresworkatvaryingscalestounderstandhowsystemsfunctionandintersect.SpecifictechnologicaltoolssuchasGPS,GIS,LIDAR,andphotogrammetryfeedintomacroscalesofworkwhileeffortsinbuildingandmaterialsconservationsupportthehealthofsmallersystemswithinbuildingsandstructures.Multiplelandscape-basedapproaches,includingsoilandvegetationassessments,oftenprovideacriticalbridgebetweenthemacroandthemicro.Howthesenetworksoftechnologyshouldcometogetheracrossscalestoprovidecomprehensiveculturallandscaperesearch,planning,andstewardshipisaddressedthroughasystematicapproachandsetofguidance.Thisguidancenotonlylinksresearch,planning,andstewardshipbutisexaminedateachlevelforpracticalapplication.ConceptsandguidancesurroundingtechnologicaltoolsandhowtheycanbeusedacrosscomplexhistoricenvironmentsatvaryingscalesarenotonlyapplicabletotheNPSbutalsotootheragenciesandentitiesinterestedinmaximizingtheirapproachtotheculturallandscapesconceptanditsapplicationthroughacycleofresearch,planning,andstewardship.Further,thisresearchrevealsthecriticalimportanceofinterdisciplinarydialoguesandpartnerships,pullingfromnaturalandculturalresourcesprofessionalsandtechnologiestoguidecomprehensiveheritagemanagement.
FourCulturalLandscapeReportsfortheArchitectoftheCapitol:NewKnowledgeofthePastWillGuidetheFuture
ThecityofAustin,Texas--oneofthefastest-growingmetropolitanareasintheUnitedStates--canbesimplifiedintothreeurbannodes:TheUniversityofTexascampustothenorth,thecity’sdowntowncoretothesouth,andtheStateCapitolComplexinthecenter.TheCapitol’slocationresultsinaphysicalandpsychologicalurbanthresholdbetweentheothertwonodes,andthesurroundingbuildingshelparticulatethenotionoftransition.Criticaltoconsider,especiallyamidstthecurrentpopulationandconstructionboom,isthehistorybehindwhytheCapitolactsasthecenterofthecity,whichisdirectlytiedtothenaturalarticulationofthelandscape.TheCapitolpurposelysitsatoponeofthehighestpointsinAustin,andlookssouth,ratherthannorth,totheColoradoRiver:anaturalrefugeinadrought-proneregion.Additionally,themaindowntownthoroughfarerunningsouthfromtheCapitol,CongressAvenue,wasanaturalarroyo,makingitsuitableforamaindrainagelinetothestreets.Thisorientationandsitingstronglyinfluencedtheearlydevelopmentofthecity,andcontinuestodosotoday.Thispresentationwillutilizehistoricphotographs,postcards,maps,andcorrespondencetobroadlyillustratethehistoricdevelopmentofAustin’sthreeurbannodesfromthecentralanchoroftheCapitol.Zoomingin,focuswillbeplacedonthehistoryoftheCapitolComplex’ssitingandarticulation,andhowtheCapitolbuildingitselfinfluencedthearchitecturallanguageofneighboringbuildings,heightandlocationofdowntownskyscrapers,andthesettlementofearlyresidents.ImmigrantsusedtheCapitoltoinformtheconstructionoftheirvernacularandcivicbuildings,includingchurches,communitycenters,businesses,andmore,whichproducednumerousstructuresthatarepalimpseststoday.Forexample,theformerCapitolbuildingburnedin1881,leavingbehindremnantsoftimber,brick,andstone.SwedishimmigrantsoftheEvangelicalLutheranGesthemaneChurchconstructedtheirfirsthouseofworshipjusttwoblocksnorthoftheCapitolsitewiththesalvagedmaterials.Thechurchstillstandstoday,andservesasarepurposedofficeannexfortheTexasHistoricalCommission.Initsconclusion,thispresentationemphasizesthemyriadinsightsthatcanbegarneredfromanalyzingCapitolcomplexesincitiesfromaculturallandscapelens,whichcaninformcontemporarydecisionsinpreservation,architecture,landscapeandurbandesign,sustainableplanning,andmore.Additionally,thispresentationwilldemonstratehowtoapplythiscasestudy’sresearchstrategiesandmethodstoothercities,includingsmallertownswithcourthousesquaresorothergovernmentandcivicinfrastructure.
Track2:CulturalLandscapes:PatternsandPalimpsests Updated:July16,2016
4
CS2.2 Kristin Potterton
11/1/16 3:15pm - 4:45pm
CS2.3 Andrew Leith
CS2.3 Barbara Judy
APreservationinRuins:Thecurrentcrisisinruinspreservationrequiresdecisiveaction.Wemustbeginbycreatingasetofmetricstoaidin
determiningwhichruinstopreserveandwhy.
Thisinvestigationaddressesacurrentcrisisinthepreservationofruins,situatedatthefederal,state,andlocallevel,throughouttheUnitedStates.Everyyearmanyruinsarelosttoabuse,neglect,andtheperniciouseffectsoftime.Preservationinastateofarresteddecayisonepotentialtreatmentoptionforthesesites.Arresteddecayisasensitiveformofcircumspect,andminimaltreatmentthatstavesofftheeffectsoftimeandcumulativeabusesofdecaybystabilizingwhatremains,whileaddingminimalexogenousfabric.Thiscourseofactionslowstherateofinevitabledeteriorationandaffordsopportunityforinterpretationandcreativeutilizationofthesite.Italsoprivilegestheintegrityof,andminimallyobscures,remainingarchitecturalfabric.Thedefinitionofaruininformspreservationactionplans,yetprofessionaldefinitionshavebeenlackingandabitunclear.Thisstudyproposesthataruinisahistoricalplacethathasenduredaperiodofabandonment,exemplifiesacertainphysicalregisterofdecay,andcannolongerprovideshelterforhumanactivities.Thethresholdofdecaymustbeextensiveenoughforasizablepercentageofthebuildingenvelopetobecompromisedorlost,renderingcompleterestorationanexerciseinhistoricism,andthuscontrarytoestablishedpreservationethics.Thisstudyhasdevelopedaruinsclassificationsystembaseduponsocialperceptioninfourcategoriesincludingtheromantic,derelict,Native,andarchaeological.Thehistoryofruinspreservationandcontemporaryruinspreservationpolicy,arereviewed,astheycontributegreatlytothisresearch.Finally,achecklistofninetenetsareproposedforevaluatingwhichruinsshouldbepreservedinastateofarresteddecay,andwhy.AsamplingofthesetenetsincludePublicDemand,withtheMcKinneyhomesteadinMcKinneyFallsStateParkoutsideAustin,Texas,asaprecedent;PreservationEthics,withtheFortRichardsonStateHistoricSiteguardhouseinJacksboro,Texas,asaprecedent;andWitnessingMaterialDecay,withMissionRosariooutsideSanAntonio,Texas,asaprecedent.Ultimately,thefateofruinsdependsuponstewardship.Arresteddecayisaviablehistoricalpreservationpossibilitythatresultsinnewopportunitiesforinterpretivemoments,placesofmemory,andarchitecturalinnovation.
CeremonialCaveinFrijolesCanyon-AChronologyofChangeLime-BasedPlaster
TheCeremonialCavevillagesiteinFrijolesCanyonwasconstructed~1350byPueblopeople,wholocateditaprecipitous140-feetabovethecanyonfloorinanaturalrecessinthecanyonwall.ThesiteisoneoftheancestralvillagesoftheTewaandKeres-speakingpeoplewhocurrentlyresideinlocalNativeAmericanPueblos.Fromitsfounding,thevillage’sstorycontinuestoitsabandonment~1550inthefaceoflong-termdroughtandPuebloresettlementclosertotheRioGrande’sreliablewater.Rediscoveredin1880byAdolfBandelierandhissuccessorsastheyexploredthedensenetworkofsettlementswithinthecanyon,itwasestablishedasavisitordestinationasearlyas1909.Asurveyofthesite’slonghistoryofhumanuse,fromoriginalconstructionandoccupationthroughacenturyofvisitation,informednewandinnovativeapproachestoa2013stabilizationcampaignandcontributedtoadiscussionoftheneedtointerpretCeremonialCavewithinitsbroaderlandscape.Theoriginal20-roomvillageisarrangedaroundacentralkiva,withturkeypensandhandandtoeholdroutesfromthecanyonfloor.CeremonialCave‘smasonrystructurescollapsedduringitscenturiesofabandonment,leavingmanmadecavateroomsandthekivarecessastheprimarysurvivingfeaturesofatypicalsmallPueblo.Theruinshavebeensubjecttomultipleinterventions,beginningwithreconstructionofthekivaceremonialspacein1909,accretionofastair-and-ladderrouteincisedintothecanyonwalls,signs,benches,andhandrails.By2013,thekivastructureshowedlittleresemblancetotheoriginal,asaddedbuttressesobscuredtheoriginalstructure’sshapeandgaveittheappearanceofanenormousbeehive.Meanwhile,weatheringofthealcovesettingandnaturaldecayofthesoftnativestonehasbeenatwork.By2011,thealcovehadbeensoextensivelyimpactedbyerosionthatthekiva,originallyentirelysubterranean,was8-feetabovegrade.Acomplexseriesofactions,includingintensivestudyofpriorstabilizationcampaigns,non-destructiveanddestructiveinvestigation,andanengineeringevaluationofstructuralcapacity,yieldedtworesults.First,thefragilekivawasstabilizedforthefirsttimesincethe1980s,returningittoalevelofstabilityandauthenticitynotseensince1910.Second,thestabilizationprojectforcedmanagerstolookatthesiteintermsofitsenvironment,naturalsurroundingsandtrajectory.Landscapechangewasassessed,includingtheprobableeffectsofcontinuederosionthatwouldthreatenthestabilityandreadabilityofthesite.Inordertoarresttheseprocessesandincludefeaturestocommunicatetheoriginsandsacrednatureofthesite,majorandinvasivetreatmentsmightbeneeded,whichwouldchangethecourseofthesite’snaturalevolution,effectingauthenticityandtheabilitytosensethesite’soriginalpurpose.
ManagingtheIndustrialRuinintheNationalParkContext:AnAssessmentofthePreservationandConservationProcess
Usinga19th-centuryironcalciningsiteandassociatedindustrialcommunityinRosedale,N.Yorkshire,withintheNorthYorkMoorsNationalPark,thisprojectexplorestherelationshipofindustrialheritagewiththelandscape.TheNorthYorkMoorshasevidenceofironminingandusedatingtotheIronAge,althoughthe19thcenturysawlargerscaleextractionandiron-workinginfrastructureaddedtothelandscape.Today,asanabandonedindustry,muchoftheremainingstructuresandassociatedworkshavebeenallowedtodecayandblendintothelandscape.TheregionremainslargelyruralandtheRosedalecommunityretainsmuchevidenceofthe19th-centuryindustrialgrowth.Thesitethisstudyfocusesoncontainsarangeofbuildingsassociatedwithironcalciningandtheworkforce,aswellasaformerrailwaylineandtodayissurroundedbylandusedforagriculture.AsanabandonedindustrialcommunitylyingwithintheNationalParkboundary,thispresentsanopportunitytoexploreproposedconservationandpreservationworktothesite,therelationshipbetweensignificanceandpreservationdecisionmaking,theroleoftheNationalParkintheUnitedKingdom’sconservationandpreservationofbuiltheritage,andthechangingsignificanceofthesite.Reviewingtheexistingsiteresearchanddocumentation,thecurrentlandscapeconservationassessment,andassociatedsite-specificresearchwillinformacriticalassessmentofcompletedandproposedwork.Additionally,usingthisresearchwillallowfortheevaluationofthedecisionmakingprocessbehindpreservingspecificsiteswithinalarger,integratedlandscapeandhowthosesitesaretobepreserved,whichwillinformanunderstandingofhowconservationprojectsoccurwithinthestructureofanationalpark.Thiswillalsoallowforanexplorationofhowvaluesassociatedwithaworkingsitechangeastheyshiftfromactiveindustrytoculturalheritagewithinalargerlandscapeofchanginguse,seekingtounderstandwhatareappropriatewaystodealwiththisheritage,whatshouldbesavedandhowshoulditbeconserved.
CulturalLandscapeTypologies:Mounds,CavesandRuins(LU:1.5Hrs)
Track2:CulturalLandscapes:PatternsandPalimpsests Updated:July16,2016
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CS2.3 Cathy Marshall
CS2.3 Stephanie Austin
11/2/16 8:30am - 10:15am
CS2.4 Kevin Risk
CS2.4 Deborah SlatonGuardiansoftheHarbor:aStratigraphyofPensacola’sCoastalDefense
Systems
Cosmological-order,Landscape-orderaTypologicalFrameworkforUNSECOPovertyPointCulturalSite
EffigyMoundsNationalMonument:Non-InvasiveTechnologiesforLandscapeDocumentation
EffigyMoundsNationalMonumentpreservesalandscapeofgreatculturalvalueinabeautifulandcontemplativenaturalsetting,includingover200AmericanIndianmoundsinoneofthemostpicturesquesectionsoftheUpperMississippiRiverValley.ThemoundsareconsideredsacredbymanyAmericans,especiallytheculturallyassociatedAmericanIndiantribes.Overtime,themonument’sresourceshavebeenimpactedbymodernagriculturalpractices,changingvegetationconditions,andnaturalprocesses.TheprojectteamisworkingcloselywiththeNationalParkServiceandtribalrepresentativestopreservethelandscapeofEffigyMoundsNationalMonumentandenhancevisitors’understandingofthesignificanceofthesitethroughaCulturalLandscapeReport/EnvironmentalAssessment(CLR/EA).TheprojectteamincludesamemberoftheHo-ChunkNationaswellaslandscapearchitects,archaeologists,anecologist,andNEPAspecialists,whoareallcontributingtoacohesiveandunifiedvisitorexperienceatthemonument.Criticaltothesuccessoffuturelandscapetreatmentisaccuratedocumentationoftheexistingfeaturestoavoidimpactsandguidepreservationofthesesensitiveresources.Thispresentationwilldiscusstheuseofgeographicinformationsystems(GIS)andLidarindocumentingexistingandhistoricconditions,andtheroleofthesenon-invasivetechnologiesinlocatingarchaeologicalresources,developingtreatmentrecommendations,mediatingimpacts,andprotectingresources.Theprojectteamanalyzedhigh-resolutionLidar(elevation)scanstodevelopspatialdatalayersthatdocumenttheshapeandlocationoflow-definitionmoundsandotherarchaeologicalandculturalresources.ThenewlayerswerethenintegratedwithGISdatafromthemonumentaswellasstate,national,andhistoricsourcestocreatecomprehensiveexistingconditionsandhistoriclandscapedocumentation,allowingformultiplelandscapeconditionsovertimetobeoverlaidandanalyzedforintegrity.Treatmentrecommendationswillassistinensuringtheprotectionoftheseresourcesandincreasetheirvisibilityonthelandscapewhileencouragingappropriateuse,educationandinterpretation.
InterpretingCultureandHeritage(LU:1.75Hrs)CottonRiver,MarketTown:Preserving/InterpretingtheLandscape(s)of
SlaveryatForks-of-the-RoadIn2013,theauthorconductedagraduate-levelstudiofocusedonresearchandinterpretiveplanningforForks-of-the-Road,thehistoricformerslavemarketsiteinNatchez,MS.Historically,thesitewasthesecondlargestslavemarketsiteintheSouth,afterNewOrleans,andreceivedslavesforsaleviaoverlandroutesalongtheNatchezTrace,aswellasbyboatfromNewOrleans,whichpresentedafertileopportunitytointerpretthebroaderregionalimpactofthesiteandthecomplexwebofconnectionsthatmapacrossitatthelocal,regionalandnationalscale.TheauthorandstudentsworkedwithcommunityactivistsandpersonnelfromtheNatchezNationalHistoricalParktodeveloparangeofmulti-scalarinterpretiveandconceptualdesignstrategiesthatpresentandinterweavenarrativesofslaveryattheregional,city,andsitescale,focusingonthenaturalandculturalresourcesassociatedwiththesite,aswellasthebroaderintersecting(ornested)narrativesprovidedwithinthelocalurbanandruralagriculturallandscapes.Theresearchdemonstratespossibilitiesforinterpretingthelandscapeofslaveryinaricher,morecomplexmanner,focusingnotjustontheindividualsiteofcontroversybutonacomplexandshiftingweboflandscapeassociations--urbanandrural,localandnational,designedandvernacular,publicandprivate,familiarandcontested.Throughon-goingmappingsandvisualizations,theauthorcontinuestoexpandtheresearchandinterpretivepotentialoftheoriginalstudioworkandthe"NestedNarratives"methodologyinvisualizingthelastingdemographicandlandscapeimplicationsofslaveryonNatchez,theForks-of-the-Roadsite,andthesouthernlandscapemorebroadly.
Envisionedtobroadenawarenessofthestate’suniqueculturalandethnographiclandscape,thisstudydocumentswaysinwhichUNESCOWorldHeritageSite,PovertyPointCulturalSitehasbeencurated,howitisalignedandhowithasmarkedtheLouisianalandscape.AsimpletypologicalframeworkdescribesthedialogencounteredbetweenCosmological-orderandlandscape-order.Thestudybuildsuponinitialresearchtheinvestigatorco-authoredthatcategorizesthelandscapeofLouisianathroughgeology,hydrology,cosmology,andculture.TheimagesarealayeredpalimpsestofthecosmologicallyalignedNativeAmericanmoundsite,avisualframeworkoftheindigenoussettlement’sorderandlandscapepatterns.Itisvitalthatthisuniquearchaiclandscapebedocumented.DecreasesinthenumberofLouisiana’searthworks,duetosettlement,agriculturalpracticesandtheclosingofmoundsitesduetobudgetcutsgreatlyaffectthefragilityofthismonumentalancientearthworksiteThestudyprovidesvisualizationandanalysisofaligningtheculturalandnaturallandscapeintothelargestmoundsettlementofitsday.Thevisualpiecesandaccompanyingtextaremeantasaprovocationandchallengetopreservationanddesign,describinglandscapesnotasstaticartifactsorfinishedconstructions,butasimaginativedialogsbetweenpeople(ideas)andnaturalprocesses,subjecttopalimpsest,fluxandreinvention.
Track2:CulturalLandscapes:PatternsandPalimpsests Updated:July16,2016
6
CS2.4 John Arnold
CS2.4 Alixandra Piwowar
PensacolaHarborDefenseProjectonSantaRosaIslandinEscambiaCounty,Florida,isalayeredcollectionofmilitarycoastaldefensestructuresthatreflectasuccessionofengineeringdesignimprovementsmadetoaddressadvancesinweaponry.Todaytheislandisanationalpark,withvisitorsdrawnbyitssugarwhitesandbeachesandjewel-likeoceanwaters,andreadsasapalimpsestofvisitorrecreationsystemslayeredontopofnumerousstrataofmilitarycoastaldefensesystemslaiddownbetween1829and1943.ThesesystemsreflectthesuiteofmilitaryeventsthathavedefinedtheAmericanexperience;assuchtheyrepresentafascinatingcross-sectionofournation’sheritage.ThenarrowspitofsandthatcomprisesSantaRosaIslandsitsatthemouthofPensacolaHarbor,adeep-waterportthathasbeenthefocusofnavaloccupationsincetheseventeenthcentury.By1698theSpanishhadestablishedmilitaryfortificationstoprotecttheharbor,andfoughtboththeFrenchandtheBritishforitscontroloverthenext120years.In1822,theUnitedStatessecuredFloridafromSpainandPensacolaHarborwasimmediatelyselectedfortheestablishmentofaU.S.navalport.AsystemofmasonryfortificationswasinplaceintimetodefendagainstConfederateattackduringtheCivilWar;however,bytheendofthewarthemasonryforthadbeenrenderedobsoletebyrifledartillery.Duringthe1880s,thefederalgovernmentorderedtheconstructionofnewcoastaldefensestructuresknownasEndicottbatteriestowithstandrifledartillery.BetweenconstructionofthefirstEndicottbatteriesinthe1890s,and1947whenallcoastaldefensesystemswererenderedobsoletebytheatomicbomb,successivemilitarydefensivestructureswereestablishedatSantaRosaIslandtoprotectagainstaseriesofadvancesinmilitaryweaponry—rifledartillery,long-rangenavalartillery,battleships,aircraft,U-boats,submarines,andfastmotorboats—andtohouseevolvingdetectiontechnology.Theislandalsoillustratesalonghistoryofprotectingthedefensivesystemsfromhurricanesandotherextremeweather.Today,SantaRosaIslandpresentsafascinatinglayeredlandscapeofmilitarydefensivestructures,andpossessesoneofthemostextensivecollectionsandgreatestconcentrationsofcoastaldefensestructuresintheUnitedStates.ThislargeandcomplexsystemofsurvivingcoastaldefensestructuresillustratesdecadesofevolvingmilitaryengineeringdesignedandconstructedtoprotectAmericanshoresfromenemyattackandinvasion.ThecoastaldefensestructuresalsoreflectseveralperiodsofmilitaryengagementandconflictthatreinforcedtheneedforAmericandefense,includingtheSpanish-AmericanWar,WorldWarI,andWorldWarII,andthewayinwhicheachstructurewasdesignedtodefendagainstaparticularthreat.
PersistentInfrastructure:VernacularPreservationofthePostindustrialLandscape
Normalhistoricpreservationpracticeisaprofessionalandsanctionedapproachtotheconservation,maintenance,andconscientiousrehabilitationofourhistoricallysignificantbuiltculturalheritage.However,agreatnumberofhistoricalindustrialbuildings,structures,andpathwayspopulatingMichigan’sKeweenawPeninsulahavenotbeensubjectedtothiskindofofficial,formal,preservation—yettheypersevere,oftenasliving,workingcomponentsofthecontemporarypostindustriallandscape.Giventheprevalenceofsuchpropertiesandtheirdemonstrableservicetothelegibilityofthehistoricallandscape,itmustbeasked:what,ifnothistoricpreservationproper,drivestheirpersistence?Iproposethatunlikeformalpreservation,whichmaytakeplaceanywhere—ifagivenhistoricresourceisdeemedcapableofmateriallycommunicatingitshistoricalsignificancetothepresent—thisunofficial,vernacularpreservationtakesplacenotbecauseofanyperceivedheritagevalue,butratherforspatiotemporalattributesofthesepostindustrialproperties.Ipositthatthedefinitionallimbothatmanypostindustrialpropertieslingerinisnotsimplyatemporaryconditionprecedinganinevitablefalltoruinorresurrectionbyformalpreservation,butisinfactaquasi-stablestatethatisactivelymaintainedthroughinformalandongoingusage.Inthispresentation,IwillintroducemyworkwiththegrowingCopperCountryHistoricalSpatialDataInfrastructure(CC-HSDI),alongitudinalGISmodelcurrentlyindevelopmentbytheHistoricalEnvironmentsSpatialAnalyticsLab(HESA)atMichiganTechnologicalUniversity.Comprisedofgeoreferencedhistoricalmapsanddigitizedconstituents(includingbuildings,structures,andpathways)ofthebuiltenvironmentfrom1880tothepresent,theCC-HSDIoffersanunprecedentedopportunitytoexploreregionalspatiotemporalchange.Selectcasestudieswillbedrawnfromthehundredsofhistoricalsitesscatteredacrosssome700squaremilesofterrainforGIS-basedanalysesofproximity,accessibility,andvisibilityfrompopulationcenters,inadditiontoaspace-timeclusteranalysis.Theroleofthesevariableswillbeexaminedforeachselectedcasestudyatroughly20-yeartimeintervalsbeginninginthe1880sandcarryingthroughtothepresent—astheculturallandscapeevolvesoverthis130-yeartimeperiod,sotoodoesthefunction,oruse-state,ofthepostindustrialsiteswithinit.Thespatiotemporalmethodologyemployedinthisprojectwillilluminatetheimportanceofongoingfunctionalutilitytotheinformal,vernacularpreservationofthepostindustriallandscape—ahighlycontributory,ifunofficial,mechanismofprotectionthatcontributesconsequentiallytoculturallandscapeconservation;thisworkwilladditionallypresentacasestudyusefultoheritageplannersandhistoricpreservationistsseekingtounderstandcriticalspatiotemporalvariablesdrivinguse-state,andofferdirectionfortheallocationoflimitedresourcestothegreatestbenefitofadiversityofendangeredindustrialheritagesites.
TheCanadianPrairie:HarnessingtheHeritageofWoodenGrainElevators
StretchingbetweenAlberta,Saskatchewan,andManitoba,theCanadianPrairieisanexpansivelandscape,richinculturalheritage.ThisregionisdefinedbythefertilityofthelandandtheculturalinterplayamongthediversityofIndigenousPeoplesandEuropeansettlerswhocameheretoworktheland.Woodengrainelevatorswerebuiltatthejunctionbetweentheland'sagriculturalproductionandthelabourofthosethatworkedinthefields.Fundamentally,woodengrainelevatorsweredesignedandbuilttoweigh,clean,storeanddistributegrain;howeveroverthepast50years,thisfunctionalityhasshiftedtomonumentality.ThewoodenelevatorshavebecomeiconsonthePrairies,animatingthehorizon,connectingthelandwithsky,andanchoringruralcommunities.Historically,theprairiesweredottedwiththousandsofwoodenelevators,yetthetraditionalelevatorisbecomingobsoleteinthefaceofprogressiveagriculturaltechnology.Thereareonlyafewhundredremainingtoday.Thegrainelevatorisnotjustaniconicmonumentontheprairies;ithasalsoescalatedintothenationalconsciousnessandhasbeenreferredtoasthemostCanadianofarchitecturalforms.Onalargescale,thegrainelevatorsareaproductoftheco-operativeagriculturaleconomyandthenationalrailnetworkthatshapedthePrairieProvinces.Onasmallscale,theelevatorsareanarchitecturethathasevolvedfromfunctionalitytomonumentality,deeplyrootedintheidentitiesofprairiecommunitiesandtheirpeople.Inthisresearch,theconceptof“livingheritage”isemployedtoinvestigatethetangibleandintangibleculturalheritageassociatedwithgrainelevators.Livingheritageisboththeoryandaction—awayofthinkingandawayofactingtowardsthepast.Itinitiatesamultifaceteddiscourseconcerningplace,time,andpeopleandtheirinterrelationshipswithwoodengrainelevatorsasculturaliconsontheprairies.ThetownofIndianHead,SKisacasestudyfortheresearchandtheselectedsiteforanadaptivereuseproject.ThemicrohistoryofIndianHeadpermitsanunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenelevatorsandotherprairietowns.Throughaseriesofmaps,diagrams,digitalmodels,andhybriddrawings,Iillustratetheirpotentialasre-imaginedspacesforpeople.TheelevatorshavebecomebothstabilizersandagentsofchangewithintheculturallandscapeoftheCanadianPrairie.Iarguethatbyre-imaginingtheelevatorsascommunitygatheringplaces,hotelsuites,touristinformationcentres,andcoffeeshops,thenetworkofgrainelevatorsacrosstheprairieshasthepotentialtoharnesstheheritageofthislargelandscapeandreleaseitincommunityrevitalization.
Track2:CulturalLandscapes:PatternsandPalimpsests Updated:July16,2016
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CS2.4 Caroline Raftery
11/2/16 10:45am - 12:15pm
CS2.5 Marilyn Kaplan
Allpractitionershaveparticipatedinaprojectorinterventionthatfailed,fellshortofexpectations,provedlessdurablethananticipated,or,whenviewedthroughthelensoftimeorthroughdifferentcultures,islessthansuccessful.Itisaxiomaticthatwhileweproudlypresentandpublishpapersdescribingsuccessfulprojects,asindividualsandasaprofessionweadvanceatleastasmuchfromourfailures.Overtime,thefieldhasdiscardedsomemethodologiesandadoptedothers,butthereislittledocumentedobjectivediscussionofwhy.Havewechangedourmethodsbecauseofchangesintechnology,poorexperienceswithmaterialsortechniques,obsolescentproducts?Haveapproachestodesignforinfill,newconstructionand,even,treatmentoflacunaestoodthetestoftime?Doctorshavelonginstitutedmortalityandmorbidityreviewsinwhichcaseswithunsatisfactoryoutcomesareassessedthroughapeer-reviewprocess.Theirprocess,andthegoalofusingreflective,critical-analysisevaluationtoadvancetheprofession,maysuggestamodelfortheAPTcommunity.Imagineanopenandnon-adversarialforumwherethefacts–symptoms,diagnosis,treatmentandoutcome–ofaprojectthathasnotachieveditsdesiredoutcomesisfollowedbyanopendiscussionwithpeersandanexchangeofquestions,comments,andtheoriesastothesource,orsources,oftheunsatisfactorycaseoutcome.Howbesttostructuresuchopportunitiesandexperiences,wherethegoalisformanytolearnfromtheexperiencesofafew,andwherenewerpractitionerscanlearnfirsthandfromthosewithdecadesofexperience.InthissecondannualCollegeofFellowRoundtable,threeCOFmembers,leadingpractitionersinthefield,willpresentselect,earlierprojectsthatincorporateandillustratetechnicalsolutionsandphilosophicalchoicesthatwouldnolongerbemadeshouldthatprojectbeundertakentoday.TheRoundtablewillbechairedbyamoderator,andopentoquestionsandcommentsfromtheaudience.AdiscussionwillalsooccurontheconceptofcreatingastructurewithinAPTwherelessonslearnedfrompastfailuresandsuccessescanbebroadlyshared.
ThePreservationoftheBungalowCourtsofHollywood,California
BungalowcourtsareanarchitecturaltypologythatepitomizesthehistoryofurbanizingsouthernCalifornia,whilealsorepresentingamulti-familyhousingtypethatsymbolizesthecityofLosAngeles.LosAngeleshadbarely120,000peopleattheturnofthecentury,andover1.2millioninhabitantsby1930.“Bungalowcourts,”emergedasa“hybridnature”housingtypethatcombinedtheeconomyofandneedformulti-familyhousing,withtheallureandlivingqualityofsingle-familyresidences.Thesecourts–withhistoricalprecedentinearlyColonialEnglishbungalowscoupledwithSpanishcourtyardhousing-werecomprisedofmultipleunitsconfiguredaroundoradjacenttoacommunalopenspace.InLosAngelestheCommunityPlanAreaofHollywoodisperhapsthelocationmostknownforitsabundanceofbungalowcourts–mostofwhicharedesignedintheSpanishColonialRevivalstyle.Theirabundance,similarities,simpleconstruction,andoftenlackofanarchitectmayevenaffordtheseeminglyordinarystructuresthevernacularadjective.Eventhoughbungalowcourtsarestillplentiful,thereisevidenceofseriousdecline.Thus,intermsofpreservation,howdowebegintojustifythepreservationofarelativelyabundantarchitecturaltype?Whatarethefactorsthatshouldbetakenintoconsiderationwhenplanningforthepreservationofasociallysignificantresourcewhosearchitecturaltraitsmaynotholdasmuchtraditionalpreservationweight?Thegoalofthisprojectistodocumentandexamine(bothverballyandgraphically)theevolution-theorigins,growthanddecline-ofthedistributionofbungalowcourtswithinHollywood,andindoingso,revealpatternsandconditionsthathaveandcontinuetocontributetothedecline(andpersistence)ofthisresource.Historicalresearch,existingsurveys,andGISmappingandanalysis(ArcMaptechnology)willbeusedtoachievethisgoal.Tofullycontextualizethebungalowcourtpreservationclimate,existinglegislationandthecurrentlocallandmarkdesignationprocesswillalsobecriticallyexaminedasalenstodeterminepreservationopportunitiesandconstraints.Forapropertytobeeligibleforlocallandmarkdesignationithastomeetoneoffourcriteria;onecriterionstatesthataresourcemustreflectthebroadcultural,political,economic,orsocialhistoryofthenation,state,orcommunity,whileanothercriterionstatesthatifapropertyembodiesthedistinguishingcharacteristicsofanarchitectural-typespecimen,itiseligibletobealocalHCM.Bungalowcourtscertainlymeetbothofthesecriteria,buthowdoesthataffecttheprioritizationofwhatisnominatedand/orpreserved?Theprojectwillconcludewithacomparativelookathowothercitieshaveplannedforthepreservationofbungalowcourts,andwillalsoexaminingvariousstrategies,suchasrehabilitationthatfactorintothepreservationofbungalowcourts.
CollegeofFellowsRoundtable(LU:1.5Hrs)
ConstructiveReflections(fromtheCollegeofFellows):AnApplicableMethodtoAssessHistoric-PreservationInterventions?
Track3:RevisitingMid-CenturyModern Updated:July16,2016
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11/1/16 9:45am - 11:15amCS3.1 Sarah Yoon
CS3.1 Ian Buckley
CS3.1 Richard Renaud
CS3.1 Nancy Hudson
Track3:RevisitingMid-CenturyModernStructuralIssues(LU:1.5Hrs)
CladdingtheMid-CenturyModern:Thinstoneveneer-facedprecastconcrete
Withsignificantadvancementsinbuildingtechnologyattheturnofthetwentiethcentury,newbuildingmaterialsandinnovativesystemschangedtheconventionsofconstructionanddesign.Newmaterialswereintroducedandoldmaterialscontinuedtobetransformedfornewuses.WithgrowingdemandafterWWIIforcingfurthermodernizationandstandardizationandgreaterexperimentation;adequateresearchandtestingwasnotalwayspursued.Focusingonthisspecificcompositecladdingmaterialconsistingofthinstoneveneer-facedprecastconcrete–theofficialnamegivenatthetime–,thisresearchaimstoidentifywhatdrovethedesignandhowdidtheinitialdesignchangeovertime.Designdecisionsandchangesareevidentfromandidentifiedbycloselystudyingtheindustryandtradeliteratureintheformofarticles,handbooks/manuals,andguidespecifications.Forthiscladdingmaterial,therearetwomajorindustriesthatcametogether:theprecastconcreteindustryandthestoneindustry.Literaturefrombothindustriesprovideacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheirexchangeandcollaboration.Fromtheinformationinthetradeliterature,casestudiesusingearlyformsofthinstoneveneer-facedprecastconcreteareidentified,andtheperformanceofthematerialovertimeisdiscussed.ThiscladdingmaterialseemstoappearontheUSmarketgenerallyinthe1960sand1970s.Threefundamentalquestionswereasked:1)Whatwerethedesignsandhowdidtheyevolveovertime;2)whatkindofissuesorfailurescameabout;and3)whatmeasuresweretakentoaddressthem;4)whatchangesweremadetomitigatefuturefailures?Technicaldesigndecisionsaredependentonphysicalperformanceoftheindividualmaterialsandtheinteractionbetweenthetwo.Otherconditionssuchaseconomy,clientdemand,andarchitecturaltrendsinfluencethosedecisions.Asthearchitecturefromthiseranowentersintotherealmofpreservation,itisimportanttounderstandandassessthehistoricalandtechnicalcontextandbackgroundofthiscompositematerialandsysteminordertoallowforinformedchoicestobemaderegardingconditionsandpreservationstrategies.
3DModellingoftheHistoricSaarinenTWAFlightCenteratJFKAirport
3DModellingoftheHistoricSaarinenTWAFlightCenteratJFKAirportAsstudyofthehistoricalresearchandcoordinationof3DmodellingofthecomplexGeometryoftheMid-Centuryground-breakingconcretefreeformTWATerminalBuildingatJKFAirport,andtheuseofthistechnologyintheredevelopmentofthebuilding.TheTWAFlightCenterbuildingisaNewYorkCityLandmarkontheNationalRegisterofHistoricSpaces,andhasaninternationalrecognitionandsignificancefarbeyond.Thebuildinghasstoodemptyforseveralyears.Thespeakersarecurrentlyinvolvedwithanambitiousadaptivere-useprojecttorevitalizethebuildingandincorporateitwithinanew500roomHotelandConferenceCenter.Theredevelopmentrequiresthatmuchofthenewprogramislocatedbelowgrade,bothexternallywheretheundergroundconferencecenterislocatedbetweenandbelowthedynamicSaarinenflighttubebridges,andinternallywithinthehistoricstructurewherenewbasementsandconnectorstructuresweavethroughacomplexnetworkofover1000existingtimberpilesandmulti-levelgradebeams.Thepaperwillfocusonthedetailed‘virtualreconstruction’oftheexistingbuildingstructuralandarchitecturalsystemsandgeometries,drawinguponarchivematerialobtainedfromYaleUniversityLibrary,whichwascombinedwith3Dpointcloudinformationofvisibleareastoarriveatadetailedmodeloftheexistingbuilding,whichwassubsequentlyusedtodevelopeffectivestructuralandarchitecturalsolutionsfortheadaptivere-useproject.Designefficienciesandinnovativeuseofthe3Dinformationwithinthedesignteamwillbediscussedinmoredetail,including3Dlivepdfviewswhichwillmaketheengineeringandarchitecturalchallengesclear.Lessonslearnedfromthemodellingexercisewillalsobediscussed,includingchallengesofmodellingHistoricBuildingswhereexistingfabriccannotbeeasilydisturbedduringthesurveyprocess.
AnalysisandAdaptionofHistoricMid-CenturyModernCurtainWallsandSkylightsfortheNewCenturyUse
WhetheritwasarenownedMiesVanDerRoheapartmenttoweroralesswellknowDetroitofficebuildingofthe1960's,themodernistmovementswentbeyondcreatingthegreaticonsofarchitecturetocreatechallengesforthearchitectstryingtopreservethem.Nopartofthemodernistrepertoireofbuildingelementssohelpeddefinethesleekminimalistandpureplanerformsthenthealuminumcurtainwall.Butthecurtainwallsoftodaywiththeirpressureequalized,thermallybrokenconstructionwithdualandtriplepanedlow-ecoatedceramicfrittedglazingunitsareverydifferentfromthetubularaluminumshapesholdingsinglepaneglassthatwereenvisionedduringthemid-centurymodernperiod.Whatismoreimportantisthetools,tricks,technology,andingenuityapreservationistusestogoaboutsavingtheseform-follows-functionbuildingskinsandhavethemperformforthedemandsoftoday’sdevelopersandtenantswellpreservingtheirpureformandthebuildingshistoricfeatures.AllofthiswillbediscussedinthecontextoftwobuildingprojectsofDetroit,Michigan:TheLafayetteParkApartmentTowersandlesserknownWoodwardOfficeTower;bothbuildingslistedontheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces.
StructuralFacadeChallengeswithMid-CenturyModernBuildings
Theinnovativedesignsandmaterialscharacteristicofmid-centurymodernbuildingfacadeshavenotalwaysbeenasdurableasexpectedorbeenabletomeetcurrentperformancestandards.Thechallengesdesignprofessionalsfindwithfaçadesrangefrompoorthermalperformancetopersistentwaterinfiltrationtounderlyingstructuraldeficiencies.Whateverthereasonfortheintervention,creativearchitecturalandstructuralsolutionsarefrequentlyrequiredtokeepthesefaçadesinservice.Dependingupontheuseofthebuilding,solutionstoaddressthechallengesrangefrompreservationtoovercladdingtoreplicationtoreplacement.Thispaperwilldiscussstructuralfaçadesolutionsatfourmid-centurymodernbuildings.PreservationofaCast-in-PlaceConcreteFaçade.VisiblecracksthatplaguedthefaçadeofFrankLloydWright’sSolomonR.GuggenheimMuseum(NewYork,NY)fromdayonewereduetotheimproperinstallationoftheoriginalreinforcementintheconcretewalls.Tostructurallystabilizethewall,agridworkofcarbonfiberfabricwasinstalledontheinteriorsurfaceandviscousdamperswereinstalledatthetopofthewalls.OverCladdingofFailingPre-CastPanels.Whencompletedin1968thePeterW.RodinoBuilding(Newark,NJ)wascladinpre-castconcretepanels.Spallingandcrackingofthefacadepanelsledtoaninvestigationofseveralrepairoptions:recladding,repairofthepre-cast,andover-cladding.Over-claddingwasidentifiedastheoptionwiththeoptimallife-cyclecost.ReplicationofGeometricGlassWall.PoorthermalandmoistureperformanceoftheglazingonLouisKahn’sYaleArtGallery(NewHaven,CT)madeitdifficulttomeetmuseumclimatecontrolrequirements.Thedecisionwasmadetoreplicatetheglazingwiththermallybrokenandinsulatedpanels.Customstructuraldetailswererequiredtomaintaintheplatedimensions.RecladdingaFailingFaçade.TheanchorageoftheexistingfacadewasfailingontheEdwardDurrellStone-designedHuntingtonHartfordGalleryatOneColumbusCircle(NewYork,NY).Thefailureswerecreatingalifesafetyhazardrequiringamajorintervention.SincetheoriginaldesignofthefaçadewasnotsuitedtotheproposeduseofthebuildingastheMuseumofArtandDesign,thedecisionwasmadetoreplacethefacade,whilealsocorrectingtheoriginaldeficientstructuraldetails.
Track3:RevisitingMid-CenturyModern Updated:July16,2016
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11/1/16 1:15pm - 2:45pmCS3.2 Sara Lardinois
CS3.2 Edward FitzGerald
CS3.2 John Cluver
11/1/16 3:15pm - 4:45pm
CS3.3 Scott Utter
ProjectPlanning(LU:1.5Hrs)
BrutalismandFieldTheory.WalterNetschandtheRehabilitationofUniversityofIllinoisChicagoArt&ArchitectureBuilding
ThispaperisacasestudyofthebuildingenveloperepairtotheWalterNetschdesignedArtandArchitectureBuildingattheUniversityofIllinoisatChicago.TheintentistopresentanapproachbasedupontheArchitect’soriginaldesignintentwithlessemphasisonmaterialconservation.ThebuildingwasthefirsttoapplyNetsch’sFieldTheoryofdesign,aplanstudywhichwasbasedontherotationandtranspositionofsquares.Theexteriorcompositiondevelopedfromanextrusionoftheplanandtheresultisaninward-lookingbuildingwithfewwindowopeningsandtherelianceoncustomgeometricskylightsforselectnaturallighting.ThoughnotformallylistedontheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces,thedesignteam’sapproachtothebuildingutilizedcommonpreservationstrategies.Whilethemasonryandconcreterepairsproceededasatypicalmaterialconservationproject,systematicfailureoftheskylightstructuresrequiredreplacementofthematerialsdowntostructuralframing.Overtime,thesealantandgasketsoftheskylightsfailedandthegalvanizedroofingcorrodedsignificantly,allowingairandmoisturetoinfiltratetotheinterior.Inaddition,bothleadpaintandasbestosweredetected.Thoughthestateofdisrepairdidnotallowmaterialconservationoftheseelements,thedesignintentwasmaintained.Theskylightswerere-cladwiththesamebatten-seamedroofingwithglazedopenings,leavingthemvisiblefromgradeanddefininginteriorspaces.Otherglazedareasofthebuildingincludedtwostoryhourglass-shapedelementswhichwerefoundtohavesimilardeficiencies.Theseunitswereevaluatedandwereidentifiedtoberestoredratherthanfullyreplaced.Thispaperwillidentifyhowtheapproachwasdevelopedfortherepairofabrutaliststructurewhichisnotconsidered“historic.”ItwilldiscussthedifficultiesparticulartotheArtandArchitectureBuildingandhowtheyrelatetomanyothermid-centurybuildingswhichexperiencesimilardeteriorationsymptoms.ThisprojectwillbeunderconstructionduringtheAPTSanAntonio2016Conference.
SituatedonaSouthernCaliforniabluffoverlookingthePacificOcean,theSalkInstituteforBiologicalStudies(1965)isoneofarchitectLouisKahn'sfinestworks.Oneofthemajorarchitecturalelementsofthecomplexaretheprefabricatedteakwindowwallassemblies,setwithintheopeningsoftheconcretewallsofthestudiesandofficesthatflanktheInstitute'siconicplaza.Synthesizingindustryandcraft,theseassembliesaresignificantwithinKahn'slargerbodyofworkastheyexpanduponalanguageofcustomexteriormillworkdevelopedinhisoffice.Afterfiftyyearsinanexposedmarineenvironment,thewindowassembliesshowsignsofweatheringtoanon-uniformappearance,inpartduetosurfaceerosionandfungalgrowth.Insomelocations,theassemblieshavedeterioratedasaresultofinsectinfestation,waterinfiltration,andvaryingmaintenancepracticesovertime.Ratherthanimplementshort-termminorrepairstoaddresslocalizeddeteriorationandconcernsabouttheaestheticappearanceoftheteak,theSalkInstitutedecidedtoembarkuponaconservation-basedrepairprogramtoaddresstheseissuesonalong-termbasissothattheoriginalwindowassembliescanberetained,astheyarecriticalintheprotectionofthesite’sculturalsignificance.In2013theSalkInstitutepartneredwiththeGettyConservationInstitute(GCI)tocommencedevelopmentofaconservationprogramforthelong-termcareoftheteakwindowwalls.Phase1oftheprogramincludedpreliminaryhistoricresearchandanassessmentofsignificance,surveysandinvestigativeinspectionopenings,woodandfungusidentification,andanalysesofpastsurfacetreatments.Guidelineswerethendevelopedbasedonthreetreatmentapproaches,rangingfrominsitucleaningandtreatment,toselectiverepairs,andfinallyin-kindreplacementofteakwood.InPhase2ofthework,theGCIandWiss,Janney,ElstnerAssociates,Inc.(WJE)developedatrialmock-upprogramtoassesstheprotocolsofthethreetreatments.Theperformanceandstructuralcapacityoftheoverallwindowassemblywereevaluatedaspartofthis.Attheendofthisphase,thetreatmentapproacheswererefinedbyWJEanddevelopedintoaprojectmanualincludingconstructionrepairdrawings,whichwascompletedinAugust2015.Thispresentationwilldiscusstheconservationdecision-makingprocessforselectinganappropriatelevelofinterventionattheoriginalteakwindowwallassembliesthatwillbest-maintainbothmaterialandvisualintegrity,animportantconcerninsiteswithhighaestheticvaluesandsignificance.Thepresentationwillreviewhowthetreatmentapproachesweredeveloped,integratingconservationandrepairneedswithselectmodificationstothewindowdetailingtoimprovelong-termperformanceandsurfacetreatmentstoprotecttheteakwoodandretardfungalgrowthandweatheringovertime.
SourcingModernMaterials:GlassBlockandPatternGlassatGropiusHouseSourcingcompatiblereplacementmaterialsisanissueinmanyhistoricpreservationprojects.Theproblemiscompoundedwhenworkingwithtwentiethcenturybuildingmaterials.Becauseofthemass-producednatureofthesematerials,theyarenotwell-suitedtosmallscalereproduction.Sourcingsalvagedornew-old-stockmaterialsisbecomingincreasinglydifficult.ThispresentationwillexploreissuesandchallengesassociatedwithsourcingappropriatetwentiethcenturybuildingmaterialsusingtheglassattheWalterGropiusHouseasanexample.GropiusHouse,builtin1938inLincoln,MA,byinfluentialGermanarchitectWalterGropius,isaniconicexampleoftheearlymodernistmovementintheUnitedStates.ThehousenotablycombinestraditionalNewEnglandmaterials—woodensiding,brick,andfieldstone—withinnovativeproductsthathadrarelybeenusedindomesticarchitectureatthetime,includingglassblock,metalcasementwindows,acousticalplaster,andthelatesttechnologyinfixtures.Today,theseoncecuttingedgematerialsareshowingtheirage.DamageanddeteriorationofthesomewhatunusualpatternglassandglassblockatGropiusHouseraisesphilosophicalandpracticalquestions.Maintainingtheclean-lineaestheticofthehousenecessitatestheirtreatment.Thispresentationwilladdressthetreatmentoptionsconsideredforretentionoftheexistingglass,includingadvantagesanddisadvantages,beforediscussingissuesencounteredwhensourcingreplacementsformaterialsthathavenotbeenmanufacturedfordecades.Parallelstoothermodernmaterials(includingacoustictile,asbestosproducts,laminatesetc.)andbuildingswillbedrawn.Thepresentationwillalsoexploreremanufacturingandmodifyingmaterialstoresolvesourcingissues.UsingthelessonslearnedatGropiusHouseasastartingpoint,thispresentationaimstostimulatediscourseabouttheissuessurroundingsourcingreplacementmaterialsforthepreservationofmodernbuildingsingeneral.
TheLightestTouch:RepairingCustomMid-CenturyWindowsWithaStockBudget
Windowshavealwaysbeencriticalinconveyingthecharacterofhistoricarchitecture,butcanpresentsomeofthegreatestchallengestoarchitecturalpreservation.PreservingMid-CenturyModernarchitectureinvolvesrestoringitscharacteristicallyextensiveglazing,whichcanbecomplicatedbycustomizedormachine-fabricatedelementsthataredifficulttoretoolorreplace.TheEmmaHartmanNoyesHouseatVassarCollege,designedbyEeroSaarinenandbuiltin1958,sufferedfromchronicleakingatitsunique,custom-designed,chevron-shapedwindows.Respondingtotheirinherentflawsandtothenatureoftheiruseinthisiconicresidencehall,VMAandVassarexploredavarietyofcustomandstockoptionsinsearchforaffordablemeanstorepairthe468extrudedaluminumsashtomakethemdurablewhilemaintainingtheiroperabilityandretainingthebuilding’sintegrity.
SalkInstituteforBiologicalStudies:TeakWindowWallConservationProjectWindows(LU:1.5Hrs)
Track3:RevisitingMid-CenturyModern Updated:July16,2016
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CS3.3 Cesar Bargues-Ballester
CS3.3 Rachelle Byarlay
CS3.3 David Fixler
11/2/16 8:30am - 10:15am
CS3.4 Steven Curry
Glue-LaminatedTimberinthePacificCoastoftheUnitedStates:ItsDevelopments,Deterioration,andPreservationMethods
Glue-laminatedtimber(glulam)isastructuralbuildingmaterialmanufacturedbygluinglayersoflumber(usuallyonetotwoinchesthick)sothatgrainofeachlaminationrunsparalleltoeachothertocreateonelargerstructuralmember.GlulamwasintroducedtotheUnitedStatesinthestateofWisconsinin1934fromGermanyandgainedwideacceptance,especiallyinthestatesalongthePacificcoast,afterWorldWarII.Manyextantglulamstructuresarenowover50years-oldandeligiblefortheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlacesandtheirnumberwillonlycontinuetogrowinthefuture.InthePacificstates,glulammembersareusedcommonlyinrecreationhalls,communitycenters,religiousbuildings,hangars,bridges,andotherapplicationsthatrequirelong,openspans.Astheseresourcesage,theglulamcansuccumbtodeteriorationfromoverloading,manufacturingerrorsordefects,decay,orotherissues.Theliteratureontreatmentoptionsforthecontinuedpreservationofglulamislimited,andthereisalackofdetailedpreservationguidelinesandstandards.Thisstudyinvestigatesthehistoryofglulamdevelopmentandmanufacturing,architecturalapplications,andcommondeteriorationpatternsusingliteraturereview,interviewswithhistoricpreservationtechnologyprofessionals,andcasestudiesofglulampreservationprojectsinOregon,Washington,andCalifornia.TheobjectiveofthisstudyistodevelopasetofguidelinesforglulampreservationthroughcriticalanalysisandevaluationofpastandpresentpracticesandtheircompliancewithSecretaryoftheInteriorStandardsforHistoricPreservation.Theresultsofthisstudywillbeusedtoformulaterecommendationsthatcanbeaccessedbyarchitects,preservationists,contractors,andbuildingowners.
HardChoices:AccommodatingChangeonTrinity'sModernCampusthroughAddition,RenewalandRemoval
Thecombinationinmanymid-centurymodernacademicbuildingsofaverytightprogramfitandinnovative,leanconstructionsystemsoftenmakerenewaltoaccommodatecontemporaryprogram,codeandlifesafetystandardsverydifficult.Thisconditionisparticularlyacuteinbuildingsdedicatedtoscienceandtechnologywherewhatwasstateoftheartin1960bearslittleresemblancetowhatwillmeettoday’scriteria.TrinityUniversityinSanAntonioisaclassicexamplewhosescienceprogramsandbuildingswereinurgentneedofupgrade,modernizationandconsolidationtoprovidethequalityofteachingandlearningenvironmentnecessarytoembracecontemporarypedagogyandattractthebeststudentsandfaculty.Thispresentationwilldemonstratethenecessarytrade-offsandstrategiesemployedinrealizingTrinity’sgoalofasignaturecampusdestinationbuildingdirectlyuponthequalityandlegacyoftheexistingarchitecture,whileacknowledgingtherealitythattheretentionandenhancementofthebeststructureswasonlypossiblethroughmakinghardchoicesthatultimatelysacrificedlesserresources.TrinityUniversityisauniqueexampleofacampusentirelyconstructedinaquiet,regionalmodernismbuiltoverthecourseofalmostthreedecadesundertheguidingdesignhandofO’NeillFordbeginninginthelate1940s.Thebuildingsvaryinqualityandcomplexity(theearliestbeing”elemental,almostprosaicessaysineconomy”),butestablishaconsistentscale,languageandenvironmentalsensitivityinmaterialandsitingthatevolves,withoutmimicking,traditionsofbuildingandpatternsoflivingparticularlywelladaptedtoSanAntonio.Inordertocreatethisnew“CenterfortheSciencesandInnovation”weworkedwithTrinityonacomprehensiveprogramthatbeganwithmonthsofresearch,observationandanalysisgearedtounderstandingtheDNAofTrinity,itsbuildingsandtheirrelationshiptothelandscape,todeterminehowtooptimallyrepositiontheirresourcesthroughaprogramofcarefullycalibratedaddition,removalandrenovation.Innarrowingourfocustothetwoprimarystructuresthatweretoformthenexusofthenewcomplexitbecameapparentthatwhileonewaseminentlysuitedforasensitivetransformation,theotherbyvirtueofbothitssitingandseriouslysubstandardphysicalcharacteristicswasalogicaltargetforremoval.ThepresentationwillfocusonthelargersitedesignandontherenewaloftheexistingCowlesbuilding–includingstrategicinterventionsmadetoimprovelegibility,circulation,energyperformance(includingimprovedavailabilityandcontrolofnaturallight)andhumancomfortwhilerespectingFord’smaterialpalette,senseofscaleanddetail.Inaddition,wewilldiscussourmethodologyforworkingwithandrefiningFord'stechnicaldetailsandvocabulary,particularlyforexteriorwallandwindowdetailing,carryingthesedetailsforwardtocreateanewandwhollylegiblecontemporarysynthesis.
Residential(LU:1.75Hrs)
BringingBacktheBenditHouse-CaseStudyofanEarlyMidcenturyModernRestoration/RenovationProject
GeorgeNakashima'sArtsBuildingandCloister(1963-1967):aConservation&ManagementPlan
Stemmingfromhisapprenticeshipandearlierexperiences,particularlywithAmericanarchitectAntoninRaymond,thewidelyrecognizedinterpretationandcombinationofmodernistandtraditionalideasofJapanese-AmericanarchitectandfurnituremakerGeorgeNakashima(1905-1990)generatedapersonalstyleofdesignuniquetohimwhichisintimatelyboundupwiththesocialvalues,senseofcommunity,andfamilyidentitythatNakashimanurturedinNewHope,Pennsylvania.Completedin1967,theArtsBuildingandCloisteroccupyaprivilegedpositionasthemosticonicofhisbuiltworksandbringtogetherhistorical,cultural,technologicalandspiritualvalues.Thecompoundrepresentsafusionofmid-centurymodernistideaswithtraditionalJapaneseandPennsylvaniavernacularbuildingtechniques.Opentothesouththroughaninterplayofwoodandglasselements,thebuildingemploysahyperbolicparaboloidplywoodroofthatrelatestotheriseofwarpedroofsinpostwarAmericaandexemplifiesarareexampleinitsuseofstructuralplywoodmarryingcraftandengineeringefforts.Thecomplexrelationshipbetweenlivingtraditionandhistoricsite,asthepropertytransitionsandcontinuestoservethemakingoffurniture,promptedtheneedtodevelopaplanforthesustainablemanagement,interpretation,andpreservationofthesite.IntegratingclassicelementsofaHistoricStructureReport,theConservationandManagementPlanfortheArtsBuildingandCloisterisbasedonthescientificstudyofthebuildingandsurroundinglandscapetomakeaccuratediagnosistoinformpreservationcriteria,conservationrecommendations,andproduceplansofactionintherespectiveareasofanalysistakingintoaccountuseandmanagementrequirements.Thissessionshowstheplanningprojectstrategy,recipientofaKeepingitModerngrantfromtheGettyFoundation,andanalyzethechallengesastheprojectprogresses.WhatmakesthespecificconservationapproachdifficultandworthdiscussinghereisthedominanceofNakashima’shighlyindividualisticcrafttraditionfusedwiththeuseofordinaryproductsinextraordinarywaystocreatethisAmericanmid-centurymasterwork.Authors:CesarBargues-Ballester,FrankG.Matero,WilliamWhitaker
Track3:RevisitingMid-CenturyModern Updated:July16,2016
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CS3.4 Claudine Deom
CS3.4 Lauren Bricker
CS3.4 Cecil Lanoux
TheeffectsofhistoricdesignationonmidcenturymodernneighborhoodsinHoustonTexas.Acomparativecasestudythatexaminesvaluationtrendsin
themidcenturymodernneighborhoodsofGlenbrookValley,andMeadowcreekVillage.
LarsBangAIA,amongthefirstgraduatesoftheUniversityofHoustonCollegeofArchitecture,designedtheextraordinaryBenditHousein1952,andwasdirectlyinvolvedinitsconstructionduring1953inthethen-newAyrshiresubdivisioninsuburbanHouston,Texas.HeraldedbylocalandnationalmediaandfeaturedontheContemporaryArtsMuseum’sModernHouseTourSixin1957,itwasforgottenastheone-storyranchhousesthatoriginallysurroundedithavecontinuedtobereplacedbylarge-scalebuilderstock.Thiswasalsoduetotheinsensitivemodificationsthehousesufferedoverthedecades,presumablyto'update'it,whichobscuredmuchofitsremarkableconceptualclarity.Acompellingargumentforarchitecturalinnovation,thehouserepresentsandyettranscendsitstimeandplacewithadesignrigoreffectivelyshowcasingtheoptimistictenetsofearlyModernism.Therestoration/renovationproject,along-termeffortofmultiplephases,isintendedasatributetotheoriginalachievementsoftheBenditHouseandastestamenttoitscapabilitytoteachandinspire.AcompleteroofreplacementwithcontemporarymaterialsallowsforvastlyimprovedenergyefficiencyandweatherresistancetoHouston'ssemi-tropicalenvironment,withrespectfortheoriginaldetailingoffascia,flashing,andskylights.Allnon-originalexteriorandinteriorsurfaceswereremoved,includingfenceboardcladding,drywall,andpaint,masonrywascleanedandrepaired,andexteriorsidingandsoffitswererestoredorreplicated.Structuralrestorationincludedreplacementorrepairinplaceofsteelpipecolumns,andterrazzoconcretefloorsthroughoutwerere-honedafterspotrepair.Inside,originalpanelingandmillworkwhereextantwerestrippedofpaintandrestoredtofinishesoftintedstain,andanewplywoodceilingwasinstalledthroughouttomatchoriginallayoutandfinish.Thenewjob-builtkitchenisanexpandedhomagetotheoriginal,lostlongagotoanunsympatheticreplacement.Infrastructureupgradesincludeentirelynew,currentcode-compliantandefficientelectricalandplumbingsystems.Period-correctfixtures,accessoriesandhardware,harvestedfromneighboringdemolitions,nowcontributeauthenticdetailtothere-establishedpaletteofwarmnaturalmaterials.Withitsrestorationcomplete,thehousealsoofferslessonsbeyondits‘historic’context,addressingdirectlywhatareconsideredascontemporaryissuesofsustainableresidentialdesign:energyefficiencyviapassivesolarstrategies,‘right-sized’programming,andaging-in-placesuitability.TheprojecthasbeenrecognizedwithanAIAHouston2015DesignAward,aPreservationHouston2016GoodBrickAward,andaPreservationTexas2016HonorAward.
Insidethemodern:theconservationofinteriorsfromthe1960sand1970s.Asthefieldofheritageconservationcontinuestoadvanceinitsunderstandingandappreciationofthebuiltlegacyofthemodernera,newissuesarise,oneofwhichistheconservationofmoderninteriors.Ingeneral,theconservationofinteriorsisacomplexissue.Theyare,bydefinition,thespaceswherepeopleliveand/orwork.Therefore,theyaresubjecttonumerouschangesovertimeasourneedsandstandardsevolve.Also,theconservationofinteriorfeaturescanbechallenginginanadaptivereusesituationnamelyfortheupgradingortheintegrationofmechanicalsystems.Finally,transformationsonsomedesignatedinteriors,especiallyprivately-ownedones,areoftenhardtomonitorastheyarenotpubliclyondisplay.Theconservationofmoderninteriorsbringsonanadditionalchallenge,onerelatedtotheidentificationoftheircharacter-definingelements.Thelackofornamentationthatcharacterizesarchitecturefromthepost-worldwarIIeraemphasisestheimportanceofthearchitecture’sintangibleattributessuchaslightandvolume.Inaddition,figurativeorabstractelementsofdecorationarereplacedbytextureandtheparticulartreatmentofmaterialslikeaconcretesurface.Whereasinthepast,interiorfeaturesworthpreservingsuchasstainedglass,plasterworkandwoodmouldingswereclearlyvisible,interiorsfromthemoderneraintroduceadifferentandmoresubtleaesthetic.Thissubtletyexplainswhytheseinteriorsareoftenmodifiedwithoutrespecttotheoriginaldesign.Thisrealityisonlyheightenedbythefactthattheinteriorsarerelativelyrecent,thereforetheyarenotreadilyconsideredasheritage.Inlightofthis,istheconservationofmoderninteriorspossible,andifso,towhatextent?Whatattributescanbesacrificedwithoutcompromisingtheirvalue?Furthermore,howcanthesecharacter-definingelementsbeconservedinviewofthefactthatveryfewbenefitfromanyattentionatall?Thispaperwillattempttoprovidesomeanswerstotheseissuesbyshowcasingexamplesoftransformationsdoneoninteriorsofbuildingsfromthe1960sand1970sinMontreal(Canada).ThereflectionsoriginatefromresearchconductedbytheCanadaResearchChaironBuiltHeritageatUniversitédeMontréalontheconservationofinteriorsfortheCityofMontrealin2015and2016.Thepaperwillfocusontransformationstointeriorsbythepresentationofcasestudiesshowingtheresultsofrenovation,restorationandadaptivereuse.
O'NeilFord'sExplorationoftheSolarHouseDuringtheyearsimmediatelyfollowingthecloseofWorldWarII–beforestandardsofdomesticcomfortdemandedtheuseofairconditioningtocoolthedwelling,Americanindustrysoughtopportunitiestodemonstratethecompatibilityoftheirproductsasintegralwithpassivemethodsofclimatecontrol.Acaseinpointisthemid-1940ssolarhouseprogramsponsoredbyLibbey-Owens-Ford,America’smajorglassmanufacturer.Forty-eightarchitects,eachrepresentingastateandtheDistrictofColumbiawereselectedtodesignprototypicalhousesthatincorporatedpassivesolarstrategiesandtheir“Thermopane”windows,basedonscientificanalysisofthemosteffectivewaytocontrolsolarenergy.TheresultswerepublishedinYourSolarHouse(1947).AmongtheselectedarchitectswasSanAntonio-basedO’NeilFord.HavingestablishedapracticeinSanAntonio,Ford,aTexasnativeunderstoodtheneedtoorienthishousestotakeadvantageofprevailingnorthwestbreezes–especiallythroughscreenporches,andtocooltheinteriorsthroughacombinationofextendedroofplanesandtreesplantedclosetothehouse.FordlearnedtheselessonsfromobservingTexas’vernaculararchitecture.Asayoungmanhewasattractedtothe19thcenturybuildingsofCastroville,anAlsatiancommunityandthestructuresfromSanAntonio’s18thcenturySpanishsettlement.ThepossibilitythatsuchearlyworkscouldinspirenewarchitecturebecameclearwhileheworkedintheDallasofficeofDavidWilliams(from1926-32).ThetwomentouredmanyofthehistorictownsofTexas,photographingandsketchingbuildingsalongtheway.BythetimeFordwasselectedtoparticipateinthesolarhouseproject,hehadevolvedacontemporaryarchitectureresponsivetoclimate,landscape,materialsandculture.ThefactorsthatcontributedtoFord’sarchitecturaldevelopmentwerepresentedonanationalscalethroughHouseBeautiful’sClimateControlProject,jointlysponsoredbytheAmericanInstituteofArchitects.From1949-1952,thejournalpublishedbi-monthlyreportsfocusingonclimaticconditionsofspecificregions,andrecommendingdesignguidelines,andillustratingpace-setterhousesthatdemonstratedeffectivearchitecturalresponsestotheconditions.Climateandtechnologywerepresentedasfertilesourcesforanewcontemporaryarchitecture.
Track3:RevisitingMid-CenturyModern Updated:July16,2016
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11/2/16 10:45am - 12:15pm
CS3.5 Christopher Norton
CS3.5 Carly Farmer
CS3.5 Vincent Hauser
TheEffectsofHistoricDesignationuponValuationsinMid-CenturyModernNeighborhoods:AComparativeAnalysisofGlenbrookValleyandMeadowcreekVillage,HoustonTexasAbstractHereintheU.S,justasathecurrentandpreviousgenerationofpreservationistshavehadresidentialbuildingstockfromthelatternineteenthtoearly20thcenturyarchitectureuponwhichtoplytheircraft,anewergenerationofpreservationistsneedlooktomid-centurymodernbuildingstocktohonetheirs.Itisamongthesestructuresthatpreservationistscanmaintaintheirtraditionalcorevaluetosocietybypreservingandmaintainingelementsfromanimportantperiodinournation’shistory,aswellasaffectthefuturewell-beingofspecificcommunitiesbyensuringthatmid-centurymodernneighborhoodsremain,orreturnto,thesafe,affordableplacesthatmodestincomehomebuyerssoughtthenandwillcontinuetoseekintheyearstocome.Therefore,whenarguingforthebenefitsofhistoricdesignation,whetherforindividualstructuresormoreimportantlyforentireneighborhooddistricts,inordertopreservethehistoriccharacteroftheneighborhood,aswellasprotectingthevalueoftheassetsthatexistwithintheneighborhood,itisimportantforpreservationiststoreferenceandunderstandsuchdataastheperformancetrendsofappraisedvalueinthesenewlyeligiblehistoricneighborhoods.Thisstudyaddressesoneparticularlineofinquirythatexpandsuponearlierresearchintotherelationshipbetweenhistoricdesignationandresidentialvaluationsbyaddressingthefollowing:whateffectdoeshistoricdesignationhaveonvaluationsinaMid-CenturyModernneighborhood?OncethisMid-CenturyModernneighborhoodisdesignatedhistoric,doesitseconomicperformanceaffectnearbyneighborhoods,whicharecontemporaryinconstructiondate,housingsizeanddesign,aswellasneighborhoodplanningstyle?Istheeconomicperformanceofthenewlydesignatedhistoricdistrict,locatedinaMid-CenturyModernneighborhoodsimilarthatofpre-WWIIresidentialhistoricdistricts?GlenbrookValley,aMid-centuryModernneighborhoodinHouston,Texas,istheonlysuchfullyintactneighborhoodinTexastohavereceivedlocalhistoricdistrictstatus.ThiscomparativecasestudyexaminedassessedappraisalvaluesofGlenbrookValleyandMeadowcreekVillage,asimilarbutnothistoricallydesignatedmid-centurymodernneighborhood,bothlocatedinsoutheastHouston.Forthisstudy,datacollectedfromHarrisCountyAppraisalDistrictwasusedtoidentifyandcomparetotalassessedvaluationtrendsovera10-yearperiodwhichincludesyearsbeforeandafterthehistoricdesignationofGlenbrookValleyoccurred.Thisstudyconcludesthatthereisarelationshipbetweenpositivevaluationsofthestructuresandofthelandplotsuponthereceiptofhistoricdesignationaswellasrevealingarelationshipinthesubstantialincreaseinvaluationofthelandseparatefromtheimprovementafterdesignation.
ClimateChange(LU:1.5Hrs)
(Don’t)LettheSunShinein:Analysisofsolar/thermal-relatedeffectsandmitigationoptionsatDonaldJudd’s100UntitledWorksinMillAluminumat
TheChinatiFoundation,Marfa,Texas
Twosingle-storyconcreteandbrickbuildingsconstructedatFortD.A.RussellinMarfa,Texas,in1938,nowknownastheArtillerySheds,houseinternationallyimportantworksofart,100UntitledWorksinMillAluminum,byrenownedartistDonaldJudd.Whilethepreservationofartisusuallycallsforatightlycontrolledinteriorenvironment,theArtilleryShedshavenointeriorenvironmentalcontrolsandnoprotectionfromdirectsunlight.Commonstrategiestoaffecttheindoorclimate(e.g.,sunscreens,windowshades,coatedglazing,andHVACsystems)alterthearchitectureandarguablychangetheobservers’intrinsicexperiencewiththeinstallation.Thispaperreviewstheinteriorairtemperatureofthespaceandthesurfacetemperatureontheworks,providesanoptionanalysisforstrategiestolimitsolargain,andprovidesanengineeringanalysistoforecasttheprobablelong-termeffectsofcontinuedexposureonthealuminumworksofart.Year-longdatacollectionofairtemperaturesandsurfacetemperaturesofselectaluminumworksandadaylightinganalysisareusedtovalidatetheoptionresultsgeneratedbytheenergymodels.
ApplicationsofOSCAR:Casestudiesfromtheclassroomandworkplace
APTI’s“OnlineSustainableConservationAssistanceResource”(OSCAR)isanemergingtechnologytoimprovethelong-termsustainabilityofhistoricbuildingsinawaythatisappropriatetotheirheritagevalue.OSCARusesa“wholebuildingecology”approachtoguidedecision-makingandgivepracticalapproachestoimprovingoperationalandlife-cycleperformanceofbuildings.Thisisdonethroughexaminationofmaterialsandassembliesofcomponents,bothmodernandtraditional,inbuildingenvelopestoimprovedurability,energyefficiencyandinherentvice.IwillpresenttwocasestudiesofhowOSCARcanbeusedbasedonmyresearchwithMTBAAssociates,APTITC-SPandCarletonUniversity.TheresultsofthecasestudiesandfeedbackfromthepresentationwillgobacktotheOSCARteamtofurtherimprovethetechnology.OSCARintheclassroomThefirst“academic”casestudydemonstrateshowOSCARcanbeusedbyprofessorsasaneducationaltool.ItistheresultofmyworkfromJanuarytoApril2016asateachingassistanttoa4thyearcourseon“BuildingPathologyandRehabilitation,”acorecourseinCarletonUniversity’sconservationandsustainabilityprogramsinarchitectureandengineering.IdesignedanassignmentbasedonOSCARinordertoincreaseawarenessandfamiliarizethestudentswiththetoolasanimportantresourceforsustainablerehabilitationofthebuildingenvelope.Eachofthe49studentswroteashortessayonacomponentwhichispartofOSCAR,forexample,steelwindowsorconcretewalls.Theyidentifiedandexplainedhowtorepairpathologicalconditions(ie.corrosion)andalsoanalyzedinterventionstofurtherenhanceoperationalorlife-cycleefficiency(ie.reduceairleakage)basedonOSCAR’swholebuildingecologyprocess.Thepresentationoftheeducationalcasestudyreportson:themethodologyofthisexercise;thesuccessinachievingcourseobjectives;andlessonslearned.Additionally,itdiscussesinnovativeideasbroughtforwardbythestudentstoimproveOSCARaswellasgeneralfeedbackregardingtheassignment,allofwhichwillimproveOSCAR’susefulnessasateachingtool.OSCARintheworkplaceThesecond“professional”casestudywilldemonstratehowOSCARcanbeappliedtosustainablerehabilitationprojectsintheworkplace,usinganalysisofOttawaSeventhDayAdventistChurchbycelebratedmid-centurymodernarchitectJamesStrutt.Itwillbepreparedaspartofmyinternship(MaytoAugust2016)withthearchitecturefirmMTBAAssociateswhereIwillcontinuemyresearchfromtheprevioussummerontheusefulnessofOSCARintheworkplace.Thepresentationoftheprofessionalcasestudywillreporton:thegoalsoftheproject;howOSCAR’swholebuildingecologyprocesswasapplied;whyandhowOSCARwasuseful;challenges;andlessonslearned.
Repairinghurricanedamagetotheconcretebrise-soleiloftheFirstSecurityBankBuilding(1963)inBeaumont,Texas
Track3:RevisitingMid-CenturyModern Updated:July16,2016
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CS3.5 Jenna BreslerTheFarnsworthHouse-FloodMitigationPlanTheFarnsworthHouse,designedin1950byMiesvanderRoheforhisclientDr.EdithFarnsworth,liesonly90feetfromtheedgeoftheFoxRiverinPlano,Illinois.TheFoxRiverwasalwayssubjecttofloodingwhichiswhyMieselevatedthefirstfloorsomefiveandone-halffeetabovegrade.However,asdevelopmentrapidlyspreadalongthe2,000squaremilewatershedoftheriver,theheightandfrequencyoffloodinghasincreaseddramatically.TheFarnsworthHousehasalreadyrecentlyexperiencedthe500yearreturnperiodflood,causingwatertoenterthehousetoaheightofmorethanfourfeetabovethefloorlevel.Lesserfloodshaveintrudedintothehouseorcomejustuptothefloorlevel.Thepresentownersince2007,theNationalTrustforHistoricPreservation,hascommissionedourfirmtostudythefollowingoptionsinordertomitigateflooding:A.MovethehousetohighergroundB.RaisethehouseusingasystemofnaturalbuoyancyC.RaisethehouseusingasystemofhydraulicactuatorsD.RaiseuparigidwaterproofbarrierencirclingthehouseE.RaiseupasystemofinflatablebladdersencirclingthehouseTheprosandconsofeachsystemwillbeevaluated.ThereasonswhytheTrustselectedOptionCwillbeelaborateduponaswillitsdetails.Thehousewillbetemporarilymovedtohighergroundforthedurationofconstruction.Apitwillbeexcavatedbelowthehouse,roughlyofthesamefootprintasthehouse.Thepitwillbecappedwitharigidconcreteslabwhichwillserveasthefoundationontowhichthehousewillbemovedback.Underneaththeslabwillbefourdeployablerigidsteeltrussesthatwilllieflatintheiroriginalconfiguration.Whenthesignalisgiventhatafloodisimminent,eachtrusswillberotated90degreesuntilitisvertical,poweredbyacoordinatedseriesofhydraulicactuators(jacks).Thehousewillremainelevatedforthedurationoftheflood.Attheconclusion,thepitwillbecleanedoutandthehouselowered.Thetopofthecoverslabwillbelandscapedtomatchthesurroundingterrainsuchthatitiscompletelyinvisibleuntilitisdeployed,thusleavingthevisitorexperiencecompletelyundisturbed.Thissolutionmayhaveapplicabilitytootherhistoricstructuresthatwillbecomeendangeredduetotheeffectsofclimatechange.
TheFirstSecurityNationalBankBuilding,locatedinDowntownBeaumont,TXandoriginallycompletedin1963,wasseverelydamagedduringHurricaneRitain2005andHurricaneIkein2008.Themostdistinctivefeatureofthebuildingistheprecastconcretebrise-soleilthatcomprisesmuchofthetwoprominentfacadesofthebuildinginamannerreminiscentofEdwardDurrellStone’sdesignsfortheUSPavilionattheBrusselsWorld’sFair(1958)andtheUSEmbassyinNewDelhi,India(1959).Thecommencementofrepairswasdelayedbyinsuranceclaimissuesandrepairswerecompletedin2014.TheFirstSecurityNationalBankBuilding,nowknownastheFirstCityBuilding,islistedintheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlacesaspartoftheBeaumontCommercialDistrict,andwasdesignedbyLlewellynPitts,FAIA;oftheBeaumontfirmPitts,Mebane&Phelps,andanimportantTexasarchitecturalfirm.Themostsignificantdamagewastothebuilding’sconcretebrise-soleilsystem,comprisedofprecastconcretepanelsconnectedtocantileveredsteelframesectionsofthebuilding’sprimarysteelstructure.Thesteelsupportstructuresufferedrackingdeformationandsomeconnectionfailures;manyconcretepanelssufferedprojectileimpactdamageanddamageatsteelframeconnectionpoints.VincentP.Hauser,ArchitectandJohnSteinman,PEwereretainedtosurveythesystemanddesignrepairs.Fortheinitialsurveysandconstructionofrepairs,H.B.Neild&Sons,aBeaumontgeneralcontractor,providedswingscaffoldingsupportedbythebuilding’soriginalwindowwashingrailsystemlocatedbetweenthecantileveredconcretepanelsandthebuilding’sglazedsecondaryfaçade.Aftersoundingtheconcretepanelsinamannersimilartosoundingterracotta,anddocumentingcracksintheconcretepanelsandsteelframingproblems,HauserandSteinmanproposedworkthatincludedconcretepanelcleaning,FRPrepairstotheconcretepanels,andextensivesteelrepairs.Decorativeextrudedaluminumcolumncoverswereremovedfromallofthesteelcolumnsinordertomakeconnectionandframinginspectionsandtoaffectrepairs.Rubberstripscoveringthealuminum-to-steelconnectionswerecustomfabricatedtoreplacetheoriginalmaterial.AlloftheconcretepanelswerecleanedperNPSguidelines.Theprojectisextensivelydocumentedwithoriginalconstructionandrehabilitation–periodphotographs.
Track4:Concrete:MaterialsInnovations Updated:July16,2016
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11/1/16 9:45am - 11:15amCS4.1 Derek Trelstad
CS4.1 Tanya Komas
CS4.1 Ece Erdogmus
11/1/16 1:15pm - 2:45pmCS4.2 Brian Cooley
Tousecementornottousecementinpreservation:That’sthequestionAnaturaloutcomeofthedesiretopreservehistoricalstructuresisrehabilitationorreconstructiondependingonthelevelofdamageonthestructure.Aroundtheworld,therearenumerousexamplesofrehabilitationandreconstructionprojectsonhistoricalstructuresoriginallyconstructedofstoneorclaybrickmasonry,withorwithoutmortar,wherecement-basedrehabilitationmaterialsareusedwithvaryingmaterialcompositionsandinvaryingapplications(e.g.asrepointingmortar,asembedmentmaterial,etc…).Whilesomeoftheseinterventionshaveproventobedisastrous,somehavesustainedtestoftimeandenvironmentaleffects.Asaresultofsomeofthepoorexamplesofcementuseintheserehabilitationprojects,especiallyinthe1970’sinEurope,thereareconcernsagainsttheuseofcement-basedmaterialsamongcertaininternationalgroups.Further,therearesomenewermaterialssuchasglassfiberreinforcedpolymer(GFRP)rodsembeddedingroutorepoxy,longtermbehaviorofwhicharenotfullyinvestigated.Thispresentationwillcompriseoftwoparts.Thefirstpartwillsummarizereviewofseveralcasestudiesoncementuse,alongwithavarietyofembeddedconnectorssuchastitanium,atarchaeologicalsitesinvariouspartsoftheworldaspartofconnectionsinrepairsandreconstructions.Thisreviewwillhighlightlessonslearnedandanevolutionofrehabilitationtechniquesoverthelastseveraldecades.Thesecondpartwillpresenttheresultsofarecentexperimentalresearchwherestrengthanddurabilityofacementbasedultra-finegroutiscomparedtoepoxy.TheembeddedconnectorsinthisstudyareGFRProdsandtheircompatibilitywiththeembedmentmaterialsaswellastheirdurabilityunderharshconditionsarealsoevaluated.Thecontextoftheseexperimentswillcovereffectsofheatandsaltonthesematerialsmeasuredintermsofchangeinshearandflexuralresistance.Thepaperwillconcludewithcombiningtheobservationsfromhistoricalevidenceonpreviouscasestudiesandtheresultsoftheexperimentalworkconducted,inordertoprovidesuggestionsforfuturerehabilitationandreconstructionprojectsusinginnovativecombinationsofcementbasedultra-finegroutorepoxywithGFRProds.
CastStone/Pre-castConcrete(LU:1.5Hrs)ChallengesinthePreservationofMasonryBricolage
Withalargeconcentrationofconcretestructuresandsitefeaturesbuiltbeginninginthemid-1800’sbytheUSArmy,AlcatrazIslandexiststodayasnotonlyahighlysought-aftertouristdestination-TripAdvisor’s2015mostvisitedlandmarkdestinationintheUnitedStatesandtheeighthmostvisitedlandmarkintheworld–butalsoasaculturalheritagesitewitharichhistoryengagingmanyaspectsofthesettlementoftheUnitedStatesandultimatelyasasitedesperatelyinneedofpreservation.Itrepresentsforpreservationistsauniquelyrichenvironmentfortheadvancementandunderstandingofconcreteevaluationandpreservation.TheConcretePreservationInstitute(CPI),anon-profiteducationalfoundation,partnerswiththeUSNationalParkService,fortheirFieldTrainingProgramthattrainsmilitaryveteransandcollegestudentsinconcretepreservationtechniquesandcraft,research,andmanagementofpreservationprojectsontheIsland’slandmarkstructures.Throughaninnovativepublic/industry/non-profitmodel,CPIaddressesthepreservationproblemofhowtodealwithournation’smanyconcretelandmarkstructuresinthefaceoflimitedfederalresourceswhileatthesametimetraininganewgenerationofpreservationprofessionalswhomightnothaveotherwisegainedapassionanddirectionforacareerinthisfield.Beinginclusiveofindustryprofessionalsasguestinstructors,theCPIprogrambuildscollaborationandinnovativethinking,includingdesign-builddecisionmakingthatfocusesonapreservation-firstapproachamongtheircross-sectorteams.ThispresentationwillbrieflyaddresstheCPIpartnershipprogrammodelwhilefocusingontheirinnovativeandhistoricallysensitiveapproachestoconcretepreservationinthefaceofdifficultlogistics,multiplestakeholderpriorities,andsurprisinglyvastdifferencesinconcretematerials(includingconcretedatingtothemid-19thcenturyandrepurposedreinforcingsteelthatpresentsuniquepreservationchallenges),constructionmethods(including“creative”constructionsolutionsimplementedbyoriginalconstructioncrewsconsistingofprisonerlabor),andratesandtypesofconcretedeterioration,damage,anddisintegrationthatvarygreatlyduetodifferentmoisture/chloride/useexposureconditionsindifferentlocationsaroundthe22-acreNationalHistoricLandmarkisland.DrawinguponprojectexamplesfromCPI’sprogram,thispresentationwillhighlightspecificcriticalfieldteststhatpreservationistsshoulddotoensuredurableconcreterepairs;thesetestsarepartofanewConcreteRepairTestingTechnicianCertificationthatwillbeavailablemid-2016andaccompanytheAmericanConcreteInstitute’snewConcreteRepairCode.
Track4:Concrete:MaterialsandInnovationsConcreteRepairs(LU:1.5hrs)
CindersonTrack–KeepingEarlyConcreteSlabsinServiceCinder-concreteslabswereusedfrequentlyincommercialandresidentialbuildingsintheearlytwentiethcentury,wheretheyserveddouble-dutyaslight-weightstructureandfireproofing.Looselycementedcinderfillwasalsooftenusedatroofslabstoprovidepitchtodrains–andoftenappearstohavebeenusedfortheslabsthemselves,wheredebrisandpoorlyconsolidatedmaterialaretoofrequentlyuncoveredinslabsthathavebeeninserviceformanyyears.Reinforcementincinderaggregateslabsrangedfromregularly-spacedflatbarstocktocross-shapedbartovariouswovenmeshes.Thedeleteriouseffectsofcompoundsformedwiththecinderisexposedtowaterhavebeenwelldocumented.Repairstodamagedcinder-concreteslabsisoftencomplicatedbythepresenceoftenants,thecostandriskassociatedwithremovingexistingroofs,theincompatibilityofmodernconcreterepairmaterialswiththislow-strengthmaterial,andtheoftenseveredeteriorationofthenominally-sizedreinforcement.Thispaperwillexploreanumberofrepairapproachesforslabs–bothatroofsandattypicalfloors–thathavebeenexposedtowater,impact,andindiscriminatealteration.Thepresenterswilllookatseveralconditions–includingwheresteelreinforcementhasdeteriorated,poororiginalconstructionqualityhasledtofailureoftheslabs,prioralterationshavecompromisedthestructure,andmodernconstructionpracticeshaveresultedindamagetotheassembly–anddiscussoptionsforrepairineachcase.
ConcretePreservationonAlcatrazIsland
Track4:Concrete:MaterialsInnovations Updated:July16,2016
2
CS4.2 John Walsh
CS4.2 Judith Capen
11/1/16 3:15pm - 4:45pm
CS4.3 Alexander BellConcreteConditionandDurabilityAssessmentofcast-in-placeconcreteliners
withinNYC'shistoricsegmentalcast-irontunnels,usingNDE(Non-DestructiveEvaluation)techniquesandinsitu/laboratorymaterialstesting
Investigation(LU:1.5Hrs)
MeridianHillPark,MasterworkinExposedAggregateConcrete
MeridianHillPark,NationalHistoricLandmark,wasdescribedwithsuperlativesinitsnomination:“outstanding,”“ambitious,”“masterful…”.Allwell-deservedforitsexposedaggregateconcrete.Today,someofitshundred-year-oldexposedaggregateconcreteisinbettershapethanmuchnewermodernconcrete.Thecrispnessindetail,sharpedges,complexcurves,andconsistencyisun-paralleledinthecountry.Thepark’sdesignerswantedtobuildinstone,liketheItalianhillgardensonwhichtheparkwasmodeled.Butbudgetintervened.TheybroughtinJohnJosephEarley,pioneerinexposedaggregateconcrete,whodevelopedtheconcretetechniquesusedatthepark.Earleydevelopedmethodstocreatedifferenttexturesfromdifferentaggregatesinsinglepours.Heexperimentedwithcementandsandcolors,mixeswithcarefulmanipulationsofwater,curetimes,earlyremovalofforms,“scrubbing”toexposeaggregate,andhandtoolingtobringfineaggregatetothesurface.Earley’sprojectsattheparkbecamethestandardforsubsequentcontractors.Performancespecificationsrequirednewwork,“tomatchexisting,”providingonlygeneralguidanceonmaterialsandvirtuallynoneonmethods.Earleydevelopedpre-castingtechniquesforurns,fountainbasins,andbalustersofextraordinarydetail.Rapidremovalofwaterwaskey:heusednewspapertopullthewaterfromwetmixesdesignedtoallowtheconcretetoflowintocornersandedges.Healsodevelopedrichlypolychromeandpatternedpavingusingcrushedterracotta,black“trap,”andotheraggregates.Eightytumultuousyearshavetakentheirinevitabletollontheconcrete.Oneten-footdiameterfountainbasin’slipwasmissingaverybigchunk.Poorlymatchedreplacementpavingwasdisintegrating.Thesurfacesofathirty-foottallretainingwallwereingoodcondition,buttheentirewallleaned.Thepark’sverticalandhorizontalsurfacesallhadcracks.Theconcretehadcasesofspallingandafewofseveredeterioration.Ouroffice,wastaskedtodevelopprocessesforrepairandreplicationofthe12-acresite’sconcreteincludingitsamazinglyvariedwalls,fountains,walks,stairs,benches,andornamentalbalusters,urns,pilasters,andpiers.Wesurveyedtheconcreteandcreatedacatalogofconcretetypesandfailures,identifyingeverycrack.Wedevelopedrepairstrategiesforeachfailuretypeandbuiltastitch-in-timerepairphilosophyusingflexiblesealant.Wedevelopedprotocolsforcementitiousrepair,elementrebuilding,andreconstructionofpartstoodeterioratedforrepair.ReconstructiontechniquesusedEarley’smethodsandmaterialsincludinghis“step-grading,”earlyformstripping,and“scrubbing”toexposeaggregates.Weidentifiedanastonishingrangeofaggregatecolorandtype,sometimessearchingremotesources,tomatchthem.Wetestedallproposedrepairtechniques.Workingwitharestorationcontractorwereconstructedapier,provingitcouldbedonewell.Wedevelopedcontractdocumentsforrepairs.Today,muchofpark’searlygloryisrestored.
Concreteandmasonryconstructionhasundergoneatremendousstandardizationduringthelastcentury.Monolithicconcreteconstruction,pre-castconcreteelements,bricks,blocks,mortars,cements,andceramictilehaveallseentheirspecificationsset,theirmanufactureregularized.Ourunderstandingofconcreteandmasonryconstruction,andthematerialsusedtoexecutetheirdesigns,hasgreatlyexpandedasaresultoftheresearchanddevelopmentnecessaryforthis.So,too,hasourknowledgeoftheconservationofthesematerialsbeennecessitatedbythepressingneedtopreserveandrestoretheconstructsinthesematerialswhichembodyourhistory,ourculture,andoraspirations.Thereare,however,instanceswithinthebuiltenvironmenttowhichthisbodyofknowledgemaybebent,butisnotpreciselyapplicable.Masonrybricolage,amasonryconstructiontechniquecomprisedofwhatevermaterialisathandorsuitsthebuilder'sfancy,isonesuchinstance.Fromhistoricalinstancesofrecycledmasonrymaterialsfrommultiplestructuresbeingemployedintheconstructionofasinglestructure,tothemoremodernuseofbottles,ceramic/cementitiousdebris,orevenrefuse,thisparticularbuildingmethodwarrantsfurtherinvestigation.Thisisduetotheparticularchallengespresentedbytheuseofsuchatypicalmaterialsandthevariancesindesignwhichisneededtoaccommodatethem.Anumberofsitesorstructuresalreadywidelyrecognizedassignificant,andthoseyettogainsuchregard,wouldcertainlybenefitfromsuchinvestigations.Examplesofsitesorstructureswhichwouldbenefitfromthisinclude:WattsTowersinLosAngeles,ThePhiladelphiaMagicGardens,WatPaMahaChediKaewofThailand,theLabyrinthofJosepPujiulainSpain,andTheRockGardenofChandigarhcreatedbyNekChand.Itistheaimofthisinvestigationtopinpointthekeydifferencesbetweenmasonrybricolageandmoreconventionalmasonryconstructionandtoascertainwhereresearchmaybeundertakeninordertobestbenefitpreservationandrestorationeffortsofthesitesorstructureswhichutilizemasonrybricolageasabuildingmethod.Materialsusagewithinboththecementitousmatrixandtheobjectsincorporatedwithinitaretobeexamined,aswilltheuseofthesematerialsonthedesignsemployed.Subjectsitesandstructureshavebeenchosentorepresentabreadthofmaterialpossibilities,environmentalfactors,locales,anddesigns.
HiddeninPlainSight-TheCastStoneoftheCoignetBuildingConcretebuildingscanhavestorieshiddenwithinthecementproductsusedtoconstructthem.Whenresearchiscarefullyundertakenandpeoplearewillingtoaskquestions,interestingstoriesunfold.In1873theNewYorkandLongIslandCoignetStoneCompanybuiltofficesinBrooklyn,NYtoserveasanadvertisementforthecompany’scaststoneproducts.Rusticated,smooth,beveled,andornamentedsurfacesdecoratedthemasonryblocksdisplayingthepossibilitiesofthenewcaststonematerial.AnothercharacteristicwastheenormoussizeofthecaststoneblocksmadepossibleusingtheBétonAgglomèreorCoignet-Bétonprocess,adrydampmethodofcastingunits.OnehundredandfortyyearslaterTheCoignetBuildingremainedstanding,barely,althoughthecompanywaslonggone.Thebuildingitselfrepresentsoneoftheearliestusesofthecompany’sproductsatatimewhenconcretebuildingswerealmostunheardof.Whatalsomadeitsoimportantwasthatitrepresentedsomuchabouttheindustrializationofbuildingproductsandthegrowingimportanceofconcrete.WhenworkbeganontherestorationoftheCoignetBuildingin2014,littlewasknownaboutthecaststoneanditscomposition.Thefirststepwastounderstandthematerialsandhowtheyweredeterioratinginordertoknowhowtobestrepairthecaststone.Aspartofthematerialsstudy,petrographicandchemicalexaminationswereperformedoncaststonesamples.Thefindingswereilluminating.Theconstructiondateofthebuilding,1873,placesitjustbeforetheproductionofportlandcementintheUnitedStates.However,itwasdiscoveredthatthebinderintheCoignetBuildingwasaportlandcement.Themicrostructureoftheclinkerwasconsistentwithapre-rotarykilnproductandthechemicalcompositionwasconsistentwithsomeEuropeancementsofthetimeperiod.ThissuggeststhatthecompanywasimportingEuropeanportlandcementsforuseduringthetimeperiodthatthatCoignetBuildingwasconstructedeventhoughAmericannaturalcementswerewidelyavailable.Therefore,theCoignet-BetononthebuildingmaybeoneofthefewsurvivingexamplesoftheuseofEuropeanportlandcementforconcreteintheUnitedStates.Revealedasaportlandcementcaststone,repairscouldthenbedesignedforcompatibility.Thispaperwillnotonlydiscussthecementusedbutalsohowthatknowledgedrovedecisionsabouthowtorepairthecaststoneandwhattouseforreplicatingblocksthatweredamagedbeyondrepair.
Track4:Concrete:MaterialsInnovations Updated:July16,2016
3
CS4.3 Deigo Romero
CS4.3 Ann Harrer
11/2/16 8:30am - 10:15amCS4.4 Amy Woods
HistoryandTheory(LU:1.75Hrs)CementChemistryforPreservation
ManyofthetransittunnelsinNYChavebeeninserviceforover100yearsandtheupkeepoftheseageing,butessentialmembersofthenation’stransportationinfrastructureremainvitaltothecity’soperation.Conditionanddurabilityassessmentofthesestructureshasneverbeenmorecriticalthantheyaretoday.Thisabstractexploresthemethodsofinspectionusedtoconditionassessthecast-in-placeconcretelinersdesigned(inpart)toprovidedcorrosionresistancetothesegmentalcast-irontubesthatmakeupthetunnelstructure.Withthisformofconstruction,cast-ironringsectionsareplacedusingtheshieldmethodpioneeredbyMarcBrunelin1818;wherebycompressedairispumpedintothetunnelexcavationtopressurizeagainstgravity-fedwaterinfiltrationfromtheriverabovewhilstatunnelingshieldisforcedaheadoftheexcavationbyaseriesofhydraulicramsandhand-diggingandremovalofthespoiliscarriedout.Anyremainingairvoidingbetweenthecastironringsandthesurroundingexcavationisthenpumpedwithcementitiousgroutandacast-in-placeconcretelinerpouredinternally.Inanaggressiveenvironmentofbrackishwaterandpersistentleaks,concernsraisedfromperiodicvisualinspections,aswellaspotentialunseendamagetothestructurecausedbythefloodingofanumberoftunnelsafteramajorstormevent,necessitatedamoredetailedassessmentofthesehistoricstructures.Seeingbeneaththeconcretesurfacebecamecriticaltounderstandtheconditionandpotentialdurabilityofthestructuresandthelikelihoodoftherebeingany‘unseen’latentdamagethatmightreducelifeexpectancy.ThefollowingNDE(NonDestructiveEvaluation)methodswereemployed:•InfraredThermalImaging(IRT)/VisualAssessment•GroundPenetratingRadar(GPR)•UltrasonicThickness(UTG)measurementofcast-iron•AcousticSounding•SchmidtHammerThecombinationofthesetechniquesledtothediscoveryofavariableconcretelinerthicknessandevidenceofair-filledandwater-filledvoidsatthecast-in-placeconcretetocast-ironbondinterface,aswellaswidespreadwaterinfiltrationandevidenceofconcretedegradationandcorrosion/sectionlossofthecast-ironrings.Afollow-uptargetedmaterialtestingprogramsoughttoqualifythepotentialconcretedeteriorationidentifiedfromtheinspectionphase.ThematerialTestingProgramcomprised:•Thin-sectionpetrographicexamination(ASTMC856-11/13)•ChlorideTesting(ASTMC1218)•SulfateTesting(ASTMC114-13)•ExpansionTesting(ASTMC1293)Concretecoreanddustsampleswererecovered,duringwhichmicrocrackingandreactiveaggregatessusceptibletoAlkali-SilicaReactionASRwereidentified.Furthertests,includingyear-longexpansiontestingofsamplesanddetailedpetrographicexamination,werethencarriedouttounderstandthenatureandextentoftheproblem,sothataninformedassessmentofriskcouldbemadeandappropriaterepairandmaintenancestrategiesimplemented.
GoingDigital:UsingPhotogrammetrytoPreservetheLancasterHotelFaçadeThispaperdiscusseshowphotogrammetryallowedustomanufactureandinstallreplicacast-stoneconcretespandrelpanelsusinga3-Dmodelgeneratedfromphotographs.Italsodiscussesthechallenges,propertechniques,andadvantagesofusingthismodelingmethodforhistoricalpreservationprojects.ThehistoricLancasterHoustonHotelisatwelve-storystructurebuiltin1926.Originallyknownas“TheAuditoriumHotel,”theLancasterwasdesignatedaRecordedTexasHistoricLandmarkbytheTexasHistoricalCommission(THC)in1984.ThehotelwasalsoacceptedintotheHistoricHotelsofAmericaProgramoftheNationalTrustforHistoricPreservation,representingtheJazzAge,in2010.Thestructureisareinforcedconcreteframewithclaytilein-fill,singlewythebrickveneer,andornatecaststoneelements.Widespreaddeteriorationwasobservedthroughoutthebuildingfaçade.Deteriorationrangedfromtypicalcrackedmasonry,deterioratedmortarjointsandcorrodedlintels,tolocalizedsurfacespallingandseveredeteriorationofvariousornatecaststoneelements.Themostchallengingaspectofthepreservation/restorationprogramdealtwithreplicatingandreplacingfourteenseverelydeteriorated,sixfootwide,ornatecaststonespandrelpanelsneartherooflevelofthefaçade.Toachievethisobjective,photogrammetrywasusedtogeneratea3Dmodelanexistingspandrelpanel.Inshort,photogrammetryusescomputeralgorithmstoidentifycommonpointsbetweenasetofphotographs.Oncethecommonpointsareidentified,theyareplottedinathree-dimensionalspaceandasolidmodelcanbegenerated.The3Dmodelgeneratedwasusedinthisprojecttomillamastercopyoutofhighdensityfoamandcreatearubbermold.Themoldswereultimatelyusedtocastreplicasusingcast-stoneconcrete.Photogrammetryprovidedthefollowingadvantagestothisproject:First,itwasanaccessibleandfeasibletechniquethatwecouldapplywhilestandingonasuspendedscaffoldapproximately120feetintheair.Second,itisaprovenmethodknowntoprovidewell-proportionedandscaledthree-dimensionalmodelofanelement.Andlastly,itprovidedacost-effectivemethodthatreducedtheriskofdamaginganexistingspandrelpanel,orhavefallingdebris,whenattemptingtoremovethemtocreateamold.
JohnAnsonFordTheatresHistoricConcreteRestorationTheJohnAnsonFordTheatresareownedandoperatedbytheCountyofLosAngeles,andconsistofa1,200-seatexterioramphitheaterandan87-seatinteriortheatreandmulti-purposespace.Theoriginalstructure,builtin1920,wasthesiteofthePilgrimagePlay,astheauthorandheiressChristineWetherillStevensondesiredthedramaticoutdoorsettingoftheHollywoodHillsasbackgroundforperformances.Theoriginalwoodstructurewasdestroyedbyfirein1929.Anewoutdooramphitheater,constructedpredominantlyofcast-in-placeconcreteanddesignedtorecallthegatesofJerusalem,wasconstructedandreopenedin1931onthesamesite.In1941theCountyofLosAngelestookoverthelandandthePilgrimagePlaycontinueditsrununtil1964.In1976thetheatrewasrenamedinhonorofJohnAnsonFord,whohelpedfoundtheLosAngelesCountyArtsCommission.Today,thetheatreshostdiverseprogramsincludingdanceandmusicevents.Theexterioroftheamphitheaterisconstructedwitharchitecturalconcretethatwascastwithavariedfinish,texture,andcolor.Board-formfinishwasprevalentwithintheamphitheater,whileexposedaggregateandcoarseandsmoothboard-formfinishesexistattheexteriorofthetheatre.Originallyexposedanduncoated,theexistingconcreteoverthepastfiftyyearshasbeencoveredbyseverallayersofcoatings.Inaddition,deferredmaintenanceandexposureresultedinconcretedeteriorationincludingcorrosionofembeddedsteelelements(reinforcing,handrailandcomponentattachments,etc.),resultinginsurfacespallingdelaminationoftheconcrete.Atinteriorspaces,aspartoftherehabilitationwork,newlyprogramedspaceswouldexposeoriginalconcreteelements,whichrequiredrepairandrestorationoftheseelements.Aspartoftheconcreterestorationprogram,acomprehensivefieldinvestigationwasconducted,includingaconditionassessmentaswellasadetailedcoatingremovalstudywithtrialsandmock-ups.Severalroundsofmixdesigndevelopmentfortheconcreterepairmaterialwerecompletedtodevelopamatchtotheexistinghistoricconcrete.Finishandtexturesamplesandin-situmock-upswerecompleted,resultinginaconcretemixdesignsimilartotheexistingconcreteandaformingandfinishingprocedureforrepairstomatchthetextureandfinishoftheexistingconcrete.In2013and2014therestorationoftheamphitheaterinteriorwallswascompleted,includingtheremovaloftheexistingcoatingandrepairofconcretedistress,torehabilitatethestructuretotheoriginal1931appearanceofexposedconcrete.AllworkwasperformedinaccordancewiththeSecretaryofInterior’sStandardsfortheTreatmentofHistoricProperties.Repairandrestorationoftheexteriorofthetheatreisscheduledforcompletioninsummer2016.
Track4:Concrete:MaterialsInnovations Updated:July16,2016
4
CS4.4 Thomas Boothby
CS4.4 Quentin Collete
CS4.4 Jeffrey Chusid
Theanalysisanddesignofreinforcedconcretestructureshaveundergoneatransformationfromtheinitialapplicationsofreinforcedconcretethroughthepresentday,movingfromanempiricalproportion-basedapproach,toarationalprocedureofdeterminingappropriatestrength,sizeandreinforcement.Inthistalk,wedescribewhatismeantbyempiricaldesignandrationaldesignofconcrete,andfurtherdiscussthephilosophicaltheoryofknowledgeunderlyingtheapplicationsofthesetwomodesofdesigning.Theterms‘empirical’and‘rational’asappliedtoconcretedesignwillbeconsidered,bothastheyareusedinengineering,andastheyareusedinthephilosophyofknowledgeAlthoughthetermsempiricalandrationalinengineeringrefertotheextenttowhichdesignrulesaredevelopedbasedonaconsistentmathematicaltheory,inphilosophy,thesetermshavedifferentmeanings.‘Empirical’inthissensereferstoknowledgeacquiredbydirectobservation,whilerationalknowledgeisdevelopedbyfollowinglogicalprinciples,notverifiedbydirectexperience..Itwillbeshownthatthereissignificantrationalcontenttodesignproceduresdescribedasempiricalandsignificantempiricalcontenttodesignproceduresbelievedtoberational.Theconcretearchfurnishesanexampleofastructureprimarilydesignedbyproportions,withoutstresscalculationsofanysort.Thisfitstheengineeringdefinitionof‘empirical.’However,accordingtothephilosophicaldefinition,thisprocedurecanbearguedtoberational,becauseitispossibletodesignaanarchbyapplyingtheseprinciplesofproportioning,withoutrequiringempiricalconfirmationofthemeritofeachdesign.Similarly,rationaltheoriesofstructuraldesignmayreflectanempiricaloutlook.Anexampleisthe‘middlethirdrule’forplainconcretearches.Thisruleisdemonstrablyfalse,butitresultsindesignsthatareknowntobeeffective.Inthissense,thejudgmentofthesuccessofthismethodisempirical.Anyjudgmentsmadeaboutthevalidityofhistoric,orcontemporary,designproceduresneedtobesubjectedtocriticalanalysis.Commonly,ahistoricstructureisjudgedtobedesignedbyempiricalratherthanrationalproceduresandasaresultisjudgedtobeinneedofstrengthening.Examplesofcaseswheresuchdecisionsweremadetothedetrimentofthehistoricfabricwillbepresented:suchexamplesareavailableacrossthespectrumofmaterials:masonry,steel,woodconcrete.Ifitcanbeshownthatthedesignproceduresarephilosophicallyrationalandself-consistent,thenthevalidityoftheprocedurecantranscendanycontemporary‘rational’outlook.Amoresensitiverehabilitationwillresultfromareasonedappreciationoftheexactnatureoftheprocessusedinthedesignoftheoriginalstructure.
ReinforcedconcretestructuresinBelgium:casestudyoftheDotremonthouse(1932)
InEurope,earlyreinforcedconcretestructuresfromthebeginningofthe20thcenturyarecharacterizedbytheoriesandpracticesthatwereincontinuousevolution.Thesestructuresreflectknow-how,majorbreakthroughsandtechnologicalimprovementsdevelopedbyprecursorcontemporaryengineers,theoreticiansandarchitects(e.g.,F.Hennebique,E.Freyssinet,G.Magnel,LeCorbusier,etc.).Nowadays,adeplorablesituationlinkedtomodernarchitecturalheritageattractsattention.Inmostcasestheinterestforemblematicconcretebuildingsistheoutcomeofacrucialneed:eitheranemergencyrenovationtoavoidirreversibledamagesoralistingtopreventdemolition.Thisresearchaimstohighlighttheremarkablecharacterofheritageconcretestructuresthroughamultidisciplinaryanalysisintegratinghistorical,architecturalandtechnologicalconsiderations.Designedin1932bytheBelgianmodernarchitectLouisHermanDeKoninck(LHDK),theDotremonthouseisthechosencaseforthisstudy.ThestructureoftheDotremonthouselocatedinBrussels(Belgium)ischaracterizedbythinreinforcedconcretecast-in-placeshells.Bymergingtheload-bearingsystemandtheexternalfinishingalltogetherintoonecomponent–areinforcedconcreteshell,therevolutionarydesignofthehouseemphasizesstructuralefficiency.Moreover,thefaçadespresentauniquedistinctivefeaturewithfullbushhammeringandchiselling.Underdiscussionforrenovationsince2006-07,anagreementwasfortunatelyreachedandtherenovationworkhasstartedattheendof2011.Anintegratedapproachthatsystematicallyreferstotheoriginalcontext–design,theoryandpractice–isusedtosupporttheresearchmethodology.Thehistoricalandarchitecturalanalysesdealwiththegeneralcontextofthe1920-30s(i.e.,needsanddesignphilosophy,useofreinforcedconcrete),thecareerofthearchitectaswellastheconstruction,surveyanddetaileddescriptionofthestructure.Thetechnologicalstudyfocusesonthechallengesthearchitectwasfacedwithaswellasthetrial-and-errorprocessheimplementedonprevioushousestoreachthatoutcome.Finally,therenovationprocessisbrieflydiscussedandunderlinestheuseoflessintrusiverenovationinterventionsrespectingtheheritagecharacterofthehouse.ThedesignphilosophyoftheDotremonthouseprovesthatarchitecturalandstructuralmattersareinseparable.Thankstohisexperienceandtechnicalbackground,LHDKhadingeniouslyexploitedthemechanicalpropertiesofreinforcedconcretetoimprovethespatialityandfunctionalityofthehouse.Thiswasmadepossiblebytheuseofreinforcedconcreteshells,cast-in-place,whichreflectstheoutcomeofaninnovativeresearchprocess.Theanalysisandon-sitesurveyshighlightedtheoverallgoodstateofthe80-year-oldhouse,sothatonlyminorrepairswereneeded.Thebackgroundinformationprovidedbythisstudycontributedtotheappropriaterenovationofalistedreinforcedconcretestructurefinishedwithbushhammeringandchiselling,whichwasauniqueprojectinBelgium!
TheConcreteInnovationsofJosephAllenSteinin1950sIndia
Concreteseemssosimple,butholdingtheaggregatetogetherisacomplexchemicalreactionofcementitiousmaterialsandwatertocreatethehardenedbinder.Alltoooftenweforgetthatearlycement(circa1880)ismuchdifferentthan1920scementandcertainlydifferentthancurrentcement.Inadditiontowhatwerefertoascement,whichistypicallyPortlandcement,therearenaturalcementsthatwereusedveryearlyinconcrete,andpozzolans,whicharecementitiousmaterialsthatarenaturalmaterialsfromvolcanicactivity,orbyproductsfromotherproductsorindustriesthatincreasestrengthandotherpropertiesforconcrete.Understandingthechemistryofthecementitiouscomponentsinaconcretemixiscriticalwhendesigningorselectingrepairconcretemixesforconcreterestorationmatchingprojects.Inadditiontotheformidablechallengeofmatchingaesthetics,concreterepairmixesmustalsohavereliabletechnicalpropertiessuchasstrength,adhesivebond,anddurability.Thisinformationshouldbeknownbyengineers,architects,conservators,contractors,andanyonespecifyingorusingcementitiousmaterials.Unfortunately,itisrarelyknownandevenmorerarelyunderstood.Thispresentationwilldiscussthebasicsofcement,startingwithabriefhistoryofcement,theearlymanufacturingprocess,thevarioustypesofcement,andthehydrationchemistry.Thehydration,andcomplexchemistrythatoccursintheearlystages,ismostcriticalinthedevelopmentofconcretestrengthandlongtermproperties.Thisisimportanttoknowforconcreterepairs,replacementconcrete,oranyworkwithmaterialthatcontainscementitiousmaterials.Thepresentationwillconcludewithcurrentstateoftheindustryandlikelyfuturedirectionofcementmanufacturingandcementitiousmaterials.Environmentalregulationsarechanginghowcementismanufacturedandthiswillinturnchangewhatmaterialsareavailabletopreservationistsfordevelopingcompatibleandmatchingrepairs.
EmpiricalandRationalMethodsofConcreteDesign:1890-1980
Track4:Concrete:MaterialsInnovations Updated:July16,2016
5
11/2/16 10:45am - 12:15pm
CS4.5 Kelly Ciociola
CS4.5 Craig Bennett
CS4.5 Paul Gaudette
In1952,theAmericanarchitectJosephAllenSteinarrivedinIndia,arefugeefromMcCarthyismintheUS.HewouldbuildoneofthelargestA+Efirmsinhisnewhomeland(Stein,Doshi,Bhalla),wherehepracticedforover45years,andcountpowerfulpoliticalfiguresamonghisclients,includingPrimeMinisterNehru,andtheFordandRockefellerFoundations.Bringingahumanistsocialagenda,anenthusiasmformodernisttechnology,andanenvironmentalbenttohiswork,SteinquicklyintroducedarangeofinnovativeapproachestoconstructionthataddressedthestateofthebuildingtradesandtheconditionshefoundinIndiainthe1950s.Manyoftheseinnovationscenteredaroundconcrete,andtheresultwasaseriesofbuildingsinthelate1950sinNewDelhithatarestillcelebratedandbelovedtoday,includingtheIndiaInternationalCentre,TKSArtsCenter,AmericanInternationalSchool,andtheAustralianHighCommission.Stein,whohadbeguntodevelopanimportantcareerintheSanFranciscoBayAreainthe1940s,andhadpublishedseveralexperimentalconcretehouseprototypesinArchitecturalForum,ArtsandArchitectureandotherjournals,introducedtoIndiatechniquesforpre-casting,surfacingconcretepanelsinpeagravel,andintegratingotherelementsintheconcreteconstructionsuchasmechanicalsystemsorindigenouscrafts.Steinalsowasabletoachieveahighqualityofconcreteandsophisticatedlong-spanstructuresatatimewhenvirtuallyallconstructionwasdonebyhand,andbycrewslargelyunfamiliarwithboththematerialandthedesignvocabularySteinemployed.ThispresentationwillexamineseveralbuildingsSteindesignedbetween1958and1965,anddiscussboththeirformalandtechnologicalinnovations,focusingonhisuseofconcrete.ThetalkisbasedonmaterialfoundinarchivesinbothIndiaandtheUS,interviewswithbuildingownersaswellasemployeesinStein'sofficewhoworkedonthesebuildings,andtimespentstudyingthebuildingsinpersonaswellasthroughsurvivingdrawingsandotherrecords.
CaseStudies(LU:1.5Hrs)Don’tDestroyHistory!:Atestingprogramtoremovelayersofgraffitiatthe
MiamiMarineStadium.TheMiamiMarineStadiumhasbecomeaniconicbuildingfortheCityofMiami,despitebeingclosedtothepublicsince1992.ThestructurewasdesignedbyCubanbornarchitect,HilarioCandelain1962andopenedtothepubliconDecember27,1963.Itisanexposedconcretebuildingfeaturinga326-foot-longroofconsistingofeightjoint-foldedhyperbolic-paraboloid(hypar)shellsthatwerethelongestspanofcantileveredconcretewhenconstructed.Itsitsdirectlyonthewaterfacingabasinthatwasusedforspeedboatracingandconcertsperformedonastageinthebasin.Rareinbothdesignandfunction,thislocallylandmarkedandnationallyrecognizedstructureispresentlyshuttered,butactsanactivespaceforstreetart.Interestedpartiescontinuetofindwaysaroundthefenceinordertoleavetheirmarkonthishistoricandiconicbuilding.BeginninginOctober2014,RLAConservation,Inc.,JohnFidlerPreservationTechnology,andLynchandFerraroEngineering,beganonsitetestingtodeterminemethodstocleanandrepairthebuilding,underagrantprovidedbytheGettyFoundation’sKeepingitModernInitiative.Testingincludedbothchemicalandmechanicalremovalofthemanypaintlayers,analysisofthedifferenttypesofconcrete,andbothsuperficialandstructuralconcretepatching.Weencounteredmanychallenges,includingthevaryingreactionsofthepublic.Someofthecleanedareasweretagged,inonecasewiththewords,“don’tdestroyhistory.”ThispaperwillfocusonthemeansandmethodsofgraffitiremovalfromconcretesurfacesattheMiamiMarineStadium.DesignedbyJohnFidlerPreservationTechnologyandRLAConservation,ourtestingprogramutilizedmildabrasivesystems,includingtheIbixHelix®masonrycleaningsystem,theSponge-jet®SpongeBlastingsystem,theDryIceblastingsystem,andtheFarrowSystem.Chemicalmethodsincludedtheuseofthreedifferentbrandsofpaintstripper.Eachmethodwasemployedwiththeutmostcareinordertopreservethesurfacetextureleftbytheoriginalplywoodforms.Asconcretestructurescomemoreintotheforefrontofpreservationefforts,itisimportanttoexaminethechallengesandneedsofthesemoremodernmaterials.Thecleaningofthisbuildingpresentedseveralofthesechallenges.Theseincludethesheervolumeofpaintandpaintedsurfaces,theinteractionofaharshmarineenvironmentonmodernmaterials,theneedtoprotectthesensitivemarinebasinfromchemicalrunoff,andconcernsassociatedwithasitewhosehistoryincludesanequaldistributionoftimeasbothspeedboatracestadiumandstreetartvenue.Ourtestingutilizedsomeofthemostcurrentcleaningmethods,setuponthebackdropofanexcellentexampleofMidCenturyModernarchitecture,andaimstoactasatemplateforfuturestudiesinthetreatmentofconcretesurfaces.
DraytonHall:TheFailureofEarly20thCenturyConcreteina1740sPlantationHouse
DraytonHallisaNationalHistoricLandmarkmuseumhouseontheAshleyRiverinCharleston,SouthCarolina.This1740sstructureiswidelyconsideredoneofthefinestexamplesofPalladianarchitectureinAmerica.Bythe1920s,theDraytonfamily,ownersofthehousethroughthe1970s,hadreplacedthetimberframingsupportingthefirstflooroftheland-sideporticoatleastoncesincetheoriginalconstruction.Notsurprisingly,thestoneflooringabovetheframing,exposedtotheweather,hadallowedwatertodestroythistimberframing,requiringyetanotherreplacement.Atthattime,modernreinforcedconcretewasareasonablycommonbuildingmaterial,sotheDraytonsreplacedthetimberframingwithaconcreteslabsupportedonfiveconcretegirders,tiedintoamasonrywallononesideandmasonryarchesontheother.By2010,thesteelreinforcinghaddeterioratedenoughthatitwasdoingsignificantstructuraldamagetothehistoricmasonryarches.Investigationshowedthatthesystemasawholewasadditionallyunderstrengthfortheloadsimposedandthatthegeometryofthesystemwouldnotallowasimpleredistributionoftheforces.Afterextensivestudyandcomparisonofrepair/strengtheningwithreplacementintimber,steel,orconcrete,theNationalTrustandtheDraytonHallPreservationTrustagreedtoremovetheconcrete,decidingtoreplaceitwithtimberframing,withparticularattentiontodetailanduseofamoderndrainagemattoprotecttheframingfromwaterintrusion.Inthispresentation,CraigBennettofBennettPreservationEngineering,describesthereasonsforthefailureoftheconcretesystem,thechallengesfacedinremovingit,thedecisionsmade,andthefinaloutcomeofthatwork.Describedalsowillbethetechniquesusedforliftingthemulti-segmentstonecolumnsofthetwostoryporticowithoutbreakingthemorthestonebeamsoverheadandthedesignoftheframingandwatercarry-offsystems.Withthenewworknowinplace,theDraytonHallPreservationTrustisabletomonitorthehealthofthesystem,maintainelementsthatdodeteriorateandinterpretelementsofbotholdandnewconstruction.
SitkaSoundScienceCenter:RenovationoftheHistoricConcreteFacadeandWindowReplacement
Track4:Concrete:MaterialsInnovations Updated:July16,2016
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SitkaSoundScienceCenter:RenovationoftheHistoricConcreteFacadeandWindowReplacementSitka,AlaskaTheSitkaSoundScienceCenterislocatedintheSageMemorialBuilding,whichwasconstructedcirca1929aspartofSheldonJacksonCollegeinSitka,Alaska.ThebuildingiswithinaNationalHistoricLandmarkdistrictcomprisedoftheformercollegecampus.LocatedonthewaterfrontofCrescentBay,theSitkaSoundScienceCenterisdedicatedtoincreasingunderstandingandawarenessofterrestrialandaquaticecosystemsoftheGulfofAlaskathrougheducationandresearch.Thebuildinghousesasalmonfishhatchery,aquarium,exhibitsofthelocalfishhabitat,andresearchfacilities.Thebuildingfacadeconsistsofarchitecturalcast-in-placereinforcedconcretewithpunchedwindowopenings.Theexteriorsurfaceoftheconcretewasoriginallyfinishedwithafinalarchitecturalfinishinglayer,thenwascoated,andnowhasremnantsofseveralcoatinglayers.Decorativeclaytilesareinsetintotheconcretesurfaceatselectlocationsabovethefirstfloorwindowsandbelowtheroofcoping.Theoriginalsteelwindowswerereplacedinthe1980swithnewaluminumwindows,buttheoriginalembeddedsteelwindowreceiverswereleftinplace.Fieldworkforthefacadeassessmentconsistedofavisualconditionsurvey,non-destructivesoundingtodeterminelocationsofunsoundanddelaminatedconcrete,removalofcoresamplesforlaboratorystudy,andcreationofinspectionopeningstoexamineconcealedconditions.Laboratorystudieswereusedforanalysisoftheconcreteconditionandcharacteristics,andanalysisoftheoriginalandmultiplesubsequentcoatings.Themostchallengingaspectoftheprojectwastorepairtheconcretefacade,removethelayersofcoating,andreplacethewindowswithmorehistoricallyappropriateunits,allwhilemaintainingtheoperationsofahighlysensitivefishhatcheryontheocean.Toaccomplishthesetaskstheprojectteamusedextensivemock-upstorefinerepairmaterialsandprocedures,andthecontractorusedcreativeandsophisticatedtechniquestoperformthework.AstheScienceCenterisahistoricbuildingandislistedintheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces,allworkwasperformedinaccordancewiththeSecretaryofInterior’sStandardsfortheTreatmentofHistoricProperties.Theprimaryconcretedistresswasrelatedtothecorrosionofembeddedreinforcingsteelandmetalatthewindows;thusrepairsincludedselectivedemolitionofseverelydeteriorated,unsoundconcreteatthewindowopenings.Distressedbuildingcornerswerealsorepaired,andtheexistingcoatingswereremovedandthefacaderecoated.Newthermallyimprovedwindowsmatchingthehistoricappearancewereinstalledintherestoredopenings,andcoatingwasremovedtorestoretheappearanceofthedecorativeembeddedtiles,returningthemtotheiroriginalfinish.
Track5:VernacularHeritage:HonoringtheOrdinary Updated:July16,2016
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11/1/16 9:45am - 11:15am
CS5.1 Jorge Ortiz Colom
CS5.1 Annabelle Radcliffe-Trenner
CS5.1 Margaret LannTheHeritageHomeProgram:PreservingResidentialArchitectureinClevelandOneHouseAtaTime
Theholisticparadigmforarobustvisionplanisgroundedintheprocessofdefiningvaluesthatareconsiderablybroaderandmoredynamicthanthosetraditionallyused.Moreover,theparadigmcanhelpproduceanumberofimportantoutcomes.Forexample,itcanhelpgeneratecommunityconsensusbyenablingtheextendedpreservationteamtodetermineandtellthestoriesofchangeabouttheproperty—storiesthatwillengagetheaudiencesthatvisitthesesite.Itcanalsohelpustestassumptionsrigorouslybyfosteringadeeperunderstandingofauthenticity.And,ultimately,itcanhelppreservationteamsdesignanddeliveramorecomprehensiveapproachtopreservationactivitiesandthus,intheend,thisparadigmcanencouragelong-termsustainability.Theproposedpresentationwillmodelthenewparadigmbydescribingthreehistoricvernacularsiteswheretheextendedpreservationteam—theowners,funders,communitymembers,andprofessionals—allembracedavisionthatenabledthemtoplaneffectivelyforthefuturedespitetougheconomictimes.ThethreesitesareaTavernintheruralPinelandsofsouthernNewJersey,alighthousestationonanaremoteislandoffthecoastofMaine,andavernacularhistorichousesetinahighlysuburbanareaofnorthernNewJersey.Ineachofthesethreecases,thestakeholders—thepropertystewards,thecommunitymembers,andprofessionalpreservationteam—builtanengagingyetpracticalvisionplanforthelong-termaswellasthenear-term.Specifically,thispresentationwilldescribetheprojectroadmapscreatedandthetoolsusedforeachsite.Forexample,inallthreecases,theextendedgroupofstakeholdersusedtheManagementGuidelinesforWorldCulturalHeritageSitestoaskandanswerimportantquestionsregardingauthenticity,thetimelineofhistoricandphysicalchange,andthedominantvaluesoftheproperty.Inaddition,theyleveragedcreativeapproachestoactivitieslikebrainstorming,designingsurveysandquestionnaires,encouragingcommunityinvolvement,andfosteringgoodcollaborationwiththemulti-disciplinaryprofessionalteams.Someoftheprofessionalteamsincluded—alongwithpreservationarchitects,structuralengineers,andmaterialconservators—some“non-traditional”buthighlyeffectivemembers:oralhistorians,marketresearchers,museumandeducationalconsultants,andsoon.
Track5:VernacularHeritage:HonoringtheOrdinaryVernacularPhilosophy(LU:1.5Hrs)
ConcretingANewVernacular:PostwartransformationsinbuildingtraditionsasevidencedinthecaseofPuertoRico
TheradicaltransformationofthepaletteofmaterialsavailabletothepopularclassesaftertheSecondWorldWarimpliedalonglearningprocesstohandlethesematerials,givenspecificsocioculturalconstraints.Thisprovokedruptureswithexistingvernacularpractices,furthermodifiedbynewurbanandterritorialrealities.Inmanycases,especiallyintheglobalsouth,therewereattemptstoreinterpretvernacularforminthenewtechnique,whileformermaterialtraditionswerefrequentlylapsedorforgotten,andexistingandpotentialheritagebuildingsfellintodisrepair.Thus,urbanandruralhabitatsweregrosslymodifiedevenwhenemplacementsandlotdistributionsremained,butiterationsofbothmodernityandtraditiontransformedmanyplacesbeyondrecognition.Inthispresentation,examplestakenfrompracticesinPuertoRicowillbeusedtodemonstratetheattemptsinpostwarpopularbuildingtoreinterprettraditionalvernacularspatialpatterns,speciallythebalconyorverandawhichisthemostsignificantvisualpresenceofdomesticPuertoRicanarchitecture,aswellasthemultiple-doorlayoutincommercialconstruction.Roofsandbuildingsilhouetteswere,though,morealteredbecauseofthepragmaticimperativeofusingflatroofs,whichhasamorecomplexjustificationthanwhatisgenerallyadmitted.Thesubstantialtransformationofbuilders,fromartisanswithnear-totalcontroloftheprocessofmaterialshandlingfromsourcetofinishedproduct,intobricoleursofindustrializedcomponents,hasalsoaffectedthepracticeofvernacularbuilding,speciallywithwindowsanddoors.Finally,theadventofaffordableclimate-modifyingequipmentallowedpopularbuilderstodisregardclimaticimperativestosomedegree.Theinherentnomadismofpeasantrywasalsocurtailedbythewidespreaddistributionofsmalllandholdingsandavirtualurbanizationofdailylife.Theconversionofformerlandlesspeasantsintopetty,sessilelandholdershadaneffectinthesymbolicvocabularyofhousesandshops:ornamentationwasmassivelyintroducedaspartofvernacularconstructionpractice.Thesetransformationsofvernacularhavehadposteriorimpactonmanagedhistoricdistricts(outsideSanJuan’swalledcity,whichwasdesignatedbeforeitcouldbemassivelytransformed)thathavebeencreatedfrom1986onwards.Thesearchforanadequateharmonizationofnewer,noncontributingstructuresornewinfillshasbeenfraughtwithdifficultdecisionswhiletherecoveryofoldertraditionaltechnique-tosaveolderbuildingstock-hasstartedhaltingly.Summingup,thepossibilitiesofanewervernaculartraditioninPuertoRicanbuilding(whichmirrorsmuchofwhathappenselsewhereintheCaribbeanandpartsofLatinAmerica)areinaverytentativestagewithtimidattemptsatformalreinterpretationwhichcannotbediscussedwithoutponderingthesocioeconomictransformationofthelasttwo-thirdsofacentury.
CreatingStrongVisionPlansforOurVernacularHeritage:ANew,“Holistic”Paradigmthathelpssustaintheseimportantoftenneglectedsites.
Track5:VernacularHeritage:HonoringtheOrdinary Updated:July16,2016
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CS5.1 Echo Uribe
11/1/16 1:15pm - 2:45pm
CS5.2 Douglas Porter
Between1900and1930,Cleveland,Ohiogrewtobecomethe5thlargestcityintheUnitedStates,withover900,000residents.Therapidinfluxofimmigrantsmigratingtothecitycombinedwiththesubstantialwealthoffoundingfamilies,hadalastingeffectonthefood,culture,heritageandarchitectureoftheClevelandarea.Today,residentsofthecitycelebratethisheritage,andembracethelegacyleftbehindfromtheimmigrantsandcaptainsofindustrythatsoheavilyinfluencedtheculture.AlongthestreetsofCleveland,youwillfindsuperbarchitecturalexamplesofturnofthecenturyhousingstylesbuiltduringthecity'sboom,alongsidevernacularhomes.Worker'scottagesandtheClevelandDoublearesprinkledamongtheItalianatesandVictoriansonCleveland'swestside.TheeastsideboastsstrongexamplesofrevivalstylearchitecturealongsideWesternReservefarmhousesandevenmoreClevelandDoubles.TheClevelandDoublemaybethemostsignificantreminderoftheimmigrantpopulationofthepastandisalsoavernacularhousingstyledevelopedintheregion.Inlateryears,thepost-warhousingboomtookholdofsuburbsoutsidethecity,andlargecommunitiesoftracthomes,midcenturyranchhomesandsplitlevelswerebuiltandremainintactcommunities.Inordertohelpmaintainthisdiversehousingstock,createneighborhoodidentity,andprovidehomeownerswiththetoolsforrepairingolderhomes,theClevelandRestorationSocietydevelopedtheHeritageHomeProgram(HHP).AgoaloftheHHPistofosteranappreciationofneighborhoodhistoryastoldbyitsarchitecturewhetherthebuildingbeanaluminumsidedbungaloworahighstyleGothicrevival.Thisprogrambegan24yearsagointwohistoricdistrictsandhasgrownto42communitiesacrosstheregion.Usingapreservationapproach,combinedwithfinancingtoolsandimpartialtechnicaladvice,theprogramhashelpedover10,000homeownerswithprojectsvaluedat$214Mandfinancedover$5Mloanstoover1,300homes.EconomicstudiesgeneratedbyClevelandStateUniversityhavenowproventhevalueoftheprogram,anddocumentedhowhomesthatutilizedtheprogramhad1/10thoftheforeclosureratecomparedtohomesacrossthecounty.TheHHPseekstofindcompatibleexteriorbuildingmaterialsandapprovedpreservationproductsthatwillmaintainarchitecturalintegrity,whilesolvingmaintenanceandrepairproblems.Thispresentationaimstoshareoursuccessinpreservingresidentialstructuresandneighborhoods,withafocusonthevernacular,whilediscussingthechallengesofrenovatingthesehomeswithcontemporarymaterials.Thepresentationwilltakeacloselookattheresidentialrehabilitationofworker'scottages,ClevelandDoublesandtheWesternReservefarmhousesthathaveparticipatedintheprogramandhowtheyhavebeenadaptedformodernliving.
Adobe(LU:1.5Hrs)
CharacterizationandComparativeAnalysisofEarthenPlastersfromtheAmericanSouthwest
WithSoft-WovenSpanishNames:AssessingHistoricPreservationProgramsInSouthTexasBorderTowns
BordertownsalongtheRioGrandehavebeenneglectedinpreservationstudiesandimplementation,whichgenerallyfocusonresourcesinurbanareas.Becausemanyofthetoolsusedbythepreservationcommunitywerefirstdevelopedforuseincities(forexample,historicdistrictdesignation)thesetechniqueshavethegreatestimpactincommunitieswithmunicipalgovernments,accesstodiversefinancialresources,andhighpopulationdensity.RuralcommunitiesoftheSouthTexasborderregionpossessconditionsthathinderimplementationandsupportofthesetraditionalhistoricpreservationprograms.Insomecases,unincorporated,small,orruralcommunitieslackthelocalregulatoryauthorityrequiredtoenactandenforcepreservationordinancesandzoning.Furthermore,communitieswithlowpopulationdensitiesmaynotpossessadequatebudgetaryortechnicalresourcestosupportpreservationprograms.Manyoftheseimpedimentsresultfromtheuniquegeography,culture,andsettlementpatternsofTexasexpressedthroughclass,ethnicity,andeconomics.Inparticular,theruralcharacteristicsoftheregionpresentbarriersforevaluatinghistoricpreservationstrategiesusingtraditionalmethodsdevelopedforurbanenvironments.Consequently,theproblemsencounteredbypreservationistsinSouthTexaswillremainilldefinedanddifficulttosolveuntilapplicabletechniquesforidentifyingthemareestablished.AnexaminationofhistoricpreservationactivitiesinfourSouthTexasbordertownswithhistoricdistrictsrevealsarangeofaccomplishmentsalthoughtheyhavesimilarcharacteristics—lowpopulation,mostlyLatino;highpoverty;andbetween72and83percentfarmland.Despitecompetitionforfinancialresourcesfromotherpriorities—fundingpoliceandfiredepartments,streetmaintenance,wastecollection,andparksandrecreation—eveneconomicallydisadvantagedcommunitiesconducteffectivepreservationprogramsbeyondidentifyinghistoricresources.Townswithacombinedinfrastructureofcountyandmunicipalpreservationcommissionsworkingalongsideprivatepreservationsocietiesaremostproductive.Collaborationwithconservationandparkssupportersalsobenefitshistoricpreservation.Programsempoweringlocalpreservationists,suchasimplementingauniversity-sponsored,preservationextensionservicethatprovidesexpertiseandeducationalprograms,arerecommendedoversolerelianceontransitoryoutsideexperts.Researchrevealsthatthemostsuccessfullocalpreservationprogramsutilizeoutsidefundingtocatalyzelocalpreservationinitiatives.Outsidefundingsourcesincludestateandfederalgrantsandprivatedonations,sometimescoupledwithmatchingfundsgeneratedbysalestaxrevenueorpermitfees.Solicitingandmanagingthesefundsrequireslocalleaderswhoapplyforgrants,seekdonations,andlobbyforhistoricpreservationprograms.Amongthemosteffectiveoftheseleadersarecitymanagersandlocalandcountyeconomicdevelopmentcorporationsbecausetheypromotepublic-privatepartnershipsandprovidefinancialsupportandexpertiseforavarietyofprojectsfromcommissioningpreservationplanstopurchasingandrestoringhistoricbuildings.
Track5:VernacularHeritage:HonoringtheOrdinary Updated:July16,2016
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CS5.2 Shawn Evans
CS5.2 John Fidler
11/1/16 3:15pm - 4:45pmCS5.3 Gregory MacNeilCanvasingtheWindowandDoorCaps
TechnicalVernacular(LU:1.5Hrs)
ThePueblopeopleofthesouthwesternUnitedStateshavetraditionallyusedearthenmaterialsforbuildingandarchitecturalembellishment.Structuresoverathousandyearsoldbuiltanddecoratedwitheartharelikelytohavebeenconstructedusingsomeofthesamematerialsandpracticesstillinusetoday.Thispaperfocusesonthecharacterizationofancientearthenplasters/rendersatthreePuebloansitesassociatedwiththeSinagua,CedarMesa,andHohokampeoples.Thesitesincludeadefensive,multi-roomalcovestructureatMontezumaCastle(AZ);akivausedfortextileproductionatBareLadderRuininNaturalBridgesNationalMonument(UT);andamulti-storypuddledearthstructure,possiblyintendedforceremonialuse,atCasaGrandeNationalMonument(AZ).Primaryperiodsofoccupationwerebetweenthe11thand14thcenturies.Inadditiontopresentingtheresultsofplastercharacterizationateachofthesites,thispaperwilldiscusstheanalyticaltechniquesusedtoexaminesmallsamples,therangeofresultsthatcanbeobtained,andevaluatethebenefits/limitationsassociatedwitheach.Earthenplastersandmortarswereusedextensivelyintheconstructionofancientsouthwesternmasonryarchitecture,includingforlevelingandfinishingwalls;astheclosingcoursesforembeddedroofframeelements;forpointingunitmasonryinthemarginsatthetopsofwallsandaroundnichesandrecesses;aschinkingbetweenprimaryvigapairsusedinroofconstruction;asamulti-coatfloorsurfaces;asafinalfinishforroofs;ascoloredwashes;andasagroundforincisedandpaintedembellishments.Thoughtheseplastersdifferintermsofmaterialcomponentsandthecontextsinwhichtheywereused,theysharecharacteristicsthatprovidecluesastohowmaterialswereselected,processed,andapplied.Analysisofplastersandmortarstypicallyrequirescombiningpetrographicanalysiswithaggregatecharacterizationfollowingaciddigestionofbinderconstituentsinabulksample(ASTMC1324-05).Aggregatecharacterizationincludesdeterminationofaggregatetypeandproportion,particlemorphology,sizedistribution,mineralogy,chemicalreactivity,andsource.Obtainingbulksamplesofancientbuildingmaterialsisoftenimpossible.Combiningmicroscopywithcomputer-assistedimageanalysisallowsforafairlydetailedcharacterizationofancientplastersandmortarsbasedonrelativelysmallsamples.Inthesecircumstances,imageanalysisofphotomicrographscanyieldimportantinformationonvolumetricproportionsofaggregates,matrix,voidspace,grainsizeandporedistribution,andparticlemorphology.IntheseAncestralPueblosites,samplesizesweresmalltolimitimpactsonintegrity.Analysismademaximumuseofopticalmicroscopy,x-raydiffraction,SEM/EDS,andimageanalysis,andincludedinvestigationofmulti-coatplastersystems;applicationmethods;claymineralogy,solublesalts,andothercomponents;physicalcharacteristicsaffectingperformance;deteriorationconditions;surfaceaccretions(sootandbiologicalgrowth),and;surfaceembellishment.
HistoricPreservation,Self-Determination,andtheCulturalResiliencyofTraditionalPuebloVillages
ThelivingculturesofthePueblotribesoftheAmericansouthwestmaintaintheoldesttraditionsofarchitectureintheUnitedStates.Manyofthevillageshavebeenintheircurrentlocationssincetimeimmemorial,withseveralknowntohavebeenoccupiedformorethan1,000years.Thehomeshaveundergonecountlesscyclesofgrowth,contraction,andalteration.Maintenanceoftheirearthenandwallsandroofswaswovenintothetribaltraditions,andthehomeswereunderstoodtobeofthelivingearth.Whenastructureoutliveditsusefulness,itreturnedtotheearthandwasbuiltanew.Overthelasthalf-centurytwodistinctchangesinplaceandmaterialhavehadasignificantimpactontheuseandconditionofthetraditionaladobehomes-theprovisionofHUDhousingandtheapplicationofPortlandcement,whichhaveresultedinincreasingdeteriorationandabandonment.Advancesinself-determinationpolicyhaverecentlyenabledthePueblostodevelopplanstorenewtheirhistoricvillagesaccordingtotheirownheritagevalues.SomePueblosarerenownedforresistancetochange,whileotherviewpreservationwithgreatskepticism.Whatmosttribesseekisrevitalization,not“preservation”asdefinedbythefederalgovernment.Mostseektoextendthepalpabilityofthepast,butmanyarejustas,ifnotmore,interestedinmeetingtheneedsofmodernlifeintheseancientplaces.Thispapersummarizestheresultsofatwo-yearstudyofthephysicalconditionsandplace-basedrevitalizationapproachesofthePueblos,aswellasthecompletionofadecade-longpreservationplanningandrehabilitationprojectatOhkayOwingeh.Seenthroughthelensesof“traditionalculturalplace”andvalues-basedpreservationapproaches,thesevarious(andconflicting)responsestothedilemmasofpreservingavernaculartraditionofimpermanentmaterialshavemuchtoteachtheoutsideworld.
LastChanceSaloon?AttemptstoConserveCement-mortaredAdobeWallsinMarfa,Texas.
Thelateminimalistartist,DonaldJudd(1928-1994),establishedhisTexashome,artworkstudiosandexhibitionspacesinformermilitarybuildingsandarailroadwarehouseinMarfainthe1980s.There,hebuilthighboundarywallsaroundsomeofhispropertiesusingsalvagedandnewadobeblocks.Buttheadobeblockswereerectedwithcement-basedmortarandtheyhavenowdifferentiallyweatheredtoapointwherestructuralstabilitycouldsoonbejeopardized.Ironically,however,theadobe'spreferentialdecaynexttothecementjointshascreatedanaestheticnotdissimilartoJudd'sfamousandveryvaluableartwork.Therefore,onbehalfoftheJuddFoundation,theauthorsweretaskedbyengineers,SimpsonGumpertzandHegerInc.,todeviseremedialtreatmentsbaseduponpioneeringpreservationandrestorationtechniques.Varioustechnologiesweredeployedrangingfromthelatestelastomericconsolidantstoacryliclatexandotheramendedadobeplasters,thelatterbasedonexperiencegleanedfromthe1985adobetreatmenttrialsatFortSelden,NM(executedbytheGettyConservationInstituteinassociationwiththeMuseumofNewMexico).Theauthorswilldescribethedecayprocessesinvolvedandwillexplainthevarioustreatmenttrialsthatweredeployedinassociationwithmasteradobero,PatTaylor.Manymonthsofmonitoringhavenowensuedandtheauthorscanreportonthemostpromisingtreatmentsforwhatisseenbymostauthoritiesinthefieldasamostintractableproblem:surelythe"LastChanceSaloon"forJudd'sadobewalls.
Track5:VernacularHeritage:HonoringtheOrdinary Updated:July16,2016
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CS5.3 Ronald Staley
CS5.3 Christopher Whitman
CS5.3 Paula Jarrett NastaNaturalHairBindersinHistoricTexasVernacularMortars
Throughouthistorymostbuildingshavebeentheproductoflocalbuildingtraditionsthatrelyuponworkingwithmaterialsathandtoachievesophisticatedlevelsofcomfortandwatermanagement.Totheonceprosperouseastcoastcommunitiesandfishingfleets,canvasclothwasmorethanthematerialfromwhichtheirsailswereconstructed.Itwasusedforroofsurfacesofveryslightpitchsubjectedtosevereweather,liningvalleysandgutters,andforwindowanddoorflashings.Canvasisastrong,coarse,unbleachedcloththatislightinweight,easytolay,durable,cleanandresistanttodecay.Itwillnotcracklikesheetmetalnortearlikefelt.Acoatoflinseedoilpaintortraditionalfishoilpaintcaneasilyreconditionit.Theflexibilityofcanvasmadeitsuitableforthedecksofboats,roofingrailwaycars,andthecoveringofearlyaircraftfuselagesandwings,allsubjecttovibrationinuse.Althoughtheimportanceofcanvasforglobaltradeandtransporthasdiminishedmanyofitsformerusesandapplicationsarestillviableandcosteffectivetoday.Unliketherollformedmetalandplasticsheetgoodsthatreplaceditasabuildingmaterialontraditionalframedbuildings,canvasdoesnotrequireannealing,descaling,temperrolling,brakeforming,rollforming,pressforming,orthermalforming.Canvasisnotsubjecttothermalexpansion,thermalconductivity,corrosion,electrolyticaction,andiscompatiblewithmosttraditionalmaterials.Thebasicingredientsofcanvasarehemp,flax,andyarns,allofwhicharesustainablematerialsintheirownright,naturallybiodegradable,notpetroleum-basedorpronetoobsolescence.Newmaterialswhileoftenheldouttobe“betterthananythingeverseenbefore”frequentlyprovetobe“notquiteasgoodasanythingeverseenbefore”.Canvasmembranesareatimelyreminderthattraditionalmaterialswilloftenoutlastmanynewermoreadvancedones.Canvaswindowanddoorflashingshaveaprovenservicelifeinexcessof150yearsinharshcoastalclimates.Thispaperwillfocusontheuseofcanvasflashingsoverwindowsanddoorsincombinationwithtraditionalshinglesandbeveledsiding.Itwillprovidethebasicknowledgeforawidevarietyofcanvasmembraneapplicationsandageneralknowledgeofthematerialforconservationpurposes.Topicsaddressedwillincludebutnotbelimitedtothetraditionalwoodshingle“kerfing"proceduresforwindowanddoorcanvascapflashing,selectionandpreparationof16ozto24ozcanvas,materiallayout,tools,traditionalandmodernfasteners,andtraditionalpaintsincludinglocallyobtainedfishoilpaintandtheonsitepreparationofthepaintitself.TheAuthorhasresearchedandinstalledcanvaswindowanddoorflashingswithtoolstraditionallyusedalongtheNovaScotiacoastline.
CapitolIdeasinCastIronRestorationandHighPerformanceCoatings:TheProjectTeamReturnsAfter25Years
HistoricPreservationactionstakenbythedesignandconstructionteamareplannedandimplementedwiththeimpressionthattheyarethepermanentsolutiontopreservingabuilding.Seldomdoesaprojectteamhavetheopportunitytocomebackto"revisit"aprojectafteraquartercenturyandreviewthedecisionsmadeintheirearlycareersandtrulyanalyzetheirsuccessorfailureinthosedecisions.Thelessonslearnedandknowledgetransferfromthisopportunityhaveahugeimpacttothelong-termcontinuedcareofahistoricresource.TheMichiganStateCapitolRestorationimplementedfrom1988-1992inLansing,Michiganincludedacomprehensivemulti-phaserestorationoftheNationalLandmark'sexteriorBereasandstoneexteriorandasubstantialstructuralinterventiontothecastironandsheetmetalcladexterioriconicdomestructure.Calledthe1990Restoration,theprojectteamhadaddressedthreemainfactorsduringthedomerestoration:1.Thestructuralrepairoftheunderlyingcastironstructuralmemberswhichfailedduetothermalmovement.2.Theremovalofmultiplelayersofleadpaintandapplicationofa"contemporary"highperformanceepoxycoating.3.Themodificationofthedometoaddressmoisturemigrationduetocondensationandotherpathwaysofmoisturetransmission.After25years,in2015,withtheexteriorsurfacecoatingofthedomeshowingsignsofdeterioration,theoriginalrestorationteamwasbroughtbackbytheStateofMichigan,MichiganCapitolCommission,toinvestigatetheconditionswhichwerebeingobservedandcorrectthem.Thesamedesignteamandconstructionmanager,withstaffleadersfromthe1990project,wereabletoreviewtheconditionafter25extremeweathercyclesanddetermine,indetail,howthepreservationinterventionshadperformed.Inaddition,continuedandexpandedpreservationeffortsforissuesnotwithinthebudgetof1990wereconsideredandimplementedin2015whichfurtherenhancedtherestorationofthedomestructure.In2015thethreemainrestorationissueswhichwerereviewedandaddressedbytheteamincluded:1.Determinationandcorrectionofruststainingobservedonthedome.2.Applicationofanewcoatinglayertothedome.3.Restorationofextensivedecorativeornamentwhichwasslowingfallingfromthedomeorhadbeenlostoveracenturyofexposuretotheweather.Althoughseveralkeymembersofthedesignteamhadpassedsincethe1990Restoration,muchofthedesignandimplementationofconstructioninformationremainedwiththeStateandprojectteammembers.Detailedanalysisoftheinvestigationprocess,comprehensivescaffoldandaccesssystem,producttesting,uniquecraftsmanshiptoreplicatethemissingornament,andfinalapplicationofanewcoatingsystemwhichwascompatiblewiththeexistingcoatingwillbepresentedandcontrastedtothe1990projectteam'sgoals.
Design,SimulationandConstructionofaPhysicalTestCellforInterstitialMonitoringofReplacementInfillPanelsforHistoricTimber-FrameBuildings
Thispresentationwillfocusonthedesign,simulationandconstructionofaphysicaltestcell,theconstructionofwhichhasbeenmadepossiblebytheMartinWeaverScholarship.Asweaimtoimprovetheenergyefficiencyofourhistoricbuildingstock,greatcaremustbetakentominimizethenegativeimpactsontheexistingbuildingfabric.Anappropriatebalancemustbeachievedbetweenconservationandimprovedefficiencytoavoiddamagetothebuildingssignificance,characterandfabric(EnglishHeritage.,2012).Researchtodatehasfocusedontheretrofitofsolidmasonrywallconstruction(ScottandRye,2014,DidemAktasetal.,2015,Gandhietal.,2012),whilstlittlehasbeenwrittenontimber-framedbuildings.Timber-framingisatraditionalconstructiontechniqueintheUK,withsurvivingexamplesdatingbacktothe9thCenturyAD(Brunskill,1994).Thesegenerallyconsistoftimberstructuralframeswithapanelinfill.Typicaltraditionalinfillmaterialsincludewattleanddaub,lathandplaster,andbrick.Wherecompleterenewalofthismaterialisrequiredduetoextensivedamage,decay,repairofsurroundingtimbersortheremovalofinappropriatemodernmaterials,thereexiststheopportunitytoretrofitanalternativepanelwithahigherthermalresistance(Ogley,2010).Itishowevercriticaltounderstandthehygrothermalimplicationsoftheintroductionofalternativeinfillmaterials.Failuretodosocouldresultinincreasedmoisturecontent,interstitialcondensationandthecreationofidealconditionsforfungaldecayandinsectinfestation.InitialsimulationswithWUFIPro5ofreplacementinfilldetailsproposedbyUKconservationbodieshavenotidentifiedanydetailthatcreateshygrothermalconditionsthatposeamajorthreattothesurroundingtimber-framedconstruction(Whitmanetal.,2015).However,itshouldbenotedthatthesesimulationsonlyrepresentthemoisturemovementbetweenidealized,homogenous,continuouslayersoftheinfillmaterials.Theydonotreflectthemoisturemovementandpotentialaccumulationatthejunctionwiththetimberframe,northerealityofheterogeneousandnon-continuouslayerspresentinactualconstructions.Atthesametime,interstitialmonitoringincasestudybuildingsisproblematicduetothenecessaryinvasive,destructivetestingandthelossofhistoricfabric.Thispaperthereforepresentsthedesign,simulationandconstructionofaphysicaltestcellthatwillenablethemonitoringoftheinterstitialhygrothermalconditionswithinproposedreplacementinfillpanels.Bydoingso,itishopedtocomparerealmeasureddatawithWUFIsimulationstobetteridentifypotentiallyinappropriatesolutionsandhelpdefinebestpracticetoensuretheongoinguseandconservationofhistorictimber-framebuildingsintheUK.
Track5:VernacularHeritage:HonoringtheOrdinary Updated:July16,2016
5
11/2/16 8:30am - 10:15am
CS5.4 Evan Oskierko-Jeznacki
CS5.4 Marilyn Kaplan
CS5.4 Jessica Hunnisett Snow
TheBluebonnetHouseisastonehomelocatedalongUS183justnorthofMarbleFalls,Texas.Thehousewasbuiltinthreestagesfromthemid1800suntiltheearly20thcentury.Nestledamongavastfieldofbluebonnets,thishomeisaTexasicon,appearinginnumerousphotos,bothpersonalandcommercialoverthedecades.ThepresentownersofthehouserequestedtheassistanceoftheUniversityofTexasSchoolofAustin’sMaterialsConservationClassinthespringof2016.UnderthedirectionofProfessorandArchitecturalConservatorFranGale,agroupoffivegraduatestudentsconductedafieldstudyofthehousecollectingmaterialsamplesforlabanalysisofthecomponentsandhistoryofeachmaterial.Materialswheredividedamongthefiveteammembersfortestingandevaluation.Inpartresultofthetemporaldifferencesintheconstructionofthehouse,theinteriormortarsofthisstructurevariedbothfromroomtoroomandwithineachroom.Duringcollectionofsamples,thepresenceofhairwasfoundinmortarsofthemostrecentbuildingaddition.Themajorityofthesamplescontaininghairwerelocatedinandaroundwindows.Labstudieswereconductedtoevaluatethecomponentsofthemortarandtoidentifythespeciesofanimalhairpresentinthemortar.Hypothesesweremaderegardingthetypeofhairpresentbasedontheknownandsupposedhistoryofthefarmanimalspresentonthefarm.Microscopichairanalysiswasconductedandsampleswerecomparedtoseveralforensichairdatabasestodeterminethespeciesofanimalfromwhichthehairwastaken.Finalresultsweregatheredwiththeworkoftheotherteammembersandprovidedtotheownerwithrecommendationsforreplacementofmaterialsandrestorationofthehouse.
OverthelastcenturyclimatechangeinScotlandhasbeencharacterisedbyoverallwarmingwithwetterwinters,driersummersandincreasedfrequencyofextremeandunpredictableweatherincludingheavyrainandstormevents.Thechangingweatherpatterns,particularlythehigherlevelsofwinterprecipitation,areasignificantthreattotraditionalandhistoricbuildings,increasingtheriskofwaterpenetration,acceleratedstonedecayandstructuraldamage.Scotlandhasalwayshadtocontendwithextremeweather,andbuildingsweredesignedtocopewiththeclimate.Manyvernacularbuildingdetailsweredevelopedtospecificallyenhancetheabilityofbuildingstoshedwaterandcanoftenbedecorativeaswell,suchasdripdetails,stringcourses,cornices,chimneycopesandskewputts.Suchdetailshaveinthepastbeenremovedoralteredduringrepairoralterationsandtheirfunctionoverlooked.Moreover,buildingsthatwerenotrobustlydetailedmaynowbecomevulnerabletothecurrentandfutureeffectsofclimatechange,despitehavingsurvivedforlongperiodsinlesschallengingclimaticconditions.Wellmaintainedbuildingswithadequateheatingandventilationhavebetterresilience,butbuildingsthathavebeenpoorlymaintainedareparticularlyvulnerabletotheeffectsofclimatechange.Bringingbuildingsbackintoastateofgoodrepairshouldbethefirststageinincreasingtheresilienceofthehistoricbuiltenvironmentbeforeinvestinginradicaladaptationoralterations.However,whilemanytraditionalbuildingsinScotlandcanberesilienttoextremeweathereventswithoutrequiringanymodifications,insomecasesadaptationandalterationswillberequiredifthestructureistocontinuetoperformitsfunctionovertimeandformaintenancetoremainaffordable.Theincorporationofwellspecifiedtraditionaldetailingisoftenstillthebestsolution,whilstsensitiveadaptationtoincreaseabuilding’sresistancetotheeffectsofclimatechangecanbestillcarriedoutusingtraditionalmaterialsandtechniques.Thispaperconsidershowexternaldetailsontraditionalbuildingscanbeimproved,adaptedoralteredtoincreasetheirresiliencetotheeffectsofclimatechangeandextremeweatherevents.ItpresentsseveralcasestudiescommissionedbyHistoricEnvironmentScotlandoftraditionalandhistoricbuildingswhereimprovementsandadaptationhaveallowedthebuildingcontinuetoperformitsfunctioneffectively,withoutadverselyaffectingthehistoriccharacterandappearance.ThissubjectisconsideredindetailintheforthcomingHistoricEnvironmentPublication,'AdaptingTraditionalBuildingsforClimateChange',ofwhichtheauthorisaco-contributor,andwasthesubjectofarecentsubmissiontotheAPTjournalfromHistoricEnvironmentScotland.
TechnicalUpgrades(LU:1.75Hrs)AComputationalSimulationMethodologyforReconstructingandAnalyzingtheEnvironmentalBehaviorofNaturallyVentilatedHistoricStructuresand
theRoleofAdaptiveComfortStrategiesinPreservationDesignTheincreasingavailabilityandaffordabilityofclimatecontrolduringthelastcenturyhasreachedatechnologicalapextoday,butthesignificanceofadaptivecomforthasbeenrelegatedsolelytothediscussionofsustainable,newconstruction,withlittleeffortmadetoapplythismethodologytohistoricstructures.Whatislostistheunderstandingthatthethermalfunctionofabuildingwasjustasaneffectiveelementoftheinitialarchitecturaldesignandoperationasitcanbeforitspreservationdesignandoperationtoday.Byfocusingonaclimatically-adaptedvernacularbuildingtypologythathasthrivedpriortotheadventofmechanicalheatingandcooling,specificallytheraisedcreolecottage,whichislocatedinaclimateregionthatexperiencesbothsignificantmoistureandheatingloads,itispossibletodemonstrateandvisualizethesystematicbehaviorofabuildingtypedesignedexplicitlytotakeadvantageofitsclimaticcontext.Evenpassivebehavior,howeverispredicatedonactiveinput.Byunderstandingboththeclimateandthehistoricoperationofthebuildingitisthenpossibletoapplytheuseofnewtechnology,namelycomputationalfluiddynamics(CFD)softwareaswellasotherperformancesimulationmethodstomodel,simulate,andpredictmultipleenvironmentaloperationalscenariosforthisbuildingtypologyandvisualizeitseffectonindoorthermalcomfort.Also,byintegratinghygrothermalsimulationmethods,itisalsopossibletovisualizethemicro-scalebehaviorofthebuildingfabricwithregardtotheflowofheatandmoisturethroughtheenvelope,whichwillshedlightonissuesofdeteriorationandlifespaninthecontextofoverallsustainability.TheuseofenergyandCFDsimulationtoolsmakeitpossibletonotonlyrecreateacasestudybuildingtoitsinitialtypologicalformbutalsoreinstatethehistoricaloperationofthebuildingandtestfortheoptimumconfigurationofthedynamicelementsofthebuildingasanintegratedcomponentofmodernpreservationdesign.Ifsuccessful,theoutcomewillinformnotonlyanannualinteriorthermalcomfortindexforthespaces,butmoreimportantlygiveanempiricalcontextfortheintegrationofanoptimizedhybridconditioningmethodologyforapplicationinbuildingreuseandrestorationtoday.Byrelyingonawell-informedsimulationmethodologythesizingofthesesystemscanthenbeminimizedforthebuilding,savingenergyandpreservinghistoricalfabric.Thismethodologycaneasilybereplicatedonotherbuildingtypologieswithminimalresourcesrequiredgiventheappropriatehistoricalandarchitecturaldocumentationaswellmeteorologicaldata.
ConsideringCurrentandFutureInsulationMaterialsforTraditionalandotherHistoricBuildings
(note:suggestedrelevancetotracksA,B,E)Energycodes,energyandoperationalcosts,andenvironmentalsustainabilityhaveforcedafocusontighteningofthebuildingthermalenvelope,ultimatelywiththeenvelopebeingaprimecomponentintheworkrequiredtomeetthegoalsofstateandfederalgovernments,andadvocacyorganizations,inachievingzeroenergybuildingswithinthenext3decades.Whenselectinginsulationforanyexistingbuilding,variablesincludethebuilding'slocation(climatezone),exteriorandinteriorappearanceandconditions,cost,constructability,andthegoalsoftheowner.Whenworkingonthehistoricbuilding,additionalvariablesmustbeconsideredthataddresstheimpactonhistoricmaterials,reversibility,andpotentialdamageduetounintendedconditionsthatcreatecondensationwithinwall,ceilingandwallassemblies.Materialsmustbecarefullyselectedandspecified,detailsdevelopedandimplemented,andbothmustbeallcoordinatedwithotherrehabilitationmeasuresrangingfrommechanicalandelectricalinstallationstofinishes.Whilethereisnouniversal,perfectinsulationmaterial,mostprojectscanfollowaconsistentprocessforconsideringandselectinginsulation.Thispresentationwilladdressthestrengthsandweaknessesofvaryinginsulationtypes,includingapplicabilitybylocation;availableanalysesmethodsforselectionandinspection;andnewmaterialsunderdevelopmentwithpromisingapplicationsinhistoricstructures.
PreparingTraditionalBuildingsforClimateChange
Track5:VernacularHeritage:HonoringtheOrdinary Updated:July16,2016
6
CS5.4 Amanda Webb
CS5.4 Matthew Haberling
11/2/16 10:45am - 12:15pm
CS5.5 Dr. Elwin Robison
CS5.5 Ralph MuldrowrMakingtheOldLookOldWhileProtectingtheArtifact:HistoricAfrican-
AmericanVillagesNearCharleston
MyabstractistopresentapresentationrelevantespeciallytoaddressthemeE:VernacularArchitecture:HonoringtheOrdinary.Inthiscasewhatwas"ordinary"forCharlestonareaPlantationsarenowextraordinaryremainsoftheslavehousingandpost-bellumAfrican-Americantenantstructures.Assuchthesevanishingbuildingsshouldbepreservedandcarefullydocumentedasanimportantyetoftenneglectedcomponentofourbuilthistoryasanation.Theinnovativeaspectofmystudyistotestandrecommendaclearcoatingthatwouldallowfortheweatheredandalligatoringpaint(orwhitewash)arrestedinthatstatebutprotectedfromtheweather.Thatspecialapproachwouldallowthestructurestolooknormativefortheirtimeashistoricphotographsindicatethattheywereusuallyinthatweatheredstate.
ThermalUpgradeofHistoricMetalWindows:BalancingSustainabilityandPreservationGoals
ThispresentationisthesecondparttoapresentationgivenattheAPTi2013ConferenceinNewYorkCitywhichaddressedsustainabilityandpreservationgoalsofwoodwindows.Thispresentationwillreviewthosesameissueswhenattemptingtoimprovethethermalperformanceofhistoricmetalwindows.Wewillpresentonecasestudywhichinvolvedin-situtesting,longtermmonitoring,andcomputermodelingofhistoricbronzewindowsinaNationalLandmarkhigh-risebuildinginMidtownManhattan,NewYorkCity.Thewindowsinthisbuildingareoriginal,1928,bronzedouble-hungunits.Thewindowswerefoundtobeinrelativelygoodconditiondespitethefactthey’vehadlittletonomaintenance.Ourclientwantedtomitigateairandwaterinfiltrationandimprovethethermalperformanceofthewindows.Asfarastheclientwasconcerned,oneviableoptionincludesreplacementofthehistoricbronzewindowswiththermallybroken,IGUglazed,aluminumwindows.WJEwastaskedwiththechallengeoffindingviableoptionsforretainingtheexistinghistoricwindowsandproposingviableoptionsforimprovingtheirperformance.Ourapproachinvolvedinitialairandwaterinfiltrationtestingonaselectnumberofwindows,inordertogetanideaoftheperformanceoftheexistingunits.Thediagnostictestingwasperformedtoidentifythecomponentsofthewindowsystemthatmostsignificantlycontributedtoairandwaterleakage.Areasofleakagewereidentifiedandimprovementsweredesignedandinstalled.Thetestingwasrepeatedsothatquantitativecomparativedatacouldbecollected.Followingthetesting,interiorstormwindowswereinstalledandeachglassandmetalsurfacewasinstrumentedtocollectsurfacetemperature.Theairspaceswerealsoinstrumentedtocollectdewpointdata.Theareasofincreasedriskforcondensationorthermalstressinducedglassbreakageweredocumentedandgraphed.ComputermodelingusingTHERMsoftwarewasalsocompletedinordertocomparemodeledsurfacetemperatureinformationwithcollectedin-situsurfacetemperaturedata.Itbecameevidentfromtheonsetthatthesoftwarehadlimitedcapabilitytoaccuratelymodelin-situperformanceofhistoricmetalwindows.Forinstance,THERMdoesnotaccountforairinfiltration,acomponentfoundtomeaningfullyaffectsurfacetemperaturesatvariouslocationsonthewindow;andthe2-Dheat-transfersoftwarecouldnotpredictmoisturecontentswithinthecavitybetweenthehistoricwindowandthestormwindow.Ourpresentationwillshowthestep-by-stepapproachtoin-situinvestigation/testingandcompareactualdatatovirtualdatadevelopedusingTHERM.Wewillshowthatpinpointingspecificpointsofweaknessmakesitpossibletoimprovetheperformanceofhistoricmetalwindows.Restorationandthermalimprovementofhistoricwindowshelpstopreservehistoricfabric,improvesenergyefficiency,andkeepsmaterialoutoflandfills;providingasustainableoptiontowindowreplacement.
TheDevelopmentanduseofASHRAE’sGPC34P,EnergyGuidelineforHistoricalBuildings
Since2012,ASHRAEhasbeenworkingtodevelopGPC34P,itsfirstmajorpublicationfocusedonenergyefficiencyinhistoricbuildings.Mostexistingenergyefficiencystandards–includingASHRAE’sStandard90.1,EnergyStandardforBuildingsExceptLow-RiseResidentialBuildings,andStandard100,EnergyEfficiencyinExistingBuildings–provideanexemptionforhistoricbuildings.GPC34Pisintendedtohelpdesignteamsonhistoricbuildingprojectsmovebeyondtheseexemptions,andimproveabuilding’senergyefficiencywhilesuccessfullybalancingtheimpacttoitshistoriccharacter.Giventhatmanyofabuilding’scharacter-definingfeaturesarealsoinherentenergyefficientfeatures–providingpassiveheating,cooling,ventilation,anddaylighting–thatevolvedinresponsetolocalclimaticconditions,ASHRAEGPC34providesessential,consensus-basedguidanceonthesustainablepreservationofvernacularbuildings,aswellashistoricones.ThispresentationprovidesanoverviewoftheGPC34Pcommittee’sworktodate.ThescopeandcontentofASHRAE’sguidelinewillbebrieflyreviewed,andrecommendationswillbehighlighted.Theguidelinedevelopmentprocesswillbediscussed,includingengagementwithkeystakeholdergroupsliketheAPT.ASHRAE’sguidelinejoinsagrowinggroupofguidanceonthistopicfromotherprofessional,nonprofit,andgovernmentalorganizations,andthispresentationwillalsocontextualizeASHRAE’seffortswithinthisbroaderfieldofwork.ThispresentationprovidesanopportunitytointroducetheGPC34Pcommittee’sworktotheAPTinaformalsetting,aswellasenhancedialoguewithintheAPTonenergyefficiencyandpreservation.
CaseStudiesinVernacularConservation(LU:1.5Hrs)
AVernacularFarmHomeintheConnecticutWesternReserveofOhio:TheJohnandElsaJohnsonHomeinHiram,Ohio
TheJohnsonHomewasconstructedfrom1828-29inHiram,OhiobysettlerstravelingwestfromNewEngland.Thehomewasrestoredin2000bytheChurchofJesusChristofLatter-daySaintsbecausethechurch’sfounder,JosephSmith,wasinresidenceinthehomeforayearasaguestoftheJohnsonfamily.Thephysicalbuildingfabricofthehomeisremarkableforthreeelements:decorativefolkartpaintingonarchitecturalwoodwork,aninternalwatersupplyprovidedbyacistern,andacheeseproductionareainthehome’sbasement.Theresidencefeaturesatwostorymainstructurewithacentralchimneyandstair,andastoryandahalfrearwingthatwasconstructedintegralwiththehome.Therearwinghadasummerkitchen,openwagonbays,andatackroom.Thehomewasprofessionallyconstructed.Thefoundationhasa32inchwidestonefootinganddressedstoneswithmason’smarks.Brickswereproducedinseparatefiringswithtwodifferentmolds,suggestingaconstructionwhichextendedovertwobuildingseasons.Fireplacemantlepieceshavedelicatemoldingsandreedingwhichindicateahighlevelofcraftsmanship.Thedecorativepaintingwasdiscoveredduringtherestorationprocess.Removalofthemanypaintlayersfrominteriorwoodworkrevealed“fancypainting”folkart.ThepaintingissimilartoNewEnglandinteriorsdepictedinthebackgroundsoflimnerportraits,andtopaintedNewEnglandandPennsylvaniafurniturefromtheearly1800s.Itispresumedthatanitinerantpainterinstalledthefolkartmotifswhichfeaturetraditionalelementssuchasthe‘sandsoftime’andthe‘treeoflife.’Thehomewasconstructedwithacisternconstructedintothefoundationofthesummerkitchen.A¾inchchannelwascutintothestoneboxsetintotothecapofthecisternwhichwouldaccommodateadrawpipeforasmallwallmountedpump.Thecisternispositionedsothatadownspoutcandrainintothecisternontheexteriorofthehome,whilethedrawpipeleadsintothehomeinterior.Ontheeastsideofthehomethereisasmall‘doghouse’whichcoversanentrywayintothebasementofthehome.Adjacenttotheentrythestonefootingforthehomeisleftabovethefloorlevel,providingaconstanttemperaturethermalmassonwhichtoripencheeses.TaxdocumentsshowthattheJohnsonsownedupto25cows,andcheeseproductionintheregionwasoneofthecashcropsfavoredbyfarmers.Thehomewasuniquelyorganizedtosupportproductiononthefarmwithaminimumoftrafficinthelivingquartersabove.
Track5:VernacularHeritage:HonoringtheOrdinary Updated:July16,2016
7
CS5.5 Kelly WongTheCathedralofIcaandtheChurchofKuñoTamboinPeru:Usinglocaland
traditionalmaterialsandtechniquesforseismicretrofittinghistoricearthenbuildings.
TheGettyConservationInstitute(GCI)initiatedtheSeismicRetrofittingProject(SRP)in2009withtheobjectiveofdevelopinglow-tech,easy-to-implementseismicstrengtheningtechniquesforhistoricearthenbuildingsinPeruusingtraditionalandlocalmaterials,equipment,andlocallyavailabletechnicalskills.TheSRPwasdevelopedinresponsetotheGettySeismicAdobeProject(GSAP)carriedoutbytheGCIinthe1990swhichdevelopedanumberofeffectiveretrofittingmethodsbutfoundtobetooheavilyreliantonhigh-techmaterialsandprofessionalexpertise,whichpreventeditswidespreaduseinmanycountries.AspartoftheSRP,anumberoftechniquesusingtraditionalandlocalmaterialsandpracticesinPeruhavebeentestedbyengineers,usedinthenewseismicstrengtheningdesigns,validatedthroughnumericalmodeling,andwillsoonbeimplementedattwo(offour)prototypebuildings:1)TheCathedralofIca,an18thcenturyecclesiasticalbuildingconstructedofatimberframestructureandadobewallswithquinchapillarsandvaults,andbrickfaçade,damagedduringthe2007earthquake,and2)TheChurchofKuñoTambo,a17thcenturybuildingconstructedofadobewallsandtimbertrussroofwithmuralpaintingsattheinterior.ThefourprototypebuildingsselectedintheSRPwillserveasmodelprojects,andtheirseismicretrofittingdesignsforpotentialapplicationinotherLatinAmericancountries.ThispaperwillprovideanoverviewoftheSRPaspartofGCI’sEarthenArchitecturalInitiative(EAI),thephasesoftheprojectincludinglaboratorytestingofkeybuildingselements,theuseoflocallyavailablematerialsandtraditionaltechniquescoupledwithmorecontemporarymaterialsandtechnologiesandimproveddetailsintheproposedseismicstrengtheningdesignforthetwobuildings,theuseofnumericalmodelingtoevaluateexistingbuildingconditionsandvalidateproposeddesigns,andtheimportanceofcollaborationbetweenallkeystakeholderstodevelopretrofittingtechniquesthatcouldbeeasilyimplementedduringconstruction.SRPProjectteam:•ClaudiaCancino,Sr.ProjectSpecialist,GettyConservationInstitute•DanielTorrealvaDávila,Professor&ErikaVicente,ResearchAssistant,DepartamentodeIngenieríaCivil,PontificiaUniversidadCatólicadelPerú•JoséGarciáBryce&MirnaSoto,Professors,FacultyofArchitecture,UniversidadPeruanadeCienciasAplicadas•EtelCruz,Architect,DirecciónDesconcentradadeCulturadeCusco,MinisteriodeCultura,Peru
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