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Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and PracticeBy A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals of Communication Networks
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Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

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Page 1: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

1

Chapter 9

Fundamentals of Communication Networks

Page 2: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Communication Network Architecture

Communication devices Network nodes Communication links

Page 3: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Protocol Architecture

Break communication task down into subtasks Divide-and-conquer approach Hierarchical layers

Protocols Define subtask operation within a layer TCP/IP protocols

Page 4: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Switching Technologies

Circuit switching Circuit establishment Data transfer Circuit termination

Page 5: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Switching Technologies

Packet switching Store-and-forward Network resources allocated on-demand

Page 6: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Switching Technologies

Virtual circuit switching Combining features of circuit switching

and packet switching Virtual circuit pre-established Link bandwidth shared efficiently

Page 7: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Encapsulation and Multiplexing

Page 8: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Naming and Addressing

Domain name Domain Name System (DNS)

Port number Well-known port numbers Ephemeral port numbers

Page 9: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Naming and Addressing

IP address Subnetting Socket: combination of an IP address and

a port number

Medium Access Control (MAC) address

Page 10: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Multiple Access

Media shared in a broadcast network Rules for hosts to access the media Media Access Control (MAC)

Page 11: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Routing and Forwarding

Network layer function Maintaining network topology

information Routing table

Forwarding packets Packets forwarded hop-by-hop

Page 12: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Congestion Control and Flow Control

Congestion control Router congestion

Flow control Fast transmitter and slow receiver

Page 13: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Error Control

Checksum in TCP/IP Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) in

Ethernet Sequence numbers to detect lost

packets

Page 14: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

New Challenges in Wireless Networks Wireless transmissions

Different concept of communication link Coupled channels Capacity limited by SINR

Mobility Handoff in infrastructure-based wireless

networks Rerouting in infrastructureless wireless

networks Energy efficiency

Significant impact in every layer

Page 15: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Mobility Modeling

The Random Waypoint Model

Page 16: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Mobility Modeling

Speed distribution

Average speed Location distribution

Page 17: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Perfect Simulation

Page 18: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Power Control and Multiuser Diversity

Uplink of a infrastructure-based wireless network

Received signal at the base station is

Frequency flat Reyleigh fading

Objective

Page 19: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Power Control and Multiuser Diversity

No power control

Perfect power control

Optimal power control

Page 20: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Power Control and Multiuser Diversity

Page 21: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Multiple Access Schemes

Classification of multi-access schemes

Page 22: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Polling

Queueing system with one server and m stations

Finite buffer and infinite buffer

Page 23: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Polling Service policies

Limited service Exhaustive service Gated service

Page 24: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA

ALOHA A station transmits a packet whenever it

wants to Maximum throughput 0.184

Slotted ALOHA Time is divided into slots Maximum throughput 0.368

Page 25: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

CSMA

User senses the medium before start transmission

Hold packets until the medium is free Strategies

1-persistent CSMA Non-persistent CSMA

Page 26: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

CSMA

An example of collision in CSMA

Page 27: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

CSMA

A typical cycle of CSMA operation

Page 28: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

CSMA/CA

Page 29: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Hidden Terminal and Exposed Terminal Problems

Hidden terminal problem

Exposed terminal problem

Page 30: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Routing, Energy Efficiency and Network Lifetime

Page 31: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Maximizing Network Lifetime

Page 32: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Congestion Control in Wireless Networks

TCP is not suitable for wireless networks Basic assumption: all loss are due to buffer

overflow Suffers from frequent route failures and MAC

layer contention

TCP enhancements Link layer mechanisms Split TCP Explicit notification schemes

Page 33: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Cross-layer Design and Optimization

Page 34: Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 1 Chapter 9 Fundamentals.

“Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice”By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

Cross-layer Principles

Interactions and the law of unintended consequences

Dependency graph Timescale separation and stability The chaos of unbridled cross-layer

design