Cold War Crisis Points

PowerPoint Presentation

Cold War Crisis PointsChina to TerrorismChinaCivil war in 30sNationalists v. CommunistsJoint Effort v. Japan in WW2Civil War resumes 40sCold WarNationalistsChiang Kai-ShekCorruptionIneffective LeaderSupport of USALoses, fleesRepublic of China aka TaiwanCommunistsMao ZedongLong MarchPeasant supportSupport of USSRWins 1949 dominoPeoples Republic of China mainland

Communists vs. Nationalists

Mao ZedongJiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek)Communists vs. NationalistsCivil War ResumesEconomic problems cause Nationalist soldiers to desert to CommunistsMaos troops take control of Chinas major citiesIn 1949, Peoples Republic of China is createdNationalists flee to TaiwanThe Two Chinas Affect the Cold WarThe Superpowers ReactU.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan, called Republic of ChinaSoviets and China agree to help each other in event of attackU.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion and spread of communism in ChinaThe Two Chinas Affect the Cold WarChina Expands under the CommunistsChina takes control of Tibet and southern MongoliaIndia welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeing revolt against ChineseChina and India clash over border; fighting stops but tensions remainThe Communists Transform ChinaCommunists Claim a New Mandate of HeavenChinese Communists organize national government and Communist PartyMaos Brand of Marxist SocialismMao takes property from landowners and divides it among peasantsGovernment seizes private companies and plans production increaseThe Communists Transform ChinaNew Policies and Maos ResponseChina and Soviet Union clash over leadership of communist movementStrict socialist ideas are moderated, Mao reduces his role in governmentRed Guardsmilitia units formed to enforce strict communism in ChinaThe Communists Transform ChinaThe Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolutionmovement to build society of peasants and workersRed Guardsgroups of violent and radical youthclose schools and execute or imprison many intellectualsIn 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes, or exiles most Red Guards who have been labeled by the government Counter Revolutionary.However, the Cultural Revolution continues until Maos death in 1976.The Red Guards: Chinas Teenage Police ForceBetween 1966 and 1976, students in Chinas Red Guard waged a Cultural Revolution on teachers and professionals that left a million people dead and the country in chaos.

Red Guards holding Maos Little Red Book of his sayings during the cultural revolution.Korea: Cold War by ProxyKorea Divided @ 38th USSR > N. KoreaUSA >> S. KoreaNK invades SKUN Police ActionUS troopsDouglas MacArthurStalemateArmistice 1953Was it worth it?

War in KoreaStandoff at the 38th ParallelIn 1950, North Koreans invade South Korea with Soviet supportSouth Korea requests UN assistance; 15 nations send troopsDouglas MacArthurleads UN forces against North KoreansNorth Koreans controls most of the peninsula when MacArthur attacksHalf of North Koreas army surrenders, the rest retreatWar in KoreaThe Fighting ContinuesUN troops push North Koreans almost to Chinese borderChinese send 300,000 troops against UN forces and capture SeoulMacArthur calls for nuclear attack and is removed from commandIn 1953, cease fire signed and border established at 38th parallel

War in KoreaAftermath of the WarNorth Korea builds collective farms, heavy industry, nuclear weaponsSouth Korea establishes democracy, growing economy with U.S. aidThe Khrushchev Era & De-StalinizationStalin dies 53Nikita Khrushchev emergesDe-StalinizationSecret Speech 56Denounce StalinRemove Stalin supportersPurge Memory of StalinDestroy monuments

Peaceful Competition

The Cold War Divides the WorldThe Threat of Nuclear WarSoviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb in 1949U.S. and Soviet Union both develop the more powerful hydrogen bombBrinkmanshippolicy of willingness to go to the edge of warIncreasing tensions lead to military buildup by U.S. and the SovietsThe Cold War Divides the WorldThe Cold War in the SkiesIn 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first unmanned satellite. THE SPACE RACE BEGINS!In 1960, Soviets shoot down American spy plane (a U-2), increasing tensions

A replica of Sputnik 1

U-2 spy plane similar to the one shot down over the U.S.S.R.

Francis Gary Powers with a model of a U-2 spy plane.

Wreckage of Gary Powers U-2

Cold War Crisis Points Hungarian Uprising 1956Imre NagySought greater independence from USSRSought coalition with non-communistsSought Hungarian neutralitySeizureProtesters seize radio station HELP!No US response??Soviet responseSoviet tanks crush uprisingNagy executed > New Pro-Soviet leader Janos KadarResultCold War boundaries solidified in E. EuropeUS - Soviet spheres accepted in Europe

Cold War Crisis PointsSputnik 57Soviet victory = Western fearKitchen debates w/ NixonU-2 IncidentUS spy-plane shot downUS lies > no apology > tensionCommunist SplitSoviet vs. ChineseDoctrine & Spheres of InfluenceBerlin Wall 61Vienna Conference w/ JFKUS response > Wall Cuban Missile Crisis 62Soviet nukes in Cuba > QuarantineKhrushchev resigns

Confrontations in Latin AmericaFidel Castro and the Cuban RevolutionFidel Castroleads revolt in Cuba against dictator supported by the U.S.By 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes economy, takes U.S. propertyIn 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs

Fidel CastroConfrontations in Latin AmericaNuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile CrisisIn 1962, U.S. demands removal of Soviet missiles in CubaSoviets withdraw missiles; U.S. promises not to invade CubaCuban economy is left dependent on Soviet supportFrom Brinkmanship to DtenteBrinkmanship Breaks DownBrinkmanship cause repeated crises; nuclear war a constant threatJohn F. KennedyU.S. president during the Cuban Missile CrisisLyndon Johnsonpresident who increases U.S. involvement in Vietnam

From Brinkmanship to DtenteThe United States Turns to DtenteVietnam-era turmoil fuels desire for less confrontational policyDtentepolicy of reducing Cold War tensions to avoid conflictRichard M. NixonU.S. president who launches dtenteDtente grows out of philosophy known as realpolitikrealistic politicsrecognizes need to be practical and flexible

Cold War Crisis PointsThe Brezhnev EraPolicy Changesrepression freedomsArrest of A. SolzhenitsynCzechoslovakia 1968A. Dubcek softens Czech communismSoviet invasion >> Brezhnev DoctrineDtenteIke, JFK, LBJ = BrinkmanshipNixon = realpolitik + dtente >> tensionNixon visits China & USSR >> SALT I Treaty Afghanistan 1979Muslim revolt vs. Afghan Communist regimeSoviet invasion >> 10 Year War >> Soviets leave 89Moscow Olympics boycotted by US & alliesRuins Soviet economyUS supports Taliban & Osama Bin-Laden vs. USSR

From Brinkmanship to DtenteNixon Visits Communist PowersNixon visits Communist China and Soviet Union, signs SALT I TreatySALTStrategic Arms Limitation Talkslimits nuclear weapons

Nixon visiting ChinaThe Collapse of DtentePolicy ChangesNixon and Gerald Ford improve relations with Soviets and ChinaJimmy Carter has concerns about Soviet policies but signs SALT IICongress will not ratify SALT II due to Soviet invasion of AfghanistanConfrontations in the Middle EastThe Superpowers Face Off in AfghanistanSoviets invade Afghanistan to help Communist government against rebelsMuslim rebels fight guerilla war against Soviets with U.S. weaponsU.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet UnionSoviets eventually withdraw in 1989

Cold War Crisis Points Poland & 1980s Solidarity MovementEconomic Failure of Communist PartyFood & Product ShortagesPope John Paul II Polish Pope Paves Way for Reform Meat Prices >> Protests >> STRIKES!Aug 80 Lech Walesa & Workers gained right to organize Independent union Solidarity - formedSept 80 Polish Communist Leadership replacedSolidarity officially recognizedRadio broadcast of Catholic Mass WOW!Summer 81 Secret Ballot Elections held WOW!Crackdown! Martial Law declared by Gen. Jaruzelski 1981 83Avoided Soviet invasion

The Collapse of DtenteReagan Takes an Anti-Communist StanceRonald Reagananti-Communist U.S. president takes office in 1981Reagan increases military spending and proposes a missile defense programIn 1985, new Soviet leadership allows easing of Cold War tensionsConfrontations in Latin AmericaCivil War in NicaraguaAnastasio Somoza DebayleNicaraguan dictator supported by the U.S.Daniel Ortegaleads Sandinista rebels who take power in NicaraguaU.S. and Soviet Union both initially support SandinistasSandinistas aid Communist rebels in El SalvadorU.S. helps anti-Communist Contras in Nicaragua to assist El SalvadorIn 1990, Nicaragua holds first free elections, Sandinistas lose

Daniel Ortega on Time magazine, March 31, 1986Anastasio Somoza Debayle (U.S. supported president of Nicaragua from 1967-1980)

Cold War & De-ColonizationTransforming Colonies to CountriesGB & IndiaMohandas K GandhiPassive Resistance Civil Disobedience1920s 1940s >> Indian IndependenceIndian National Congress Textile Boycott & Salt MarchIndian Independence & Partition Muslim League Muhammad Ali JinnahPakistan = Muslim / India = HinduTensions persist Kashmir

France & Vietnam: Cold War by ProxyFrench IndochinaWW2 = J takes it!Post-WW2F wants it back!Ho Chi Minh + Vietminh seek independenceDien Bien Phu = F lostGeneva Conference 54Split @ 17th US backs Ngo Dinh Diem (SV)Ho Chi Minh (NV)US involvement 61 thru 73Advisors > Air > Infantry Escalation > Vietnamization > WithdrawalSV surrenders 4/30/75Vietnam remains Communist

War Breaks Out in VietnamThe Road to WarHo Chi MinhVietnamese nationalist, later Communist leaderThe Fighting BeginsIn 1954, French surrender to Vietnamese after major defeatDomino theoryU.S. theory of Communist expansion in Southeast Asia

Ho Chi Minh

The War in Vietnam, 1957-1973

Note the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laos and CambodiaWar Breaks Out in VietnamVietnamA Divided CountryInternational peace conference agrees on a divided VietnamNgo Dinh Diemleads anti-Communist government in South VietnamVietcongSouth Vietnamese Communist guerillas fighting against Diem

Ngo Dinh DiemThe United States Gets InvolvedU.S. Troops Enter the FightIn 1964, U.S. sends troops to fight Viet Cong and North VietnameseU.S. fights guerilla war defending increasingly unpopular governmentVietcong gains support from Ho Chi Minh, China, and Soviet UnionThe United States Gets InvolvedThe United States WithdrawsWar grows unpopular in the U.S.; in 1969, Nixon starts withdrawing troopsVietnamizationNixons plan to withdraw U.S. from war graduallyLast U.S. troops leave in 1973; South Vietnam overrun in 1975Postwar Southeast AsiaVietnam after the WarSaigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City; Vietnam united as Communist nationAbout 1.5 million people flee Vietnam, some settling in the U.S. and CanadaIn 1995, United States normalizes relations with VietnamPostwar Southeast AsiaCambodia in TurmoilKhmer RougeCommunist rebels who take control of Cambodia in 1975They slaughter 2 million people; overthrown by Vietnamese invadersIn 1993, Cambodia adopts democracy, holds elections with UN help

Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge (Cambodian Communist Party, literally Red Khmers) in 1977 at the height of his power Postwar Southeast AsiaThe Killing Fields were a number of sites in Cambodia where large numbers of people were killed and buried by the Khmer Rouge regime, during its rule of the country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after the end of the Vietnam War.

Postwar Southeast AsiaAt least 200,000 people were executed by the Khmer Rouge (while estimates of the total number of deaths resulting from Khmer Rouge policies, including disease and starvation, range from 1.4 to 2.2 million out of a population of around 7 million).

A commemorative stupa filled with the skulls of the victims. Cold War Gorbachev Era Soviet CollapseSoviet Internal IssuesEconomic StagnationCorruptionMilitary ExpensesGorbachevs ReformsPerestroika = Restructuring Govt Role / Free Market No economic 88 New Constitution Open elections, autonomy?Glasnost = OpennessCensorship Free Expression DebateThe Results Communist AuthorityFreedom NOW!

Cold War EndReagan Administration RhetoricUSSR is Evil EmpireMr. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall Military SpendingSDI or Star Wars = Space Based Defense Trade Embargo with USSR Sold Wheat to USSR

1989 A Big YearPoland Solidarity wins elections!Hungary Opens borders w/AustriaGermanyBerlin Wall comes downCzechoslovakia Vaclav Havels Velvet RevolutionRomania Violent Revolt USSR = No Soviet interferenceChina = Tiananmen Square

Post Cold War USSRGorbachev 1990Share political powerOld School Yeltsin Republics The Break-Up 1991Baltic States - LithuaniaAugust Coup Attempt Yeltsin denouncesCIS created 12/91

Post- Cold War Yeltsin EraReforms > From Russia with LoveRussian Democracy + Free MarketPrivatization > OligarchsTurmoil in CISYeltsin as a SurvivorImpasse > Suspended P / Deposed YWest & Army Supports YResigns > V. Putin is successorInternal ConflictChechnya Beslan Disaster

Collapse of YugoslaviaCreation of Yugoslavia Post WW1Multi-ethnic regionsMonarchy > Constitutional Monarchy > Communist dictatorshipLeadershipMarshall Tito = dictatorSlobodan Milosevic = dictatorThe Break-up 1990sSerbs reassert supremacyCroatia & Slovenia declare independenceCivil War 1991 Serbs v. CroatsCivil War 1992 Division of Bosnia-HerzegovinaEthnic Cleansing / GenocideBombing of Sarajevo > UN > NATOThe ResultDayton Accordspeace??Ongoing Conflict >> Kosovo

Confrontations in the Middle EastReligious and Secular Values Clash in IranShah Reza Pahlavi embraces Western governments and oil companiesIranian nationalists overthrow shah, seize British oil companyU.S. restores shah to power, fearing Soviet encroachment

Shah Reza PahlaviConfrontations in the Middle EastThe United States Supports Secular RuleShah Reza Pahlavi westernizes Iran with U.S. supportAyatollah Ruholla KhomeiniIranian Muslim leader; lives in exileIn 1978, Khomeini sparks riots in Iran, Shah flees

Confrontations in the Middle EastKhomeinis Anti-U.S. PoliciesIslamic revolutionaries hold American hostages in Tehran (1979-1981) for 444 daysMuslim radicals take control in Iran, increasing tensions with IraqSaddam Hussein, fearing the spread of the Iranian Revolution into Iraq, attacks Iran.Iran and Iraq fight an 8-year war; U.S. aids both sides, Soviets help Iraq

Blindfolded American hostages in Iran in 1979.

The Cold War & Radical IslamRooted in Arab NationalismReject Western ideas Create an Islamic SocietyWahhabism, Taliban, etc.Oil creates Haves & Have-nots79 Iran RevolutionAyatollah Khomeini vs. WesternizationUS Hostage Crisis 444 DaysFundamentalist Regime79 Soviet Afghan WarJihad vs. Soviets US backs TalibanTaliban establishes Fundamentalist regime91Persian Gulf WarUS bases on holy soil in Saudi ArabiaJihad vs. USA Osama bin LadenWTC Embassies USS Cole 9/11 >>> War on Terror

Cold War Timeline, 1946-1980