Colonial Policies in the Philippines

COLONIAL POLICIES IN THE COLONIAL POLICIES IN THE PHILIPPINESPHILIPPINES

TOWARDS THE TOWARDS THE HISPANIZATION OF THE HISPANIZATION OF THE

NATIVESNATIVES

• The Spaniards integrated into the Filipino society their The Spaniards integrated into the Filipino society their religion , language, customs, arts and sciences.religion , language, customs, arts and sciences.

A.A. InfrastructureInfrastructure > Spanish domination in the country was seen in the > Spanish domination in the country was seen in the

massive colonial churches, convents, schools, roads, massive colonial churches, convents, schools, roads, bridges, and the bahay na bato ( bahay na mestiza) .bridges, and the bahay na bato ( bahay na mestiza) .

B. Creation of Towns and PoblacionsB. Creation of Towns and Poblacions > > ReduccionReduccion - resettlement of the inhabitants in - resettlement of the inhabitants in

Spanish –style poblaciones –or at least- Spanish –style poblaciones –or at least- bajo de las bajo de las campanas.campanas.

• The Spanish model for a poblacion was The Spanish model for a poblacion was organized around a rectangular plaza, organized around a rectangular plaza, with the church and convent on one with the church and convent on one side, bounded by the tribunal or side, bounded by the tribunal or municipio, and by the houses of the municipio, and by the houses of the Spanish officials and principales. The Spanish officials and principales. The presence of the principalia residences in presence of the principalia residences in the plaza complex reflected the the plaza complex reflected the existence of socioeconomic existence of socioeconomic ascendancy.ascendancy.

C.C. Social ClassesSocial Classes

• Social PyramidSocial Pyramid

ESPAÑOLES

1. Españoles peninsulares2. Españoles insulares

MESTIZOS AND MESTIZAS1.Mestizos de sangley

2. Mestizos de español

INDIOS OR INDIOS NATURALES

• Españoles – with both Spanish parentsEspañoles – with both Spanish parents

• Españoles peninsulares – born in the Spanish peninsulaEspañoles peninsulares – born in the Spanish peninsula

• Españoles insulares or Filipinos – born in the colonyEspañoles insulares or Filipinos – born in the colony

• Mestizos de sangley – Chinese mestizosMestizos de sangley – Chinese mestizos• Mestizos de español – Spanish mestizosMestizos de español – Spanish mestizos

• Indios or indios naturales – natives without Spanish or Indios or indios naturales – natives without Spanish or chinese ancestry.chinese ancestry.

• Religious orders that arrived in the Philippines: Religious orders that arrived in the Philippines: Augustinians, Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits.Augustinians, Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits.

• Fray Domingo de Salazar (Order of Preacher) – first Fray Domingo de Salazar (Order of Preacher) – first Bishop of Manila.Bishop of Manila.

• Fray Ignacio de Santibañez ( Franciscan) – first Fray Ignacio de Santibañez ( Franciscan) – first Archbishop of Manila.Archbishop of Manila.Tomas Pinpin – first Filipino printerTomas Pinpin – first Filipino printer > wrote the first published Tagalog book titled : > wrote the first published Tagalog book titled : Librong Pag-aralan nang manga Tagalog nang uicang Librong Pag-aralan nang manga Tagalog nang uicang Castilla ( Book that the Tagalogs Should Study to Castilla ( Book that the Tagalogs Should Study to Learn Spanish) for the benefit of unlettered Filipinos in Learn Spanish) for the benefit of unlettered Filipinos in the Spanish language.the Spanish language.

D. D. EducationEducation

1. Basic Education – was rendered by 1. Basic Education – was rendered by parochial schools, established primarily for parochial schools, established primarily for religious instruction.religious instruction.

In 1582 , Archbishop Domingo Salazar In 1582 , Archbishop Domingo Salazar ordered that every town was to have one school ordered that every town was to have one school for boys and one for girls.for boys and one for girls.

Subjects taught: catechism, reading and Subjects taught: catechism, reading and writing in dialect, music, the rudiments of writing in dialect, music, the rudiments of aritchmetic , and trades and industries.aritchmetic , and trades and industries.

• Higher education – was established exclusively for the Higher education – was established exclusively for the Spaniards and Filipinos, referring to those born in the Spaniards and Filipinos, referring to those born in the colony to Spanish parents. colony to Spanish parents.

• College of Manila > College of San Ignacio > University College of Manila > College of San Ignacio > University of San Ignacio ( 1621) – first college for boys founded by of San Ignacio ( 1621) – first college for boys founded by the Jesuits in 1589. However, it was closed in 1768.the Jesuits in 1589. However, it was closed in 1768.

• Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santissimo Rosario later Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santissimo Rosario later renamed Universidad de Santo Tomas ( in 1645 by Pope renamed Universidad de Santo Tomas ( in 1645 by Pope Innocent X) was established in 1611 by Fray Miguel de Innocent X) was established in 1611 by Fray Miguel de Benavides , the third archbishop of Manila.Benavides , the third archbishop of Manila.

• Colegio de San Juan de Letran – Colegio de San Juan de Letran – established by the Dominican order to established by the Dominican order to take care of the orphaned Spanish boys. take care of the orphaned Spanish boys.

• Two kinds of schools for girls;Two kinds of schools for girls;

1. Colegio – regular school for girls1. Colegio – regular school for girls

2. Beaterio – a combined school and 2. Beaterio – a combined school and nunnerynunnery

College of Santa Potenciana ( 1594) first College of Santa Potenciana ( 1594) first college for girls.college for girls.

College of Santa Isabel – oldest existing College of Santa Isabel – oldest existing college for girls in the country.college for girls in the country.

• Real Monasterio de Santa Clara ( now St. Claire Convent of Manila) Real Monasterio de Santa Clara ( now St. Claire Convent of Manila) – first nunnery in the Philippines established by the Franciscan nuns – first nunnery in the Philippines established by the Franciscan nuns in 1621.in 1621.

• Educational Decree ( December 20,1863) – introduced a system of Educational Decree ( December 20,1863) – introduced a system of public education that opened opportunities to Filipinos for higher public education that opened opportunities to Filipinos for higher learning.learning.

• In 1820, Damian Domingo ( Father of Filipino Painting) founded the In 1820, Damian Domingo ( Father of Filipino Painting) founded the Academy of Fine arts, the first school in painting in Manila. Academy of Fine arts, the first school in painting in Manila.

• In 19In 19thth century, various technical schools were established like the century, various technical schools were established like the School of Mercantile Accounting and Modern Languages. School of Mercantile Accounting and Modern Languages. Commerce was introduced as a three-year vocational course.Commerce was introduced as a three-year vocational course.

• Doctrina Christiana en lengua espaDoctrina Christiana en lengua española y tagala (1593) – the ñola y tagala (1593) – the earliest book printed, written by Fray Juan de Oliver, which sought earliest book printed, written by Fray Juan de Oliver, which sought to explain the importance of Christ, chastity, and devotion to God. to explain the importance of Christ, chastity, and devotion to God.

• Del Superior Govierno ( Of the Supreme Government) first Del Superior Govierno ( Of the Supreme Government) first newspaper in the country that appeared in Manila in 1811. newspaper in the country that appeared in Manila in 1811.

• E. The Galleon TradeE. The Galleon Trade

• > Goods ferried by the use of galleon ships via Pacific ocean to > Goods ferried by the use of galleon ships via Pacific ocean to Acapulco, Mexico were brought into the Philippines by Asian Acapulco, Mexico were brought into the Philippines by Asian traders.traders.

• Obras Pias – earliest banking institution in the country. Obras Pias – earliest banking institution in the country.

• F. Christianity F. Christianity • > the most lasting legacy of the Spanish missionaries.> the most lasting legacy of the Spanish missionaries.• > promoted social welfare in the country.> promoted social welfare in the country.• Juan Clemente - founded the first hospital in Manila in 1578. Out of Juan Clemente - founded the first hospital in Manila in 1578. Out of

this hospital originated the present San Juan de Dios Hospital and this hospital originated the present San Juan de Dios Hospital and the san Lazaro Hospital.the san Lazaro Hospital.

• Real Hospicio de San Jose – first regular orphanage established in Real Hospicio de San Jose – first regular orphanage established in 1810.1810.

• Celebrations and Festivals:Celebrations and Festivals:• 1. Christmas season1. Christmas season• 2. Lenten season2. Lenten season

• 3. Town fiestas3. Town fiestas

• 4. Pahiyas Festival – Lucban, Quezon4. Pahiyas Festival – Lucban, Quezon

• 5. Moriones Festival – Marinduque5. Moriones Festival – Marinduque

• 6. Carabao Festival – Pulilan, Bulacan6. Carabao Festival – Pulilan, Bulacan

• 7. Obando Festival – Bulacan7. Obando Festival – Bulacan

• 8. Pe8. Peñafrancia Festival – Bicolñafrancia Festival – Bicol

• 9. Flores de Mayo9. Flores de Mayo

• CHINESE IN THE PHILIPPINESCHINESE IN THE PHILIPPINES• “ “Sangleys” – derived from the term xiang and ley Sangleys” – derived from the term xiang and ley

meaning “ traveling merchant”meaning “ traveling merchant”• Parian – place outside the city walls of Manila, Parian – place outside the city walls of Manila,

established in 1581 by Gov. Gen. Gonzalo Ronquillo de established in 1581 by Gov. Gen. Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa.Peñalosa.

• Pacto de retroventa ( pacto de retro) – a contract under Pacto de retroventa ( pacto de retro) – a contract under which the borrower who conveyed his land to the lender which the borrower who conveyed his land to the lender could repurchase it for the same amount of money that could repurchase it for the same amount of money that he had received. he had received.

• Dispensa de ley – involved the transfer of the Chinese Dispensa de ley – involved the transfer of the Chinese mestizo’s family to the tax register of indios.mestizo’s family to the tax register of indios.

• ( example : Tan hwang Co to Tanjuangco)( example : Tan hwang Co to Tanjuangco)

• First Chinese threat to Spanish Rule:First Chinese threat to Spanish Rule:

1. Invasion of Lim-Ah- Hong ( Nov. 29, 1574)1. Invasion of Lim-Ah- Hong ( Nov. 29, 1574)

Chinese Revolts:Chinese Revolts:

1. October 3, 1603 led by Eng-Kang.1. October 3, 1603 led by Eng-Kang.

2. In 1639, caused by Gov. Gen. Sebastian Hurtado de 2. In 1639, caused by Gov. Gen. Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera’s order forcing the Chinese to work in Corcuera’s order forcing the Chinese to work in Calamba.Calamba.

3. In 1662, led by Koxinga ( Cheng Chengkung).3. In 1662, led by Koxinga ( Cheng Chengkung).

4. in 1686, planned by Tingco, a Chinese ex-convict4. in 1686, planned by Tingco, a Chinese ex-convict

British Rule (1762-1764)British Rule (1762-1764)

September 22 1762, the British fleet consisting of 13 ships entered September 22 1762, the British fleet consisting of 13 ships entered manila Bay. manila Bay.

Rear Admiral Samuel Cornish – commander of the fleetRear Admiral Samuel Cornish – commander of the fleet

Brigadier General William Draper – in command of the troops.Brigadier General William Draper – in command of the troops.

October 5, 1762 – Manila fell into British hands after a white flag was October 5, 1762 – Manila fell into British hands after a white flag was hoisted at Fort Santiago.hoisted at Fort Santiago.

Archbishop manuel Antonio Rojo – interim governor generalArchbishop manuel Antonio Rojo – interim governor general

Oider Simon de AndaOider Simon de Anda

Treaty of Paris (Feb. 10 , 1763) – Under this treaty , England restored Treaty of Paris (Feb. 10 , 1763) – Under this treaty , England restored the Philippines to Spain.the Philippines to Spain.