Cohesion in English (Introduction)

8/13/2019 Cohesion in English (Introduction)

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? INTRODUCTION '@

#via+#d t& =# &># $id &f (#r-#t#!#, a+ra>>ati!al (it tat i lar+#r ta a #t#!# =(t ir#lat#d t& a #t#!# i t# a># %a' tat a #t#!# ir#lat#d t& a !la(#, a !la(# t& a +r&( ad.& &: =' C6N-

S7I7UENC, t# !&>&iti& &f lar+#r (it &(t &f>all#r . ?(t ti i >il#adi+. A t#@t i &t&>#ti+ tat i li$# a #t#!#, &l' =i++#r< it i&>#ti+ tat diff#r fr&> a #t#!# i $id.

A t#@t i =#t r#+ard#d a a SEAN7IC (it: a (it &t&f f&r> =(t &f >#ai+. 7( it i r#lat#d t& a !la(# &r#t#!# &t =' i# =(t =' REALIBA7I6N, t# !&di+ &f '>=&li! 't#> i a&t=#r.-A t#@t d &tC6NSIS7 6F #t#!#< it i REALIBED.?, &r #!&d#di, #t#!#. If \v! (d#rtad it i ti %a', %# all &t#@#!t t& fid t# a># $id &f S7RUC7URALit#+rati& a>&+ r# art &f a t#@t a %# fid a>&+ t#

art &f a #t#!# &r !la(#. 7# (it' &f a t#@t i a (it'

&f a diff#r#t $id. ..3:

i.i.i e)ture

7# !&!#t &f 7E7URE i #tir#l' ar&riat# t@r# t# %rr' &f =#i+ a t#@t. A t#@t a t#@t(r#,ad ti i %at diti+(i# it fr&> &>#ti+ tat i &ta t#@t. It d#riv# ti t#@t(r# fr&> t# fa!t tat it f(!ti&a a (it' %it r##!t t& it #vir&>#t.

at %# ar# iv#ti+ati+ i ti =&&$ ar! t# r#&(r!#tat E+li a f&r !r#ati+ t#@t(r#. If a aa+# &fE+li !&taii+ >&r# ta #t#!# i #r!#iv#d aa t#@t, t#r# %ill =# !#rtai li+(iti! f#at(r# r##t i

tat aa+# %i! !a =# id#tifi#d a !&tri=(ti+ t& itt&tal (it ad +ivi+ it t#@t(r#.L#t ( tart %it a i>l# ad trivial #@a>l#. S(

%# fid t# f&ll&%i+ itr(!ti& i t# !&&$#r' =&&$:

i: i a ad !&r# i@ !&&$i+ al#. 1(t t#> it& afir#r&&f di.

It i !l#ar tat the( i t# #!&d #t#!# r#f#r =a!$ t&i AN A1 H 6 R I C t&. t#si) coo*ing apples i t#firt #t#!#. 7i ANA1H6RIC f(!ti& &f the( +iv#!i& t& t# t%& #t#!#, & tat %# it#rr#t t#> aa %&l#< t# t%& #t#!# t&+#t#r !&tit(t# a t#@t. 6rrat#r, t#' f&r> art &f t# a># t#@t< t#r# >a' =# >&r#

&f it t& f&ll&%.7# t#@t(r# i r&vid#d =' t# !iv# RELA7I6N tat

#@it =#t%## the( ad si) coo*ing apples. It ii>&rtat t& >a$# ti &it, =#!a(# %# all =#!&tatl' f&!(i+ att#ti& & t# it#>, (! a llieni%%i! t'i!all' r#f#r =a!$ t& &>#ti+ ta: a +

=#f&r#< =(t t# !i& i #ff#!t#d &t =' t# r##!# &ft# r#f#rri+ it#> al =(t =' t# r##!#


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I.I 7HE C6NCE17 6*C6HESI6N J

&f =&t t# r#f#rri+ it#> ad t# it#> tat it .r#f#r t&. I&t#r %&rd, it i &t #&(+ tat t#r# &(ld =# a

r#(&iri&< t# r#(&iti& >(t al& =# atifi#d.7i a!!&(t f&r t# (>&r&( #ff#!t r&d(!#d =' t#radi& !&>#dia %& =#+a i a!t %it t# #t#!#

9: K S& %# (#d i> (d#r t# &t#r .

7i #t#!# i l&ad#d %it r#(&iti&, l&!at#d i t#%&rdso% hi(% other ad one% ad, i!# it %a t# i+#t#!#, &f t#> !&(ld =# r#&lv#d.

at i t# EANING &f t# !iv# r#lati& =#t%##the( ad si) coo*ing apples+ 7# >#ai+ i tat t#'r#f#r t& t# a># ti+. 7# t%& it#> ar# id#ti!al ir#f#r#!#, &r C6REFEREN7IAL. 7# !iv# a+#!' iti ita!#, tat %i! r&vid# t# t#@t(r#, i t#!&r#f#r#tialit' &f the( adsi) coo*ing apples. 7# i+al,

&r t# #@r#i&, &f ti !&r#f#r#tialit' i t# r##!# &ft# &t#tiall' aa&ri! it#> the( i t# #!&d #t#!#t&+#t#r %it a &t#tial tar+#t it#>si) coo*ing apples it# firt.

Id#tit' &f r#f#r#!# i &t t# &l' >#ai+ r#lati& tat!&tri=(t# t& t#@t(r#< t#r# ar# &t#r =#id#. N&r i t#(# &f a r&&( t# &l' %a' &f #@r#i+ id#tit' &fr#f#r#!#. "# !&(ld av# ad:

9:J a ad !&r# i@ !&&$i+ al#. 1(t t# al#it& a fir#r&&f, di.

H#r# t# it#> f(!ti&i+ !iv#l' i the apples% %i!%&r$ =' r##riti& &f t# %&rd apples a!!&>ai#d ='the a a aa&ri! i+al. 6# &f t# f(!ti& &f t#d#fiit# arti!l# i t& i+al id#tit' &f r#f#r#!# %it&>#ti+ tat a + =#f&r#. Si!# ti a &>#ti>#

=## aid t& =# it &l' f(!ti&, %# &(ld #ra &it&(t tat it a &t#r a %#ll, %i! ar# &t !iv# at alll# &f t# ita!# i a &r = a aaa&ri! ##:

9: a. N =(t t# =rav# d##rv# t# fair.=. 7# ai i >' #ad !a&t tifi! t# ai i >'#art.

F&r t# >#ai+ &f the% ## K.-K =#l&%.

UM ics# ##d a t#r> t& r#f#r t& a. i+l# ita!# &f !i&, a.t#r> f&r &!!(rr#!# &f a air &f !iv#l' r#lat#dit#>. 7i %# all !all a 7IE. 7# r#lati& =#t%## thanadsi) coo*ing apple, i #@a>l# -i:l !&tit(t# a ti!. #!a !ara!t#ri# a' #+>#t &f a t#@t i t#r> &f t#(>=#r ad


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IN7R6DUC7I6N

$id &f ti# %i! it dila'. Ii:i t#r# i ;(t ti!, &f

t# arti!(lar $id %i! %# all =# !alli+RSEER NCE Cat!r K. I 9:J, t#r# ar! a!t(all' t%&ti#, &f %i! i &f t# r#f#r#!# $id, ad !&it it# aa&ri! r#lati& &f the t& ;i.t coo*ing apples% %il#t# &t#r i &f a diff#r#t $id ad !&it i t#RE1E7I7I6N &f t# %&rd apples% a r##titi& %i!%&(ld till av# a !iv# #ff#!t #v# if t# t%& %#r# &!r#f#rri+ t& t# a># a&l#. 7i latt#r t'# &f !i& idi!(#d i Cat#r O.

7# !&!!! &f a ti# >a$# it &i=l# t& aal'# a t#@t i t#r> &fit

!iv# rrti#, ad +iv# a 't#>ati! a!!&(! &f i! att#r&f t#@t(r#.

3S&># #!i># aal'# ar# +iv# i Cat#r P. Qari&( t'# &f)(#ti&vCa =# iv#!i+a!#d i !i %a', f #@a>l# !&!#ri+ t#

diff#r#!# =#-; 9 //i4t%## ##! ad %riti+, t# r#lati&i =#t%##

!i& ad t#&r+aiati& &f %ritt# t#@t it& #t#!# ad ara+ra, ad

t# &i=l# diff#r#!# a>&+ diff#r#t +#r# ad diff#r#t a(t&r i

t# (>-...=#rS ad $idai!at#r divii& &f

: t# =&&$..7#' ar!: r#f#r#!#, (=tit(ti&, #llii,!&;(!ti&, ad l#@i!al !i&. A r#li>iar' d#fiiti&&f t## !at#+&ri# i +iv# lat#r i. t# Itr&d(!ti&9.K.< #a! &f t## !&!#t i t# di!(#d >&r# f(ll'i t# !a!#r i )(#ri&,

< *; " i.1./ Cohesion. '0

7# !&!#t &f !i& i a #>ari! < it r#f#r t&r#lati& &f >#ai+- tat #@it %iti t# t#@t, ad tat d#fi# it a a t#@t.

.3:,"32 Ci& &!!(r %#r# t# IN7ER1RE7A7I6N &t&># !l#>#t i-t# .3..:"l#,!&id#r t# &ld i#!# &f !&&l=&' (>&(r:

9: 7i># fli!.


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"o*

I.I TH? CONCEPT OF COHESION 8 " ./.#

7# firt #t#!# +iv# & idi!ati& &f &t =#i+ a!&>l#t# t#@t< i fa!tit ((all' i,,ad t# (>&(r li# i t# >iit#rr#tati&tat i r#)(ir#d if .t# r#(&iti& fr&> t# #!&d #t#!# i t& =#atifi#d. H#r#, i!id#tall', t# !i& i #@r##d i & l# ta tr##ti#:t# #lliti!alf&r>you cant Cat#r T, t# r#f#r#!# it#> tliey Cat#rK adt# l#@i!al r##titi&iy.Cat#r O. "ati! r#&(r!# &f r#f#r#!#, #llii ad && tat ar# =(iltit& t# la+(a+# it#lf. 7# a!t(aliati& &f !i& i a'+iv# ita!#, &%#v#r, d##d &! >#r#l' & t# #l#!ti& &f&># &ti& fr&> -%iti t## r#&(r!#, =(t al& & t# r##!# &f &>#&t#r #l#>#t%i! r#&lv# t# r#(&iti& tat ti #t (. It i

=vi&( tatt##l#!ti& &f t# %&rd apples a & !iv# f&r!# =' it#lf !&>rii+ tr##l#v#l &f !&di+, &r trata: t# #>ati! >#a- 3 i+,t# l#@i!&+ra>>ati!al f&r> ad. t# &&l&+i!al ad

rt&r-+tai! #@r#i&. #ai+ ar! r#ali#d!&d#d a f&r>, ad f&r> ar! r#ali#d i t(r r#!&d#da #@r#i&. 7& (t ti, i #v#r'da' t#r>i&l&+',>#ai+ i (t. it& %&rdi+, ad %&rdi+-it& &(d &r

4,!!: '#'.#:'.. . '.#'.[,

.:@],. '{\r./.

>#ai+ t# #>ati! 't#> 3/3 3- ::li,'.>ati!al 't#>,+ra>>ar

\A ad v&!a=(lar'.


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I!@i!&!4a>aiari#ali!7. t# !&i!# &f %&rd ad+ra>>ati!al tr(!t(r#. iti ti @rat(a. t#r# i* &ard-ad-fat divii& =#t%## v&!a=(lar' ad +ra>>ar&r# +##ralrr.#ai;* ir# #@a!d tr&(+ t# +ra>>ar, ad t# >&r#i-!!i! trai+t tr&(+ t# @a=V (lar'. Civ#r#lati& at it& t#. a># &v#rall at#r. Ci& a#@r##d artl' tr&(+ t# +ra>a%r ad ai' tlar&(+;*tir# v&!a=(lar'.


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'INTRODUCTION

# !a r#f#r t#r#f&r# t& GRAA7ICAL C6HESI6Nad LEICAL C6HESI6N. I #@a>l# 9:J. &%# &f t#ti# %KS+ra>>ati!al r#f#r#!#, #@r##d =' tar2% t# &t#rl#@i!al r#it#rati&, #@r##d =' apples2. 7# t'# &f

!i& d#alt %it i Cat#r K- r#f#r#!#, (=tit(ti&ad #llii ar! +ra>>ati!al< tat i Cat#r O i l#@i!al.7at d#alt, %it i Cat#r !&;(!ti& i & t#

=&rd#rli# &f t# t%&< >ail' +ra>>ati!al, =(t %it al#@i!al !&>t i it. 7# diti!ti& =#t%##+ra>>ati!al ad l#@i!al i r#all' &l' &f d#+r##, ad%# ##d &t >a$# t&& >(! &f it #r#. It i i>&rtat t&tr#, &%#v#r, tat %# %# tal$ &f !i& a =#i++ra>>ati!al &r l#@i!al, %# d& &t i>l' tat it i a (r#l'f&r>al r#lati&, i %i! >#ai+ i &r iv&lv#d.Ci& i a #>ati! r#lati&. ?(t, li$# all !&>t &ft# #>ati! 't#>, it i : r#ali#d: tr&(+ t#l#@i!&+ra>>ati!al 't#>< ad it i at ti &it tat t#

diti!ti& !a =# dra%. S&># f&r> &f !i& ar!r#ali#d 3 tr&(+ t# +ra>>ar ad &t#r tr&(+ t#v&!a=(lar'.

# >i+t add a a f&&t&t# #r# tat !#rtai t'# &f+ra>>ati!al !i& ar# i t#ir ra> #@r##d tr&(+t# it&ati& 't#>, i &$# E+lii. F&r #@a>l#, i

:#t &f a'tr(!t(r# av#, =' d#fiiti&, ait#irrial (it' %i! #(r# t:t t#' all #@r# art &f at#@t< 6#


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t1.2 COHESION AND LINGUISTIC

STRUCTURE

&@

!a&t !a+# t#@t i >id-#t#!#, & t& #a$< &r rat#r,if d, t#r# %ill al%a' =# a =r#a$ i t# tr(!t(r#,%it &>#ti+ =#i+ it#r&lat#d %i! i &< tr(!t(rall'a art &f t# a># #t#!#, a i Ha>l#t

9:8 7# I %ill !&># t& >' >&t#r =' ad =' -t#' f&&l ># t& t# t& &f >' =#ar - 9 %ill !&># ='ad ='.

&r, >&r# !&v#rati&all',

9:P ... ?(t %at I %at t& $&% i - '#, &># i!#,l#a# - %at ti +&v#r>#t ti$ t#'r# d&i+

%# t#' #d all tat >' & =(ildi+ #%!&&l. at %r&+ %it t# &ld 5

I +##ral, a' (it %i! i tr(!t(r#d a+ t&+#t#r &a t& f&r> t#@t. All +ra>>ati!al (it - #t#!#, !la(#,+r&(< %&rd - ar# it#rall' !iv# i>l' =#!a(#t#' ar# tr(!t(r#d. 7# a># ali# t& t# &&l&+i!al(it, t# t +r&(, f&&t ad vlla=l#. Str(!t(r# i >#a &f #@r#i+ t#@t(r#.

If #v#r' t#@t !&it#d &f &l' #t#!#, %# &(ld&t ##d t& +& =#'&d t# !at#+&r' &f tr(!t(r# t& #@lait# it#ral !iv## &f a t#@t: ti !&(ld =# #@lai#di>l' a a f(!ti& &f it tr(!t(r#. ?(t t#@t ar# ((all'&t li>it#d t& #t#!#< & t# !&trar', t#@t

!&iti+"&f #t#!# &l' ar# fairl' rar#. 7#' d@it< t#r# ar# (=li! &ti!#, r&v#r=, adv#rtii+l&+a ad t# li$#, %#r# #t#!# =' it#lf!&>ri# a !&>l#t# t#@t, f&r #@a>l#

9:W a. N& >&$i+.=. "&d#r #v#r !#a# 3! R#ad 7# #rald #v#r' da'.

?(t >&t t#@t #@t#d %#ll =#'&d t# !&fi# &f a i+l##t#!#.I 6t#r %&rd, a t#@t t'i!all' #@t#d =#'&d t# ra+#

&f tr(!t(ral r#lati&, a t## ar# &r>all' !&!#iv#d &f.?(t t#@t !r#< & !i& %iti a t#@t - t#@t(r# - d##d& &>#ti+ &t#r ta tr(!t(r#. 7#r# ar# !#rtai#!ifi!all' t#@i-f&r>i+ r#lati& %i! !a&t =# a!!&(t#df&r i t#r> &f !&tit(#t tr(!t(r#< t#' ar# rrti# &f t#t#@t a (!, ad &t &f a' tr(!t(ral (it (! a a !la(# &r#t#!#. 6(r (# &f t# t#r> C6HESI6N r#f#r #!ifi!all't& t## &-tr(!t(ral t#@t-f&r>i+ r#lati&. 7#' ar# :a %#av# (++#t#d, #>ati! r#lati&, ad t# t#@t -aii! (it.

1.6.8 Cohesion 9ithin the sentence+

Si!# !iv# r#lati& ar# &t !&!#r#d %it tr(!t(r#,t#' >a' =#

1


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@ INTRODUCTION

f&(d ;(t a %#ll %iti a #t#!# a =#t%## #t#!#.7#' attra!t l# &ti!# %iti a #t#!#, =#!a(# &f t#!iv# tr#+t &f +ra>>ati!al tr(!t(r#< i!# t##t#!# a+ t&+#t#r alr#ad', t# !i& i &t . ##d#d

i &rd#r t& >a$# i! a+ t&+#t#r. ?(t t# !iv# r#lati&ar# t#r# all t# a>#. F&r #@a>l#

-i: i&; If '&( a# t& >##t t# ad>iral, d&t t#ll i>i i + d&%.

H#r# t# hi( ad his i t# #!&d alf av# t& =# d#!&d#d=' r#f#r#!# t& the ad(iral%;(t a t#' %&(ld av# ad t&=# if t#r# ad =## a #t#!# =&(dar' i =#t%##.Si>ilarl':

r:ii ar' r&>i#d t& #d a i!t(r# &f t# !ildr#, =(t# at d.

H#r# done #)(alsent a picture of the children% ad i! i

)(it# irr#l#vat t& ti '.. .%#t#r t# t%& ar# i t# a>##t#!# &r &!.,irQ Civ# r#lati& av# i ri!il# &!i+ t& d& %it

#t#!# =&(d-./ari#. Ci& i a #>ati! r#lati& =#t%## a #l#>#t i

t# !#@! ad&># &t#r #l#>#! tat i !r(!ial t& t# it#rr#tati& &f it.

7i &t#r33: #l#>#! i al& t& =# f&(d i t# t#@t cf 9.K.. =#l&%>ati!al

tr(!t(r#.. 7# t%l#>#t, t# r#(&i+ ad t# r#(d, >a' =#

tr(!t(rall' r#-

lat#d t& #a! &!#r, &r t#' >a' &!< it >a$# &diff#r#!# t& t# >#ai+

&f t# !iv#r#lati&.

H&%#v#r, t#r# i a ## i %i! t# #t#!# i ai+ifi!at (it f&r

!i& r#!i#l' =#!a(# it i t# i+#t (it &f+ra>>ati!al tr(!t(r#:

it t#d t& d#t#r>i# t# %a' i %i! !i& iE1RESSED. F&r

#@a>l#, if t# a># #tit' i r#f#rr#d t& !%i!# %iti t#a># #t#!#,

t#r# ar# r(l# +&v#ri+ t# f&r> &f it r#aliati&. 7## ar#

t# r(l# &fr&&>ialiati&. It i t# #t#!# tr(!t(r# %i!d#t#r>i#< %iti

li>it, %#t#r at t# #!&d >#ti& t# #tit' %ill =# a>#da+ai &r

%ill =# r#f#rr#d t& =' a r&&(. F&r #@a>l#, %#!a&t a'

r: 9K M& t&&$ M& at &fFad (+ M& a! & a#+.

A(>i+ tat t#r# i &l' M& #r#, ad &l' a!, t# ti id#!it' &f r#f#r#!# >(t =# #@r##d ='t# (# &f r&&>ial f&r>: 7ohn too* his hoc off end

hung it on a peo.7i &rt &f ti+ !a =# a!!&(t#d f&r =' r#f#r#!# :t#!# tr(!t(r#< t# r#lati& =#t%## a it#> ada&!#r >a! r#( it !&(ld =# #@lai#d a atr(!t(ral r#lati&. I t# r#!#di+ #t#!#, f&r


17/51

1.2 COHESION AND LINCUISTIC STRUCTURE .-@'

"@' &".

;!

#@a>l#, t# %&rd one ad it=&t, i diff#r#t %a', r#( t#%&rd .,R

ite(, ad ti r#(&iti& !&(ld =# i!&r&rat#d i!& t# tr(!t(r#&ft# #t#!#. 3 Y .

R33R3?(t ti %&(ld =# >il#adi+. 6l' !#rtai ita!# &f !i& !&(ld

=# tr#at#d tr(a(rall', ad &l' %# t# r%& it#>, t# r#(&i+ Rad t# r#(d, a##d t& &!!(r %iti t# a># #t#!#. ?(t, a%# av# ##, t# )(#ti& %#t#r t# t%& fall %iti t# a># #t#!#&r &t i irr#l#vat t& t# at(r# &f t# !iv# r#lati&< Ci& i a>&r# +##ral &ti&, ad tat i a=&v# !&id#rati& &f tr(!t(r#. .&r#&v#r &l' !#rtai $id &f !iv# r#lati& ar# +&v#r#d =' (!,r(l#< >ail' t iv&lvi+ id#tit' &f r#f#r#!#, %i! (d#r !#rtai!&diti& >(t =# i+all#d =' a r#f#r#!# it#> HCat#r KE.. Ci&tat i #@r##d tr&(+ (=tit(ti& ad #llii HCat#r J ati!al tr(!t(r#< !&>ar# Hr: 9JaG, %i! i &-tr(!t(ral, %it it ti-(!- +Mt(ral !&(t#rart 9:9J=: .."*

9:9J a. It raii+.-7# l#t ta' at &>#. 3R* #$:%'#'. .".

=. Si!# it raii+, l#t ta' at &>#. ".. 3

R#+ardl# &f t# r##!# &r a=#!#, &f a tr(!t(ral li$,.t##>ati! r#lati& tat r&vid# !i&, a>#l' !at &f !a(#, i t# a># i

=&t. . t*F&r t## r#a& !i& %iti t# #t#!# ##d &t # r#+ard#da .

##tiall' a diti!t #&>#&. Ci& i a +##ral t#@t-f&r>i+t#la- .3 CZf[ri&, &r #t &f (! r#lati&, !#rtai &f %i!, %#i!&r&rat#d%it(i- 3Za #t#!# tr(!t(r#, ar# (=;#!t t& !#rtai r#tri!ti& & d&(=t

=#!a(# 4[># +ra>>ari!al !&diti& &f=#i+ a #t#!##(r#, tat t# arti +&

.3 $f=t&+#t#r t& f&r> a t#@t a'%a'. ?(t t# !iv# r#lati& t#>#lv#, ar! ,8# %#t#r t#ir #l#>#t ar# %iti t# a># #t#!# &r &r..- R. **

A a +##ral r(l#, t# #@a>l# dt!d i ti =4&$ -%ill =# &f !i& "%a!r& #t#!# =&(dari#, i!# #r# !! #ff#!t i >&r# tri$i+ ad t# - . ">*

>#ai+ i >&r# &=vi&(: !iv# ti# =#t%## #t#!# tad &(t >&r# VR,3

!l#arl' =#!a(# t#' ar! t# 6NL/ &(r!# &f t#@t(r#, %#r#a %iti t# < :+]#t#!# t#r# ar# t# tr(!t(ral r#lari& a %#ll. I t# d#!riti& &fat!@r, it i t# it#r#t#!# !i& tat i i+ifi!at, =#!a(# tatr#

r##t t# varia=l# a#!t &f !i&, diti+(ii+ . t#@t fr&>,a&t#r. ?(t ti &(ld &t &=!(r# di# ta!: tat !i& i &t, tri!tl'#a$i+, a r#lati& "a=&v# t# #t#!#*. It i a r#lati& t& %i! t#

rfe3v>r!&r, &r a' &t#r f&r> &f +ra>>ati!al tr(!t(r#, i i>l'

irr#l#vat. 2

m

4+?


18/51


19/51

9^ IN7f!6DtMC7l6

1.6!8 Cohesion and discourse structure

It %ill.=# !l#ar fr&> %at a =## aid a=&v# tat!i& i &: ;(t a&t#r a># f&r di!&(r# tr(!t(r#.Di!&(r# tr(!t(r# i, a t# a># i>li#, a t'# &ftr(!t(r#< t# t#r> i (#d t& r#f#r t& t# tr(!t(r# &f &>#

&t(lat#d (it i+#r ta t# #t#!#, f&r #@a>l# t#ara+ra, &r &># lar+#r #tit' (! a #i&d# &r t&i!(it.

7# !&!#t &f !i& i #t ( t& a!!&(t f&r r#lati&i di!&(r#, =(t i rat#r a diff#r#t %a', %it&(t t#i>li!ati& tat t#r# i &># tr(!t(ral (it tat i a=&v#t# #t#!#. Ci& r#f#r t& t# ra+# &f &i=iliti#tat #@it f&r li$i+ &>#ti+ %it %at a + =#f&r#.Si!# ti li$i+ i a!i#v#d tr&(+ r#lati& iEANINC C ar# #@!l(di+ fr&> !&id#rati& t##ff#!t &f f&r>al d#vi!# (! a 'ta!ti! arall#li>,>#tr# ad r'>#, %at i i )(#ti& i t# #t &f >#ai+r#lati& %i! f(!ti& i ti %a'< t# #>ati!r#&(r!# %i! ar#. dra% & f&r t# (r &f !r#ati+t#@t. Ad i!#, a %# av# tr##d, it i t# #t#!# tati t# iv&tal #tit' #r# - %at#v#r i (t t&+#t#r %iti #t#!# i ipso factoart &f a t#@t - %! !a it#rr#t!i&, i ra!ti!#< a di# #t &f #>ati! r#&(r!# f&rli$i+ a SEN7ENCE %it %at a + =#f&r#.

7i i &t t& r(l# &(t t# &i=ilit' &f #tti+ (di!&(r# tr(!t(r#, a!if'i+ t# tr(!t(r# &f &>#!tif (! a a ara+ra &r t&i! (i&trat# +##rali#d tr(!t(ral r#lati&i it& %i!

#t#!# #t#r a t# r#aliati& &f f(!ti& i &>#i+#r (it, a !a =# d f&r all (it =#l&% t##t#!#. 7# t'# &f r#lati& it& %i! #t#!# #t#r%it #a! &t#r diff#r fr&> tat %i! &ld a>&+ t#

art &r (=-art &f a #t#!#. "#l#, tat t#r# i a' f(!ti&al r#lati& =#t%##t# .t%& #t#!# &f i: i a=&v#, (! tat t# t%&-f&r> a!&fi+(rati& &f >(t(all' d#fii+ tr(!t(ral r&l#. It >a'& t# &t#r ad =# &i=l# t& &% &>#ti+ &f t#$id r#!i#l' =' iv&$i+ t# !&!#t &f !i&< !fCat#r . #r#a %iti t# #t#!#, &r a' i>ilar(it, %# !a #!if' a li>it#d (>=#r &f &i=l#tr(!t(r#, (! a t'# &f >&difi!ati& &r (=&rdiati&,

traitivit' &r >&dal tr(!t(r# ad t# li$#, %i! d#fi#t# r#lati& a>&+ t# art, %# !a&t i t# a># %a'lit a #t &f &i=l# tr(!t(r# f&r a t#@t, %it #t#!#!la# t& fill t# tr(!t(ral r&l#. It#ad %! av# t& &%&% #t#!#, %i! ar! tr(!t(rall' id##d#t &f a&t#r, >a' =# li$#d t&+#t#r tr&(+ arti!(lar f#at(r#&f t#ir it#rr#tati&< ad it i f&r ti tat t# !&!#t &f!i& i r#)(ir#d.


20/51

1.2 COHESION AND LINGUISTIC

STRUCTURE II

1.6./ Cohesion as a se(antic relation

7& a' tat t%& #t#!# !r# =' virt(# &f r#lati& i

t#ir >#ai+ i &t =' it#lf v#r' r#!i#. 1ra!ti!all' a't%& #t#!# >i+t =# &% t& av# &>#ti+ t& d&%it #a! &t#r a far a t#ir >#ai+ i !&!#r#d< adalt&(# i ;(d+i+ %#t#r t#r# i t#@t(r# &r &t %#!#rtail' av# r#!&(r# t& &># f##li+ a=&(t &% >(!t# #t#!# d& a!t(all' it#rr#lat# i >#ai+, %# !&(ld&t +iv# a' v#r' #@li!it a!!&(t &f t# d#+r## &fr#lat#d# tat i ##d#d &r &% it i t& =# >#a(r#d.

?(t t#r# i #!ifi!$id &f >#ai+ r#lati& tat i!riti!al f&r t# !r#ati& &f t#@t(r#: tat i %i! 6NEELEEN7 i IN7ER1RE7ED ? REFERENCE 76AN67HER. at !i& a t& d %it i t# %a' i%i! t# >#ai+ &f t# #l#>#t i it#rr#t#d. "#r#

t# it#rr#tati& &f a' it#> i t# di!&(r# r#)(ir#>a$i+ r#f#r#!# t& &># &t#r it#> i t# di!&(r#, t#r#i !i&.

C&id#r t# #@a>l#

9:9 H# aid &.7i #t#!# i #rf#!tl' it#lli+i=l# a it tad< %# $&%%at it >#a, i t# ## tat %# !a d#!&d# it#>ati!ali'. ?(t it i UICIN7ER-1 RE7 A?LE, =#!a(#%# d& &t $&% %& # i &r %at #. aid. F&r ti %#av# t& r#f#r #l#%#r#, t& it !&t#@t i t# ## &f %ata + =#f&r#. N&% it i al& tr(# tat, +iv# ;(t t##t#!#

9:9 M& aid #v#r'ti+.%# d& &t $&% %& M& i, &r %at # aid, #it#r. ?(tt#r# i a i>&rtat diff#r#!# =#t%## #@a>l# 9:9ad _9:9. I 9:9, t# it#> he adso !&tai i t#ir>#ai+ a #@li!it i+al tat t# >#a &f t#irit#rr#tati& i availa=l# &>#%#r# i t# #vir&>#t.H#ari+ &r r#adi+ ti #t#!#, %# $&% tat it li$ (%it &># &t#r aa+# i %i! t#r# i a idi!ati& &f%& # i ad %at # aid. 7i i &t t# !a# %it7ohn&r #v#r'ti+, #it#r &f %i! !!#arilv r#( a'(! &(r!# &f f(rt#r it#rr#tati&.

# &% !&># t& t# >&r# !&>l#@ art &t t# i!t(r#. Iti #a' #&(+ t& &% tat he adso ar! !iv#< t#r# i

& >#a &f it#rr#ti+ t#> i t#ir &% ri+t, ad %#ar# i>>#diat#l' a%ar# &f t# ##d t& r#!&v#r ait#rr#tati& fr&> #l#%#r#. 7#r# ar# 't#>ati!all'r#lat#d )(#ti& %i! #@r# ti: @;;o said so+ @hatdid he iay+ ?' t# a># t&$# %# !a r#adil' r#!&+i# t#!iv# #ff#!t &f a #t#!# (! a:

l*. 9O L'i+ & t# ?&&r.

i


21/51

H. INTRODUCTION

9-J Ci& ad li+(iti! !&t#@t

1.A.1 he do(ain of cohesive relations

7# i>l#t f&r> &f !i& i tat i %i! t#r#(d #l#>#t i v#r=all' #@li!it ad i f&(d it# i>>#diat#l' r#!#di+ #t#!#l#

*9 :'

'dra+#a5 -H# aid &.

# all tr#at ti a t# &r> f&r (r &f ill(trati&ad di!(i&< &t &l' =#!a(# it i i>l#r i ra!&!!

=(t al& =#!a(# it i, a %# av# (++#t#d, t# aradi+>!a# &f !i& fr&> * t#&r#ti!al &it &f vi#%, i!#=! =&(dar' =#t%## r%& #t#!# r#r##t a >ii>al

=r#a$ i tr(!t(ral !&ti(it'.7#r# ar! r%& $id &f d#art(r# fr&> ti &r>. Firt,

t# r#(d !l#>#t >a' =# l&!at#d #l#%#r#, i a#arli#r #t#!#, #ra, &r i t# f&ll&%i+ #ti+ tat a + =#f&r#, %#t#r i t# r#!#di+#t#!# &r &t. 7i f&r> &f r#(&iti&, &iti+?AC t& &># r#vi&( it#>, i $&% a ANA1H6RA."at i r#(d aa&ri-!all' >a' =# i t##t#!# i>>#diat#l' r#!#di+, =(t it >a' al& =# i

&># #arli#r #t#!#< i t# f&ll&%i+ #@a>l#, he r#f#r=a!$ t&Benry:

9:K 7# firt '#ar &f H#r' r#i+, a r#!&rd#d ='t# ad>iri+ Hall, %#r# +iv# &v#r t& &rt ad+ai#t', t&(+ t#r# %a littl# &f t# li!#ti&(#%i! !ara!t#ri#d t# Fr#! C&(rt. 7# atl#ti!!&t#t %#r# #ri&( =(t v#r' &(lar. a)(#,

;&(t ad #!ta!l# f&ll&%#d a&t#r i#dl# a+#atr'. H# =r&(+t t& Gr##%i! atr#>#d&(l' vital !&(rt lif#, a !#tral i>&rta!#i t# !&(tr' affair ad, a=&v# all, a +r#at aval!!ti&.*

6r it >a' =# t# %&l# &f &># l&+#r aa+#< #r# t#suchr#( #v#r'ti+ tat r#!#d#:

9:K 7rav#lli+ %it (+# r#ti(# &f taff ad #-at, >#di#val >&ar! d#>ad#d a !ri# &f&(# 9^-ta$# !ar# &f t#ir ##d.

O$!;* #i N:*J H!5!$5-"$%s'. itt(#)). T*

G,**4!5 K--+(-).

I .


22/51

18? COHESION AND LINGUISTIC

CONTEXT I

7#ir r#)(ir#>#t %#r# lar+#. G&v#r>#t %#t %#r#t#'.%#t - it %a till t# i+ +&v#r>#t %it all itaritdar:tar ad viit&r. 7#' %#r# r#&i=l# f&r a lar+#(>=#r &f f&ll&%#r, ad viit&r ad t& =# #t#rtai#d i t'l#.7#' %#r##@#!t#d t& di## atr&a+# ad t& #t#rtai & alavi!al#. D(ri+ t# %it#r f#tival &f Crit>a, lati+t%#t'dav, t#' &>iall' $#t &(#. Ri!ard II,&t&ri&(l' .

r&di+al, #t#rtai#d &v#r t# t&(ad #v#r' da' at iala!#,

ad #v# >&r# &v#r Crit>a.

',N& i+l# &># !&(ld &i=l' ! %it t# &r+aiati& ad

>at#rial r&d(!t ##d#d & (! a !al#.*A >i+t =# #@#!t#d, t# t#d#!' i diff#r#t %it diff#r#tt'# &f!i&, #r# t# !iv# !l#>#t i &>#ti+ li$# he &ron:% %i!!r# =' dir#!t r#f#r#!# t&, &r (=tit(ti& f&r, a&t#r it#>,#t i t'i!all' a #!ifi! it#> i t# i>>#diat#l'

r#!#di+ : M

#t#!#. 7i i t# >&t ((al att#r i t# !a# &f r#f#r#!#ad (=-

tit(!i&. Cara!t#riti!all' t## =ta! a$& t#d t& f&r>C6HESIQE CHAINS, #)(#!# i %i! it% f&r #@a>l#,r#f#r =a!$ t& t# i>>#diat#l' r#!#di+ #t#!# - =(t t&a&t#r it i tat #t#!#, ad it i #!#ar' t& +& =a!$ tr##,f&(r &r >&r# #t#!#, t#i+ a!r& a %&l# < #)(#!# &fif, =#f&r# fidi+ t# (=tatial #l#>#t. A #@a>l# &f ti il :KM a=&v#, %i! a a !iv# !ai (edieval (oiiarchs .. . their . ##. . they ... they ... they ... they% l#adi+ fiall' t&

Richard 44 a a #!ifi! #di#val >&ar!.

H#r# i a&t#r #@a>l# i %i! tr## ./3: (! !iv#!ai it#rt%i#< iitiat#d =' Short% 7ohnson over 7ordan ad3 37ohnson:

i: KO S&rt la!#7ohnson over 7ordan )(ar#l' i t#traditi& &f a. H# a' tat M&& i a t'i!al ?rit&,r.!:.% a E+li Ev#r'>a. H# r#+ard t# la' a ai>a+iativ# r##tati& &f t# >id &f a >a %& a ;(tdi#d. ?(t, # add, 1ri#tl#' i >&r# it#r#t#d i M&& livi+ta i M&& d#ad. I ti t# la' i #@r#i&it i itar&a! t& t#>#. ?(t it i al& & i it (# &f (fa>iliard#vi!# - t# (# &f >a$, :: " t# r#;#!ti& &f t# tr## &r f&(ra!t la'-&(t &f t# l&t. Ad,... fiall', # &it t& t# %a' i

%i! M&& >&v# )(it# fr##l' i ad &(t &f !r&&l&+i!alti>#.";" It >a' =# #lf(l t& ta=(lat# t# ti! f&r>i+ t## tr##!ai: 6iiv! (iNi+#l iili&,Royal Ctun9lch% 7#Gr##%i! J&&$i&. 3 C,i.-!


23/51

Evi.M.D. priulley! he ra(ai'(. H#i#rai.


24/51

12 INTROPUCTION

. ! I

#i H#r# t#r# i & #@li!it i+al &f r#(&iti&, iri t#f&r> &f a &rdli$# he oc so< t# !i& i r&vid#d =' %at i l#ft &(t,ad a+ai %# !aa$ t# r#l#vat )(#ti& @ho is+ N&ti!# &%#v#r !att#r# i &%&># a>=i+(it' a r#+ard !# if&r>ati& t& =# (li#di+t av# =## .

i: 98 at %a M& d&i+ %# '&(!a># i 5 L'i+ & t# fl&&r.

i %i! !a# lying %&(ld av# t& =# it#rr#t#d a 9aslying &t is lying. Ad t#r# ar# till f(rt#r &i=iliti# aill(trat#d =':

. 9: iS; at i '&(r fav&(rit#ati># 5 L'i+ & t#fl&&r.

. 7## &% tat !i& i a r#lati&al !&!#t< it is &tt# r##!# &f a . tat i !iv#,

=(t t# r#lati& =#t%## it#> ." ad a&t#r, ..... .3

54i4?`-6i!fftli#t;;S v#r' !l#arl' %it a&t#r t'# &f!i&, %i! v %&(ld &t#r%i# =# diffi!(lt t& #@lai. #

aid %it r#f#r#!# t& #@a>l# ati! ri+t t&

a$ F&r a it#rr#tati& otohn% a he said everything d%it r#+ard t& he. # S(t %# >a' av# a #)(#!# (! a:

9: i= I %a itrdd(!#d t& t#>< it %a M& L#at%allad i %if#. I ad #v#r >#t M& =#f&r#, =(t I ad

#ard a l&t a=&(t i> ad ad &># id#a %at t@#!t.

Bere 7ohn d, av# a !iv# f(!ti& - =#!a(# it ir#it#rat#d. 7i f&r> &f !i& ; l#@i!al Cat#r O< it!&it i #l#!ti+ t# a># l#@i!al it#> t%i!#, VOr#l#!ti+ t%& tat ar# !ll' r#lat#d. 7# t%& ita!#>a' &r >a' &t av# t# a># r#f#r#t< =(t t#it#rr#ta& &f t# #!&d %ill =# r#f#ra=l# i &># %a' t&tat &f t# firt. C&>ar# %at %a aid a=&(t #@a>l#9:J a=&v#. A&t#r, #@a>l# %&(ld =#:

l :J& Ma at d&%-t& r#t at t# f&&t &f a (+# =##!-tr##. N&%-# %a & tir#d tat # && f#ll al##, ad t# a&t#r, ad t#a&t#r, ad =#f&r# l&+ # %a !&v#r#d all &v#r%it l#av#, '#ll&%, +&ld# ad =r&%.

H#r# "ea53cs %it Feech!tree. 7# t%& ar# !l#arl' &rid#ti!al i r#f#r#!#,.. i!# tree ad leaf ire &t'&'>&(< =(t t# it#rr#tati& &f teafdc!.!.


25/51

i


26/51

1.2 COHESION AND LINGUISTIC

STRUCTURE 1?

G

#d & Feech!tree - %# $&% tat t# l#af %a a =##!-l#af, ad if t# #t#!# ad !&ti(#d Fefore lono he 9as

covered all over 9ith oa*!leaves %# &(ld av# r#;#!t#dit a a >ita$#. 7i ill(trat# t# f&r!# &f !i&< adi! al& ill(trat# t# fa!t tat !i& d##d &t & t#

r##!# &f #@li!itl' aa&ri! it#> li$# so ad he%=(t& t# #ta=li>#t &f a #>ati! r#lati& %i! >a'ta$# a' &f vari&( f&r>.

6# &t#r f&r> it >a' !a$# i tat &f !&;(!ti&,#@r##d =' >#a &f it#> (! a Fut% later on% in thatcase Cat#r . H#r# t# !i& r#id# i a a=tra!tr#la!i& =#t%## r&&iti& ad a&t#r. 7i >a'

=# a >att#r &f t# C6N7EN7 &f t# r&&iti&, &%t#' ar# r#lat#d t& #a! &t#r a #&>#a< f&r #@a>l#

9:K9 Fi#, # t&&$ a i#!# &f tri+ ad ti#d it!ar#f(ll' r&(d t# #!$ &f t# =&ttl#. N#@t, #a#d t# &t#r #d &v#r a =ra! ad %#i+t#d itd&% %it a !.

rt -:,6r i! >a' =# a >att#r &f t#ir r&l# i t# di!&(r#, &%t#' ar# r#lat#d i !! #r#!tiv# &f t# #a$#r &r%rit#r, f&r #@a>l#

9:KK Firt, # a & #@#ri#!# &f ti $id &f %&r$.N#@t, #. &%#d & i+ &f =#i+ %illi+ !&l#ar.

H#r# ne)t r#f#r t& (!!#i& i t# ar+(>#t, &t t& a'#)(#!# &f #v#t i ri>#. A v#r' iar+#.(>=#r &fdiff#r#t %&rd ad ra# &!!(r a #@r#i& &f!&;(!ti&< =(t t#' all fall it& a f#% #t, r#r##ti+v#r' +##ral t'# &f l&+i!al r#lati&..

7( t# !&!#t &f !i& a!!&(t f&r t# ##tial#>ati! r#lati& %#r#=' a' aa+# &f ##! &r%riti+ i #a=l#d t& f(!ti& a t#@t. # !a 't#>ati#ti !&!#t =' !laif'i+ i! it& a >all (>=#r &fditi!t !at#+&ri# - r#f#r#!#, (=tit(ti&, #llii,!&;(!ti&, ad l#@i!al !i&< !at#+&ri# %i! av# at#&r#ti!ai =ai a diti!t 71ES &f !iv# r#lati&,

=(t %i! al& r&vid# a ra!ti!al >#a f&r d#!ri=i+ .ad aal'i+ t#@#. Ea! &f t## !at#+&ri# i]

r#r##t#d i t# t#@t =' arti!(lar t!ar(r# - r#!ri!i&,&>ii&, &!!(rr#!# &f !#rtai %&rd ad !&tr(!ti&- %i! av# i !&>>& t# rrt' &f i+alli+ tat t#it#rr#tati& &f t# aa+# i )(#ti& acHttdi &&>#ti+ #l#, tf tat &>#ti+ #l# i v#r=all' #@li!it,t# >#r# a !i&. 7#r# ar#. &f !&(r#, &t#r t'# &f#>ati! r#lati& i!&at#( %it 1 :#@t %i! ar# &t#>=&di#d i ti !&!#t< =(: t# tat :t d #>=&d'i i &># %a' di# >&t i>&r!a!. i!# it i !&>>& t&t#@t &f #v#r' $id ad i, i fa!t, %at >a$# a t#@t a t#@t.


27/51

INTRODU

CTION

0 00 iiiS& 7ohnson oyer M&&

S#t#!# S& 7ohnson over M&&S#t#!# # -$- M&&S#t#!# # t# la' a >a %& a

(t di#dS#t#!# # 9 M&& K @S#t#!# I t# la ... it 1S#t#!# 1 !... !(S#t#!# # M&&

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f&r> &f!&;(!ti&, %it#@r#i& li$#Fut% so%in thatease%later on%t#

r#(&iti&t'i!all'iv&lv#a a-a+#-l&+#rta ai+l##t#!#.7iardl'##dill(trati+, =(t#r# i

#@a>l#,a aa+#&fCarl'l# i%i! t#!&;(!ti& on theotherhand!l#arl'r#lat# t&t# %&l#&f t#

r#!#di+ara+ra:

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28/51

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29/51

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30/51

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31/51

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32/51

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33/51

1.? COHESION !D LINGUISTIC CONTEXT 1B

%#t fl&ati+ &at & t# air I didt $&% I ad i! i>#, ad t#' aid it %&(ld >a$# >' f&r!(# if I #t i!t& H&ll'%&&d. Ad I >a' a' i! (rri#d t# !i#f(ffi!i#tl' !at # drd >' ad=a+ ad fl#d.

F&rt(at#l' I %at =#t%## i> ad t# d&&r, &t#r# %a & ar> d ad I didt l a'ti+.- F&rt(at#l' f&r i>, &r f&rt(at#l' f&r '&(5- 6, f&r >#< t#' +##rall' !arr' $iv#. -9 $&%# %a >(rd#r#d i t#. >ai &t#l )(it#r#!#tl'.- 6 '#, '#, alt&(+ #&l# did a' tat t#r# %#r# %##l%iti %##l i !at. ?(t '&( +## =#t%## a fl##i+ ti#f ad 3

4 i #@it, ad # =&(d t& =# !arr'i+ a $if#. ?(! a'&%,t# 3 .. i2 &l' !i+ I l&t %a >' v&i!#. I !&(ldt #a$ f&ra %##$ aft#r%ard.b .:..333:,3. *3

H#r# lose i lost.. .(y voice2 r#(>#t#.f&.#i didn't lose

anphino2%iiie3 . ;ftr#(>ti& =#i+ i+all#d =' t# !&;(!tiv# it#> anyho9% ad %;iffr!QMla!# =a!$ t&screa(% noise adsound. R#(>ti& &f ti $id !a a

lar+# aa+# &f it#rv#i+ t#@t, ##!iall' i if&r>al !&v#rati&......

Y .- 3 ;4S& far %# av# !&id#r#d !i& (r#l' a a aa&ri! r#lati&,

%it ................................................................................ . r.fta r#(&i+ it#> r#(&i+ &>#ti+ tat a + =#f&r# it. ?(tt# r#(&iri& >a' +& i t# &&it# dir#!ti&, %it t# r#(

d #l#>#t f&ll&%i+. 7i %# all r#f#r t& a CA7A5H6RA.

7# diti!ti& &l' ari# if t#r# i a #@li!itl' r#(&i+it#>-r##t, % r#f#r#t !l#arl' #it#r r#!#d# &r f&ll&%: If t#

!i&- 333i l#@i!al, %it t# a># l#@i!al it#> &!!(rri+ t%i!# &v#r, t#&=vi&(l': t# #!&d &!!(rr#!# >(t ta$# it it#rr#tati& fr&> !# firt< t# firt .!a #v#r =# aid t& &it f&r%ard t& t# #!&d.4t 7ohn hlla@i!7gh'n%t#r# i & &i=l# !&trat =#t%## aa&ra ad !ata&ra, ?(ta it#>(! a this ad here CAN &i! f&r%ard, d#rivi+ it it#rr#tati& fr&>&>#ti+ tat f&ll&%, f&r #@a>l#: ## >a', ad &ft# d&!, !&it &f >&r# ta "1

#t#!#. #r# it d &!. di# !ata&ri! r#f#r#!# i &ft# i+all#d i%riti+ %ida a !&l&: =(t aldi&(+ ti a t# #ff#!t &f (iti+ t# t%&

art it& a i+l# &l&+rai! #t#!#, it d&! &t i>l' a' $id &f3 3Qitr(!t(ral r#lati&, =#t%## t#>. 7# !&l& i (#d &l#l' t& i+al t#


34/51

iP IN7R6DUC7I6N

* 7,#r# r#>ai f(rt#r &i=ilit', a>#l' tat t#if&r>ati& r#)(ir#d f&r it#rr#ti+ &># #l#>#t i t#t#@t i &t t& =t f&(d i t# t#@t at all, =(t i t# it(ati&.F&r #@a>l#, +iv#

f9:J^ Did t# +ard##r %at#r t lat 5

it i )(it# &i=l# tat those r#f#r =a!$ t& t# r#!#di+t#@t, t& &># #arli#r >#ti& &f t arti!(lar lat it# di!(i&. ?(t it i al& &i=l# tat it r#f#r t& t##vir&>#t i %i! t# dial&+(# i ta$i+ la!# !J t&t# !&t#@t &f it(ati&,,a it i !all#d - %#r# t# lati )(#ti& ar# r##t ad !a =# &it#d t& if #!#ar'.7# it#rr#tati& %&(ld =# t lat t#r#, i fr&t&f (.7i t'# &f r#f#r#!# %# all !all E61H6RA, i!# it

ta$# ( &(tid# t# .t#@t alt&+#t#r. E@&&ri! r#f#r#!# i&t !iv#, i!# it d &t =id t# t%& #l#>#t

t&+#t#r it& a t#@t. 6# >i+t r#a& tat, >#ta&ri!all'#a$i+, t# lat f&r> art &f t# t#@t< =(t ti ##>rat#r &itl#, =#!a(# t#r# !&(ld =# & i+ifi!at,!&trat #r# =#r%##t! ..r##!# &f !i& ad ita=#!# - %&(ld av# t& a(># tat, i : t# a=#!#&f !iv# r#f#r#!# t& t#>, t# lat %&(ld av# !&>-

ri#d a t#@t & t#ir &%. ?(t #@&&ra i &f it#r#t at#v#ral &it i t# di!(i&, arti!(larl' %it r#f#r#!#t& t# d#fiit# arti!l# a a t#@t-f&r>i+ a+#t, ad it %ill =#

=r&(+t ( %#r# r#l#vat.7# li# =#t%## #@&&ri! ad aa&ri! r#f#r#!# i

&t al%a' v#r' ar. I dra>ati! dial&+(#, f&r #@a>l#,t# >#r# r##!# &r a=#!# &f a ta+# dir#!ti& %&(ld!a+# t# i!t(r#, eg

9:J9 H&% %##t t# >&&li+t l## (&ti =a$ #r# %ill %# it, ad l#t t#&(d &f >(i! Cr## i &(r #ar.

If t# ta+# dir#!ti& #!if' &>#ti+ li$# a +ra'=a$, t# f&r t# r#ad#r this ad here=#!&># aa&ri!#lf. S& %# (l' t# +ra'

=a$ i &(r i>a+iati&, ad t# r&d(!#r ##d &t (t & t# ta+#. 7i i a ##tial #l#>#t i all

i>a+iativ# %riti+.It >a' =# #lf(l #r# t& dra% att#ti& t& t#

diti!ti& =#t%## !i& a a r#lati& i t# 't#>,ad !i& a a r&!# i t# t#@t. Ci& i d#fi#da t# #t &f &i=iliti# tat #@it i t# la+(a+# f&r>a$i+ t#@t a+ t&+#t#r: t# &t#tial tat t# #a$#r&r %rit#r a at

1 . %


35/51

18? COHESION AND LINGUISTIC

CONTEXT

108

i di&al. 7i i a (r#l' r#lati&al !&!#t, addir#!ti& a rv !&># it& ir &l' if &f t# #l#>#t it# !iv# r#lati& i ? I7S NA7UHE !iv#, i tatit i i#r#tl' &iti+ t& &>#ti+ #l#: i ti !a#t#r# i a l&+i!al d##d#!#, ad #!# a i+ifi!at&&iti& IN 7HE SS7E =#t%## &iti+ =a!$aa&ra ad &iti+ f&r%ard !ata-&ra. ?(t!i& i al& a r&!#, i t# ## tat it i t#itatiati& &f ti r#lati& i a t#@t. A t#@t (f&ld i r#alri>#, ad dir#!t&alir' i =(ilt it& it< #!# &f t# t%l#>#t #>=&d'i+ t# !iv# r#lati&, al%a'f&ll&% t#&t#r.

Li t# 't#>: a-----*=

I t# t#@t: a-------*=!6*

i>li!itl' aa&ri!M&; .M&K#@li!itl' aa&ri! M&

:##@li!itl' !ata&ri! #: M&

I t# t#@t it i at(ral f&r t#-#l#>#t &!!(rri+ #!&d t&d##d f&r it it#rr#tati& & t# &!!(rri+ firtar$#d ad !ata&ra i t#>ar$#d t#r> i t# &&iti&. CKta=&ra &!!(r &l' aa E1LICI7 r#lati&, %it t# firt !l#>#t al%a' =#i+

tat i i#r#tl' r#(&i+. 7( !i& a ar&!# al%a' iv&lv# it#> &iti+ t& a&t#r&r# a=&(t t# at(r# &f a t#@t,ad it r#lati& t& a !&t#@t &f it(ati&. L#t ( =#+i %ita #@a>l#:

9:JK Alt&(+ t# li+t %a & # %#t t& l##.Alt&(+ t# &(# %a (f(ri#d t# r#t %a

v#r' i+. Alt&(+ # %a aid a i+ alar' #r#f(#d t& ta' i t# ;&=.

7## tr## #t#!# !l#arl' av# &>#ti+ i !&>>&>& i a!#rtai d#+r## &f +ra>>ati!al i>ilarit': arall#ltr(!t(r#, %it r##titi& &f t# it#> although. 7#'!&(ld, &%#v#r, =# %ritt# i a' &t#r #)(#!# %it&(tdit(r=i+ t# &r+aiati& &f t# aa+# a a %&l#, (!a it i< %at#v#r it i tat +iv# (it' t& ti t#@t it d&t d##d & t# &rd#r i %i! t# #t#!# ar!arra+#d.


36/51

K^ IN7R6DUC7I6N

7i &rt &f +ra>>ati!al arall#li> i &< irr#l#vat t& it#ral !-r#. 3 i&< it i a !&>>& f#at(r# &t &l' &f tr' =(! !f>a'&!!r$id &f di!&(r# a %#ll. ?(! fa' it#lf i! d &t >a$# a tri+ &f#t#!# it& a !#@!. 7# #t#!# i ft: JK !&(ld =# aid !& f&r>

a t#@t, =(! if & it i a t#@t &f a v#r' #!ial $id: a t#@t a=&(!ia+(a+#, i %i! t# #t#!# ar# CI7A7I6N 56R.S - tat i,

it#> itr&d(!#d f&r t# (r &f a'i+ &>#!i+ a=&(! t#>. A#t &f !itati& f&r> !a! ar# r#lat#d 6NL =' :5>ati!al arall#li> i a fa>iliar f#at(r# &f t#@t a=&(! la+(a+# a t#@t=&&$ &f Ci## f&r E+li-

#a$i+ /A% : t(d#t. 7# #t#!# i it, t&+#t#r %it t#irCi## #)(ival#r.#,#:%#- a &f a drill.

7# aa+# ill(trat#, i a #@tr#># f&r>, a +##ral ri!il# !&!#ri+ d#!ii& a=&(! %at i ad %at i &t a t#@t. # d& &t, i fait,

*2. 9 #val(at# a' #!i># &f la+(a+# - ad d#!idi+%#!#r . d &r d##

,## %&(ld &! !&!i#!# a t#@! i ad>ii=l# a (! i t# r#tri!t#d!&t#@t &f a =&&$ a=&(! la+(a+#. Si!# t# r##t =&&$ %ill =# f(ll &fM .-," !itati& f&r> %# ##d &t di!( t#> f(rt#r #r#< t##ff#!t &f !t!ir

i- %* i r#&rdi+ (!&!i&(l' !& a aa+# &f##! &r %ri!i+. ?(t %r> t# lir+(i! ##$ t& >a$##@li!it t# =ai & %i! t## ;(d+>#t ar# f&r>-d, # i

=&(d t& >a$# &=#rvati& &f t%& rat#r diff#r#t $id: .7# &i!&-!> r#lati& %iti t# la+(a+#, a!!#r &f>#ai+ r# ali#d =' ;ra>->arad v&!a=(lar'< t# &t#r!&!#r !# r#lati& SE7%.-iSN !# lar(a## ad t#r#l#vat f#at(r# &: t# #a$#r :d #ar#r, &r %rit# adr#ad#r >at#rial, &!ial ad :d!&&+#t. 1

?&t ta##*#!!
http://equivaler.es/http://cb.esca.cus/http://equivaler.es/http://cb.esca.cus/


37/51

i-J C6HESI6N ANS LINGUIS7ICC6N7E7

K9

&f a t#@! fall %iti t# d&>air. &f li+(iti!. 7#li+(iti! att#r, %i! #>=&d', ad at t# a># ti>#al& i> tr(!t(r# &, &(r #@#ri#!# &f t##vir&>#t, =' t# a># t&$# al& >a$# it &i=l# !&id#tif' %at f#at(r# &f t# #vir&>#t at# r#l#vat t&li+(iti! =#avi&(r ad & f&r> art &f t# !&t#@t &fit(ati&..?(t t#r# a!# t%& #t &f #&>#a, #t!, adi ti =&&$ %# ar# !&!#r#d %it t# LINGUIS7ICfa!t&r tat ar# !ara!t#riti! &f t#@t i E+U. 7#it(ati&al rrti# &f t#@t, %i! ar# &% =#+ii+ t&

=# t(di#d i +t!at#r d#tail ad %it +r#at#r (d#rtadi+,!&tit(t# a vat fi#ld &f #)(ir' %i! li# &(tid# &(r! #r#..S&># &f t# fa!t&r &f >&t i>>#diat#r#l#va!# ar# (>>ari#d i t# ara+ra tat f&ll&%.

7# t#r> SI7UA7I6N", >#ai+ t# !&t#@t &fit(a!i& i %i! a !%t i #>=#dd#d, r#f#r t& ali t#@tra-li+(iti! fa!t&r %i! av# &># =#ari+ & t#t#@t it#lf. A %&rd &f !a(ti& i ##d#d a=&(t ti !&!#t.At di# >&>#t, a t# t#@t &f ti Itr&d(!ti& i =#i+!&>d, it i a t'i!al E+li 6!t&=#r da' i 1al& Alt&,Calif&ria< a +r## illid# i vii=l# &(tid# t# %id&%,t# $' i +r#', ad it i &(ri+ %it rai..7i >i+t##> art&f t# it(ati& &f ti t#@t< =(tit i &t, =#!a(#it a & r#l#va!# t& t# >#ai+ #@r##d, &r t& t#%&rd &r +ra>>ati!al att#r tat ar! (#d t& #@r#t#>. 7# )(#ti& i, %at ar# t# #@t#ral fa!t&raff#!ti+ t# li+(iti! !&i!# tat t# #a$#r &r %rit#r

>a$#. 7## at# li$#l' t& =# t# at(r# &f t# a(di#!#,t# >#di(>, t# (r &f t# !&>>(i!ati& ad & &.7#r# ar# t'# &f di!&(r# i %i! di# tat# &f t#%#at#r %&(ld f&r> art &f t# !&t#@t &f it(ati&, f&r#@a>l#, la+(a+!-i-a!ti& i. >&(tai##ri+ &r aili+.A a r(l#, t# f#at(r# &f t# it(ati& ar# r#l#vat a! a

rat#r +##ral l#v#l. 7at i t& a', if %# ti$ &f t##@a>l# &f a l#!t(r# & !(rr#t affair t& a ad(lt #v#i+!la, %at >att#r i &t tat i! i M& S>it tal$i+tr M, R&=i&,?r&% ad &t#r & a arti!(lar7(#da' #v#i+ i ?(rl#', =(t tat it i a l#!t(r#raddr#i+, a +at#ri+ &f ad(lt t(d#t %iti t#

fra>#%&r$ &f a +iv# &!ial-itit(ti&. 7i i &t t& d#'#it#r t# idivid(al !ara!t#riti! &f #a$#r &r %rit#r&r t# i>&rta!# &f t(d'i+ di# diti!tiv# )(alit' &f a

arti!(lar a(t&r t'l#. It i >#r#l' t& #>ai# tat>a' &f t# f#at(r# &f a t#@t !a =# #@lai#d ='r#f#r#!# t& +##rali#d it(ati& t'#.

@.M.; Co(poneats of the conte)t of situation% and register7# !&!#! &f C6N7E7 6F SI7UA7I6N %ar&t7(lat#d =' alia&%-$i i 9WKJ. i i (l#>#t t&6+d# ad Ri!ard he


38/51

Si INTRODUCTION

=#r &f li+(it, t# =#t-$&%

tr#at>#t =#i+ #ra tat &f '># (i "&d#l &fit#ra!ti& &f la+(a+# ad &!ial #tti+. H'>#!at#+&ri# t# ##! it(ati& i t#r> &f #i+t!&>t %i! %# >a' (>>ari# a: f&rt# ad!&t#t &f t#@t, #tti+, arti!iat, #d it#t ad#ff#!t, $#', >#di(>, +#r# ad it#ra!ti&al &r>. It %ill

=# &t#d tat, i ti vi#% &f t# >att#r, t# t#@t it#lff&r> art &f t# ##! it(ati&..- A >&r# a=tra!t it#rr#tati&, it#d#d a a =ai f&rDERIQING t# f#at(r# &f t# t#@t fr&> t# f#at(r# &f t#it(ati&, ad =## &ff#r#d =' Hallida', !it& adStr#v# i he Linguistic Sciences and Languageeaching. 7#' ad r&d t# tr## #adi+ FIELD,

6DE, ad 7EN6R 9^ ad&t t# t#r>i&l&+' r#f#rr#d=' S#!#r ad Gr#+&r' i Linguistics and Style2. 7##ar# i+l' +##ral !&!#t f&r d#!ri=i+ &% t# !&t#@t&f it(ati& d#t#r>i# t# lad &f >#ai+ tat ar##@r##d. 7# FIELD i t# t&tal #v#t, i %i! t# t#@ti f(!ti&i+, t&+#t#r %it t# (r&iv# a!tivit' &f t##a$#r &r %rit#r< it t( i!l(d# t# (=;#!t->att#r a #l#>#t i it. 7# 6DE i t# f(!ti& &f t# t#@t i t##v#t, i!l(di+ t#r#f&r# =&t t# !a#l ta$# =' t#la+(a+# -&$# &r %ritt#, #@t#>&r# &r r#ar#d - adit +#r#, &r r#t&ri!al >&d#, a arrativ#, dida!ti!,

#r(aiv#, ati! !&>>(i& ad & &. 7# 7EN6Rr!7#r t& t# t'# &f r&l# it#ra!ti&, t# #t &f r#l#vat

&!ial r#lati&, #r>a#t ad t#>&rar', a>&+ t#arti!iat iv&lv#d. Fi#ld, >&d# ad t#&r !&ll#!tiv#l'd#fi# t# !&t#@t &f it(ati& &f a t#@t ## t# f(rt#rdi!(i& i Hallida'Language and Soda" &d# adl#ri&f-!&tit(t#dREGiS7SR77!>=f!#dfi!aU' %#!a !ara!t#ri# t# !&t#@t &f it(ati&, t# >&r##!ifi!all' %# !a r#di!t t# rrti# &f a t#@t i tatit(ati&. If %!.>#r#l' a># t# (=;#!t->tt!r, &r t#>#di(>, it %ill t#ll ( v#r' littl#< %# !&(ld tal$ &f ar#+it#r &f >ari# =i&l&+' &r a #%a#r r#+it#r, =(t

ti ardl' #a=l# ( t& a' a'ti+ &f it#r#t a=&(t t#t'# &f t#@t i )(#ti&. ?(t if %# +iv# &># if&r>ati&a=&(t all tr## !at#+&ri# &f fi#ld, >&d#, ad t#&r, %#

=#+i t& =# a=l# t& >a$# &># (#f(l &=#rvati&. F&rita!#, if %# #!if' a fi#ld (! a #r&al it#ra!ti&,at t# #d &f t# da', %it ai> &f id(!i+ !&t#t>#ttr&(+ r#!&(ti+ &f fa>iliar #v#t, %it >&d# &$#>&&l&+(#, i>a+iativ# arrativ#, #@t#>&r# ad t#&riti>at#, >&t#r ad tr##-'#ar-&ld !ild, %# !ar#!&tr(!t a +r#at d#al &f t#

1


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9-J C6EES9^N AND LINGUIS7ICC6N7E7 KJ

la+(a+# &f ti $id &f =#dti># t&r', ##!iall' if %# +&f(rt.-r ad d#!ri=# t# C6N7E7 6F CUL7UREa&t#r &f ali&%$i !&!#t %i! %ill t#ll (,a>&+ &t#r ti+, %at ar# t# fa>iliar #v#t i t# lif#&f a !ild %it t# +iv# &!i&-!($(ral =a!$+r&(d. 7#r#+it#r i t# #t &f >#ai+, t# !&fi+(rati& &f#>ati! att#r, tat ar! r'i-!allv dra% (&-, (d#rt# #!ifi#d !&diti&, al&+ %it t# %&rd adtr(!t(r# tat ar# (#d i t# r#aliati& &f t## >#ai+.7# fa!t tat %# !a a' &f a' +iv# t#@t, %it &>#a(ra!#, %#t#r &r &t it atifi# a d#!riti& &f t#!&t#@t &f it(ati& (! a t# ;(t +iv#, &% &%r#al t# &ti& &f r#+it#r i.

I +##ral, ;f a aa+# a+ t&+#t#r a a t#@t, it %illdila' a !&it#!' &f r#+it#r. I &t#r %&rd, t# t#@t(r#iv&lv# >&r# ta t# r.r##!# &f #>ati! r#lati& &ft# $id %# r#f#r t& K !iv#, t# d##d#!# &f &r,##l#>#t & a&t#r f&r it it#rr#tati&. It iv&lv# al&&># d#+r## &i !r#!# i t# a!t(al >#ai+#@r##d: &t &l', &r #v# >ail', i t# C6N7EN7, =(ti t# 767AL #l#!ti& fr&> t# #>ati! r#&(r!# &f tt - t# >&&d, >&daliti#,it#iti#, ad &t #r f&r> &f ti# #a$#r itr(i& it&t# ##! it(ati&.

7# !&!#t !f C6HESI6N !a t#r#f&r# =# (#f(ll'(l#>#t#d =' tXt &f REGIS7ER i!# t# t%& t&+#t#r#ff#!tiv#l' d#fi# a 7E7. A t#@t i a. aa+# &f di#&(r#%i! i !r#t i t## t%& r#+ard: it i !r#t %it

r##a< r& t# !&t#@t &f it(ati&, ad t#r#f&r# !&it#t ir#+it#r< ad it i: !r#t %it r##!t t& it#lf, ad t#r#f&r#!iv#, = /#it#r &f t##r%& !&diti& i (ffi!i#t %it&(tt# &t#r, &r d t ! =' !!#it' #tail t# &t#r. M(t a !a !&tr(!t aa+# %.! ##> t& + t&+#t#r i t#it(ati&ai-#>ati! ##, =(t fail a r#@r. =#!a(# t# la!$!i&, & al& !a !&tr(!t aa+# %i! """ ar# &!(tif(ll' iv# =at%i! ftJ a t#@t =#!a(# t#' la!$!&it#!' 2 &f r#+it#r- t#r# i & !&ti(it' &f >#ai+ ir#lati& t& t# ii(a ti&: 7# !Z#r, &r r#ad#r, r#a!t t& =&t&f t## ti+ i i ;(d+-Qrr.!< t &f t#@t(r#.

Ud#r &r>al !i-(>ta!#, &f !&(r#, %! d& &t fid&(r#lv# fa!#d %itl. &-t#@t , v-i! i &-## &f a

rat#r #&t#ri! $id. 7#@t(r# i a >. itt!r &f d#+r##. lial>&t i>&i=l# t& !&tr(!t a v#r=al #)(#!# %i! a& t!@r(r.at all - =(t ti, i t(r, i lar+#l' =#!a(# %#iit & ii-!rr#f.+ a' aa+! a t#@t if t#r# i t#r#>&t#t &i=ilit' &f d&ii, &. # a(># i &t#r%&rd, tat ti i %at la+(a+# i f&r< %Kt! v#r it#!ifi! fa!ti& >a' =# i t# arti!(lar ita!#, it !a#rv# ti v ir.!ri& &l' (5r t# +(i# &f t#@t. If !ai>a+i# a it(ati&
http://rr.cn/http://rr.cn/


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2 INTRODUCTION

i %i! &># i fa!#d %it a tri+ &f %&rd i!$#d atrad&> fr&> a di!ti&ar', =(t %i! a =## >ad# t& l&&$&r &(!l a if it %a tr(!t(r#d, t# i! i af# t& r#di!ttat # %ill +& !& +r#at l#+t t& it#rr#t it a t#@t, ad a

r#lat#d !& &># a!!#i=l# f#at(r# &f t# it(ati&. 7##ar#t %# +## t& &-t#@t i a!t(al lif#, l#avi+ aid# t#%&r$ &f t t ad r %rit#r %& d#li=#rat#l' #t&(! !& !r#at# &-t#@t, i r&=a=l' i t# ##! &f '&(+!ildr# ad i =ad trala!i&.,7%& f(rt#r &># ar# %&rt >a$i+, i !!ti& %it

t# t#@t ad i! !&!!@t &f i!(a!i&. 6# i !a! t# r#lati&&f t#@t t& i!(ati& i v#r' varia=l#, i t#r> &f t# r!ia!iv#%#i+! %i! t# !#@# a t& =#ar. 7#r# ar# !#rtai t'# &fi!(a!i& i %i! t# &-li+(iti! fa!t&r !l#arv d&>iat#ad !! la+(a+# la' a a!illar' r&l#: f&r #@a>l#, a &-v#r=al +a>#, li$# f&&t=all, i %i! !#r# ar# a f#% v#r=alitr(!ti& fr&> la'#r t& la'#r< &r ;&it rati& &

&=;#!t, =(ildi+, a#>=li+, c!&&$i+, !l#ai+ ad t#li$#. H#r# i! i i>&i=l# t& it#rr#t %at i 3.aid.&r%ritt# %it&(t it(ati&al if&r>ati&< >(t $&% %ati .+&i+ &. At t# &t#r #d &f t# !al# ar# !'# &fa!!ivi!' i %i! !# .< la+(a+# i !# %&l# !&r', a i>&! f&r>al &r if&r>al di!(i& & a=tra!t t#>#, (!a ! &f =(i#, &liti! ad. it#ll#!t(al lif#. H#r# !#la+(a+# >a' =# t&tall' #lf-(fti!i#! ad a' r#l#vat it(a-ti&al fa!t&r ar! d#riva=l# fr&> !# la+(a+# it#lf. 7#)(alit' &f !#@t(r!, ad t# f&r> &f !i& %i! r&vid#i!, diff#r v#r' >(! a =#t%## t## t%& &l#. 6# )(#ri&& %i! a +r#at d#al &f f(rt#r t(d' i ##d#d i t# r#lati&

=#t%## t#@t(r# ad it(ati& !'!: t# diff#r#t %a' i%i! t#@t &f diff#r#t $id ar# !&tr(!t#d & a t& f&r>

!>a- ti! %&l#.7# #!&d &it !&!#r %at Elli !all DELICAC

61 F6CUS i it(a!i&al aal'i. # &=vi&(l' !a&tdra% a !l#ar li# =#t%## t# a># it(ati& ad diff#r#ti!(a#i&< a' t%& !&!!@t &f i!(a!i& %ill =# ali$# i&># r##!a ad &! i &!#r, ad t# a>&(t &f d!!ail##d#d !& !ara!t#ri# !# it(ati& %ill var' a!!&rdi+ t&%at %# ar# it#r#t#d i - %at diti!ti& %# at# !r'i+!& >a$# =#t%## ita!# ad a&t#r, %at f#at(r#&f t# t#@t %# ar# tr'i+ t& #@lai ad & &. 0(#ti&li$# ar# t## t%& t#@t i t# a># r#+it#r5 ar# it#>#lv# >#ai+l#< %# !a &l' a$ i %at r##!tt# t#@t, ad t# it(ati&, ar! ali$# ad i %at r##!t

t#' diff#r, fa !ild !(> ar&(d fr&> tal$i+ t& i fat#rad tart tal$i+ t& i (!l#, %# ar# &! !all#d & t&d#!id# %#t#r t# it(ati& a !a+#d &r &!< =(t %#all =# it#r#t#d t& &t# %#t#r t#r# ar# li+(iti!i+al &f !! diff#r#!# i #r&al r#lati&i. 7ia!!!t &(r &d& &f a t#@t. U t& &% %# =av*


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=## di!(i+ ti & t# a(>d& &f a all-&r-&ti+vi#% &f t#@t(r#: #it#r a aa+# f&r> t#@t, &r i! d &t.I r#al lif# %# & #ld&>->##t &-t#@t tat %# !a aff&rdt& ad&t (! a d#t#r>iiti! vi#%: %# ar# &t r#)(ir#d i

ra!ri!# t& d#!id# %#r#" a t#@t =#+i ad #d. ?(t i fa!tt#r# ar# d#+r## &f t#@t(r#, ad if %# ar# #@a>ii+la+(a+# fr&> ti &it &f vi#%, ##!iall' &$#la+(a+#, %# all at ti># =# (!#r- tai a t& %#t#r a

arti!(lar &it >ar$ a !&ti(ati& &f t# a># t#@t . &rt# =#+ii+ &f a #% . 7i i =#!a(# t#@t(r# i r#all'a >&r#-&r- l# affair. A artial ift i t# !&t#@t &fit(ati& - a' a ift i it(ati&al fa!t&r, i t# fi#ld &fdi!&(r# &r i di# >&d# &r t#&r - i li$#l' t& =# r#fl#!t#di &># %a' i t# t#@t(r# &f t# di!&(r#, %it&(td#tr&'i+ !&>l#t#l' t# !&ti(it' %idi %at a +

=#f&r#. .

It i %&rt &iri+ &(t i ti !!ti& tat !&ti(it'&f (=;#!t- . >att#r i #it#r a #!#ar' &r a (ffi!i#t!&di!i& f&r t# !r#ati& .&f "". t#@t(r#. S(=;#!t->att#r i#it#r >&r# &r l# i>&rtat ta &t#r f#a4 -t(r# &ft# !&t#@t &f it(ati& a a d#t#r>iat &f t#@t< it i i>l' &f t# faa&r tat #t#r it& t# i!t(r#. Ad %#r#t#r# i !&ti(it' &f (=;#!t->att#r %iti a t#@t, a %#t'i!all' fid it, t# t#@t(r# i &t . #!#aril' t# r!(lr &fti< t# f&ll&%i+ #@a>l# i a=&(t >at#>ati!,. =(t!i& i r&vid#d, ##!iall' i t# lat #t#!#, >&t#

=' t# l#@i!al att#r &f co(plicated... difficult. .. cosy adgreater ti(e ... /&f ....short ta =' a' li$i+ &f#!ifi!all' >adi#>ari!al !&!#t: .

9:JJ 7r&(+&(t di# l&+: it&r' &f >at#>ati!,># av# al%a'%i#d tat t#' !&(ld !al!(lat# >&r# )(i!$l'. A#a! >at#>ati!al di!&v#r' %a >ad# ad $&%l#d+#adva!#d a Httl# t#!al!(lati& fa!i+ >at#>ati!ia =#!a># >&r#ad >&r# !&>

li!at#d ad d#>ad#d a #v# +r#at#r ti>#.7#r# ar! &>#

#&l# %& li$# d&i+ l&+ ad diffi!(ltarir>!ti!, =(t >&t &f ( d& &t ad ar# #a+#r t& fii &(r (> i t#&rt#t, ad#ai#t %a'.* ..3 "...3*

A t#@t, t#, !a =# t&(+t &f a t# =ai! (it &f>#ai+ iala+(a+!. It i t& #>ati! tr(!t(r# %at the#t#!# i t& l#@i!&+ra>>at;!al tr(!t(r# ad t# 'lla=l#t& &&l&+i!al tr(!t(r#. It i a (it &f @t(ati&al-#>ari! &r+aiati&: a !&ti((> &f >#ai+-i-!&t#@:, !&tr(!t#d ar&(d t# #>ati! r#lati& &f!i&. A!!&rdi+ t& t# arti!(lar it(ari&(al-#>ati!!&fi+(rati&, &r aECiS7ER, &f ti# t#@t, & t# f&r>ta$# =' t# !iv# r#lati& %ill diff#r: t#@t(r# iif&r>al !&v#rati&

* F. ?.+iis. mm /C-5*(--5, S5--$M,!,*-. F! S*,!*(. E4, A,-$.


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ii '. iN7R6Zr;C7I6S.

i )(it# (li$# tat i f&r>al -%ritt# la+(a+#, %i! i r#a& %' t# f&r>#r l&&$ tra+# %# %ritt#d&% ad t# latt#r &(d &dd %# r#ad al&(d. A t#@tt#r#f&r# &r>all' a !&ti(it' &f r#+it#r< it fit a

+iv##t &f it(ati&al f#at(r#, a att#r f&r>#d =' t#at(r# &f t# !&>>(i!ativ# #v#t fi#ld, t#

la!#"ai+#d t& la+(a+# a!t %iti t# #v#t >&d#ad t# r&l#-r#lati&i &f t %& ar# arti!iati+t#&r. 7i fit d &t =' it#lf #(r# t# $id &f!&ti(it' %# a&!iat# %it t#@t, %# &ft# f##l, il&&$i+ at !ildr# %riti+ f&r #@a>l#, tat it 6UGH7t& =a+ t&+#t#r r#!i#l' =#!a(# it i >a$i+ ## it# it(ati&, =(t i fa!t it d &t. 7i r#v#al t##@it#!# &f t# &t#r a#!t &f t#@t(r#, %i! i !i&.7# >#ai+ r#lati& %i! !&tit(t# !i& ar# a

rrt' &f t#@t a (!, ad #!# t#' ar! +##ral t&t#@t &f all t'#, &%#v#r >(! t#' >a' diff#r i t#

arti!(lar f&r> t#' ta$# i t#@t &r a&t#r. 7#@t(r# r#(lt fi&> t# !&>=iati& &f #>ati!!&fi+(rati& &f t%& $id: t &f r#+it#r, ad t &f!i&. 7# r#+it#r i t# #t &f #>ati! !&fi+(rati&tat i t'i!all' a&!iat#d %it a arti!(lar CLASS'. &f!&t#@t &f it(ati&, ad d#fi# t# (=ta!# &f t# t#@t:HA7 I7 I AS M, i t# =r&ad#t ##, i!l(di+ all t#!&>t &f it >#ai+, &!ial, #@r#iv#,!&>>(i!ativ# ad & & a %#ll a.r#r#-!tati&al f#: 9.J: =#l&%. Ci& i t# #t &f >#ai+ r#lati&tat i +##ral t& AH. CLASSES &f t#@t, tat diti+(i#t#@t fr&> &-t#@t ad it#rr#lat# t# (=tativ#>#ai+ &f t# t#@t %it #a! &t#r. Ci& d &t!&!#r %at a t#@t >#a< it !&!#r &% t# t#@t i

!&tr(!t#d a a #>ati! #difi!#.

1%8./ he +Kaceof cohesion in the linguistic syste(

7a=l# 9 (>>ari# t# >ai !&>t i t# li+(iti!'t#>, &%- i+ %#r# !i& !&># i r#lati& t& t#r#t.

7#r# ar# tr## >a;&r f(!ti&al-#>ati! !&>t, t#IDEA7I6NAL, t# IN7ER1ERS6NAL ad t# 7E7UAL.7# IDEA7I6NAL !&>t i tat art &f t# li+(iti!'t#> %i! i !&!#r#d %it t# #@r#i& &f!&t#t,%it t# f(!ti& tat la+(a+# a &f =#i+ A?6U7&>#ti+. It a t%& art t& it, t# #@#ri#tial ad t#

l&+i!al, t# f&r>#r =#i+ >&r# dir#!tl' !&!#r#d %it t#r#r##tati& &f #@#ri#!#, &f t# !&t#@t &f !(it(t# iali&%$i t#r>, %il# t# latt#r #@r## t# a=tra!tl&+i!al r#lati& %i! d#riv# &l' idir#!tl' fr&>#@#ri#!#. 7# IN7ER1ERS6NAL !&>t i!&!#r#d %it t# &!ial, #@r#iv# ad !&ativ# f(!ti&&f la+(a+#, %it #@r#i+


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1.? COHESION AND IGISTIC

CONTEXT 2B

t# #a$#r a+l#: i attit(d# ad ;(d+>#t, i#!&di+ &f t# r&l# r#lati&i i t# it(ati&, ad i>&tiv# i a'i+ a'ti+ at all. Q/! !a (>>ari# t##

=' a'i+ tat t# id#ati&al !&>t r#r##t t##a$#r i i r&l# a &=#rv#r, %il# t# it#r#r&al!&>t r#r##t t# #a$#r i i r&l# a itr(d#r.

7#r# i a tird !&>t, t#,7E7UAL, %i! i t# t#@t-f&r>i+!&>t i t# li+(iti! 't#>. 7i !&>ri# t#r#&(r!# tatla+(a+# a f&r !r#ati+ t#@t, i t# a># ## i %i!%#.av# =##(i+ t# t#r> all al&+: f&r =#i+ rati&all' r#l#vat, ad!ri+%iti it#lf ad %it t# !&t#@t &f it(ati&.1 I art, t# t#@t(al !&>t rat# li$# t# &t#r

t%&, tr&(+'t#> a&!iat#d %it arti!(lar ra$ i t# +ra>>ar ##8..9 =#l&%. ; . F&r #@a>l#, #v#r' !la(# >a$# a #l!ai&i t# 't#> &f 7HEE, < #l#!ti& %i! !&v#' t##a$#r &r+aiati& &f t# !la(# a a >#a+# ad %i! i#@r##d tr&(+ t# &r>al >#!ai> &f !la(# tr(!t(r#.?(t t# t#@t(al !&>t al& i!&r&rat# att#r &f >#a-i+ -%i! ar# r#ali#d &(tid# t# i#rar!i!al &r+aiati&&f t# 't#>.. 6# &f t## i INF6RA7I6N tr(!t(r#,%i! i t# &rd#ri+ &f t# t#@t., id##d#tl' &f it!&tr(!ti& i t#r> &f #t#!#, !la(# ad t# li$#, it&(it &f if&r>ati& & t# =ai &f.t# diti!ti& it&GIQEN ad N E v.: %ar t# #a$#r i tr#ati+ aif&r>ati& tat i r#!&v#ra=l# t& t# =#ar#r +iv# ad%at# i tr#ati+ a &-r#!&v#ra=l# #%. 7i a#!t &ft& -%#ai+ &f t# t#@t i r#ali#d i E+li =' it&ati&,t# if&r>ati& (it =#i+ #@r##d a 76NE CR6U5.

7# r#>aii+ art &f t# t#@t(al !&>t = tat %i!i !&!#r#d %it !i&. Ci& i !ll' r#lat#d t&if&r>ati& tr(!t(r#, ad id##d t# t%& &v#rla at

&it ## ;.P.K =#l&%< =(t if&r>ati& tr(!t(r# i a f&r>&f tr(!t(r#, i %i! t# #tir# t#@t i =l&!$#d &(t itl#>#t avi+ &r &t#r f(!ti& i t# t&tal!&fi+(rati& - #v#r'ti+ i t# t#@t a &># tat( i t#+iv#-#% fra>#%&r$. Ci&, & t# &t#r ad, i a

&t#tial f&r r#lati+ #l#>#t i t# t#@t t& a&t#r,%#r#v#r t#' ar! ad %it&(t a' i>li!ati& tat

#v#r'ti+ i t# t#@t a &># art i it. 7# if&r>ati&(it i a tr(!t(ral (it, alt&(+ it !(t a!r& t# i#rar!'&f tr(!t(ral (it &t !&tit(#t i t# +ra>>ar t# ra$!al# &f #t#!#, !la(# ad & &< =(t t#r# ar! &tr(!t(ral (it d#f>#d =' t# !iv# r#lati&.

Ci&, t#r#f&r#, i art &f t# t#@t-f&r>i+!&>t i t# li+(iti! 't#>. It i t# >#a %#r#='#l#>#t tat ar# tr(!t(rall' (r#lat#d t& a&t#r ar!li$#d t&+#t#r, tr&(+ t# d##d#!# &f & t# &t#rf&r it it#rr#tati&. 7# r#&(r!# tat >a$# ( t#


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2 '!NTSODOCT$OM '

!iv# &t!arial ar# art &f di# t&tal ra!.-irri+-&t#tial &f t# la+(a+#, avi+ a $id &f !atal'ti!f(!ti& i t# ## tat, %it&(t !i&, t#r#>aid#r &f t# #>ati! 't#> !a&t =# !#!riv#l'

a!tivat#d a! alL

4.7.7 he (eaning of cohesion ! 0

. 7# i>l#t ad >&t +##ral f&r> &f t# !iv#r#lati& ar# #)(al ad ad: id#tit' &f r#f#r#!#, ad!&;&ii+. all di!( t# >#ai+ &f t## ad&f t# &t#r f&r> &f !i&, ad r#lat#d >#ai+ i.&t#r art &f t# li+(iti! 't#>, i a rat#r (>>ar'%a' i Cat#r 8, aft#r t# d#tail#d di!(i& &f #a!t'#. 7# >#a &f #@r#i+ t## vari&( t'# &f!i& ar#, a %# av# ##, dra% fr&> a (>=#r &far#a &f t# l#@i!&+ra>>ad!ai 't#>, %i! av# i!&>>& >#r#l' t# fa!t tat t#' !&tri=(t# t& t#

r#aliati& &f !i&. 7# #r&al r&&( he% t#v#r= (=tit(t# da ad t# ad;(!t nevertheless %&(ld&t =# li$#i' t& a#ar & t# a># a+# i a d#!riDti&&f E+li +ra>>ar< till >&r# r#>&t# %&(ld =# a'r#f#r#!# t& t# #&>#a &f #llii &r t& t#r##dd& &f l#@i!al it#>. ?(t t## d& !&># t&+#t#r i-i =&&$, =#!a(# t#' ar# all t#@t-f&r>i+ a+#!i#, .#t#!# dila'i+ a' &f t## f#at(r# i a ivitati&t& a t#@t. If tt# ivitati& i ta$# ( - if t#r# i i t##vir&>#t a&t#r #t#!# !&taii+ t# r#)(ir#d$#' t& t# it#rr#tati& - t# t#@t !&># it& =#i+.

# av# &t#d t# i+ifi!a!# &f t# #t#!#, a t#i+#t ar!!t(ral (it i t# +ra>>ar. 7# t#la d&a>&+ t# #l#>#t %iti t# #t#!#, t&+#t#r %i!t# &rd#r i %i! t# d#>#t &!!(r %i! i &f

t# >#a &f r#alii+ t## r#lati&, i d#t#r>i#d=' t# tr(!t(r#. ?#t%## #t#!#, &%#v#r, t#r# ar!& (! tr(!t(ral r#lati&< ad t#r# ar# &+ra>>ati!al r#tri!ti& & t# #)(#!# i %i!#t#!# ar# (# t&+#t#r. H#!# t# #t#!# &f9:JK !&(ld f&ll&% #a!$ &t#r i a' &rd#r, %it&(t ia'- %a' a#!ri+ t# t&tal >#ai+ &f t# aa+#.

7# #t#!# &f 1 t#@t, &%#v#r, ar! r#lat#d t& #a!&t#r =&t (=tativ#l' ad =' !i&< ad i! i a!ara!t#riti! &f a t#@t t=a! t# #)(#!# &f t##t#!# !a&t =#-dit(r=#d %ida&(t d#tr&'i+ &rradi!all' alt#ri+ t# >#ai+. A. t#@t a >#ai+ a at#@t, %#r#a a aa+# !&iti+ &f >&r# ta t#@t a & >#ai+ a a %&l#< it i i>l' t# (> &f

it art. vCIti a t!@r di# >#ai+ &f #a! #t#!#d##d & it #vir&>#t, i!l(di+ it !iv#r#lati& %it &t#r #t#!#, %# %# !&id#r!i&, t#r#f&r#< %# ar#>v#ri+ada< t#


45/51

1 Table i: Te !la"e #f $# 11 % () i te +e"ri!ti# #f gli

ti"tiitit.il"#!#et #f te eati" te

+eati#al ter!er#al

t Te0t%al ,--'"' '

0!erietial #gi"al 2tr%"t%ral3 2#-

5 ra6:- All 5 ra6: 5 ra6: $r#- >$#ei#

$la%e: 'arata"ti $la%e: $la%e: f#rati#traiti7it #ta"li ##+ tee %it: 8efere"e

relati# if#rati 9%btit%ti#erbal r#t "#+iti# eiltal erbal +itrib%ti lli i

re #rt f#"% e0i"al)#ial )#ial )#ial

A+7erbial A+7erbial A+7erbial"ir"%ta . "#et "#j%"ti

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46/51

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47/51

i INTRODU

CTION

li+(iti!>#a%#r#

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48/51

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49/51

Chapter 6

R#f#r#!#

i.l Ed&&ri! ad #@&&ri! r#f#r#!#

7#r# ar# !#rtai ir#r i #v#r' la+(a+# -%i!, av#t# rrt' &f r#f#r#!#, i t# #!ifi! ## i %i! %# ar# (i+t# t#r> #r#< tat it& a', it#ad &f =#i+ it#rr#t#d !>ati!af#:.ir;. iddl# ad#v#r %#t t#r# a+ai, ! 7#r# %#r# r%& %r#(& a tr##. A&t#r !a>#, ad t#r# %#r# tr##.

i a, hey! r#f#r t& three Flind (ice, i = t'nertr#f#r t& &ioutescer, i ! er.olher r#f#r t& 9rrr.s.

7## it#> ar# dir#!tiv# idi!ati+ tat if&r>ati&i t& =# r#tri#v#d fr&> #l#%#r#. S& >(! t#' av# i!&>>& %it li !iv# #l#>#t. at !araa!ri#ti arti!(lar t'# &f !i&, tat %i! %# ar#!alli+ S5SICB,.ti t# #!ifi! at(r# &f t#if&r>ati&- tat i i+all#d f&r r#tri#val. I t# !a# &fr#f#r#!# t# if&r>ati& t& =# r#tri#v#d i t#r#f#r#tial >#ai+, t# id#tit' &f t# !arri!(iar ti+&r . !la &f ti+ tari =#i+ r#f#rr#d t&< ad t#!i& li# i t# !&ti(it' &f r#f#r#!#, %#r#=' t#a># tili+ #t#r it& t# di!&(r# a #!&d ri>#, laSec houI they run% )hry >#a &t >#r#l' tr## =lid>i!# =(t t# a># tr## =lid >i!# tat %# av# i(it

=## tal$ii;#a=!(::. 7i i &>#ri># #@r##d =' t#

f&r>(la tat aii r#f#r#!# it#> !&-


50/51

ENGLISH LANGUAGE I R#adi+ G(id# U" 4

Ci& i E+li .A. Hallida' ` R. Haa, 9W8O

Chapter 7 IN7R6DUC7I6N

9. L&&$ at t# %&l# !at#r,

9 H&% >a' #!ti& ar# t#r#5 at air# t# titl# &f t## #!ti&5K H&% >a' (=#!ti& ar# t#r# i #a! #!ti&5 at t&i! d& t#' d#al%it5J at t# f(!ti& &f (#r-!a# %&rd, #.+. 7E7 & li# &f (=#!ti&9.9.95

K. L&&$ at #!ti& 9.9, (=#!ti& 9.9.9 e)ta Fid t# if&r>ati& tat %&(ld >a$# ( Hallida' ad Haa d#fiiti& &f"t#@t".

8. L&&$ at (=#!ti& 9.9.K e)ture at i "t#@t(r#". L&&$ at #@a>l# 9:9. at d& t# a(t&r (# it f&r5O L&&$ at #@a>l# 9:K at d& t# a(t&r (# ti #@a>l# f&r5

. L&&$ at (=#!ti& 9.9.J ies8 at i a "ti#"5P H&% >a' $id &f ti# %ill t# %rit#r !&id#r5

A. L&&$ at (=#!ti& 9.9. Cohesiona Fid t# if&r>ati& tat %&(ld >a$# ( Hallida' ad Haa d#fiiti& &f

"!i&".

3. L&&$ at #!ti& 9.K, (=#!ti& 9.K.9 e)ture and structureW "Ci& i a tr(!t(ral r#lati&". I ti tat#>#t tr(# &r fal#59^"7#r# i !i& %iti +ra>>ati!al (it." I ti tat#>#t tr(# &r fal#599H&% !&>>& ar# t#@t !&iti+ &f &l' #t#!#59KHallida' ` Haa (# t# t#r> "!i&" t& r#f#r t& &-tr(!t(ral t#@t

f&r>i+ r#lati&. I ti tat#>#t tr(# &r fal#5

8. L&&$ at (=#!ti& 9.K.K Cohesion 9ithin the sentence+9J7i titl# i a )(#ti&. at i t# a%#r59I ti (=#!ti&, t# a(t&r lit !#rtai !ara!t#riti! &f !i&. Ca '&(

fid t#>597# a(t&r a' t#' %ill +iv# #@a>l# &f !i& a!r& #t#!#

=&(dari# &l'. '5

P. L&&$ at (=#!ti& 9.K.J Cohesion and discourse structure9O 7#r# i >&r# d#fiiti& &f !i& i ti (=#!ti&. Ca '&( fid it598 i! f&r>al d#vi!# d& t# a(t&r #@!l(d# fr&> t# aal'i &f !i&5


51/51

L&&$ at (=#!ti& 9.K. Cohesion as a se(antic relation9P7# a(t&r a' tat "!i& i a r#lati&al !&!#t". H&% d& t#' #@laiti59Wi! t'# &f !i& ti# d& t# f&ll&%i+ #@a>l# i t# t#@t #@#>lif'5

R#f#r#!#, C&;(!ti&, L#@i!al Ci&, S(=tit(ti& &r Ellii5

- #@a>l# 9:9- #@a>l# 9:9O- #@a>l# 9:9W- #@a>l# 9:K9- #@a>l# 9:KK

L&&$ at #!ti& 9.J, (=#!ti& 9.J.9K^at i t# i>l#t f&r> &f !i&5K9at i "aa&ra"5KKat i r#(d aa&ri!all': (t a ti!$ t# !&rr#!t alt#rativ#/

- >a' =# i t# #t#!# i>>#diat#l' r#!#di+- >a' =# i t# #t#!# i>>#diat#l' f&ll&%i+- >a' =# i &># #arli#r #t#!#- >a' =# i &># lat#r #t#!#- >a' =# t# %&l# &f &># l&+#r aa+#

KJat i a "!iv# !ai"5K"C&;(!ti& ((all' iv&lv# a aa+# l&+#r ta a #t#!#." I ti

tat#>#t tr(# &r fal#5KAr# l#@i!al li$ ((all' f&(d &l' i #i+=&(ri+ #t#!#5

KOat i "!ata&ra"5 at i "#@&&ra"5 ' it #@&&ri! r#f#r#!# !iv#5

L&&$ at (=#!ti& 9.J.KK87# a(t&r itr&d(!# a #% !&!#t i ti (=#!ti&, %i! t#'

!ara!t#ri# a "it(ati&al !l(#" - "%at i +&i+ &, %at art t# la+(a+#i la'i+ ad %& ar# iv&lv#d". at i t# t#!i!al t#r> f&r ti !&!#t5

KPat #@a>l# d& t# a(t&r +iv# &f #@t#ral fa!t&r %i! aff#!t t#li+(iti! !&i!# tat t# #a$#r &r %rit#r >a$#5

L&&$ at (=#!ti& 9.J.JKWat +##ral !&!#t av# Hallida', a! It& ad Str#v# itr&d(!#d

f&r d#!ri=i+ t# !&t#@t &f it(ati&5J^at i a "r#+it#r"5

Cohesion in English (Introduction)

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