THE COLONIAL EXPANSION 1850-1914 What is it? The political and economica dominance exercised Who? Europe: Great Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Spain, and Russia. BUT also USA and Japan by the Capitalistic states: Where? Mainly over all Africa, Oce a large part of Asia and No America. When? From the first half of the XI Century to the first half of XX century. But… Why?
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THE COLONIAL EXPANSION1850-1914
What is it? The political and economical dominance exercised
Who?Europe: Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Spain, Portugal and Russia.
BUT also USA and Japan
by the Capitalistic states:
Where? Mainly over all Africa, Oceaniaa large part of Asia and North America.
When? From the first half of the XIX Century to the first half of the XX century.
But… Why?
CAUSES o FACTORSCAUSES o FACTORSCAUSES o FACTORSCAUSES o FACTORS1898- The March of the Flag Speech. By senator Beveridge (future President of the USA).
REASONS or FACTORSREASONS or FACTORSREASONS or FACTORSREASONS or FACTORS
A) ECONOMICALSIndustrializationandMechanization
Companies needed new markets
- Where to sell their products
- and where to find raw Materials for the factories
Increase in productionand in productivity
Overproduction Crisis
X 10
They “encouraged” states and governments to conquer new colonies
to impose a commercial monopoly
For this reason
CAUSES o FACTORSCAUSES o FACTORSCAUSES o FACTORSCAUSES o FACTORS1849- Northampton Herald Advertisment
Carta de Cecil Rhodes (empresari i aventurer anglès)1895.
“Urgent. Whoever wishes to come to the wealthy and prosperous lands of Australia, either as a peasant, servant or as a miner, will be provided with a first class free ticket (Immigrant Commission for the Colonies)”
“Yesterday I went for a walk to the East End (a working class neighborhood) and attended a meeting of unemployeds. What I saw there convinced me more than ever of the importance of Imperialism (…) We must conquer new colonies to allocate the excess of population that we suffer.
Millions of European citizens to leave to the colonies.
1850-1914: + than 50 millions)
REASONS OR FACTORSREASONS OR FACTORSREASONS OR FACTORSREASONS OR FACTORSHigh increase of
population in Europe
Population Any 1800 180 millionsAny 1900 430 “
A period of overproduction, unemployment, and misery
British 17Italians 10Germans 5Balkans 4’5Spanish 4’4Others 13
Emigration to other countries (USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa, North Africa, South America, etc.)
was an opportunity for Europe‘s poorest.
CAUSES o FACTORSCAUSES o FACTORSCAUSES o FACTORSCAUSES o FACTORSSpeech to the Parliament by J.Ferry, French Prime Minister ,1884“Gentlemen, in Europe such as it is today, in this competition of the many rivals we see rising up around us, some by military or naval improvements, others by the prodigious development of a constantly growing population; in a Europe, or rather in a universe thus constituted, a policy of withdrawal or abstention is simply the high road to decadence! In our time nations are great only through the activity they deploy; it is not by spreading the peaceable light of their institutions ... that they are great, in the present day.Spreading light without acting (…) and seeing as a trap (…), all expansion into Africa or the Orient-for a great nation to live this way, (…) is to abdicate and (…) to sink from the first rank to the third and fourth.”
Speech by Chamberlain, British Prime Minister, 1895.“I venture to claim two qualifications for the great office which I hold, which to my mind, without making invidious distinctions, is one of the most important that can be held by any Englishman; and those qualifications are that in the first place I believe in the British Empire, and in the second place I believe in the British race. I believe that the British race is the greatest of the governing races that the world has ever seen. ”
What reasons are given in the text? Political, cultural, economical, ideological, social, demographic…?
AND STRATEGIC
To protect the country’s trading routes and
their companies’ policies from foreign competitors.
C) POLITICAL, IDEOLOGICAL…
Governments and military men
Encourage colonization
It strengthened the nationalist spirit of the country
and its prestige.
They got medals and promotions
REASONS OR FACTORSREASONS OR FACTORSREASONS OR FACTORSREASONS OR FACTORS
because
THE SPIRIT OF ADVENTURE...
1841-1871- Expeditions across Africa by Livingstone,
Stanley,...1871- Darwin publishes “On the Origin of Species”
1878- Discovery of a passage between Asia and America
1895-1908- Expeditions across Central Asia
1909- Expeditions to the North Pole
1910- Expeditions to the South Pole
D) OTHER REASONS FOR COLONIALISM
From: F. D. Lugard, The Rise of Our East African Empire, (Edinburgh, 1893
I am convinced that the indiscriminate application of such precepts as those contained in the words to turn the other cheek also to the smiter, and to be the servant of all men, is to wholly misunderstand and misapply the teaching of Christ. The African holds the position of a late-born child in the family of nations, and must as yet be schooled in the discipline of the nursery. He is neither the intelligent ideal crying out for instruction, and capable of appreciating the subtle beauties of Christian forbearance and self-sacrifice, which some well-meaning missionary literature would lead us to suppose, nor yet, on the other hand, is he universally a rampant cannibal, predestined by Providence to the yoke of the slave, and fitted for nothing better, as I have elsewhere seen him depicted. That is to say, that there is in him, like the rest of us, both good and bad, and that the innate good is capable of being developed by cultureWhat reasons are given in the text?
From “The Conquest of Civilization” p.114By James Henry BreastedNew York: Harper & Brothers, 1926
On the south of the Northwest Quadrant lay the teeming black world of Africa, separated from the Great White Race by an impassable desert barrier and unfitted by ages of tropical life for any effective intrusion among the White Race, the negro and negroid peoples remained without any influence on the development of early civilization. We may then exclude both of these external races from any share in the origins or subsequent development of civilization. .
What reasons are given in the text?Political, cultural, economical, ideological, social, demographic…?
E) Other reasons for Colonialism…
or.......maybe...
JUSTIFICATIONS?
E.1) THE CIVILIZINGMISSION
E.2) RACISM
Europeans believed that their civilization was superior and that
they had the duty to impose it to the barbarians.
The belief that one’s own race was superior to the other races.
A belief that could only be provedexerting some kind of political influence over other peoples
TYPES OF COLONIES
Settler Colonies
Europeans settled themselves in the
country permanently.
They took control of the territory.
In time they became independence.
CanadaAustralia
New ZealandSouth Africa
Algeria
Trading CompaniesThe states granted private companies large territories
to administer who were only interested in
exploiting and plundering the natural resources of
The political and economical dominance exercised by the capitalistic states over all Africa, Oceania, a large part of Asia and North America, from the first half of the XIX century to the first half of the XX century.