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Cognitive Diagnosis of Learning Path in English

Vocabulary, Grammar, Sentence Patternat

Junior High School Based on Rule Space Model

E10210013

103 6

Chung Hua University

Cognitive Diagnosis of Learning Path in English

Vocabulary, Grammar, Sentence Patternat

Junior High School Based on Rule Space Model

E10210013

1 0 3 6

i

Tasuoka (1983)(Rule Space Model)

(1)

(2)

ii

ABSTRACT

The study is based on Rule Space Model cognitive diagnostic methods, which was

proposed by Tasuoka(1983). Through the analysis of the examinees cognitive response

patterns, it is effective to figure out the English learning results on some 7th

junior high

school students in Miaoli. The statistics and analysis of the students potential knowledge

structures showed the mastery patterns of the knowledge attributes. This study can plan out

an appropriate learning path for students and help them to figure out the shortage of

English learning by offering individual diagnostic suggestions. It can also help the teachers

to adapt the appropriate teaching methods or remedial instructions.

Students are the main part of modern education. The purpose of English teaching

assessment is to find out the learning results and defects. Teachers should pay more

attention on students individual difference. It can improve the effects of teaching and

learning. The results showed: (1) The English learning results can be improved obviously

by using Rule-Space Models on junior high school students, especially for the

low-achieved students. (2) Through individual diagnostic suggestions, the students can

focus on the weakness of learning. It is helpful and useful to improve the English learning

results.

Keywords: Rule-Space Model, Knowledge Structure, Cognitive Diagnostic Model,

English Teaching, English Assessment.

iv

................................................................................................................................ i

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. ii

.............................................................................................................................. iii

.............................................................................................................................. iv

......................................................................................................................... vii

.......................................................................................................................... ix

....................................................................................................... 1

1.1 ................................................................................................ 1

1.2 .................................................................................... 2

1.3 ................................................................................................ 2

1.4 ............................................................................................................ 3

1.5 ............................................................................................................ 5

............................................................................................... 6

2.1 RULE SPACE MODELRSM ............................................... 6

2.1.1 ..................................................................................... 6

2.1.2 ............................................................................. 7

2.1.3 ........................................................................... 10

2.2 .................................................................. 14

2.2.1 ............................................................................................ 14

2.2.2 ................................................................................................... 15

2.3 .................................................................................................. 17

2.3.1 ................................................................................... 17

2.3.2 ....................................................................... 18

2.4 .............................................................................................. 20

2.4.1 ................................................................................... 21

2.4.2 ........................................................................................... 23

2.4.3 ........................................................................................... 27

2.5 ...................................................................................................... 29

2.5.1 ................................................................................................... 29

v

2.5.2 ....................................................................................... 31

2.5.3 ................................................... 32

................................................................................. 35

3.1 .............................................................................................. 35

3.1.1 ................................................................................................... 35

3.1.2 ................................................................................................... 35

3.2 .......................................................................................................... 37

3.3 .......................................................................................................... 38

3.3.1 ................................................................................................... 38

3.3.2 ........................................................................................... 39

3.4 .................................................................................................. 40

3.4.1 ................................................................................................... 40

3.4.2 ................................................................................................... 41

3.4.3 ....................................................................................... 43

3.4.4 ........................................................................................... 43

3.5 .......................................................................................................... 45

3.5.1 ........................................................................................... 45

3.5.2 ............................................................................................ 46

3.5.3 .................................................................................................... 52

................................................................................. 54

4.1 .............................................................................. 54

4.1.1 Item Difficulty ............................................................... 54

4.1.2 Item Discrimination ....................................................... 56

4.2 .................................................................................................. 60

4.2.1 ....................................................................... 60

4.2.2 ....................................................................... 61

4.2.3 ............................................................... 62

4.2.4 ............................................................... 62

4.3 ...................................................................... 63

4.3.1 ........................................................................... 63

4.3.2 ........................................................................... 64

4.3.3 ........................................................................... 65

vi

4.4 .................................................................................................. 67

4.4.1 ............................................................................... 67

4.4.2 ............................................................... 70

4.4.3 ............................................................... 74

4.4.4 ........................................................... 79

4.4.5 ........................... 84

................................................................................. 87

5.1 .......................................................................................................... 87

5.2 .......................................................................................................... 88

5.2.1 ....................................................................................... 88

5.2.2 ............................................................................... 89

..................................................................................................................... 90

................................................................................................. 90

................................................................................................. 93

............................................................................................................................. 98

1 .................................................................................................. 98

2 ................................................................................................ 101

3 ........................................................................................................ 104

4 .................................................................... 108

vii

2-1 () ................................................................... 8

2-2 () ................................................................... 9

2-3 ................................................................................................ 12

2-4 ............................................................................................ 12

2-5 ............................................................................................ 12

2-6 ................................................................................ 13

2-7 .................................................................................... 13

2-8 .................... 18

2-9 .................................................................................... 23

2-10 ........................................................................... 24

2-11 ........................................................................... 25

2-12 ............................................................................... 27

3-1 ........................................ 37

3-2 .................................................................... 39

3-3 .................................................................... 40

3-4 ............................................................................................ 41

3-5 ................................................................................................ 42

3-6 ............................................................................................ 43

3-7 ................................ 44

3-8 .................................................................................... 45

3-9 ............................................................................ 46

3-10 Q .............................................................. 48

3-11 ........................................................................... 49

3-12 Q .............................................................. 51

3-13 ....................................................................... 53

3-14 ...................................................................... 53

4-1 ............................................................................ 56

4-2 ............................................................ 57

4-3 ............................................................ 58

4-4 ................................ 60

4-5 T ....................................................... 61

viii

4-6 T ....................................................... 61

4-7 ........................................ 62

4-8 ........................................ 63

4-9 ........................ 64

4-10 ........................... 64

4-11 ....................... 65

4-12 ........................... 65

4-13 ....................... 66

4-14 ........................... 66

4-15 ADJACENCY MATRIX ..................................................... 68

4-16 REACHABILITY MATRIX ............................................ 68

4-17 INCIDENCE MATRIX ................................................... 69

4-18 REDUCED INCIDENCE MATRIX ...................... 69

4-19 IDEAL ATTRIBUTE MATRIX .................................. 70

4-20 ....................................................... 71

4-21 ............................................... 72

4-22 ........................................... 73

4-23 N=26............................................. 74

4-24 ....................................................................................... 74

4-25 ....................................................... 75

4-26 ............................................... 76

4-27 ........................................... 77

4-28 N=26 .......................... 78

4-29 ................................................................... 78

4-30 ....................................................... 78

4-31 ....................................................... 79

4-32 ............................................... 79

4-33 ............................................................... 80

4-34 ............................................... 84

4-35 ............................................... 84

4-36 ............................................... 85

ix

1-1 .......................................................... 4

2-1 ............................................................................................ 11

2-2 () ..................................................................................... 29

2-3 ........................................................ 30

2-4 WAUGH NORMAN .................................................. 31

2-5 ........................................................................................ 33

3-1 ............................................................................................ 36

3-2 ................................................................ 45

4-1 ............................................................................................ 67

4-2 ............................................................ 82

4-3 .................................................... 83

4-4 .................................................... 86

1

1.1

Rule Space Model

2

2 1

2

1.2

1.1

Rule Space Model

1.3

He can do a lot of things.

can

:

3

1. :

2. :

30

26 25

1.4

1-1

4

1-1

5

1.5

:

12

345

5

6

Rule Space Model

2.1 Rule Space ModelRSM

Rule Space Model RSM

2.1.1

Rule-Space ModelRSM1983Tatsuoka

Tatsuoka erroneous

rules

response pattern

Cartesian product

Tatsuoka(1983)

bug distribution

misconception

1994

7

2.1.2

Tatsuoka 1983 1987

task analysis

groups

1995

2014)

2-1

2014) RSM

RSM

Buck, G. (1991)

The Testing of Listening Comprehension: An Introspective Study Buck, G. &

Tatsuoka, K. (1998)Application of the Rule-space Procedure to Language Testing:

Examining Attributes of a Free Response Listening Test RSM

Buck, G. (2001)

Assessing Listening Buck, G., Tatsuoka, K., Kostin, I., & Phelps, M. (1997)The

sub-skills of listening: Rule-space analysis of a multiple-choice test of second language

listening comprehension Buck, G., VanEssen, T., Tatsuoka, K., Kostin,

I., Lutz, D., & Phelps, M. (1998)Development, selection and validation of a set of

cognitive and linguistic attributes for the SAT-I verbalSentence completion section

RSM

Buck 1998 SAT-I

20

8

3 97

RSM SAT-I

2-2

RSM

2-1 ()

Tatsuoka &

Tatsuoka

(1997)

Computerized cognitive

diagnostic adaptive

testingeffect on remedial

instruction as empirical

validation

9

593

90% 33

()

TatsuokCorter &

Tatsuoka (2004)

Patterns of diagnosed

mathematical content and

process skills in TIMM-R

across a sample of 20

countries.

20

1995

644

30

86% 18

2004

299

30

()

(2009)

1059

(

)

(2012)

286

26

()

9

2009

-

SCJP

SCJPSun Certified Java

Programmer

2009

S-P(Student-Problem)

()2010

C++

-

() 100

2012

-

122

2014 p.12-13

2-2 ()

Buck, G. (1991) The Testing of Listening

Comprehension:An

Introspective Study

Buck, G. &

Tatsuoka, K. (1998)

Application of the

Rule-space Procedure to

Language Testing:

Examining Attributes of a

Free Response Listening

Test

RSM

Buck, G. (2001) Assessing Listening

10

Buck, G., Tatsuoka,

K., Kostin, I., &

Phelps, M. (1997)

The sub-skills of listening:

Rule-space analysis of a

multiple-choice test of

second language listening

comprehension

27

5000 TOEIC

4

16

8

91

97

Buck, G., VanEssen,

T., Tatsuoka, K.,

Kostin, I., Lutz, D.,

& Phelps, M. (1998)

Development, selection

and validation of a set of

cognitive and linguistic

attributes for the SAT-I

verbalSentence

completion section

SAT-I

20

3

97

RSMSAT-I

2.1.3

GierlLeighton & Hunka2000

1Attribute

11

Q-Q-Matrix

2

2-1

2-1

3

. Adjacency Matrix

A1 A2 A3 1 A1

0 2-3

A1

A2 A3

12

2-3

A1 A2 A3

A1 0 1 1

A2 0 0 0

A3 0 0 0

. Reachability Matrix

2-1 A1 A2A3 A1

A1 A1A2A3 1 A2 A2

A2 1A3 A3 A3

1 0 2-4

2-4

A1 A2 A3

A1 1 1 1

A2 0 1 0

A3 0 0 1

. Incidence Matrix

2k-1 k*2k-1 k

2-5

2-5

I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7

A1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

A2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

A3 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

. Reduced Incidence Matrix

13

I2

A1 A2 I2

2-6

2-6

I1 I2 I3 I4

A1 1 1 1 1

A2 0 1 0 1

A3 0 0 1 1

. Ideal Attribute Matrix

90

2-7

2-7

A1 A2 A3

E1 1 0 0

E2 1 1 0

E3 1 0 1

E4 1 1 1

4 Knowledge States

2k

5

14

2.2

Zimmerman1986

general motivation to learn

specific

motivation to learn1994

2.2.1

20042010

Zimmerman2000

199120102000

15

20012013

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

2.2.2

1994

1

2

3

41984

1994

general motivation to learnspecific motivation to

16

learn

1995

Atkinson1964

Bandura1977

expectationKember2006

1997

Pintrich et. al.,

1989

Rule Space Model

17

2.3

cognitively diagnostic assessment, CDA Nichols

1994cognitive science

psychometrics

2.3.1

Anastasi1967

Sheehan1997

qualitative characterization

Frederiksen1986; Snow & Lohman1989; Lohman & Ippel1993; Yamamoto

& Gitomer1993

Nichols 1994 cognitive science

psychometrics

Nichols cognitively diagnostic

assessment

18

2.3.2

Nichols 1994 substantive

assumptions

Tatsuoka, 1983

Goldsmith, Johnson, & Acton1991

Nichols

2-8

2-8

Nichols,1994

19

Incidence Matrix Q-

Tatsuoka, 1985Item Response Patterns

Q-

de la Torre, 2008

Leighton,Gierl & Hunka2004

de la Torre 2010

misclassification rate

Gagne1977learning hierarchy

pre-requisitespre-requisites

subordinate capabilities

19942003knowledge structure

1996

completion itemessay

questionopen-ended question

restricted-response questionextended-response question

20

constructed-response2009

constructed-response items

Q&A2014

2.4

2009 70%

80%

2009

2006

21

21

1.

2.

3.

wash back effect

2.4.1

2002

2005

22

Ayersman, 1994; Liu & Reed, 1994; Diaz & Cartnal, 1999; Demirbas &

Demirkan, 2007; Wang & Chen, 2008; Alty, Al-Sharrah & Beacham, 2006

Keefe1979

VAK

Visual-Auditory-Kinesthetic learning styles model

John GrinderRichard Bandler 1988

VCD

Miller, P.2001 Learning styles

The multimedia of the mind. Research Report.

29% 34% 37% Miller

2001

Richard M.

Felder and Barbara A. Soloman

2-9

Hoover ,1987 3 8

2007

90 94

differential item functioning, DIF

23

2007

2-9

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2.4.2

1840-1940 Grammar-Translation Method

1996 18 2-10

Diane Larsen-Freeman

24

2-10

/

1780-1920 * * Latin Grammar School

1780-1960 * * * * Berlitz School

1950 * * *

1950 + + + +

/

/ 1955 + + * * Curran

1960 + + Asher

1970 + + Dartmouth College

1970 + + Lazanov

1976 Shumann

/ 1976 Commission of Europe

1977 + + Terrell

1977 + + + + Krashen

1979 + + + + ACTFL

1981 + + Postovsky & Winitz

/ 1981 Johnson & Morrow

1983 + + Gattegno

Freire

+ *

1996, p.50

20002008

25

2-11

2-11

/

1

grammar-translation

method

/

2direct

method

2005

3the

audio-lingual method

formstructure

meaning

26

dialoguesdrills

mimicrymemorization

4.

communication

language teaching

2005

5. natural

approach

Krashen second language

acquisition

i + 1i

1

silent period

27

2.4.3

Language Assessmentdefinition

Carroll1968,

Anastasi1982

Hughes1989pp.9-19

2-12

2-12

1.

1proficiency

test

2achievement test

3diagnostic test

4aptitude test

28

2.

1direct testing

2indirect

testing

3.

1 ,

4.

1

norm-referenced

testing

2

criterion-referenced

testing

5.

1objective testing

,,

2subjective

testing

2006

1.

2.

3.

wash back effect

29

2012

2.5

McDonough, 1981

Reigeluth, 1994

2.5.1

Cognition

Cognition

2-2

2-2 ()

30

1993

1996

an information transmission and processing system

regulatory

system

cognitive system

sensory registerattentionrecognition

short-term and longterm episodic memories

2-3

2-3

1996

A.D. Norman1993Experiential cognition

Reflective cognition

Robert L. Solso 1992/1979cognition

31

information processing model

2-4

2-4 Waugh Norman

Robert L. Solso1979/1992

2.5.2

Ulric Neisser1967Cognitive psychology

Neisser

mental processesall

processes by which the sensory input is transformed,reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered,

and usedNeisser,1967. pp.4

2007

2006

Mayer, 1981

http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1678765/

Robert L. Solso, 1979

32

cognitionmental

processes

1993

Gestalt psychology

constructivism

Krashen1992Fundamentals of language education

2.5.3

2.5.2

33

--

:

()

2-5 Gagn1985

1990

1

2

3

4

2-5

R. Gagn, 19852005

*

*

*

1 2

3

4

34

2-5

1. 1 1

2. 2 3

rehearsalelaboration

3. 4 4

1990

Rule Space Model

35

3.1

3.1.1

1983 Tatsuoka K.

3.1.2

36

3-1 :

3-1

1.

(1) :

(2) : 45

(3) 14

12

2.

(1) He can do a lot of things.

(2)

(3)

3.

(1)

(2)

37

4.

(1)

(2) 27% 27%

46%

(3)

5.

(1)

4

(2)

3.2

103

12 13 25 104 13

13 26

T

3-1

H0 o = 1

H1 o 1

3-1

103 25 74.12 21.411 4.282

104 26 76.88 24.105 4.727

38

Levene

t

F

t

95%

.028 .868 -.432 49 .667 -2.765 6.394 -15.613 10.084

-.433 48.702 .667 -2.765 6.379 -15.585 10.056

1 H0122

2 H1122

2

sig0.8680.05 H0

2 t

0.6670.05)

3.3

3.3.1

He can do a lot of things. can

32 220 ( 27

(vocabulary))

(CD)

39

3.3.2

1

Bloom 2001

3-2 3-3

3-2

n

6 4 0 0 0 0 10 20%

6 4 0 0 0 0 10 20%

10 5 5 0 0 0 20 40%

4 3 3 0 0 0 10 20%

26 16 8 0 0 0 50 100%

52% 32% 16% 0% 0% 0% 100%

40

3-3

n

6 4 0 0 0 0 10 20%

4 6 0 0 0 0 10 20%

7 10 3 0 0 0 20 40%

3 4 3 0 0 0 10 20%

20 24 6 0 0 0 50 100%

40% 48% 12% 0% 0% 0% 100%

2

3.4

3.4.1

41

3.4.2

can

3-4 3-5

3-4

Lesson 1 He Can Do a Lot of Things

1. can

2. can Yes No

3. What can... do?

4. / S / / Z /

5 45

1-2-1

1-2-2

2-2-2

2-2-6

3-2-4

3-2-7

4-2-1

5-2-1 1200

6-2-1

6-2-6

6-2-7

1-3-1

42

3-5

103.3.3~103.3.10

Lesson 1 He Can Do a Lot of Things

1-2-1

1-2-2

2-2-2

2-2-6

3-2-4

3-2-7

4-2-1

5-2-1 1200

6-2-1

6-2-6

6-2-7

1.CD

2. CD

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

3 3 1 Warm-upDialogue 1&2

3 3 2 PracticeWord Power

3 6 3 Grammar FocusReading

3 7 4 ReadingPronunciation

3 10 5 ActivityExtension

1. can

2. can Yes No

3. What can... do?

4. / S / / Z /

43

3.4.3

4 45

5 7 3-6

3-6

1 1

1 2

1 3 can

1 4

2 5 /

3.4.4

3-7 3

44

3-7

1.

can

2.

Dialogue 1&2

1.

2.

3.

Can he / she? Can

he shake hands? Yeshe can. He can

shake hands.

Dialogue 1&2

1. CD Dialogue 1

2. 1~2

3. CD Dialogue 2

4. 1~2

5. 3 3

6.

1. Dialogue 1&2 CD

2. Dialogue 1&2

5

15

5

15

5

CD

CD

CD

45

3.5

Gagne1977

2011

3.5.1

3-2

3-2

can

6 A1A6 6

3-8

3-8

A1

A2

A3

A4 can

A5 can

A6 can

Can

46

3.5.2

3-9

3-9

pre 1-1 A1

pre 1-2 A1A2

pre 1-3 A1A2A4 can

pre 1-4 A1

pre 1-5 A1A2

pre 1-6 A1A2

pre 1-7 A1

pre 1-8 A1A2A4 can

pre 1-9 A1A2A3

pre 1-10 A1A2

pre 2-1 A1A2

pre 2-2 A1A2A4 can

pre 2-3 A1A2A4 can

pre 2-4 A1A2

pre 2-5 A1A2

pre 2-6 A1A2

pre 2-7 A1A2

pre 2-8 A1A2

pre 2-9 A1A2

pre 2-10 A1A2

pre 3-1 A1A2A3

pre 3-2 A1A2A4 can

pre 3-3 A1A2A4 can

pre 3-4 A1A2

pre 3-5 A1A2

pre 3-6 A1A2

pre 3-7 A1A2

47

pre 3-8 A1A2

pre 3-9 A1A2

pre 3-10 A1A2

pre 3-11 A1A2A4 can

pre 3-12 A1A2A3

pre 3-13 A1A2A4 can

pre 3-14 A1A2A4 can

pre 3-15 A1A2A4 can

pre 3-16 A1A2A3

pre 3-17 A1A2A4 can

pre 3-18 A1A2

pre 3-19 A1A2A4 can

pre 3-20 A1A2A3

pre 4-1 A1A2A4A6 can










incidence matrix Q Q-matrix

2011 Q

1-1 A1 1 0 1-2 A1

A2 A1 A2 1 0 3-10

48

3-10 Q

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

pre 1-1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

pre 1-2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 1-3 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 1-4 1 0 0 1 0 0 2

pre 1-5 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 1-6 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 1-7 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

pre 1-8 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

pre 1-9 1 0 1 0 0 0 2

pre 1-10 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 2-1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 2-2 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

pre 2-3 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

pre 2-4 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 2-5 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 2-6 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 2-7 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 2-8 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 2-9 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 2-10 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 3-1 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

pre 3-2 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

pre 3-3 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

pre 3-4 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 3-5 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 3-6 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 3-7 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 3-8 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 3-9 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 3-10 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

pre 3-11 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

pre 3-12 1 1 1 0 0 0 3

pre 3-13 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

pre 3-14 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

pre 3-15 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

pre 3-16 1 1 1 0 0 0 3

pre 3-17 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

pre 3-18 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

49

pre 3-19 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

pre 3-20 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

pre 4-1 1 1 0 1 0 1 4

pre 4-2 1 1 0 1 0 1 4

pre 4-3 1 1 0 1 1 0 4

pre 4-4 1 1 1 1 1 0 5

pre 4-5 1 1 0 1 1 0 4

pre 4-6 1 1 0 1 0 1 4

pre 4-7 1 1 0 1 0 1 4

pre 4-8 1 1 0 1 1 0 4

pre 4-9 1 1 0 1 0 1 4

pre 4-10 1 1 0 1 1 0 4

50 46 4 24 5 5 134

2003 3-11

3-11

post 1-1 A1A2

post 1-2 A1

post 1-3 A1A2

post 1-4 A1A2

post 1-5 A1A2

post 1-6 A1

post 1-7 A1A2A3

post 1-8 A1

post 1-9 A1A2A4 can

post 1-10 A1A2

post 2-1 A1A2

post 2-2 A1A2A4 can

post 2-3 A1A2

post 2-4 A1A2A4 can

50

post 2-5 A1A2

post 2-6 A1A2

post 2-7 A1A2

post 2-8 A1A2

post 2-9 A1A2

post 2-10 A1A2A4 can

post 3-1 A1A2

post 3-2 A1A2

post 3-3 A1A2A4 can

post 3-4 A1A2A3

post 3-5 A1A2

post 3-6 A1A2A4 can

post 3-7 A1A2

post 3-8 A1A2A3

post 3-9 A1A2A4 can



post 3-12 A1A2A3





post 3-17 A1A2




post 4-1 A1A2A4A5 can










51

3-11 Q

1-1 A1 A2

1 0 1-2 A1 A1

1 0 3-12

3-12 Q

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

post 1-1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 1-2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

post 1-3 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 1-4 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 1-5 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 1-6 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

post 1-7 1 1 1 0 0 0 3

post 1-8 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

post 1-9 1 0 0 1 0 0 2

post 1-10 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 2-1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 2-2 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

post 2-3 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 2-4 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

post 2-5 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 2-6 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 2-7 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 2-8 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 2-9 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 2-10 1 1 1 0 0 0 3

post 3-1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 3-2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 3-3 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

post 3-4 1 1 1 0 0 0 3

post 3-5 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 3-6 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

post 3-7 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 3-8 1 1 1 0 0 0 3

post 3-9 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

52

post 3-10 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

post 3-11 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

post 3-12 1 1 1 0 0 0 3

post 3-13 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

post 3-14 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

post 3-15 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

post 3-16 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

post 3-17 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

post 3-18 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

post 3-19 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

post 3-20 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

post 4-1 1 1 0 1 1 0 4

post 4-2 1 1 0 1 0 1 4

post 4-3 1 1 0 1 1 0 4

post 4-4 1 1 0 1 1 0 4

post 4-5 1 1 0 1 0 1 4

post 4-6 1 1 0 1 0 1 4

post 4-7 1 1 0 1 0 1 4

post 4-8 1 1 0 1 0 1 4

post 4-9 1 1 0 1 1 0 4

post 4-10 1 1 0 1 0 1 4

50 46 5 25 4 6 136

3.5.3

Q

3-13 3-14

53

3-13

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

50 46 4 24 5 5

3-14

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

50 46 5 25 4 6

54

4.1

Item

Analysis

Qualitative AnalysisQuantitative Analysis

(1)

2006

(2)

2013

4.1.1 Item Difficulty

55

2004

P

R R

(1.)

P R N

P

R

N

100 50

P 50 100 0.5

(2.)

P PH + PL2

P

PH

PL

27 27

100 80

20

PH ( 80 100 ) 0.8

PL ( 20 100 ) 0.2

P ( PH + PL ) 2 ( 0.8 + 0.2 ) 2 0.5

P 01 P

P 0

56

4.1.2 Item Discrimination

discrimination

1.00 1.00

NollScannell&Craig(1979)

0.25 0

27 27

D PH PL

D

PH

PL

0.90

0.25 D 0.900.25 0.65

Ebel (1979) 4-1

2003

4-1

0.40

0.30~0.40

0.20~0.30

0.19

2003 p.9

57

51

27% 27 14

4-2

4-2

(n=14)

(n=14)

pre 1-1 100% 36% 0.64 0.68

pre 1-2 79% 40% 0.39 0.64

pre 1-3 79% 43% 0.36 0.61

pre 1-4 100% 50% 0.50 0.75

pre 1-5 100% 50% 0.50 0.75

pre 1-6 57% 0% 0.57 0.29

pre 1-7 100% 29% 0.71 0.64

pre 1-8 93% 21% 0.71 0.57

pre 1-9 100% 36% 0.64 0.68

pre 1-10 79% 0% 0.79 0.39

pre 2-1 79% 43% 0.36 0.61

pre 2-2 100% 43% 0.57 0.71

pre 2-3 93% 29% 0.64 0.61

pre 2-4 93% 57% 0.36 0.75

pre 2-5 93% 43% 0.50 0.68

pre 2-6 93% 36% 0.57 0.64

pre 2-7 93% 43% 0.50 0.68

pre 2-8 93% 36% 0.57 0.64

pre 2-9 57% 7% 0.50 0.32

pre 2-10 93% 7% 0.86 0.50

pre 3-1 93% 21% 0.71 0.57

pre 3-2 100% 36% 0.64 0.68

pre 3-3 71% 29% 0.43 0.50

pre 3-4 93% 29% 0.64 0.61

pre 3-5 100% 57% 0.43 0.79

pre 3-6 100% 29% 0.71 0.64

pre 3-7 100% 29% 0.71 0.64

pre 3-8 100% 29% 0.71 0.64

pre 3-9 86% 0% 0.86 0.43

pre 3-10 93% 0% 0.93 0.46

58

pre 3-11 100% 36% 0.64 0.68

pre 3-12 100% 29% 0.71 0.64

pre 3-13 100% 43% 0.57 0.71

pre 3-14 93% 7% 0.86 0.50

pre 3-15 93% 7% 0.86 0.50

pre 3-16 93% 0% 0.93 0.46

pre 3-17 93% 7% 0.86 0.50

pre 3-18 86% 29% 0.57 0.57

pre 3-19 86% 43% 0.43 0.64

pre 3-20 93% 7% 0.86 0.50

pre 4-1 100% 43% 0.57 0.71

pre 4-2 93% 21% 0.71 0.57

pre 4-3 71% 21% 0.50 0.46

pre 4-4 93% 36% 0.57 0.64

pre 4-5 86% 29% 0.57 0.57

pre 4-6 93% 7% 0.86 0.50

pre 4-7 71% 0% 0.71 0.36

pre 4-8 43% 0% 0.43 0.21

pre 4-9 100% 36% 0.64 0.68

pre 4-10 100% 29% 0.71 0.64

27% 27 14

4-3

4-3

(n=14)

(n=14)

post 1-1 79% 29% 0.50 0.54

post 1-2 100% 21% 0.79 0.61

post 1-3 100% 29% 0.71 0.64

post 1-4 100% 14% 0.86 0.57

post 1-5 100% 36% 0.64 0.68

post 1-6 86% 7% 0.79 0.46

post 1-7 100% 36% 0.64 0.68

59

post 1-8 100% 21% 0.79 0.61

post 1-9 100% 43% 0.57 0.71

post 1-10 100% 21% 0.79 0.61

post 2-1 100% 43% 0.57 0.71

post 2-2 100% 36% 0.64 0.68

post 2-3 100% 43% 0.57 0.71

post 2-4 100% 14% 0.86 0.57

post 2-5 100% 14% 0.86 0.57

post 2-6 100% 7% 0.93 0.54

post 2-7 100% 21% 0.79 0.61

post 2-8 100% 7% 0.93 0.54

post 2-9 100% 43% 0.57 0.71

post 2-10 100% 14% 0.86 0.57

post 3-1 100% 21% 0.79 0.61

post 3-2 100% 43% 0.57 0.71

post 3-3 100% 14% 0.86 0.57

post 3-4 100% 21% 0.79 0.61

post 3-5 93% 36% 0.57 0.64

post 3-6 100% 50% 0.50 0.75

post 3-7 100% 29% 0.71 0.64

post 3-8 100% 36% 0.64 0.68

post 3-9 100% 36% 0.64 0.68

post 3-10 100% 43% 0.57 0.71

post 3-11 100% 43% 0.57 0.71

post 3-12 100% 29% 0.71 0.64

post 3-13 100% 36% 0.64 0.68

post 3-14 100% 36% 0.64 0.68

post 3-15 100% 50% 0.50 0.75

post 3-16 100% 29% 0.71 0.64

post 3-17 93% 29% 0.64 0.61

post 3-18 100% 14% 0.86 0.57

post 3-19 100% 57% 0.43 0.79

post 3-20 100% 29% 0.71 0.64

post 4-1 100% 7% 0.93 0.54

post 4-2 100% 36% 0.64 0.68

post 4-3 93% 7% 0.86 0.50

post 4-4 100% 7% 0.93 0.54

post 4-5 100% 21% 0.79 0.61

60

post 4-6 100% 21% 0.79 0.61

post 4-7 93% 21% 0.71 0.57

post 4-8 100% 14% 0.86 0.57

post 4-9 100% 36% 0.64 0.68

post 4-10 100% 29% 0.71 0.64

4.2

4-4

0.56 7.12

T

4-4

/

74.12 74.68 0.56

76.88 84.00 7.12

4.2.1

T

T0.342 P / 20.3675 > 0.05

0.56 4-5

61

4-5 T

103 74.12 25 21.411 4.282

74.68 25 26.068 5.214

103 25 .959 .000

t

95%

103 - -.560 8.191 1.638 -3.941 2.821 -.342 24 .735

4.2.2

T T = 5.011 P / 20 < 0.05

7.12

4-6

4-6 T

104 76.88 26 24.105 4.727

84.00 26 18.324 3.594

104 26 .978 .000

62

t

95%

104 - -7.115 7.241 1.420 -10.040 -4.191 -5.011 25 .000

4.2.3

T sig0.8680.05

T

0.6670.05

4-7

4-7

103 25 74.12 21.411 4.282

104 26 76.88 24.105 4.727

Levene t

F

t

95%

.028 .868 -.432 49 .667 -2.765 6.394 -15.613 10.084

-.433 48.702 .667 -2.765 6.379 -15.585 10.056

4.2.4

T

sig0.021< 0.05

T 0.1480.05

63

10

4-8

4-8

103 25 74.68 26.068 5.214

104 26 84.00 18.324 3.594

Levene

t

F

t

95%

5.685 .021 -1.482 49 .145 -9.320 6.289 -21.959 3.319

-1.472 42.921 .148 -9.320 6.332 -22.091 3.451

4.3

4.3.1

27%

0.85 5.81

4-9

64

4-9

/

93.05 98.86 5.81

98.29 99.14 0.85

T

sig 0.176 > 0.05P 0.598

> 0.05 4-10

4-10

103 7 98.86 .900 .340

104 7 99.14 1.069 .404

Levene

t

F

t

95%

2.067 .176 -.541 12 .598 -.286 .528 -1.436 .865

-.541 11.66

0

.599 -.286 .528 -1.440 .869

4.3.2

46%

6.00

0.49

4-11

65

4-11

/

81.06 81.55 0.49

84.33 90.33 6.00

T

sig0.019 < 0.05P 0.065 >

0.05 4-12

4-12

103 11 81.55 13.412 4.044

104 12 90.33 5.805 1.676

Levene

t

F

t

95%

6.403 .019 -2.071 21 .051 -8.788 4.243 -17.611 .035

-2.008 13.371 .065 -8.788 4.377 -18.218 .642

4.3.3

( 27%)

15.38

4.72

4-13

66

4-13

/

44.43 39.71 -4.72

42.62 58.00 15.38

T

sig0.913 > 0.05P 0.036 <

0.05 4-14

4-14

103 7 39.71 14.930 5.643

104 7 58.00 14.130 5.341

Levene

t

F

t

95%

.012 .913 -2.353 12 .036 -18.286 7.770 -35.214 -1.357

-2.353 11.964 .037 -18.286 7.770 -35.220 -1.351

67

4.4

4.4.1

4-1

4-1

Adjacency Matrix

1 0

0 4-15

A1

A2 A3

A4 can

A5 A6

68

4-15 Adjacency Matrix

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

A1 0 1 1 0 0 0

A2 0 0 0 1 0 0

A3 0 0 0 0 0 0

A4 0 0 0 0 1 1

A5 0 0 0 0 0 0

A6 0 0 0 0 0 0

Reachability Matrix

1 0

1 4-16

4-16 Reachability Matrix

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

A1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A2 0 1 0 1 1 1

A3 0 0 1 0 0 0

A4 0 0 0 1 1 1

A5 0 0 0 0 1 0

A6 0 0 0 0 0 1

Incidence Matrix

0 1

64 I1 I64 4-17

69

4-17 Incidence Matrix

I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 I10 I11 I12 I13 I14 I15 I16 I17 I18 I19 I20 I21 I22 I23 I24 I25 I26 I27 I28 I29 I30 I31 I32

A1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

A2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

A3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

A4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

I33 I34 I35 I36 I37 I38 I39 I40 I41 I42 I43 I44 I45 I46 I47 I48 I49 I50 I51 I52 I53 I54 I55 I56 I57 I58 I59 I60 I61 I62 I63 I64

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Reduced Incidence Matrix

I3

A1 A2

13 4-18

4-18 Reduced Incidence Matrix

I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 I10 I11 I12 I13

A1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A2 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A3 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

A4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

A6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

Ideal Attribute MatrixReduced

Incidence Matrix 90

13 4-19

70

4-19 Ideal Attribute Matrix

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

E1 0 0 0 0 0 0

E2 1 0 0 0 0 0

E3 1 1 0 0 0 0

E4 1 0 1 0 0 0

E5 1 1 1 0 0 0

E6 1 1 0 1 0 0

E7 1 1 1 1 0 0

E8 1 1 0 1 1 0

E9 1 1 1 1 1 0

E10 1 1 0 1 0 1

E11 1 1 1 1 0 1

E12 1 1 0 1 1 1

E13 1 1 1 1 1 1

4.4.2

4-20

masterynon-mastery

2013 Bloom(1980)Mastery Learning

80% ~ 90% 4-20

80 1 80 0

4-21

4-21


4-22

4-22

4-23

71

4-20

/ A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

20403 96% 98% 100% 96% 100% 80%

20405 98% 98% 100% 96% 100% 80%

20406 32% 35% 0% 46% 40% 20%

20407 80% 80% 75% 71% 80% 20%

20408 92% 91% 25% 92% 100% 60%

20409 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 80%

20410 96% 98% 100% 96% 100% 80%

20411 58% 54% 75% 46% 60% 40%

20412 98% 93% 100% 92% 100% 80%

20413 88% 83% 100% 83% 80% 60%

20414 62% 61% 25% 63% 0% 0%

20415 66% 63% 75% 63% 80% 40%

20416 74% 74% 75% 75% 60% 20%

20417 42% 43% 0% 29% 20% 0%

20418 92% 91% 100% 96% 100% 80%

20419 98% 98% 100% 96% 100% 100%

20420 16% 15% 25% 17% 20% 0%

20421 78% 76% 75% 71% 60% 40%

20422 14% 13% 0% 21% 0% 0%

20423 84% 85% 100% 88% 100% 60%

20424 98% 98% 100% 96% 100% 100%

20425 80% 80% 25% 83% 100% 60%

20426 84% 85% 75% 79% 40% 60%

20428 34% 35% 25% 33% 20% 20%

20429 70% 72% 50% 42% 20% 40%

20430 82% 80% 100% 83% 100% 20%

74% 73% 66% 71% 68% 48%

72

4-21

/ A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

20403 1 1 1 1 1 1

20405 1 1 1 1 1 1

20406 0 0 0 0 0 0

20407 1 1 0 0 1 0

20408 1 1 0 1 1 0

20409 1 1 1 1 1 1

20410 1 1 1 1 1 1

20411 0 0 0 0 0 0

20412 1 1 1 1 1 1

20413 1 1 1 1 1 0

20414 0 0 0 0 0 0

20415 0 0 0 0 1 0

20416 0 0 0 0 0 0

20417 0 0 0 0 0 0

20418 1 1 1 1 1 1

20419 1 1 1 1 1 1

20420 0 0 0 0 0 0

20421 0 0 0 0 0 0

20422 0 0 0 0 0 0

20423 1 1 1 1 1 0

20424 1 1 1 1 1 1

20425 1 1 0 1 1 0

20426 1 1 0 0 0 0

20428 0 0 0 0 0 0

20429 0 0 0 0 0 0

20430 1 1 1 1 1 0

73

4-22

/

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

20403 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20405 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20406 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20407 1 1 0 0 1 0 110010

20408 1 1 0 1 1 0 110110 E6

20409 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20410 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20411 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20412 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20413 1 1 1 1 1 0 111110 E5

20414 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20415 0 0 0 0 1 0 000010

20416 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20417 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20418 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20419 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20420 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20421 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20422 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20423 1 1 1 1 1 0 111110 E9

20424 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20425 1 1 0 1 1 0 110110 E8

20426 1 1 0 0 0 0 110000 E1

20428 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20429 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20430 1 1 1 1 1 0 111110 E9

4-22 4-23 E1 42%E13

31% 20%

8 4-20

4-24

74

4-23 N=26

E1 204062041120414204162041720420

2042120422204262042820429

42%

E5 20413 4%

E6 20408 4%

E8 20425 4%

E9 2042320430 8%

E13 204032040520409204102041220418

2041920424

31%

2040720415 8%

4-24

/ A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

20407 80% 80% 75% 71% 80% 20% 110010

20415 66% 63% 75% 63% 80% 40% 000010

20407 A3A4A6

can

can

20415

A5 can

can

A5

4.4.3

75

4-25

4-25

/ A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

20403 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

20405 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

20406 52% 52% 20% 60% 50% 33%

20407 88% 87% 80% 88% 100% 83%

20408 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

20409 98% 98% 100% 100% 100% 100%

20410 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

20411 70% 67% 40% 72% 50% 67%

20412 96% 96% 100% 100% 100% 100%

20413 94% 96% 100% 96% 100% 83%

20414 70% 70% 40% 76% 75% 67%

20415 88% 87% 80% 84% 50% 83%

20416 80% 80% 40% 76% 50% 50%

20417 52% 52% 20% 60% 50% 33%

20418 98% 98% 100% 100% 100% 100%

20419 96% 98% 100% 100% 100% 100%

20420 38% 39% 40% 52% 50% 50%

20421 88% 89% 100% 92% 75% 100%

20422 18% 17% 20% 20% 0% 0%

20423 94% 96% 80% 100% 100% 100%

20424 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

20425 88% 87% 100% 92% 50% 83%

20426 84% 83% 80% 80% 50% 67%

20428 40% 39% 40% 32% 25% 17%

20429 82% 83% 80% 72% 75% 50%

20430 84% 83% 100% 76% 75% 67%

81% 79% 75% 82% 74% 74%

Bloom 4-25

80 1 80

0 4-26

76

4-26

/ A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

20403 1 1 1 1 1 1

20405 1 1 1 1 1 1

20406 0 0 0 0 0 0

20407 1 1 1 1 1 1

20408 1 1 1 1 1 1

20409 1 1 1 1 1 1

20410 1 1 1 1 1 1

20411 0 0 0 0 0 0

20412 1 1 1 1 1 1

20413 1 1 1 1 1 1

20414 0 0 0 0 0 0

20415 1 1 1 1 0 1

20416 1 1 0 0 0 0

20417 0 0 0 0 0 0

20418 1 1 1 1 1 1

20419 1 1 1 1 1 1

20420 0 0 0 0 0 0

20421 1 1 1 1 0 1

20422 0 0 0 0 0 0

20423 1 1 1 1 1 1

20424 1 1 1 1 1 1

20425 1 1 1 1 0 1

20426 1 1 1 1 0 0

20428 0 0 0 0 0 0

20429 1 1 1 0 0 0

20430 1 1 1 0 0 0

4-26


4-27

77

4-27

/ A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

20403 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20405 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20406 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20407 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20408 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20409 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20410 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20411 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20412 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20413 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20414 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20415 1 1 1 1 0 1 111101 E11

20416 1 1 0 0 0 0 110000 E3

20417 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20418 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20419 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20420 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20421 1 1 1 1 0 1 111101 E11

20422 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20423 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20424 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111 E13

20425 1 1 1 1 0 1 111101 E11

20426 1 1 1 1 0 0 111100 E7

20428 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 E1

20429 1 1 1 0 0 0 111000 E5

20430 1 1 1 0 0 0 111000 E5

4-27

4-28

4-23 4-28

4-29E1

42% 27% 15%E13

31% 46% 15%

78

4-28 N=26

E1 20406204112041420417204202042220428 27%

E3 20416 4%

E5 2042920430 8%

E7 20426 4%

E11 204152042120425 12%

E13 20403204052040720428204092041020412

2041320418204192042320424

46%

4-29

E1 42% 27%

E3 0% 4%

E5 4% 8%

E6 4% 0%

E7 0% 4%

E8 4% 0%

E9 8% 0%

E11 0% 12%

E13 31% 46%

8% 0%

4-30

4-30

A1 74% 81% 7% A2 73% 79% 6% A3 66% 75% 9% A4 71% 82% 11% A5 68% 74% 6% A6 48% 74% 26% 67% 78% 11%

79

11%

4-31

4-31

74% 80% 7%

69% 79% 10%

58% 74% 16%

67% 78% 11%

4-32

7.5% 7%

7% 12.5%

18.6% 14%

4-32

A1() 80% 87% 7% 67% 74% 7%

A2() 79% 87% 8% 67% 74% 7%

A3() 73% 77% 4% 60% 74% 14%

A4() 78% 89% 10% 64% 75% 11%

A5() 77% 83% 6% 58% 65% 7%

A6() 51% 82% 31% 46% 67% 21%

73% 84% 11% 60% 72% 11%

4.4.4

Knowledge States

80

KS 4-1

KS1 ~ KS8

4-33

4-33

KS0 7 27%

KS1 A1 19 73%

KS2 A1A2 19 73%

KS3 A1A3 18 69%

KS4 A1A2A3 18 69%

KS5 A1A2A3A4 16 62%

KS6 A1A2A3A4A5 12 46%

KS7 A1A2A3A4A6 15 58%

KS8 A1A2A3A4A5A6 12 46%

4-31 KS0

27KS 1 A1

73KS 2 A1A2 73KS 3

A1A3 69KS 4 A1A2

A3 69KS 5 A1A2A3A4

62KS 6 A1A2A3A4A5

46KS7 A1A2A3A4A6

58KS 8 A1A2A3A4A5A6

46KS6KS7

KS8 A5 A6

4-2

4-2

KS 0 KS 1 KS 2 KS 4 KS 5 KS 6 KS 8


81



4-3

82

4-2

27

73

69 73

69

62

58 46 KS 6 KS 7

KS 4

KS 0

KS 1

KS 2 KS 3

KS 5

KS 8 46

83

4-3

27

73

69 73

69

62

58 46 KS 6 KS 7

KS 4

KS 0

KS 1

KS 2 KS 3

KS 5

KS 8 46

84

4.4.5

4-34

4-34

KS0 0 0%

KS1 A1 7 27%

KS2 A1A2 7 27%

KS3 A1A3 7 27%

KS4 A1A2A3 7 27%

KS5 A1A2A3A4 7 27%

KS6 A1A2A3A4A5 7 27%

KS7 A1A2A3A4A6 7 27%

KS8 A1A2A3A4A5A6 7 27%

4-35

4-35

KS0 6 23%

KS1 A1 1 4%

KS2 A1A2 1 4%

KS3 A1A3 0 0%

KS4 A1A2A3 0 0%

KS5 A1A2A3A4 0 0%

KS6 A1A2A3A4A5 0 0%

KS7 A1A2A3A4A6 0 0%

KS8 A1A2A3A4A5A6 0 0%

4-36

85

4-4

4-36

KS0 0 0%

KS1 A1 11 42%

KS2 A1A2 11 42%

KS3 A1A3 11 42%

KS4 A1A2A3 11 42%

KS5 A1A2A3A4 9 35%

KS6 A1A2A3A4A5 5 19%

KS7 A1A2A3A4A6 8 31%

KS8 A1A2A3A4A5A6 5 19%

86

4-4

0

42

42 42

42

35

31 19 KS 6 KS 7

KS 4

KS 0

KS 1

KS 2 KS 3

KS 5

KS 8 19

87

RSM

5.1

RSM

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

88

4

11%

6.

13

7.

5.2

5.2.1

2002 No Child Left Behind Act, NCLB

2008

21

2013.10201341

Flip Teaching

Fred S.Keller 1968 Keller Plan

89

5.2.2

90

2007Technigues and Principles in Language Teaching

by Diane Larsen-Freeman

2001~5 1

2001 1 pp.145-164

2000-

1993

1993

pp.23-62

1994IRT The Future of IRT 11 3

pp.7-11

2009 IRT

2013

41 2013.1 pp.6-30)

1994Learning and instruction: theory into

practice.1991By GredlerM. E

2005-

2013 DINA

2010

27 1 pp.93-126

MayerR.E.19973

91

2000

16pp.373-396

1996

2000

2003 37 pp.76-81

2014


2008

20052005.04

pp.106-111

2007

2014

2006

Mark H. Ashcraft

2012

9 2012/06/15

2012

pp.05-40

2014 English 1

2013

20134 5 2 pp.201-220

1994-

1995

1991

24pp.145-161

92

19909pp.47-66

2003

2013

20092007

pp.1-38

2002pp.19-22

1992 Robert L. Solso,1979,Cognitive

Psychology

2005

2000

1997

2001

1993

pp.201-2141993

1996Gagne, R. The Conditions of Learning, and theory of

instruction.

2005---

2012

25 1 pp.67-96)

1996-2

1993-

1995

1995 12 pp.1-13

2007

DIF2007.12

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pp.79-112

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98

1

L1 Pre-Test ___ ___ __________

1. Christine is 14 years old. She is a j r high school student.

2. AWho is the man sitting under the tree?

BMy dads brother, U e Jack.

3. ZoeMy dog can s e hands, nod, and catch a ball.

YvonneWow. He is smart.

4. ACan you jump r e, too?

BOf course, I can.

5. Those baseball p rs are playing baseball in the park.

6. ClaireAre they doctors?

DebraNo, they are b n. It is their store.

7. Kevin is an e r. He can fix computer.

8. AmandaMy dog can c h a ball.

BobShow me.

AmandaOK. Lucky, go and getthe ball.

9. AYou are n dding. You like this house, right?

BYes. Its so beautiful.

10. There are many n es in the hospital.

1. Bella is my fathers sister.

(A) Uncle (B) Aunt (C) Mr. (D) Sir 2. Alex is a computer engineer. He can computers.

(A) fix (B) take (C) hold (D) open 3. Mrs. Chang is an English teacher. She can English well.

(A) talk (B) speak (C) sing (D) play 4. What a small ! Your mother is our English teacher.

(A) house (B) class (C) pet (D) world 5. There are four people in my , my mom, my dad, my brother and I.

(A) class (B) family (C) player (D) school 6. Kellys father is a . This is his store.

(A) fan (B) reporter (C) businessman (D) taxi driver 7. AWow! Your dog can catch a ball. What can it do?

BIt can swim, too.

(A) else (B) and (C) too (D) so 8. My classmate, Linda, is so smart. She can do a lot of .

99

(A) classes (B) worlds (C) flowers (D) things 9. Mr. Brown is from the USA. He cant speak .

(A) English (B) Chinese (C) America (D) Canada 10. AIs Kevin your brother?

BNo, he is my uncles son. He is my .

(A) uncle (B) cousin (C) sister (D) son

1. AWhat can Mary do? BShe can a song.

(A) is singing (B) singing (C) to sing (D) sing 2. A Sue play baseball? BNo, she cant.

(A) Are (B) Can (C) Is (D) Am 3. The box is heavy and I moveit.

(A) arent (B) isnt (C) cant (D) am 4. I cant go out at night, my brother can.

(A) but (B) so (C) and (D) no 5. a small world! Your cousin is my classmate.

(A) What (B) How (C) Where (D) When 6. Benson is my class. We are classmates.

(A) at (B) on (C) in (D) under 7. I can swim, I cant jump rope.

(A) and (B) but (C) very (D) too 8. A else can he do? BHe can swim.

(A) Where (B) What (C) How (D) When 9. The box is small, its very heavy. I cant moveit!

(A) but (B) and (C) not (D) or 10. There is a new pet my family.

(A) at (B) on (C) in (D) of 11. ACan you play baseball? BNo, I .

(A) are (B) can (C) cant (D) isnt 12. There five people in my family.

(A) are (B) am (C) is (D) can 13. ACan your dog catch a ball?

BYes, he .

(A) can (B) cant (C) is (D) am 14. I can open the box, but my brother .

(A) is (B) isnt (C) can (D) cant 15. ACan your dog a ball? BYes, he can.

(A) catching (B) catch (C) to catch (D) is catching 16. Peter: the girl?

Amy: My friend.

(A) Who are (B) Who is (C) What are (D) What is 17. I can sing many songs, but my sister .

(A) are (B) can (C) isnt (D) cant 18. Jessica is English teacher in my school.

(A) a (B) (C) an (D) no

100

19. Mandy swim, but she can roller-skate.

(A) cant (B) can (C) is (D) isnt 20. Nancy is a good cook. She can well.

(A) is cook (B) cooking (C) cooks (D) cook

1. Eric cant open this box.

2. Can Tom read the book?

3. They can sing and dance.

4. No, Mike cant read English newspapers.

5. Brian can dance and swim.

6. Debbie can roller-skate.

Emma cant roller-skate.

7. Mark can fix computers.

Mark can speak English.

8. Claire can read English books.

Claire cant read Chinese books.

9. can / Helen / read / the book

10. What / we / else / can / do?

101

2

L1 Test ___ ___ __________

2 20

1. Those baseball p rs are playing baseball in the park.

2. Christine is 14 years old. She is a j r high school student.

3. ACan you jump r etoo?

BOf courseI can.

4. ClaireAre they doctors?

DebraNothey are b n. It is their store.

5. Mark is old. He cant remembermany t gs.

6. ClerkIs Mary a new student in your school?

BettyYes. In factshe is in my c s.

7. AYou are n dding. You like this houseright?

BYes. Its so beautiful.

8. Kevin is an e r. He can fix computer.

9. ZoeMy dog can s e handsnodand catch a ball.

YvonneWow. He is smart.

10. Mr. and Mrs. Black are teachers in the new school in t n.

2 20

1. Bella is my fathers sister.

AUncle BAunt CMr. DSir

2. Your dog is very smart. It can hands.

Acatch Bnod Cshake Dmake

3. There are four people in my my mommy dadmy brother and I.

Aclass Bfamily Cplayer Dschool

4. Alex is a computer engineer. He can computers.

Afix Btake Chold Dopen

5. My dad is a . Sometimeshe is in the USA for workand

sometimes he is in Taiwan.

Abaseball Bthing Cbusinessman Drope

6. AThis is my . Her name is Tina.

BNice to meet youTina.

Abrother Bson Cuncle Dcousin

7. AIs Jack your father?

BNohe is my fathers brother. Hes my .

Agrandpa Bbrother Ccousin Duncle

8. AIs Kevin your brother?

BNohe is my uncles son. He is my .

Auncle Bcousin Csister Dson

9. AWow! Your dog can catch a ball. What can it do?

102

BIt can swimtoo.

Aelse Band Ctoo Dso

10. Mrs. Chang is an English teacher. She can English well.

Atalk Bspeak Csing Dplay

2 40

1. The box is small its very heavy. I cant moveit!

Abut Band Cnot Dor

2. Jenny is an English teacher a junior high school.

Aat Bon Cin Dunder

3. AWhat can Mary do?

BShe can a song.

Ais singing Bsinging Cto sing Dsing

4. There five people in my family.

Aare Bam Cis Dcan

5. Dodo is a smart dog. He can shake .

Aa hand Bhands Cthe hand Dtwo hands

6. AWhat can Jacky do?

BHe jump high and swim.

Aare Bam Ccan Dbe

7. I can swim I cant jump rope.

Aand Bbut Cvery Dtoo

8. There a cute dog under the chair.

Aare Bam Cis Dcan

9. ACan your dog a ball?

BYeshe can.

Acatching Bcatch Cto catch Dis catching

10. Nancy is a good cook. She can well.

Ais cook Bcooking Ccooks Dcook

11. ACan your brother open the box?

BNo.

Ahe can Bhe is Che isnt Dhe cant

12. Mandy swimbut she can roller-skate.

Acant Bcan Cis Disnt

13. A Mary fix the computer?

BYes.

AIs BAre CAm DCan

14. ACan your dog catch a ball?

BYeshe .

Acan Bcant Cis Dam

15. I can sing many songsbut my sister .

Aare Bcan Cisnt Dcant

16. I can open the boxbut my brother .

Ais Bisnt Ccan Dcant

103

17. Jessica is English teacher in my school.

Aa B Can Dno

18. Josh cant jumpbut he swim.

Ais Bisnt Ccan Dcant

19. A Sue play baseball?

BNoshe cant.

AAre BCan CIs DAm

20. The box is heavy and I moveit.

Aarent Bisnt Ccant Dam

2 20

1. They can sing and dance.

2. Eric cant open this box.

3. NoMike cant read English newspapers.

4. Yesmy father can sing a song.

5. Judy can swim.

Judy cant jump.

6. My dog can jump.

My dog can shake hands.

7. Tanya is a Chinese teacher.

Tanya is a junior high school teacher.

8. Can Tom read the book?

9. Brian can dance and swim.

10. Can Sharon catch a ball?

104

3

6.1.3

1. Dialogue 1&2

2.

Practice

1. Listen and RepeatListen and Choose

2.

3.

Word Power

1.

grandfathergrandmother

uncleaunt

cousin

2.

3. 2 2

2

2

4.

1.

2. 6 can

3. Sam can sing

and dance.

4.

1. Word Power

2.

5

15

10

10

5

CD

CD

can

105

6.1.3

1.

2.

Grammar Focus

1. can

2. can

3.

4. Say and Write

5.

Reading

1. CD

Who is the boy? Are they happy?

2. CD

3. Peter

Peter

4. True or False Match

Say More

1. cook

can Can you cook?

2.

Yes.

No.

3.

4.

Note

5

15

15

5

5

CD

106

6.1.3

1. Reading

Reading

1.

Note

1. Look and Write

1. / S / / Z /

2. / S /

3. / Z / / S /

4. / Z / / dZ / / dZ /

/ Z /

/ Z/

5. Say It

1.

2.

5

10

10

15

5

CD

CD

107

6.1.3

ActivityTask: Save the Nimo Planet 2Finding Nemo

Nemo NimoNimo

play baseballplay the

pianoand swim Nimo

1.

2.

: What can you

do? Can you ?

3.

Nimo

Extension

1. Fun Fact twins

tripletsquadruplets

quintuplets

2.English Police

hold hold hands

shake hands hold hands

My grandparents

hold hands and take a walk in the park every evening.

3. shake hands

Lesson 1

5

10

15

13

2

108

4

20408

Can

A1

A2

A3

A4 can

A5 can

A6 can

92

91

25

92

100

60

100

100

100

100

100

100

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

1.

2. be Ving

3. can

4. can

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