COLD WAR ORIGINS - Amherst Education Centeraec.amherst.k12.va.us/sites/default/files/Cold War_0.pdfthis map became the countries of — ... corrupt leadership and poor morale •1949

WHII.13a-b

VS.

•A “War of Words”—

fought with words and

ideas rather than

bloodshed and deadly

weapons

•After WWII TWO new

superpowers arise — the

United States and the

USSR

Beginning of the Cold War

1945-1948

•The Yalta Conference

•The Soviets were given control of Eastern Europe

•This means that which kind of government will be in

control of this part of the world?

•Stalin spread

communism to satellite

nations of the USSR and

did not hold the free

elections he promised.

(satellite nations=those

controlled by other nations)

President Truman

• He has a Policy of Containment

Containment

action of keeping something harmful under control / within limits

President Truman

• He has a Policy of Containment

•Policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and

stopping expansion of communism

•Included: forming alliances and helping weak

countries resist Soviet advances

•Truman Doctrine: support for countries who

rejected communism

•“Iron Curtain”—

Churchill’s term for the division

that fell on Europe with

Democracy in the west and Soviet

control in the east

•The “Iron Curtain” became a

symbol of Communism and the

fear that accompanied it.

•The Cold War escalated and

soon divided the world into

“eastern” and “western”—the

east dominated by the USSR

and the west led by the US.

Democracy and

Free Enterprise (capitalism)

vs.

Dictatorship and

Communism

The ideological basis of the Cold War

was conflict between communism and

—

A monarchy

B socialism

C democracy

D fascism

Which leader was most closely associated

with stopping the spread of communism?

A Jomo Kenyatta

B Mohandas Gandhi

C Harry Truman

D Kaiser Wilhelm II

During the decades immediately after World War

II, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Poland

were —

A democracies with free market economies

B dominated by the Soviet Union

C provinces of Austria-Hungary

D divided into smaller independent states

WHII.13a-b

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

vs.

Warsaw Pact

East vs. West; Communism vs. Democracy

•Began when the Soviet Union tested the Atomic-bomb

•It showed others could and would get “the bomb”

The presence of nuclear weapons has influenced patterns of conflict and cooperation since 1945.

•The North was controlled by the Communist government – Backed by the Soviets

•The South was controlled by a dictatorship – Backed by the U.S.

•North Korea invades South Korea

•US, United Nations, China all become involved

•At war for 3 years—trench warfare mostly

•Korea splits permanently

•North: Communist

•South: Democratic

The peace treaty split the country along the “38th

Parallel”

REMEMBER:

North Korea

remains

Communist!

Which statement best describes the region indicated on this map?

F It housed a British protectorate that was returned to Chinese control.

G It was a refuge for nationalists after a civil war in China.

H It housed a monastery for a powerful sect of Chinese monks.

J It was acquired from Japan after the Chinese-Japanese Wars.

• Which of the following explains the rise in military

spending on the graph?

• F World War I

• G World War II

• H The Korean War

• J The Persian Gulf War

•Sputnik was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957

•It was the first satellite to be put into Earth’s orbit

•Space Race begins!

•Cuba was a Communist country with Fidel Castro as the

leader

•Cuba was a Communist country with Fidel Castro as the

leader

•It was harsh

•They were backed by the Soviet Union

•Cuban exiles (trained by the CIA) land in Cuba for a counter-revolution against Fidel Castro

(1300 of them).

•US did not support exiles (as promised).

•Invasion is crushed—exiles are imprisoned and tortured—eventually traded to the US

The Soviet Union decided to

put a wall between West Berlin

and the rest of East Germany

In 1961, they would turn the

fence into a giant wall

The Soviet Union decided to

put a wall between West Berlin

and the rest of East Germany

In 1961, they would turn the

fence into a giant wall

The Soviet Union decided to

put a wall between West Berlin

and the rest of East Germany

In 1961, they would turn the

fence into a giant wall

The Soviet Union then decided

to put a wall between West

berlin and the rest of East

Germany

The Soviet Union then decided

to put a wall between West

berlin and the rest of East

Germany

The Soviet Union then decided

to put a wall between West

berlin and the rest of East

Germany

• The occupied areas shown in

this map became the countries

of —

• A Bosnia and Serbia

• B Albania and Yugoslavia

• C East Pakistan and West

Pakistan

• D East Germany and West

Germany

•“closest” the superpowers ever came to a nuclear exchange.

•Castro allowed Soviets to put medium-range missiles in Cuba—

could attack almost all the US with little warning.

•US spy planes see missiles being built

•Kennedy (JFK) blockades Cuba by surrounding it with Navy ships

•US spy planes see missiles being built

•Kennedy (JFK) blockades Cuba by surrounding it with Navy ships

•Kennedy goes on national TV & demands Soviets remove

missiles.

•He threatens to stop any Russian ship going to Cuba

•Kennedy goes on national TV & demands Soviets remove

missiles.

•He threatens to stop any Russian ship going to Cuba

•Standoff lasts 13 days

•Kruschev (leader of the USSR after Stalin) backs down and

agrees to remove missiles if US promises not to invade Cuba

•Kruschev (leader of the USSR after Stalin) backs down and

agrees to remove missiles if US promises not to invade Cuba

•US keeps base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; still there today

The United States threatened to use nuclear

weapons during the —

F Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

G Chinese Civil War

H Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

J Cuban Missile Crisis

•North Vietnam was Communist (supported by the Chinese, also Communist)

•South Vietnam was a democracy supported by the United States

•Ho Chi Mihn - Leader of North Vietnam

•On August 2, 1964, the U.S. destroyer USS Maddox engaged three North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin near north

Vietnam.

•On August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, authorizing President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary

to retaliate and to promote international peace and security in southeast Asia.

•On August 2, 1964, the U.S. destroyer USS Maddox engaged three North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin near north

Vietnam.

•On August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, authorizing President Johnson to take any measures necessary to retaliate and to

promote international peace and security in southeast Asia.

•The U.S. sends troops to Vietnam and fight with the South Vietnamese

•The U.S. sends troops to Vietnam and fight with the South Vietnamese

Vietcong

Communist Vietnam army of the North

•The U.S. sends troops to Vietnam and fight with the South Vietnamese

•US fights Vietcong in jungles—guerrilla warfare (ambush, mines, traps—unlike any war before in

the United States)

•The U.S. sends troops to Vietnam and fight with the South Vietnamese

•US fights Vietcong in jungles—guerrilla warfare (ambush, mines, traps—unlike any war before in

the United States)

Guerrilla Warfare

irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants use non-traditional

military tactics

•The U.S. sends troops to Vietnam and fight with the South Vietnamese

•US fights Vietcong in jungles—guerrilla warfare (ambush, mines, traps—unlike any war before in

the United States)

•Richard Nixon is elected in 1968

•Begins Vietnamization

•Richard Nixon is elected in 1968

•Begins Vietnamization

Vietnamization

Train South Vietnamese forces better to take over fighting and Americans can

come home

•North Vietnam invades South,

•Takes Saigon

•Wins

•Becomes Soviet Premier

•Glasnost—openness for government

•Peristroika—restructuring of Soviet economy

•Has many talks with Ronald Reagan about government and economics.

Communism failed as an economic system in the Soviet Union and elsewhere due to the

following things.

•Eastern Europe (Poland first) abandons communism

•Berlin Wall is torn down

•Nationalism grows in Warsaw Pact countries

•Soviet Union economy collapses

•Soviet Union breaks up

•NATO expands

•East and West Germany reunite

•USSR breaks into 15 separate countries:

Russia Latvia Kazakhstan

Georgia Estonia Turkmenistan

Ukraine Moldova Uzbekistan

Armenia Lithuania Azerbaijan

Belarus Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan

WHII.13c

• After WWI Nationalists

overthrow the Qing Dynasty in

China

• They started a new republic

• Japan invaded and occupied

part of China during WWII

while China was involved in a

civil war (Nationalist v.

Communist)

• Rape of Nanking

• Communists were led

by Mao Zedong and

aided by the Soviet

Union (Lenin)

• Nationalists were led by

Chiang Kai-shek (later

known as Jiang Jieshi) and

wanted a democracy

• Peasants and lower class supported the

Communist promise of land

• Middle and upper class bankers, business

owners, etc. supported democracy and

Nationalists

• Civil War between the two lasted until

WWII when the Japanese invaded

• After WWII when the Japanese left China,

the war resumed

• Communists and Mao are in the north

• Nationalists and Jiang are in the south

• Northern China

•Mainland China

• Supported by the Soviet Union

• Wanted National liberation

• Strong public support

• Experienced in guerilla military

strategies

• Southern China • Island of Taiwan

• Supported by the United States

• Wanted to defeat the Communists

• Little public support because of inflation and a failing economy

• Ineffective military with corrupt leadership and poor morale

• 1949 Mao Zedong gains control of the

country (People’s Republic of China)

• Nationalists and Jiang flee to Taiwan and

set up separate government (which the

Chinese still claim is theirs)

• Different from Soviet Communism

• Mao forcibly seizes farmland and

redistributes to larger percent of

population in collective farms (called

Communes)

• Business was gradually brought under

government control with 5 year plans

• Great Leap Forward—communes become larger

and everything is state owned and run.

• People lived in communal dorms, had communal

dining room, communal nurseries, etc.

• No incentive for workers and the Great Leap

became a failure—ended in 1961 after great

famine

• Goal of the Red Guards was to make all peasants and workers equal in all ways

• Art, Literature, etc. glorified the life of the common peasant who worked with his hands

• Colleges were shut down, schools were closed, media outlets were stopped, they wanted to “purify” the upper classes/educated

• Thousands were killed or imprisoned

• Factories and farms had to shut down

• Mao ends the revolution because of the

threat of civil war—the Red Guards were

put down