CognitiveRadio KEY

8/12/2019 CognitiveRadio KEY

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SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT INCOGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS

I. F. AKYILDIZI. F. AKYILDIZ

Broadband Wireless Networking LaboratoryBroadband Wireless Networking Laboratory

School of Electrical and Computer EngineeringSchool of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Georgia Institute of TechnologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyTel: 404Tel: 404--894894--5141; Fax: 4045141; Fax: 404--894894--78837883

Email: [email protected]: [email protected]

Web: http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwnWeb: http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn

IFA2008 AVIGNON 2

I.F. Akyildiz, W. Y. Lee, M.C. Vuran and S. Mohanty,I.F. Akyildiz, W. Y. Lee, M.C. Vuran and S. Mohanty,NeXt Generation/Dynamic Spectrum Access/Cognitive RadioNeXt Generation/Dynamic Spectrum Access/Cognitive RadioWireless Networks: A Survey,Wireless Networks: A Survey,Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal,Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal, Sept. 2006.Sept. 2006.

I. F. Akyildiz, W.Y. Lee, M. C. Vuran, and S. Mohanty,I. F. Akyildiz, W.Y. Lee, M. C. Vuran, and S. Mohanty,"A Survey on Spectrum Management in Cognitive Radio Networks,"A Survey on Spectrum Management in Cognitive Radio Networks,

IEEE Communications Magazine, April 2008.IEEE Communications Magazine, April 2008.


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 3

FIXED SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENT

IFA2008 AVIGNON 4

Fixed Spectrum UtilizationFixed Spectrum Utilization

Maximum Amplitudes

Amplitude(dBm)

Heavy Use Heavy Use

Medium UseSparse Use

Frequency (MHz)


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IFA2008 AVIGNON

Fixed Spectrum UtilizationFixed Spectrum Utilization

GHz

PSD (Power Spectrum Density)

Freq (GHz)Freq (GHz) 0~10~1 1~21~2 2~32~3

Utilization(%)Utilization(%) 54.454.4 35.135.1 7.67.6

3~43~4 4~54~5 5~65~6

0.250.25 0.1280.128 4.64.6

Measurements show that there is wide range of spectrum utilizationsacross 6 GHz of spectrum

IFA2008 AVIGNON 6

COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS;DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ALLOCATION NETWORKS (DSANs);

xG INITIATIVE

Dynamic SpectrumDynamic SpectrumAllocationAllocation


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 7

A Cognitive Radio is the key enabling technologyfor Dynamic Spectrum Access!!

Capability to use or share the spectrum in anopportunistic manner -> SPECTRUM HARVESTING

Dynamic spectrum access techniques allow theCR to operate in the best available channel

COGNITIVE RADIO

IFA2008 AVIGNON 8

Ultimate Objective of Cognitive RadioUltimate Objective of Cognitive Radio

CR enables the usage of temporally unused spectrumCR enables the usage of temporally unused spectrum Spectrum HoleSpectrum Holeoror White SpaceWhite Space..

If this band will be used by aIf this band will be used by a licensed userlicensed user,,CR moves to another spectrum holeCR moves to another spectrum hole

Alters itsAlters its transmission power level or modulationtransmission power level or modulation

scheme to avoid interferencescheme to avoid interference


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 9

Spectrum Hole ConceptSpectrum Hole Concept

Time

Frequency

Spectrum HolesPower

Spectrum Occupied byLicensed Users

IFA2008 AVIGNON 10

Senses RF Environment and modifies frequency,power or modulation

Dynamic Spectrum Selection Adaptive Modulation Adaptive Power Control Real Time Spectrum Management Significantly Increases Spectrum Efficiency

FEATURES OF COGNITIVE RADIO


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 13

A Cognitive Radio is a radio that canchange its transmitter parameters based oninteraction with the environment in which itoperates. (Federal Com Commission2005)

FCC (Non-Federal Use of the Spectrum)

WHAT IS A COGNITIVE RADIO?

IFA2008 AVIGNON 1414

Microsoft, Google, Dell, HPMicrosoft, Google, Dell, HPKNOWS: Kognitiv Networking Over White SpacesKNOWS: Kognitiv Networking Over White Spaces

http://research.microsoft.com/netres/projects/KNOWS/

Prototypes designed to identify wireless microphone, NTSCPrototypes designed to identify wireless microphone, NTSCand Digital TV signalsand Digital TV signals

Undergoing testing at FCCUndergoing testing at FCC


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AdaptrumAdaptrums Testbeds Testbedhttp://www.adaptrum.com/home

Experiments undertaken inExperiments undertaken inthe region of 500 MHzthe region of 500 MHz --700 MHz700 MHz

Undergoing testing at FCCUndergoing testing at FCC


Georgia Tech: OCRA TestbedGeorgia Tech: OCRA Testbedhttp://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/mag/cognitive_radio.htm


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IFA2008 AVIGNON

Physical Architecture of the Cognitive RadioPhysical Architecture of the Cognitive Radio

(Cognitive Radio Transceiver)(Cognitive Radio Transceiver)

Receiver

Transmit

Touser

Fro

mu

ser

RF Front-End (Tx/Rx)

Control Parametrization (SDR)(Reconfiguration)

RadioFrequency

(RF)

Analog-to-DigitalConvertion

(A/D)

BasebandProcessing

DataProcessing

Modem Processor

IFA2008 AVIGNON

Physical Architecture of the Cognitive RadioPhysical Architecture of the Cognitive Radio(Wideband RF/Analog FRONT(Wideband RF/Analog FRONT--END Architecture)END Architecture)

Wideband Antenna

Analog-to-DigitalConverter

AGC A/D

VCO

PLL

RF Filter

Mixer

Voltage Controlled

Oscillator

ChannelSelection Filter

Low Noise

Amplifier

AutomaticGain Control

LNA


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IFA2008 AVIGNON

Cognitive Radio Network ArchitectureCognitive Radio Network Architecture

Primary

Base-station

Primary

User

Primary Network

Licensed Band I

Unlicensed Band

Licensed Band IICR Network

Access

PrimaryNetworkAccess

CRUser

Spectrum Band

CRBase-station

Cognitive Radio Network

(With Infrastructure)

OtherCognitive

RadioNetworks

Spectrum Broker

IFA2008 AVIGNON 20

CR Ad Hoc Networks ArchitectureCR Ad Hoc Networks Architecture

Primary

Base-station

Primary

User

Primary Network

Licensed Band I

Unlicensed Band

Licensed Band II


(Without Infrastructure)

CR

Ad Hoc

Access

CRUser

Spectrum Band


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Cognitive Radio Network ArchitectureCognitive Radio Network Architecture

Primary

Base-station

Primary

User

Primary Network

Licensed Band I

Unlicensed Band

Licensed Band II

CR Network

Access

Primary

Network

Access


(Without Infrastructure)

CR

Ad Hoc

Access

CRUser

Spectrum Band

CRBase-station


(With Infrastructure)

OtherCognitive

RadioNetworks

Spectrum Broker

IFA2008 AVIGNON 22

Primary NetworkPrimary Network

An existing network infrastructure which hasAn existing network infrastructure which hasanan accessaccess right to a certainright to a certain spectrum band.spectrum band.

e.g., Common cellular systems ande.g., Common cellular systems andTV broadcast networks.TV broadcast networks.


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 23

Primary UserPrimary User(or Licensed User)(or Licensed User)HasHas a license to operate in a certain spectrum band.a license to operate in a certain spectrum band.

REMARK:REMARK:

Primary users do not need any modification or additionalPrimary users do not need any modification or additional

functions for cofunctions for co--existence with CR usersexistence with CR users

IFA2008 AVIGNON 24

(or Dynamic Spectrum Access Network,(or Dynamic Spectrum Access Network,

or Secondary Network or Unlicensed Network)or Secondary Network or Unlicensed Network)

* Does not have license to operate in a desired band.* Does not have license to operate in a desired band.

* Hence, the spectrum access is allowed only in an* Hence, the spectrum access is allowed only in an

opportunistic manner !opportunistic manner !


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 25

(or Unlicensed User, Secondary User)(or Unlicensed User, Secondary User)

has no spectrum licensehas no spectrum license

Hence, additional functionalities are requiredHence, additional functionalities are required

to share the licensed spectrum band !to share the licensed spectrum band !

IFA2008 AVIGNON 26

1) Determine which portions of the spectrum is available and detect thepresence of licensed users when a user operates in a licensed band

(Spectrum Sensing)

2) Select the best available channel (Spectrum Decision)

3) Coordinate access to this channel with other users (Spectrum Sharing)

4) Vacate the channel when a licensed user is detected(Spectrum Mobility Spectrum Handoff)

SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 27

COGNITIVE CYCLECOGNITIVE CYCLE

Spectrum

Sharing

SpectrumDecision

SpectrumSensing

ChannelCapacity

Primary UserDetection

RFStimuli

SpectrumHole

Radio Environment

SpectrumMobility

DecisionRequest

TransmittedSignal

Spectrum (Channel)Characterization

IFA2008 AVIGNON 28

What is Spectrum Sensing ?What is Spectrum Sensing ?

How to detect spectrum holes

by the COGNITIVE RADIO so thatit can adapt itself to its environment !!


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 29

Classification of SpectrumClassification of Spectrum

Sensing TechniquesSensing Techniques

InterferenceTemperatureManagement

TransmitterDetection

Spectrum Sensing

ReceiverDetection

Matched FilterDetection

EnergyDetection

CyclostationaryFeature Detection

IFA2008 AVIGNON 30

Limitations of the TransmitterLimitations of the Transmitter DetectionDetection

Hidden Terminal Problem due toShadowing

Interference due to uncertainty ofreceiver location

CRTransmitter

Range

Primary Base-station

CR User

PrimaryTransmitter

Range

Primary User

Primary Base-station

PrimaryTransmitter

Range

Primary User

CRTransmitter

RangeInterference

Interference

CR User

Cannotdetect thetransmitter

Cannotdetect thetransmitter

Shadowing ProblemShadowing ProblemReceiver Uncertainty ProblemReceiver Uncertainty Problem


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 31

Transmitter DetectionTransmitter DetectionNonNon--Cooperative vs Cooperative DetectionCooperative vs Cooperative Detection



EnergyDetection

CyclostationaryFeature

Detection


Non-Cooperative

DetectionCooperativeDetection

Detection Method Detection Behavior

IFA2008 AVIGNON 32

Cooperative DetectionCooperative Detection

PrimaryUser

PrimaryBase-station

Multi-path fading

Weak signals arereceived due to themulti-path fading may not detectthe primary user

Shadowing

Cannot detectthe primaryuser due to theobstacles

Detect theprimary usercorrectly

By exchanging theirsensing information, CRusers can detect theprimary user underfading and shadowingenvironments

CR User 2

CR User 3

CR User 1

BUSY

IDLE

IDLE

BUSYBUSY


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 33

Primary Receiver DetectionPrimary Receiver Detection

InterferenceTemperatureManagement


Spectrum Sensing

ReceiverDetection


EnergyDetection


IFA2008 AVIGNON 34

Primary Receiver DetectionPrimary Receiver Detection

PrimaryBase-station

Primary User

CR User

Local Oscillator (LO)Leakage Power

CR users detect theLO leakage power forthe detection ofprimary users insteadof the transmittedsignals

When primary usersreceive the signals fromthe transmitter, theyemit the LO leakagepower.

B. Wild and K. Ramchandran, Detecting Primary Receivers for Cognitive Radio

Applications in Proc. IEEE DySPAN, pp. 124130, Nov. 2005.


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 35

InterferenceInterference TemperatureTemperature

ManagementManagement

InterferenceTemperature

Management


Spectrum Sensing

ReceiverDetection


EnergyDetection


IFA2008 AVIGNON 36

Interference Temperature ModelInterference Temperature Model

Powerat

Receiver

Original Noise Floor

InterferenceTemperature Limit

Licensed Signal

NewOpportunitiesfor Spectrum

Access

Minimum ServiceRange with

Interference Cap

Service Range atOriginal Noise Floor

Distance from Licensed Transmitting Antenna


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IFA2008 AVIGNON

Open Research for Spectrum Sensing

Sensing Parameter Optimization

(Based on Transmitter / Energy Detection )

WW..YY.. LeeLee and I. F.and I. F. AkyildizAkyildiz,, Optimal Spectrum SensingOptimal Spectrum Sensing

Framework for Cognitive Radio NetworksFramework for Cognitive Radio Networks,,

IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communications, Oct. 2008IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communications, Oct. 2008..

IFA2008 AVIGNON

Open Research for Spectrum Sensing

Optimization of Cooperative Sensing:

Determine the # of cooperating users and spectrum bands

Cooperative Feature (Cyclostationary) Detection Scheme:

For faster detection time and less complexity

Hybrid Transmitter & Receiver Detection:

Based on the activities both in uplink and downlink channels

RAT (Radio Access Technology)-Adaptive Spectrum Sensing:

Consider radio access technologies (TDMA, CDMA, FDMA, etc ) of primarynetworks


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 39

Spectrum DecisionSpectrum Decision

Spectrum

Sharing

SpectrumDecision

SpectrumSensing

ChannelCapacity

Primary UserDetection

RFStimuli

SpectrumHole

Radio Environment

SpectrumMobility

DecisionRequest

TransmittedSignal

Spectrum (Channel)Characterization

IFA2008 AVIGNON 40

SpectrumSpectrum DecisionDecision

Stage 1Spectrum Characterization

RF information Interference Path Loss Wireless LinkError

Link layerdelay

Primary NetworkInformation Primary UserActivity

Holding Time

Stage 2Decision

SingleSpectrumDecision

Multi-SpectrumDecision


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 41

SINGLE SPECTRUM DECISIONSINGLE SPECTRUM DECISION

CR user B

Occupied by primary users

CR user A

Idle spectrum band

Frequency(Hz)

Each CR user selects only one spectrum band according to theapplication requirements

SpectrumHandoff

CR user A

CR user B

IFA2008 AVIGNON 42

MultiMulti--Spectrum DecisionSpectrum Decision

Sub-channelsfor CR user B

Occupied by primary users

Sub-channelsfor CR user A

Idle spectrum band

Frequency(Hz)

CR users select multiple non-contiguous spectrum bands and use themsimultaneously for the transmission.

SpectrumHandoff

CR user A

CR user B


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IFA2008 AVIGNON

Open Research for Spectrum Decision

Spectrum Decision and Admission Control

for Real-time / Best Effort Applications

WW..YY.. LeeLee and I. F.and I. F. AkyildizAkyildiz,,

QoSQoS Aware Spectrum Decision for Cognitive Radio NetworksAware Spectrum Decision for Cognitive Radio Networks,,

Submitted for publicationSubmitted for publication, July 008, July 008..

IFA2008 AVIGNON


Primary Network Modeling and Analysis

Primary User Behavior Predictivity Models

CR Channel Characterization / Estimation:

In terms of QoS parameters (throughput, PER, delay, jitter,etc)


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IFA2008 AVIGNON


Spectrum Decision with Reconfiguration:

Determine not only spectrum bands (operating frequency,

bandwidth) but also transmission parameters

(transmission power, modulation, channel coding,

upper layer protocols, etc)

IFA2008 AVIGNON 46

Spectrum SharingSpectrum Sharing

SpectrumDecision

SpectrumSensing

ChannelCapacity

Primary User

Detection

RFStimuli

SpectrumHole

Radio Environment

SpectrumMobility

DecisionRequestSpectrum

Sharing

TransmittedSignal

Spectrum(Channel)Characterization


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 47

Spectrum SharingSpectrum SharingSpectrum SharingSpectrum Sharing ssimilar to MAC Problemsimilar to MAC Problems

Multiple CRMultiple CR userusers try to access the spectrums try to access the spectrum

Access must be coordinated (to prevent collisions inAccess must be coordinated (to prevent collisions in

overlapping portions of the spectrum)overlapping portions of the spectrum)

UniquenessUniqueness

Coexistence with licensed (primary) usersCoexistence with licensed (primary) users

WWide range of available spectrumide range of available spectrum

IFA2008 AVIGNON 48

SPECTRUM SHARINGSPECTRUM SHARINGCLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

IntraIntra--Network SSNetwork SS InterInter--Network SSNetwork SS


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 49

IntraIntra--Network Spectrum SharingNetwork Spectrum Sharing

Centralized Spectrum Sharing

IFA2008 AVIGNON 50

IntraIntra--Network Spectrum SharingNetwork Spectrum Sharing

Distributed Spectrum Sharing(Cooperative)

Sending local observationsSending spectrum allocations

Spectrum sharing entity

Distributed Spectrum Sharing(Non-Cooperative)

Spectrum sharing entity


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 51

InterInter--Network Spectrum SharingNetwork Spectrum Sharing

Distributed Spectrum SharingCentralized Spectrum Sharing

Sending Local ObservationsSending Spectrum Allocations

Spectrum Sharing Entity

CR Network A

CR Network B

CR Network C

Spectrum Broker(or Spectrum Server)

CR Network A

CR Network B

CR Network C

IFA2008 AVIGNON 52

Why Game Theory?Why Game Theory?

[Spectrum Sharing in CR networks][Spectrum Sharing in CR networks] CR users have a common interest to have theCR users have a common interest to have thespectrum resources as much as possible.spectrum resources as much as possible.

However, CR users have competing interests toHowever, CR users have competing interests tomaximize their own share of the spectrummaximize their own share of the spectrumresources.resources. i.e., the activity of one CR user cani.e., the activity of one CR user canimpact the activities of the othersimpact the activities of the others

Also CR userAlso CR users rational decisions require anticipatings rational decisions require anticipatingrivalsrivals responsesresponses


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 53

Why Game Theory?Why Game Theory?

Provides anProvides an efficient distributed spectrum sharingefficient distributed spectrum sharingscheme.scheme.

Provides theProvides the wellwell--defined equilibrium criteriadefined equilibrium criteria for thefor thespectrum sharing problemspectrum sharing problem to measure the optimalityto measure the optimality ininvarious network scenarios.various network scenarios.

IFA2008 AVIGNON

Intranetwork Spectrum Sharing

Repeated SpectrumSharing Game Model(R. Etkin, A. Parekh, and D. Tse,IEEE DySPAN 2005)

Local Bargaining(Cao/Zheng,IEEE SECON 2005)

Auction BasedSpectrum Sharing Game(J. Huang, R. Berry, and M. L. Honig,ACM Monet Journal, 2006)

Belief Assisted

Pricing(J. Zhu and Ray Liu

IEEE Com. Magazine, May 2007).


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IFA2008 AVIGNON

Internetwork Spectrum Sharing

O, Ileri, D. Samardzija,and N. MandayamIEEE DySPAN 2007

M. Bennis andJ. LillebergProc. CISS 2007

S. Gandhi, C. Buragohai

L. Cao, H. Zheng, S. SIEEE DySPAN 2007

X. Jing, D. RaychaudhuriIEEE DySPAN 2005

IFA2008 AVIGNON

Open Research for Spectrum Sharing

Inter-Cell Spectrum Sharing based on JointSpectrum and Power Allocation

W. Y. Lee and I.F.W. Y. Lee and I.F. AkyildizAkyildiz,,

``Joint Spectrum and Power Allocation for Inter``Joint Spectrum and Power Allocation for Inter--Cell SpectrumCell Spectrum

Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks,'Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks,'

in Proc. IEEEin Proc. IEEE DySPANDySPAN2008, Chicago, IL, USA, October2008, Chicago, IL, USA, October2008.2008.


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IFA2008 AVIGNON

Open Research for Spectrum Sharing

Inter-User (Intra-Cell) Spectrum Sharing:

RAT adaptive-CR MAC Protocol / User power control

Inter-Network Spectrum Sharing:

Spectrum Auctions among CR operators

IFA2008 AVIGNON 58

Spectrum MobilitySpectrum Mobility

SpectrumDecision

SpectrumSensing

ChannelCapacity

TransmittedSignal

Primary User

Detection

RFStimuli

SpectrumHole

Radio Environment

SpectrumSharing

DecisionRequest

SpectrumMobility

Spectrum(Channel)Characterization


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 59

Spectrum MobilitySpectrum Mobility/Handoff/Handoff Get the Best Available ChannelGet the Best Available Channelconceptconcept

CR radioCR radio cancan capture the best availablecapture the best available channelchannel

SpectrumSpectrum MMobilityobility//HandoffHandoff (a(a new type of handoffnew type of handoff)) isisdefined as the process when a CR userdefined as the process when a CR user (SU)(SU) changes itschanges its

frequency of operationfrequency of operation

When channel conditions become worse or a primary userWhen channel conditions become worse or a primary user(PU)(PU) appearsappears, spectrum handoff happens, spectrum handoff happens

IFA2008 AVIGNON 60

Spectrum HandoffSpectrum Handoff ExampleExample

Time

Frequency

Spectrum HolePower

Spectrum occupiedby Licensed users

Spectrum HandoffSpectrum Handoff

Sensing issue

Spectrum handoff is amulti-step process,it includes:

Primary User Detection(Sensing issue)

Channel Switching(Hardware issue)

Resume Communication(Sharing issue)

Sharing issue


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IFA2008 AVIGNON

MORE RESEARCH CHALLENGESCOMMON CONTROL CHANNEL PROBLEM- ClusteringClustering

-- Predefined in licensed bandPredefined in licensed band

-- Reserved in licensed band as Coordinated Access Band (CAB)Reserved in licensed band as Coordinated Access Band (CAB)

-- Located at the lower edge of unlicensed band withLocated at the lower edge of unlicensed band with

CommonCommon Spectrum Coordination Channel (Spectrum Coordination Channel (CSCC) ProtocolCSCC) Protocol

IFA2008 AVIGNON

MORE RESEARCH CHALLENGES

Wideband RF front-end:

Support Fast sensing/switching /reconfiguration

Admission Control Framework:

Cooperate with spectrum decision, spectrum mobilityand inter-cell spectrum sharing


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IFA2008 AVIGNON

MORE RESEARCH CHALLENGES CR QoS Framework:

Enable QoS guaranteeing communications for various service classes:conversational, streaming, interactive, and background.

Primary User Activity Modeling / Estimation:

Based on the RAT of primary networks

CR Transmission Scheme with Error Control:

Adaptive to primary user activity as well as channel condition

IFA2008 AVIGNON


CR Security:

Jamming, PU emulating attack, etc.

PHY-Adaptive Spectrum Management Framework

(Sensing / Decision / Sharing /Mobility):

OFDM, MIMO, Directional Antenna, UWB, etc.


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IFA2008 AVIGNON


CR Deployment Scenarios:

New network architecture or applications based on

CR technology, Cooperation model between PU and SUs

CR Network Management:

O&M (Operation and Maintenance), Billing

IFA2008 AVIGNON 68

Proposal for aCR Network Management Framework

System

Monitoring

QoS Management

BillingDecision/ Policy

Management

SecurityManagement

SLAManagement(Inter/Intra)

ServiceAdaptation

Intra-operatorMobility Manager

Inter-operatorMobility ManagerReconfiguration

Intra-operatorResource Manager

Inter-operatorResource Manager

Mobility ManagementSpectrum Management


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 69

CognitiveCognitive Radio NetworkRadio Network StandardsStandards

IEEE 802.22 (IEEE 802.22 (Wireless Regional Area Networks)Wireless Regional Area Networks)(Cognitive Radio for TV Bands/Channels) (2004)(Cognitive Radio for TV Bands/Channels) (2004)

IEEE P1900 (2005)IEEE P1900 (2005)

IFA2008 AVIGNON 70

What is a NanoWhat is a Nano--Network?Network?I.F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, C. Blazquez,I.F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, C. Blazquez,

Nanonetworking: A New Communication ParadigmNanonetworking: A New Communication ParadigmComputer Networks, Elsevier, Sept. 2008Computer Networks, Elsevier, Sept. 2008..

Interconnection of Multiple Devices at NanoInterconnection of Multiple Devices at Nano--scalescale

Communication Point of View:Communication Point of View:

NanoNano--scale communication includingscale communication including

transmitter and receiver devices,transmitter and receiver devices,

information, carrier and medium.information, carrier and medium.

Examples:Examples:

Molecular CommunicationMolecular Communication

Architectural Point of View:Architectural Point of View:

Electronic integration at nanoElectronic integration at nano--scalescale

Examples:Examples:

Carbon nanotubes and networksCarbon nanotubes and networks--onon--

chip (NoC)chip (NoC)

Two Research BranchesTwo Research Branches


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 71

NanoNano--Machine DevelopmentMachine Development

IFA2008 AVIGNON 72

NanoNano--machine Development: Topmachine Development: Top--Down ApproachDown Approach

Development of nano-scale objects by downscaling current existing micro-

scale device components.

Fabrication and assembly processes are at an early stage

Only simple mechanical structures can be created


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 73

NanoNano--machine Development: Bottommachine Development: Bottom--up Approachup Approach

Nanomachines are developed using individual molecules as building

blocks.

Molecular manufacturing technologies able to assemble nano-

machines molecule by molecule do not exist.

IFA2008 AVIGNON 74

NanoNano--machine Development: Biomachine Development: Bio--hybrid Approachybrid Approac

Biological nano-machines found in nature are used as models to

develop new nano-machines.

They can also be used as building blocks integrating them into

more complex nano-machines.

Several biological structures found in living organisms can

be considered as nano-machines.

They can be found in biological systems where they are

interconnected to perform more complex tasks.


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 75

Communication Mechanisms forCommunication Mechanisms for NanoNetworksNanoNetworks??

CommunicationCommunication

techniquestechniques

ElectromagneticElectromagnetic

WavesWaves

AcousticAcoustic


NanoNano--mechanicalmechanicalCommunicationCommunication

MolecularMolecular


Electromagnetic communication could be used to transmitElectromagnetic communication could be used to transmit

information from a microinformation from a micro--device to adevice to a nanonano--machine, but notmachine, but not

amongamong nanonano--machinesmachines

With the current technology, acoustic communication cannotWith the current technology, acoustic communication cannot

be used in nanonetworksbe used in nanonetworks

Nanomechanical communication is currently not a solutionNanomechanical communication is currently not a solution

for nanonetworksfor nanonetworks

Molecular communication can be used to interconnectMolecular communication can be used to interconnect

nanonano--machines, resulting inmachines, resulting in nanonetworksnanonetworks!!

IFA2008 AVIGNON 76

A Possible Solution:A Possible Solution: Molecular CommunicationMolecular Communication

Molecular communication is defined as the transmission andMolecular communication is defined as the transmission and

reception of information encoded in moleculesreception of information encoded in molecules

It is a completely new andIt is a completely new and

interdisciplinary field thatinterdisciplinary field that

spans nano, bio andspans nano, bio and

information technologiesinformation technologies


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 77

NanoNetworksNanoNetworks vsvs Traditional Communication NetworksTraditional Communication Networks

FeaturesFeatures TraditionalTraditional MolecularMolecular

Carrier:Carrier: Electromagnetic wavesElectromagnetic waves MoleculesMolecules

Signal type:Signal type: Electronic, optical,Electronic, optical,mechanicalmechanical

ChemicalChemical

Propagation speed:Propagation speed: Sound or lightSound or light Extremely lowExtremely low

Medium conditions:Medium conditions: Wired: almost immuneWired: almost immune

Wireless: affectWireless: affectcommunicationcommunication

Affect communicationAffect communication

Noise:Noise: Electromagnetic field andElectromagnetic field andsignalssignals

Particles and molecules inParticles and molecules inmediummedium

Other features:Other features: High energy consumptionHigh energy consumption Low energy consumptionLow energy consumption

IFA2008 AVIGNON 78

NanonetworksNanonetworks ComponentsComponents

MolecularMolecular

communicationcommunication

TraditionalTraditional



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IFA2008 AVIGNON 79

ShortShort--Range CommunicationRange Communication

Two possibleTwo possible


systemssystems

Molecular MotorsMolecular Motors

CalciumCalcium IonsIons

IFA2008 AVIGNON 80

LongLong--Range Communication using PheromonesRange Communication using Pheromones

Features:Features:


RangeRange

MediumMedium

CarrierCarrier

mmmm -- kmkm

PheromonesPheromones

Wet and dryWet and dry


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IFA2008 AVIGNON 81

Research Challenges inResearch Challenges in NanonetworksNanonetworks

11..

Development ofDevelopment of

nanonano--machines,machines,

testbedstestbeds andand

simulation toolssimulation tools

2.2.

TheoreticalTheoretical

3.3.

Architectures andArchitectures and

ProtocolsProtocols

CognitiveRadio KEY

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