Collège de France Collège de France
Mar 27, 2015
Collège de France
Collège de France
Chile
France
Paris
Paris
UniversityPierre & Marie Curie
Collège de France
Sorbonne
‘Quartier Latin’Notre Dame de Paris
Collège de France
University Pierre et Marie Curie
1530
1960
Collège de France
1530
Maître de la librairie (National Library)
Guillaume BudéFrançis I
king of France
to develop the new spirit of ‘Renaissance humanism’
against the old Sorbonne fonded during the middle ages in 1257
6 royal lecturers
greek (2) - hebrew (3) - mathematics (1)
(no latin ≠ Sorbonne)
Social sciences = 26
history
archeology
philosophy
litterature
economy
Physical sciences = 21
biology = 10
mathematics = 3
physics = 4
earth sciences = 2
chemistry = 2
Year 2006 ≈ 50 professors
+1 european 1 international
every year
Chemistry at the Collège de France
Louis-Jacques Thénard
1804-1845
Nicolas Vauquelin
1801-1804
Jean Darcet
1774-1801
never more than 2 chemists
Chemistry at the Collège de France
1845-1850 Théophile Jules Pelouze
1851-1876 Antoine Jérôme Balard
1876-1897 Paul Schützenberger
1898-1907 Henri Le Chatellier
1908-1934 Camille Matignon
Inorganic chemistry
1865-1907 Marcelin Berthelot
1908-1916 Emile Clément Jungfleish
1917-1929 Charles Moureu
1930-1941 Marcel Délépine
1942-1955 Charles Dufraisse
1956-1980 Alain Horeau
1979 - Jean-Marie Lehn
Organic Chemistry
1996-1998 Jean Rouxel2001 - Jacques Livage
- lectures : science as it goes (new topic every year)- advanced research
about 200 attendees from 20 to 80 years old‘open university ’
anyone can attend the lectures : no registration, no degree
Professors
docet omnia I teach everything
Jacques Livage
Collège de France
Advanced Materials via Chimie Douce
One of the main differences between men and animals
is that a man is able to make tools
homo habilis
shaping silexto make a tool
polished stone
cutted stone
Tools were made from natural materialswood, bones, stones, ….
≈ - 400.000 years
The discovery of fire was a key point for the evolution of mankind
shapecomposition
The history of man follows the development of materials
copper bronzestone iron
Ellingham diagram
G = H - TSCO
2 Cu + O2 2 CuO
2 C + O2 2 CO
S < 0
S > 0
Cu FeT°C
G
2 Fe + O2 2 FeO
700300
CuO + C Cu + CO
CuO is reduced by Carbon above the crossing point
TFe > TCu
Ellingham diagram and human civilization
Materials processing improves when higher temperatures are reached
copper
aluminium
G = H - TS
iron
bronze
CuO
FeO
Al2O3
CO
G°
Cu FeAl
Cu
Fe
Al
copper bronzestone iron
25°C 600°C 1100°C T°C
Better materials require higher temperatures
Prometheus
Prometheus
aluminium
aeronautic
silicon
electronic
copper bronzestone iron
25°C 600°C 1100°C T°C
Better materials require higher temperatures
Materials chemistry = high temperature chemistry
Solid-state chemistry = shake and bake chemistry
melting pot furnace
T > 1000°C
Formation of biomaterials by
organisms living in the sea
from solute species in aqueous solutions
Life appeared in the sea
Sea plankton
Nanostructured materialshave been made by micro-organisms
since the Cambrian era
≈ 600 millions years
coccolithes
Calcium Carbonate
CaCO3
Silica - SiO2
radiolaria diatoms
Amphilouche elongata
Strontium SulfateSrSO4
Acantharias
bones
teeth
shells
Enst Haeckel
(1834 - 1919)
Atlas des radiolaires (1862)
Atlas des radiolaires (1862)
Bio-inspired silica
biogenic silica
the sol-gel process : chemistry and
applications
hybrid organic-inorganic materials
bio-encapsulation
radiolaria
Unusual forms of vanadium oxides
from molecular clusters to layered structures
vanadium oxide gels and sols
vanadium oxide nanotubes and foams