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THIS IS A LO OKING AFTER OUR ENVIRONMENT PROJECT Helping to
achieve the 2030 Community V is ion
December 2012
COFFS HARBOUR CITY COUNCILCoffs Harbour Class 5 Vegetation
Mapping
SUMMARY
IntroductionNative vegetation is a broad term used to describe
all native plants – trees, shrubs, grasses, herbs, wildflowers,
vines, water plants, ferns and others.
Following European settlement of the Coffs Harbour region,
extensive vegetation clearing took place as the settlers farmed,
mined and worked the land. Vegetation is now widely recognised as
playing a key role in maintaining environmental health.
Vegetation is a key part of our biodiversity, it is defined as
the sum of all our native species, the genetic variation within
them, their habitats, and the ecosystems of which they are an
integral part. Vegetation also protects our;
· soil - with root systems holding the soil together limiting
erosion.
· water quality - by playing a major role in the water cycle and
also slowing down the flow of water as it moves over the ground
surface.
· air quality - by removing carbon dioxide and other pollutants
from the air.
With all these important attributes, Council has acknowledged
vegetation as an important foundation of the planning framework,
deserving sound scientific assessment.
The NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) has defined
vegetation class mapping from Class 1 (coarse) to Class 5 (fine).
The Coffs Harbour class 5 vegetation map was captured using high
resolution digital imagery and produced at a scale of less than
1:5,000 with a minimum patch size of less than 0.25 ha. This
mapping and classification system was informed by existing
vegetation mapping in addition to a field program involving 3,754
on-ground surveys.
The development of this fine-scale vegetation mapping was
conducted for the Coffs Harbour City Council Local Government Area
(Coffs Harbour LGA) over a timeframe of two years, commencing in
2010. The primary purpose of the program was to produce a
fine-scale vegetation map to improve Council’s planning and
decision making processes.
The program has mapped land use, existing vegetation cover and
classified vegetation communities across the entire Coffs Harbour
LGA.
In summary, the project mapped 79 native, 5 exotic and 3 planted
vegetation communities. A marine vegetation (seagrass beds)
community is also included along with a remnant native vegetation
category for vegetation that could not be assigned to a floristic
community due to its size, disturbance or fragmented nature. There
was also a single native category for wattle pioneers.
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CL A SS 5 VEGETATIONMAPPING
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Why we need a new vegetation mapThe composite map we currently
use has a number of limitations:
– the scale of the mapping is relatively large (1:25,000) –
different mapping techniques were used in the various map products
(i.e. Aerial Photo
Interpretation (API) for some, computer modelling for others) –
the various products used different vegetation classification
systems (i.e. some mapped all
vegetation communities, others mapped only forest
communities).
Over the last 25 years there have been changes to land tenure
and vegetation cover across the LGA, which are not reflected in the
composite map.
So an improved, complete, up-to-date and consistent vegetation
map was needed for the LGA. Over the last 25 years there have also
been significant improvements in vegetation mapping and
classification techniques and major advances in the quality and
availability of very high resolution digital images and
technologies. The upgrading of the Coffs Harbour vegetation map
provided an opportunity to take advantage of these new technologies
to produce a
How we will use the new mapVegetation maps are widely used in
local government land-use planning, conservation management
programs, natural resource management plans, project development
and development control processes. As such, vegetation maps play an
important role in many land-use decisions and operational planning
procedures.
The recently approved Biodiversity Action Strategy (BAS 2012)
sets the agenda and direction for biodiversity conservation
planning and management throughout the LGA from 2012 to 2030 and
beyond. The flow chart (Figure 1) adjacent is a summary of the
intended planning process. The development of a fine-scale
vegetation map is fundamental to a number of major programs within
the Strategy, such as:
– mapping Koala habitat (for the Coffs Harbour Koala Plan of
Management)
– identifying and mapping high value habitats – identifying and
mapping threatened and significant fauna habitat – identifying the
footprint of corridors.
These programs will ultimately contribute to Council’s strategic
and operational planning.
1:5000 scale map - a new map that provides much more detail than
the 1:25,000 scale map.
The fine-scale vegetation map will supersede all previous
composite vegetation maps and provide up-to-date information on the
type and extent of vegetation in the Coffs Harbour LGA.
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Strategic Direction
(2012)
Scientific (2013)
Strategy (2014)
Operations (2014)
LEGEND:
Spatial layer only (SDE) (with explanatory notes)
Coffs Harbour Biodiversity Action Strategy
Priority Habitats & Corridors Strategy (PHACS)
Planning Proposal Under Draft Coffs Harbour LEP
Coffs Harbour Class 5 Vegetation Mapping
High Valued Habitats (HVH)
Corridors Footprint
Biodiversity Assets
Ecological Significance
Koala Plan of Management
Coffs Harbour 2030 Plan
Requires 28 days exhibition and Council resolution to
proceed
Preservation of Vegetation Clause
Draft LEP 2012
Biodiversity Guidelines
Draft Development Control Plan
Figure 1: Biodiversity strategic planning
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Mapping land cover
The primary purpose of the land cover map was to separate
cleared (cultivated - developed) areas from areas with vegetation
cover (over 117,300 hectares). The land-cover map shows that 75%
(or 88,964 hectares) of the LGA is covered with vegetation and 21%
(or 24,104 hectares) is cleared. Horticulture/cropping (including
banana plantations, blueberry farms) was the third largest land
use, covering just over 2% (or 2,784 hectares) of the LGA.
Classifying vegetation communities
Classifying vegetation communities is a process that uses
information from vegetation surveys carried out at various sites
across the landscape to group different locations together, based
on what plants are at each survey site. This classification, or
grouping plants into categories, is an important part of any
mapping program.
A ‘vegetation community’ is any group of plants that occur in
the same habitat or location. The development of a vegetation
community classification for Coffs Harbour LGA was carried out in
three main stages:
– conduct gap-filling flora surveys across the LGA – use
information from full plant surveys to develop a vegetation
classification – refine the vegetation classification
Trialling different mapping methods
A number of different techniques to produce a map of land cover
and a fine-scale, LGA-wide vegetation map were investigated.
‘Definiens’ software was selected to map land cover. This
software identifies patterns in digital images/photographs and
divides (or segments) them into polygons (referred to as
‘objects’). These objects are then classified using various rule
sets to identify different types of land cover.
For vegetation mapping, the most efficient and accurate method
was found to be conventional API of high resolution digital imagery
using Stereo Analyst™ three-dimensional (3D) viewing and mapping
software with 3D monitors.
How we produced the new mapsThere were four main stages in the
mapping program:
1. trial and select methods to map land cover and vegetation
community boundaries
2. map broad land cover, including existing vegetation cover
3. develop a vegetation community classification for Coffs
Harbour LGA
4. map vegetation communities.
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Developing and refining the vegetation classification
The main method for classifying vegetation communities in the
LGA was a computer software program called ‘PATN’ which groups
sites based on their similarity. This computer-driven analysis
identified 66 communities.
This initial classification was further refined during the
vegetation mapping process and ground-truthing surveys. This
identified an additional 14 communities. These additional
communities were ones that had not been adequately surveyed by the
534 full plant surveys.
A total of 79 different vegetation communities were classified
in the LGA. These 79 communities are grouped into broader
vegetation classes and vegetation formations. Nearly 50% of the
vegetation in the LGA is wet sclerophyll forest, almost 20% is dry
sclerophyll forest, 12% is rainforest and nearly 6% is coastal
vegetation communities.
Other communities—including plantations, exotics and
regenerating pioneers—cover almost 10% of the vegetated area in the
LGA.
Broad vegetation formation Formation area (ha)Formation
area (%)Wet sclerophyll forest 44,320 49.8
Dry sclerophyll forest 17,198 19.3
Rainforest (i.e. cool & warm temperate, dry, littoral,
subtropical) 10,651 12.0
Exotic vegetation, plantations and native pioneers 9,998
11.2
Forested wetlands 2,886 3.2
Native remnant vegetation 1,456 1.6
Freshwater wetlands 1,001 1.1
Heathlands 1,027 1.1
Saline wetlands (i.e. mangroves, saltmarsh) 360
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Ground truthing and refining the vegetation map
Interpreters conducted 2,479 API site surveys across the LGA to
ground-truth the draft vegetation map. Rapid data surveys were also
undertaken as part of the gap-fill survey program at an additional
462 sites. The information collected during these surveys was used
to refine the vegetation boundaries.
Once the lines/polygons were finalised, one of the 79 vegetation
communities identified in the classification process was assigned
to each polygon. In some situations, two communities were assigned
if the interpreter was uncertain, or if a mix of vegetation
communities occurred in the area. As well as a vegetation
community, a number of other pieces of information were assigned to
polygons including: a reliability score (between 1 and 4), the
dominant plant species in the polygon, an indication of
disturbance, whether weeds were present and other comments as
required.
A final independent map validation survey added an additional
279 survey sites in the course of determining the accuracy of the
map.
Mapping vegetation communities
Vegetation mapping using API was undertaken using the following
three steps:
– development of a draft vegetation community map
– conducting ground-truthing – revisiting and refining
vegetation boundaries
API involves drawing lines (polygons) around patches of
vegetation that have the same characteristics (e.g. colour, tone,
texture and shape) as seen on aerial photographs.
The land-cover mapping identified the areas of existing
vegetation in the LGA that needed to be mapped—a total of 88,964
hectares.
A team of aerial photograph interpreters mapped patterns in
vegetation using high resolution digital aerial photographs taken
in the last six years. Interpreters used new, advanced computer
software and 3D computer monitors to undertake this work.
Summary of on-ground surveys
Classification and mapping go ‘hand-in-hand’ and mapping does
not necessarily follow classification in consecutive steps. The
classification process was found to inform the mapping process,
while the mapping process and field surveys informed the
classification.
The classification and mapping program were both informed by an
intensive field survey program involving visits to 3,754 survey
sites (see Table 2).
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Survey type No. of sites Description and purpose of survey
Full plant surveys 534 Recorded all vascular plant species. Used
in vegetation classification.
Rapid data surveys (to date) 462
Recorded dominant species in each layer of vegetation. Used to
guide the vegetation mapping work.
API site surveys 2,479Recorded information on the vegetation
community and dominant species. Used to ground-truth mapping and
assign a vegetation community to a site.
Map validation survey 279 Additional sites added as a result of
an independent validation exercise of the draft Class 5 Vegetation
Map.
Total 3,754
Table 2. Summary of flora surveys supporting this study
To achieve an unbiased survey effort across all tenures, private
landowners were invited to volunteer to have flora surveys
conducted on their land. This resulted in a sampling rate of one
site per 90 hectares on Crown lands and freehold lands.
Significant plants and threatened communities in the LGA
Surveys conducted during this program, and previous surveys,
have identified 53 significant plants and 10 endangered ecological
communities within the Coffs Harbour LGA. The endangered
communities are likely to occur within 24 different vegetation
communities mapped in this study and potentially cover up to 11,657
hectares in the LGA.
The new vegetation community mapThe Class 5 vegetation map
illustrates the vegetation communities of the Coffs Harbour LGA.
Large areas of rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest are mapped in
the west and south of the LGA across the fertile areas of the
eastern Dorrigo Plateau, escarpment ranges and the upper reaches of
the Orara and Bucca valleys.
In contrast, much of the sandstone and coastal landscapes in the
north of the LGA are mapped with large stands of dry sclerophyll
forest, heathlands and forested wetlands.
Overall, the variety of soil moisture gradients, geologies and
altitudes support a diverse array of vegetation communities. The
coastal areas have the most complex vegetation patterns. This is
reflected in the number of communities mapped in these areas and
the high numbers of small polygons.
For the first time, all Coffs Harbour vegetation communities
have been consistently classified and mapped across the entire LGA.
This will provide us with information on the type and extent of
vegetation communities in the LGA. It will also allow us to
identify threatened ecological communities and vegetation
communities that are under-represented in the reserve system, and
to make comparisons of vegetation community distribution and extent
in the LGA.
The development of this ‘Class 5’ vegetation map has been a
multi-agency initiative supported by Coffs Harbour City Council,
the Office of Environment Heritage and the Northern Rivers
Catchment Management Authority. It is anticipated that the
fine-scale vegetation map will be adopted by a range of end-users
and natural resource managers and be considered the ‘benchmark’ for
vegetation assessment in the Coffs Harbour LGA.
Note: Vascular plant - plants that have woody tissues for
conducting water, minerals, and photosynthesis products through the
plant
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Map Code Full name Description Class
Extant HA Distribution Habitat
CH_RF01 Plateau Beech Cool Temperate Rainforest
In this cool temperate rainforest there is an abundance of
Antarctic Beech (Nothofagus moorei) and other common species are
Coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum), Sassafras (Doryphora sassafras)
and Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus). In the mid to small tree
layer Native Honeysuckle (Triunia youngiana), Thick-leaved Laurel
(Cryptocarya meissneriana) and Pepperbush (Tasmannia insipida) are
common to abundant. Vines are common and include Small Supplejack
(Ripogonum fawcettianum), Petermannia cirrosa and Lawyer Vine
(Smilax australis). A sparse ground cover of Gristle Fern (Blechnum
cartilagineum) is present.
Cool Temperate Rainforest 1
Restricted to very high altitudes on Mountain Peaks over 800m
ASL on metasedimentarygeology.
This community occurs at high altitudes in cool moist summit
areas above 900 metres in altitude along the Dorrigo
Escarpment.
CH_RF02Plateau Beech – Coachwood Cool Temperate Rainforest
Cool temperate rainforest that occurs on sheltered slopes and
creeks at higher altitudes in the Bobo River and Eve Creek Valleys.
The floristic composition is characterised by Coachwood
(Ceratopetalum apetalum), Sassafras (Doryphora sassafras) and Brush
Box (Lophostemon confertus) as the most common canopy species in
association with Antarctic Beech (Nothofagus moorei). In the mid to
small tree layer Hairy-leaved Bolly-gum (Neolitsea dealbata),
Thick-leaved Laurel (Cryptocarya meissneriana) and Pepperbush
(Tasmannia insipida) are common to abundant. Vines are common and
include Small Supplejack (Ripogonum fawcettianum), Hairy Supplejack
(Ripogonum elseyanum), Petermannia cirrosa and Lawyer Vine (Smilax
australis). The ground layer is sparse with Spiny-headed Mat-rush
(Lomandra longifolia), Gristle Fern (Blechnum cartilagineum) and
Lomandra spicata being the most common species.
Cool Temperate Rainforest -
Along the Bobo River, Coopernook and Eve Creek.
This community occurs on sheltered slopes and creeks at higher
altitudes in the Bobo River and Eve Creek Valleys.
CH_RF03Plateau and Escarpment Coachwood Sassafras Warm Temperate
Rainforest
A warm temperate rainforest often with emergent Hoop Pine
(Araucaria cunninghamii) present in most sites. In the dense
rainforest canopy the common trees are Coachwood (Ceratopetalum
apetalum), Sassafras (Doryphora sassafras), Yellow Satin-heart
(Acradenia euodiiformis), Callicoma (Callicoma serratifolia) and
Hairy-leaved Bolly Gum (Neolitsea dealbata). Blackwood (Acacia
melanoxylon) is sometimes common in the mid stratum or in areas
that are regenerating. The mid stratum also consists of shrubby wet
rainforest species such as Thick-leaved Laurel (Cryptocarya
meissneriana), Native Honeysuckle (Triunia youngiana) and Callicoma
(Callicoma serratifolia). The lower and ground layer consists of
Gristle Fern (Blechnum cartilagineum), Orange Thorn (Pittosporum
multiflorum), Brush Pepper Bush (Tasmannia insipida) and Walking
Stick Palm (Linospadix monostachya). Vines such as Small Supplejack
(Ripogonum fawcettianum), Prickly Supplejack (Ripogonum discolor),
Petermannia cirrosa and Hairy Supplejack (Ripogonum elseyanum) are
common in the middle layers.
Warm Temperate Rainforest 3,952
Along the Bushmans Range west to Lowanna, Ulong and Moleton.
This community is widespread on the Eastern Dorrigo Plateau in
moist areas of metasedimentary derived soils and sometimes
unconsolidated alluvial sediments between about 500 and 1000 metres
in altitude. It occurs on sheltered slopes and gullies on
undulating to steep topography in the catchments of the Bobo and
Little Nymboida River and their tributaries.
CH_RF04 Plateau and Escarpment Hoop Pine Dry Rainforest
Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) often occurs as an emergent
species. The canopy is dominated by Crabapple (Schizomeria ovata),
Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus), Water Gum (Tristaniopsis
laurina), Grey Myrtle (Backhousia myrtifolia), Sassafras (Doryphora
sassafras) and Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii). In the mid layer
Sweet Pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum), Macleay Laurel
(Anopterus macleayanus), Scentless Rosewood (Synoum glandulosum
subsp. glandulosum), Python Tree (Gossia bidwillii), Silky Myrtle
(Decaspermum humile) and Flintwood (Scolopia braunii) are the most
common species. Gum Vine (Aphanopetalum resinosum) and Prickly
Supplejack (Ripogonum discolour) are abundant climbers. Epiphytic
herbs, ferns and orchids include Pink Rock Orchid (Dendrobium
kingianum), Strap Fern (Cestichis reflexa) and Four-leaved
Peperomia (Peperomia tetraphylla). The ground layer consists of
Palm Lily (Cordyline congesta), Mat-rushes (Lomandra spicata,
Lomandra longifolia), Gahnia aspera and Rasp Fern (Doodia
aspera).
Dry Rainforest 54Occurs in the Bobo and Little Nymboida River
area and a disjunct locality at Mount Coramba.
A dry rainforest community which primarily occurs in steep sided
valleys on exposed slopes with very shallow soils derived from
weathering of Carboniferous metasediments in the Bobo and Little
Nymboida River region of the Local Government Area. There is an
outlying occurrence near Woolgoolga that is placed in this mapping
which requires further investigation.
CH_RF05 Foothills Brown Myrtle Dry Rainforest
This is a dry rainforest community with a dense layer of Brown
Myrtle (Choricarpia leptopetala), emergent Hoop Pine (Araucaria
cunninghamiana) and sometimes Steel Box (Eucalyptus rummeryi),
Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus grandis), Spotted Gum (Corymbia variegata)
and Small-fruited Grey Gum (Eucalyptus propinqua). Other common
tree and shrub species recorded in this community include: Yellow
Tulipwood (Drypetes deplanchei), Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus),
Brush Bloodwood (Baloghia inophylla), Black Apple (Planchonella
australis), Python Tree (Gossia bidwilli), Bangalow Palm
(Archontophoenix cunninghamiana) and Black Plum (Diospyros
australis). A lower layer of Palm Lily (Cordyline stricta,
Cordyline petiolaris), Scrub Myrtle (Rhodamnia rubescens) and
Orange Thorn (Pittosporum multiflorum). The climber Sweet Morninda
(Morinda jasminoides) is also common. Epiphytic plants such as
White Feather Orchid (Dendrobium aemulum), Dendrobium gracicaule
and Rock Felt Fern (Pyrossia rupestris) may occur. There is a
sparse ground layer of Rasp Fern (Doodia aspera), Sickle Fern
(Pellaea paradoxa), Rough Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum hispidulum) and
Rough Saw Sedge (Gahnia aspera). Along riparian areas and lower
clopes in Madman’s Creek, Floyd (1990) records areas of rainforest
dominated by White Booyong (Heritieria trifoliata), Water Gum
(Syzgium fracisii) and Strangling Fig (Ficus watkinsiana).
Dry Rainforest 340
From west Woolgoolga in the north to west Coramba in the south
of the LGA. Small patchs in the escarpment and ranges along creeks
and sheltered gullies.
This community occurs in sheltered mid to lower slopes and
gullies in steep hilly terrain north-west of Coffs Harbour in the
Madman’s Creek area of the Kremnos Plateau and also along the
Bagawa Range on the lower Orara Eascarpment. It occurs on
moderately to well drained soils derived from congolmerates of the
Bundamba group and metasediments of the Coffs Harbour Association.
Sheltered aspects or creek lines on dry conglomerate substrate.
CH_RF06 Escarpment Grey Myrtle Brush Box Dry Rainforest
A dry rainforest in which the canopy is dominated by Grey Myrtle
(Backhousia myrtifolia) with emergent Brush Box (Lophostemon
confertus). Mid stratum species are mostly Prickly Alyxia (Alyxia
ruscifolia), Grey Myrtle (Backhousia myrtifolia), Water Gum
(Tristaniopsis laurina), Tree Heath (Trochocarpa laurina) and Palm
Lily (Cordyline stricta). Orchids and ferns are often common
growing on rocks including Cestichis and Dendrobium spp. The
succulent leaved vine (Hoya australis) is common. Ground layer
species are Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lomandra longifolia), rasp Fern
(Doodia aspera) and Gristle Fern (Blechnum cartilagineum).
Dry Rainforest 76Along Nana Creek in Nana Creek State Forest and
Bagawa State Forest.
"The community generally grows below 200 metres altitude in
sheltered locations on steep rocky slopes or rocky boulder strewn
creek beds derived from metasediments of the Coramba Beds and
conglomerates of the Bundamba Group. It is often associated with
the Suicide soil landscape. The community is located in protected
drier narrow gullies and watercourses in the Nana Creek and coast
range in Conglomerate State Forest. "
CH_RF07 Coastal Exposed Dune Littoral Rainforest
This community sometimes occurs with emergent Pink Bloodwood
(Corymbia intermedia) and Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta),
Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) and Rusty Fig
(Ficus rubiginosa). The tallest layer includes Tuckeroo
(Cupaniopsis anacardioides), Beach Apple (Acronychia imperforata),
Beach Bird’s eye (Alectryon coriaceus) and Corkwood (Endiandra
sieberi). The climbing plants Sweet Morinda (Morinda jasminoides)
and Long-leaved Water Vine (Cissus sterculiifolia) are abundant in
the lower and mid layers of the forest. A sparse to dense mid layer
is present which consists of Beach Apple (Acronychia imperforata)
Blue Lilly Pilly (Syzygium oleosum) and Guioa (Guioa semiglauca).
The lower layer is sparse to dense comprises Saw Sedge (Gahnia
clarkei) Sickle Fern (Pellaea nana), Lomandra spicata, Ottochloa
gracillima and Native Violet (Viola banksii).
Littoral Rainforest 95Coastal fringe from Yuraygir National Park
in the north to Bongil Bongil National Park in the south.
Growing in exposed localities adjacent to the ocean on Holocene
dunes and meta-sedimentary headlands from Dolman’s Point north to
Red Rock.
Rainforest
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Map Code Full name Description Class
Extant HA Distribution Habitat
CH_RF01 Plateau Beech Cool Temperate Rainforest
In this cool temperate rainforest there is an abundance of
Antarctic Beech (Nothofagus moorei) and other common species are
Coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum), Sassafras (Doryphora sassafras)
and Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus). In the mid to small tree
layer Native Honeysuckle (Triunia youngiana), Thick-leaved Laurel
(Cryptocarya meissneriana) and Pepperbush (Tasmannia insipida) are
common to abundant. Vines are common and include Small Supplejack
(Ripogonum fawcettianum), Petermannia cirrosa and Lawyer Vine
(Smilax australis). A sparse ground cover of Gristle Fern (Blechnum
cartilagineum) is present.
Cool Temperate Rainforest 1
Restricted to very high altitudes on Mountain Peaks over 800m
ASL on metasedimentarygeology.
This community occurs at high altitudes in cool moist summit
areas above 900 metres in altitude along the Dorrigo
Escarpment.
CH_RF02Plateau Beech – Coachwood Cool Temperate Rainforest
Cool temperate rainforest that occurs on sheltered slopes and
creeks at higher altitudes in the Bobo River and Eve Creek Valleys.
The floristic composition is characterised by Coachwood
(Ceratopetalum apetalum), Sassafras (Doryphora sassafras) and Brush
Box (Lophostemon confertus) as the most common canopy species in
association with Antarctic Beech (Nothofagus moorei). In the mid to
small tree layer Hairy-leaved Bolly-gum (Neolitsea dealbata),
Thick-leaved Laurel (Cryptocarya meissneriana) and Pepperbush
(Tasmannia insipida) are common to abundant. Vines are common and
include Small Supplejack (Ripogonum fawcettianum), Hairy Supplejack
(Ripogonum elseyanum), Petermannia cirrosa and Lawyer Vine (Smilax
australis). The ground layer is sparse with Spiny-headed Mat-rush
(Lomandra longifolia), Gristle Fern (Blechnum cartilagineum) and
Lomandra spicata being the most common species.
Cool Temperate Rainforest -
Along the Bobo River, Coopernook and Eve Creek.
This community occurs on sheltered slopes and creeks at higher
altitudes in the Bobo River and Eve Creek Valleys.
CH_RF03Plateau and Escarpment Coachwood Sassafras Warm Temperate
Rainforest
A warm temperate rainforest often with emergent Hoop Pine
(Araucaria cunninghamii) present in most sites. In the dense
rainforest canopy the common trees are Coachwood (Ceratopetalum
apetalum), Sassafras (Doryphora sassafras), Yellow Satin-heart
(Acradenia euodiiformis), Callicoma (Callicoma serratifolia) and
Hairy-leaved Bolly Gum (Neolitsea dealbata). Blackwood (Acacia
melanoxylon) is sometimes common in the mid stratum or in areas
that are regenerating. The mid stratum also consists of shrubby wet
rainforest species such as Thick-leaved Laurel (Cryptocarya
meissneriana), Native Honeysuckle (Triunia youngiana) and Callicoma
(Callicoma serratifolia). The lower and ground layer consists of
Gristle Fern (Blechnum cartilagineum), Orange Thorn (Pittosporum
multiflorum), Brush Pepper Bush (Tasmannia insipida) and Walking
Stick Palm (Linospadix monostachya). Vines such as Small Supplejack
(Ripogonum fawcettianum), Prickly Supplejack (Ripogonum discolor),
Petermannia cirrosa and Hairy Supplejack (Ripogonum elseyanum) are
common in the middle layers.
Warm Temperate Rainforest 3,952
Along the Bushmans Range west to Lowanna, Ulong and Moleton.
This community is widespread on the Eastern Dorrigo Plateau in
moist areas of metasedimentary derived soils and sometimes
unconsolidated alluvial sediments between about 500 and 1000 metres
in altitude. It occurs on sheltered slopes and gullies on
undulating to steep topography in the catchments of the Bobo and
Little Nymboida River and their tributaries.
CH_RF04 Plateau and Escarpment Hoop Pine Dry Rainforest
Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) often occurs as an emergent
species. The canopy is dominated by Crabapple (Schizomeria ovata),
Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus), Water Gum (Tristaniopsis
laurina), Grey Myrtle (Backhousia myrtifolia), Sassafras (Doryphora
sassafras) and Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii). In the mid layer
Sweet Pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum), Macleay Laurel
(Anopterus macleayanus), Scentless Rosewood (Synoum glandulosum
subsp. glandulosum), Python Tree (Gossia bidwillii), Silky Myrtle
(Decaspermum humile) and Flintwood (Scolopia braunii) are the most
common species. Gum Vine (Aphanopetalum resinosum) and Prickly
Supplejack (Ripogonum discolour) are abundant climbers. Epiphytic
herbs, ferns and orchids include Pink Rock Orchid (Dendrobium
kingianum), Strap Fern (Cestichis reflexa) and Four-leaved
Peperomia (Peperomia tetraphylla). The ground layer consists of
Palm Lily (Cordyline congesta), Mat-rushes (Lomandra spicata,
Lomandra longifolia), Gahnia aspera and Rasp Fern (Doodia
aspera).
Dry Rainforest 54Occurs in the Bobo and Little Nymboida River
area and a disjunct locality at Mount Coramba.
A dry rainforest community which primarily occurs in steep sided
valleys on exposed slopes with very shallow soils derived from
weathering of Carboniferous metasediments in the Bobo and Little
Nymboida River region of the Local Government Area. There is an
outlying occurrence near Woolgoolga that is placed in this mapping
which requires further investigation.
CH_RF05 Foothills Brown Myrtle Dry Rainforest
This is a dry rainforest community with a dense layer of Brown
Myrtle (Choricarpia leptopetala), emergent Hoop Pine (Araucaria
cunninghamiana) and sometimes Steel Box (Eucalyptus rummeryi),
Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus grandis), Spotted Gum (Corymbia variegata)
and Small-fruited Grey Gum (Eucalyptus propinqua). Other common
tree and shrub species recorded in this community include: Yellow
Tulipwood (Drypetes deplanchei), Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus),
Brush Bloodwood (Baloghia inophylla), Black Apple (Planchonella
australis), Python Tree (Gossia bidwilli), Bangalow Palm
(Archontophoenix cunninghamiana) and Black Plum (Diospyros
australis). A lower layer of Palm Lily (Cordyline stricta,
Cordyline petiolaris), Scrub Myrtle (Rhodamnia rubescens) and
Orange Thorn (Pittosporum multiflorum). The climber Sweet Morninda
(Morinda jasminoides) is also common. Epiphytic plants such as
White Feather Orchid (Dendrobium aemulum), Dendrobium gracicaule
and Rock Felt Fern (Pyrossia rupestris) may occur. There is a
sparse ground layer of Rasp Fern (Doodia aspera), Sickle Fern
(Pellaea paradoxa), Rough Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum hispidulum) and
Rough Saw Sedge (Gahnia aspera). Along riparian areas and lower
clopes in Madman’s Creek, Floyd (1990) records areas of rainforest
dominated by White Booyong (Heritieria trifoliata), Water Gum
(Syzgium fracisii) and Strangling Fig (Ficus watkinsiana).
Dry Rainforest 340
From west Woolgoolga in the north to west Coramba in the south
of the LGA. Small patchs in the escarpment and ranges along creeks
and sheltered gullies.
This community occurs in sheltered mid to lower slopes and
gullies in steep hilly terrain north-west of Coffs Harbour in the
Madman’s Creek area of the Kremnos Plateau and also along the
Bagawa Range on the lower Orara Eascarpment. It occurs on
moderately to well drained soils derived from congolmerates of the
Bundamba group and metasediments of the Coffs Harbour Association.
Sheltered aspects or creek lines on dry conglomerate substrate.
CH_RF06 Escarpment Grey Myrtle Brush Box Dry Rainforest
A dry rainforest in which the canopy is dominated by Grey Myrtle
(Backhousia myrtifolia) with emergent Brush Box (Lophostemon
confertus). Mid stratum species are mostly Prickly Alyxia (Alyxia
ruscifolia), Grey Myrtle (Backhousia myrtifolia), Water Gum
(Tristaniopsis laurina), Tree Heath (Trochocarpa laurina) and Palm
Lily (Cordyline stricta). Orchids and ferns are often common
growing on rocks including Cestichis and Dendrobium spp. The
succulent leaved vine (Hoya australis) is common. Ground layer
species are Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lomandra longifolia), rasp Fern
(Doodia aspera) and Gristle Fern (Blechnum cartilagineum).
Dry Rainforest 76Along Nana Creek in Nana Creek State Forest and
Bagawa State Forest.
"The community generally grows below 200 metres altitude in
sheltered locations on steep rocky slopes or rocky boulder strewn
creek beds derived from metasediments of the Coramba Beds and
conglomerates of the Bundamba Group. It is often associated with
the Suicide soil landscape. The community is located in protected
drier narrow gullies and watercourses in the Nana Creek and coast
range in Conglomerate State Forest. "
CH_RF07 Coastal Exposed Dune Littoral Rainforest
This community sometimes occurs with emergent Pink Bloodwood
(Corymbia intermedia) and Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta),
Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) and Rusty Fig
(Ficus rubiginosa). The tallest layer includes Tuckeroo
(Cupaniopsis anacardioides), Beach Apple (Acronychia imperforata),
Beach Bird’s eye (Alectryon coriaceus) and Corkwood (Endiandra
sieberi). The climbing plants Sweet Morinda (Morinda jasminoides)
and Long-leaved Water Vine (Cissus sterculiifolia) are abundant in
the lower and mid layers of the forest. A sparse to dense mid layer
is present which consists of Beach Apple (Acronychia imperforata)
Blue Lilly Pilly (Syzygium oleosum) and Guioa (Guioa semiglauca).
The lower layer is sparse to dense comprises Saw Sedge (Gahnia
clarkei) Sickle Fern (Pellaea nana), Lomandra spicata, Ottochloa
gracillima and Native Violet (Viola banksii).
Littoral Rainforest 95Coastal fringe from Yuraygir National Park
in the north to Bongil Bongil National Park in the south.
Growing in exposed localities adjacent to the ocean on Holocene
dunes and meta-sedimentary headlands from Dolman’s Point north to
Red Rock.
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CL A SS 5 VEGETATIONMAPPING
10
Rainforest (continued)Map Code Full name Description Class
Extant HA Distribution Habitat
CH_RF08 Headland Brush Box Littoral Rainforest
A Brushbox (Lophostemon confertus) dominant closed forest
growing on meta-sedimentary headland and/or intermediate sheltered
aspects on sediments and foot slopes of coastal barrier sands.
Emergent Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) is sometimes present.
There is a mid layer of Scentless Rosewood (Synoum glandulosum
subsp. glandulosum), Cheese Tree (Glochidion ferdinandi), Tuckeroo
(Cupaniopsis anacardioides), Guioa (Guioa semiglauca) and Red Bean
(Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. molle). A sparse lower layer of Palm
Lily (Cordyline stricta), Native Ginger (Alpinia caerulea) and
Hairy Psychotria (Psychotria loniceroides) occurs. There is a
ground layer of Rasp Fern (Doodia aspera), Pastel Flower
(Pseuderanthemum variabile) and Basket Grass (Oplismenus
aemulus).
Littoral Rainforest 42Coastal headlands from Arrawarra in the
north to Bundadgen in the south.
Closed forest growing on meta-sedimentary headland and/or
intermediate sheltered aspects on sediments and foot slopes of
coastal barrier sands.
CH_RF09Hinterland White Booyong Floodplain Rainforest
The remaining remnants of this community are important examples
of floodplain rainforest, much of which has been lost to clearing.
Main canopy species include Maiden's Blush (Sloanea australis),
White Booyong (Heritiera trifoliolata), Bangalow Palm
(Archontophoenix cunninghamiana) and Pear-fruited Tamarind
(Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis). Co-occurring species
are Bolly Gum (Litsea reticulata), Oliver’s Sassafras (Cinnamomum
oliveri), Jackwood (Cryptocarya glaucescens), Native Tamarind
(Diploglottis cunninghamii) and a very occasional Flooded Gum
(Eucalyptus grandis). A diversity of other trees not recorded in
floristic sampling include White Beech (Gmelina leichhardtii),
Yellow Carabeen (Sloanea woollsii), Ringwood (Anetholea anisata),
Blue Quandong (Elaeocarpus grandis) and Turnipwood (Akania
bidwillii). Smaller trees include White Bolly Gum (Neolitsea
dealbata), Creek Sandpaper Fig (Ficus coronata) and Native Gardenia
(Atractocarpus benthamianus). Pothos (Pothos longipes) and
(Microsorum scandens) can occur growing climbing on the smooth
buttressed trunks of rainforest trees. Shrubs include Walking Stick
Palm (Linospadix monostachya), Brush Pepperbush (Tasmannia
insipida) and Hairy Pittosporum (Pittosporum revolutum). Vines
include Pepper Vine (Piper hederaceum var. hederaceum), White
Supple-jack (Ripogonum album), Embelia australiana and Burny Vine
(Trophis scandens). The ground-layer includes a Maidenhair Fern
(Adiantum silvaticum), Strap Water Fern (Blechnum patersonii),
Spiky Mat Rush (Lomandra hystrix) and Native Ginger (Alpinia
caerulea).
Subtropical Rainforest 44
Small remnants on Alluvial Floodplains of the Bonville and Orara
Valleys within the LGA.
A subtropical rainforest community that is found in alluvial
sediments along the floodplain of coastal creeks.
CH_RF11Escarpment and Lowland Bangalow - Carabeen - Black
Booyong Palm Gully Rainforest
The canopy consists of tall rainforest tree such as Yellow
Carabeen (Sloanea woollsii), Black Booyong (Heritiera
actinophylla), Red Carabeen (Geissois benthamiana), Soft Cordwood
(Caldcluvia paniculosa), Maiden’s Blush (Sloanea australis),
Hairy-leaved Bolly-gum (Neolitsea dealbata) and Brush Box
(Lophostemon confertus). Bangalow Palm (Archontophoenix
cunninghamiana) is a distinctive component of these gully
rainforest communities. Myrtle Ebony (Diospyros pentamera),
Turnipwood (Akania bidwillii), Wild Yellow Jasmine (Pittosporum
revolutum), Scentless Rosewood (Synoum glandulosum subsp.
glandulosum), Steelwood (Sarcopteryx stipata), Green-leaved Rose
Walnut (Endiandra muelleri) and Sandpaper Fig (Ficus coronata) may
occur as a smaller tree layer. Epiphytes include Bird’s Nest Fern
(Asplenium australasicum). Walking Stick Palm (Linospadix
monostachya), Palm Lilies (Cordyline stricta, Cordyline
petiolaris), Tree Ferns (Cyathea australis, Cyathea leichhardtiana)
and Brush Pepperbush (Tasmannia insipida) occur as a second
mid-layer. Vines are common and consist of Five-leaved Water Vine
(Cissus hypoglauca), Burny Vine (Trophis scandens), Lawyer Cane
(Calamus muelleri), Prickly Supplejack (Ripogonum discolor), Pothos
(Pothos longipes) and Sweet Morinda (Morinda jasminoides). The
ground layer is often sparse and ferny with Strap Water Fern
(Blechnum patersonii) and Rough Maidenhair (Adiantum hispidulum),
Creeping Shield Fern (Lastreopsis acuminata) being abundant in some
sites.
Subtropical Rainforest 4,280
Widespread in gullys and riparian areas from the lower
footshills to escarpments across the LGA.
This community is distributed on the in gullies in the foothills
of the Coast Range, Gleniffer, Bonville Hills and also extends into
steeper stony gullies of the Orara escarpment. Often found in the
alluvial sediments deposited in narrow creek gullies and steep
gully heads in areas of alluvial, sedimentary and metasedimentary
geology. Occurs from Pine Creek in Bongil Bongil National Park
north to Wedding Bells State Forest near Woolgoolga.
CH_RF12Escarpment Coachwood - Sassafras - Brush Box Warm
Temperate Rainforest
A warm temperate rainforest where Coachwood (Ceratopetalum
apetalum), Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus) and Prickly Ash
(Orites excelsus) are most common trees in the upper layer. Bolly
Gum (Litsea reticulata), Crabapple (Schizomeria ovata) and
Sassafras (Doryphora sassafras) also occur. A mid layer of smaller
trees is present including Native Gardenia (Atractocarpus
benthamianus), Featherwood (Polyosma cunninghamii) Oliver’s
Sassafras (Cinnamomum oliveri), Steelwood (Sarcopteryx stipitata),
Macleay Laurel (Anopterus macleayanus) and Tree Heath (Trochocarpa
laurina). The ground is sparse and comprises Gristle Fern (Blechnum
cartilagineum), Walking Stick Palm (Linospadix monostachya), and
Tree Fern (Cyathea leichhardtiana). Vines include Lawyer Cane
(Calamus muelleri), Anchor Vine (Palmeria scandens), and
Berberidopsis beckleri. Epiphytes such as Stag Horn (Platycerium
bifurcatum) occur on rainforest tree trunks.
Warm Temperate Rainforest 1,679
Along the Bushmans Range west to Lowanna, Ulong and Moleton.
This community is located on rolling hills of the Dorrigo and
Orara Escarpment and Plateau edge usually between about 500 and 700
metres in altitude on soils derived from metasedimentary
geology.
CH_RF13 Coastal Sheltered Dune Littoral Rainforest
This community has emergent Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia
intermedia), Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus) and, occasionally,
Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus grandis). In the best developed examples
Strangler Figs (Ficus watkinsiana) are common growing on large
Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus) trees. There is a dense sub
canopy of rainforest trees, with Pear-fruited Tamarind
(Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis), Myrtle Ebony
(Diospyros pentamera), Small-leaved Lilly Pilly (Syzygium
luehmannii) and Brown Bolly Gum (Litsea australis) being most
common. Numerous other rainforest trees and shrubs are present,
including Water Gum (Tristaniopsis laurina), Blue Lilly Pilly
(Syzygium oleosum), Yellow Tulipwood (Drypetes deplanchei), Guioa
(Guioa semiglauca), Lilly Pilly (Acmena smithii), Tuckeroo
(Cupaniopsis anacardioides), Flintwood (Scolopia braunii) and Bolly
Gum (Litsea reticulata). Epiphytic ferns are prolific in some of
the sites, including Elkhorn (Platycerium bifurcatum), Stag Horn
(Platycerium superbum), Felt Fern (Pyrrosia confluens var.
confluens), Ribbon Fern (Ophioglossum pendulum), Bird’s Nest Fern
(Asplenium australasicum) and Hare’s Foot Fern (Davallia solida
var. pyxidata). The most abundant climber is Long-leaved Water Vine
(Cissus sterculiifolia). An open ground layer is present and the
more abundant species recorded were Narrow-leaved Palm Lily
(Cordyline stricta) and Lomandra spicata. Fork Fern (Tmesipteris
truncata) occurs commonly in the ground layer and was only recorded
in this community.
Littoral Rainforest 87Sheltered coastal areas from Bongil Bongil
NP north to Yuraygir National Park.
This is a structural and floristically diverse littoral
rainforest that grows in sheltered locations on dune sands,
sometimes with alluvial enrichment. It is located in hind dune
areas protected by more exposed Coast Banksia (Banksia integrifolia
subsp. integrifolia) and littoral rainforest plant community types
and often fringes coastal creeklines. The community is best
developed at Scrub Creek and Bundagaree Creek in Bongil Bongil
National with occurrences further north at Boambee and in Moonee
Creek Nature Reserve.
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11
Map Code Full name Description Class
Extant HA Distribution Habitat
CH_RF08 Headland Brush Box Littoral Rainforest
A Brushbox (Lophostemon confertus) dominant closed forest
growing on meta-sedimentary headland and/or intermediate sheltered
aspects on sediments and foot slopes of coastal barrier sands.
Emergent Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) is sometimes present.
There is a mid layer of Scentless Rosewood (Synoum glandulosum
subsp. glandulosum), Cheese Tree (Glochidion ferdinandi), Tuckeroo
(Cupaniopsis anacardioides), Guioa (Guioa semiglauca) and Red Bean
(Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. molle). A sparse lower layer of Palm
Lily (Cordyline stricta), Native Ginger (Alpinia caerulea) and
Hairy Psychotria (Psychotria loniceroides) occurs. There is a
ground layer of Rasp Fern (Doodia aspera), Pastel Flower
(Pseuderanthemum variabile) and Basket Grass (Oplismenus
aemulus).
Littoral Rainforest 42Coastal headlands from Arrawarra in the
north to Bundadgen in the south.
Closed forest growing on meta-sedimentary headland and/or
intermediate sheltered aspects on sediments and foot slopes of
coastal barrier sands.
CH_RF09Hinterland White Booyong Floodplain Rainforest
The remaining remnants of this community are important examples
of floodplain rainforest, much of which has been lost to clearing.
Main canopy species include Maiden's Blush (Sloanea australis),
White Booyong (Heritiera trifoliolata), Bangalow Palm
(Archontophoenix cunninghamiana) and Pear-fruited Tamarind
(Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis). Co-occurring species
are Bolly Gum (Litsea reticulata), Oliver’s Sassafras (Cinnamomum
oliveri), Jackwood (Cryptocarya glaucescens), Native Tamarind
(Diploglottis cunninghamii) and a very occasional Flooded Gum
(Eucalyptus grandis). A diversity of other trees not recorded in
floristic sampling include White Beech (Gmelina leichhardtii),
Yellow Carabeen (Sloanea woollsii), Ringwood (Anetholea anisata),
Blue Quandong (Elaeocarpus grandis) and Turnipwood (Akania
bidwillii). Smaller trees include White Bolly Gum (Neolitsea
dealbata), Creek Sandpaper Fig (Ficus coronata) and Native Gardenia
(Atractocarpus benthamianus). Pothos (Pothos longipes) and
(Microsorum scandens) can occur growing climbing on the smooth
buttressed trunks of rainforest trees. Shrubs include Walking Stick
Palm (Linospadix monostachya), Brush Pepperbush (Tasmannia
insipida) and Hairy Pittosporum (Pittosporum revolutum). Vines
include Pepper Vine (Piper hederaceum var. hederaceum), White
Supple-jack (Ripogonum album), Embelia australiana and Burny Vine
(Trophis scandens). The ground-layer includes a Maidenhair Fern
(Adiantum silvaticum), Strap Water Fern (Blechnum patersonii),
Spiky Mat Rush (Lomandra hystrix) and Native Ginger (Alpinia
caerulea).
Subtropical Rainforest 44
Small remnants on Alluvial Floodplains of the Bonville and Orara
Valleys within the LGA.
A subtropical rainforest community that is found in alluvial
sediments along the floodplain of coastal creeks.
CH_RF11Escarpment and Lowland Bangalow - Carabeen - Black
Booyong Palm Gully Rainforest
The canopy consists of tall rainforest tree such as Yellow
Carabeen (Sloanea woollsii), Black Booyong (Heritiera
actinophylla), Red Carabeen (Geissois benthamiana), Soft Cordwood
(Caldcluvia paniculosa), Maiden’s Blush (Sloanea australis),
Hairy-leaved Bolly-gum (Neolitsea dealbata) and Brush Box
(Lophostemon confertus). Bangalow Palm (Archontophoenix
cunninghamiana) is a distinctive component of these gully
rainforest communities. Myrtle Ebony (Diospyros pentamera),
Turnipwood (Akania bidwillii), Wild Yellow Jasmine (Pittosporum
revolutum), Scentless Rosewood (Synoum glandulosum subsp.
glandulosum), Steelwood (Sarcopteryx stipata), Green-leaved Rose
Walnut (Endiandra muelleri) and Sandpaper Fig (Ficus coronata) may
occur as a smaller tree layer. Epiphytes include Bird’s Nest Fern
(Asplenium australasicum). Walking Stick Palm (Linospadix
monostachya), Palm Lilies (Cordyline stricta, Cordyline
petiolaris), Tree Ferns (Cyathea australis, Cyathea leichhardtiana)
and Brush Pepperbush (Tasmannia insipida) occur as a second
mid-layer. Vines are common and consist of Five-leaved Water Vine
(Cissus hypoglauca), Burny Vine (Trophis scandens), Lawyer Cane
(Calamus muelleri), Prickly Supplejack (Ripogonum discolor), Pothos
(Pothos longipes) and Sweet Morinda (Morinda jasminoides). The
ground layer is often sparse and ferny with Strap Water Fern
(Blechnum patersonii) and Rough Maidenhair (Adiantum hispidulum),
Creeping Shield Fern (Lastreopsis acuminata) being abundant in some
sites.
Subtropical Rainforest 4,280
Widespread in gullys and riparian areas from the lower
footshills to escarpments across the LGA.
This community is distributed on the in gullies in the foothills
of the Coast Range, Gleniffer, Bonville Hills and also extends into
steeper stony gullies of the Orara escarpment. Often found in the
alluvial sediments deposited in narrow creek gullies and steep
gully heads in areas of alluvial, sedimentary and metasedimentary
geology. Occurs from Pine Creek in Bongil Bongil National Park
north to Wedding Bells State Forest near Woolgoolga.
CH_RF12Escarpment Coachwood - Sassafras - Brush Box Warm
Temperate Rainforest
A warm temperate rainforest where Coachwood (Ceratopetalum
apetalum), Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus) and Prickly Ash
(Orites excelsus) are most common trees in the upper layer. Bolly
Gum (Litsea reticulata), Crabapple (Schizomeria ovata) and
Sassafras (Doryphora sassafras) also occur. A mid layer of smaller
trees is present including Native Gardenia (Atractocarpus
benthamianus), Featherwood (Polyosma cunninghamii) Oliver’s
Sassafras (Cinnamomum oliveri), Steelwood (Sarcopteryx stipitata),
Macleay Laurel (Anopterus macleayanus) and Tree Heath (Trochocarpa
laurina). The ground is sparse and comprises Gristle Fern (Blechnum
cartilagineum), Walking Stick Palm (Linospadix monostachya), and
Tree Fern (Cyathea leichhardtiana). Vines include Lawyer Cane
(Calamus muelleri), Anchor Vine (Palmeria scandens), and
Berberidopsis beckleri. Epiphytes such as Stag Horn (Platycerium
bifurcatum) occur on rainforest tree trunks.
Warm Temperate Rainforest 1,679
Along the Bushmans Range west to Lowanna, Ulong and Moleton.
This community is located on rolling hills of the Dorrigo and
Orara Escarpment and Plateau edge usually between about 500 and 700
metres in altitude on soils derived from metasedimentary
geology.
CH_RF13 Coastal Sheltered Dune Littoral Rainforest
This community has emergent Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia
intermedia), Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus) and, occasionally,
Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus grandis). In the best developed examples
Strangler Figs (Ficus watkinsiana) are common growing on large
Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus) trees. There is a dense sub
canopy of rainforest trees, with Pear-fruited Tamarind
(Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis), Myrtle Ebony
(Diospyros pentamera), Small-leaved Lilly Pilly (Syzygium
luehmannii) and Brown Bolly Gum (Litsea australis) being most
common. Numerous other rainforest trees and shrubs are present,
including Water Gum (Tristaniopsis laurina), Blue Lilly Pilly
(Syzygium oleosum), Yellow Tulipwood (Drypetes deplanchei), Guioa
(Guioa semiglauca), Lilly Pilly (Acmena smithii), Tuckeroo
(Cupaniopsis anacardioides), Flintwood (Scolopia braunii) and Bolly
Gum (Litsea reticulata). Epiphytic ferns are prolific in some of
the sites, including Elkhorn (Platycerium bifurcatum), Stag Horn
(Platycerium superbum), Felt Fern (Pyrrosia confluens var.
confluens), Ribbon Fern (Ophioglossum pendulum), Bird’s Nest Fern
(Asplenium australasicum) and Hare’s Foot Fern (Davallia solida
var. pyxidata). The most abundant climber is Long-leaved Water Vine
(Cissus sterculiifolia). An open ground layer is present and the
more abundant species recorded were Narrow-leaved Palm Lily
(Cordyline stricta) and Lomandra spicata. Fork Fern (Tmesipteris
truncata) occurs commonly in the ground layer and was only recorded
in this community.
Littoral Rainforest 87Sheltered coastal areas from Bongil Bongil
NP north to Yuraygir National Park.
This is a structural and floristically diverse littoral
rainforest that grows in sheltered locations on dune sands,
sometimes with alluvial enrichment. It is located in hind dune
areas protected by more exposed Coast Banksia (Banksia integrifolia
subsp. integrifolia) and littoral rainforest plant community types
and often fringes coastal creeklines. The community is best
developed at Scrub Creek and Bundagaree Creek in Bongil Bongil
National with occurrences further north at Boambee and in Moonee
Creek Nature Reserve.
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CL A SS 5 VEGETATIONMAPPING
12
Map Code Full name Description Class
Extant HA Distribution Habitat
CH_WSF01Coast and Hinterland Riparian Flooded Gum Bangalow Wet
Forest
A wet forest of riparian areas with a canopy usually dominated
by Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus grandis). Other species of Eucalypt may
be present in lower abundances or rarely as co-dominate including
Turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), Tallowwood (Eucalyptus
microcorys) and Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis). The mid layer is
composed of a diverse array of species including Bangalow Palm
(Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), Forest Oak (Allocasuarina
torulosa), Scentless Rosewood (Synoum glandulosum subsp.
glandulosum), Forest Maple (Cryptocarya rigida), Tree Heath
(Trochocarpa laurina), Black Wattle (Callicoma serratifolia),
Wilkiea (Wilkiea huegeliana) and Banana Bush (Tabernaemontana
pandacaqui). There are several epiphytes and climbers including
Small Supplejack (Ripogonum fawcettianum), Elkhorn (Platycerium
bifurcatum) and Layer Vine (Smilax australis). The ground layer
consists of Pastel Flower (Pseuderanthemum variabile), Palm Lily
(Cordyline stricta), Gristle Fern (Blechnum cartilagineum), Native
Violet (Viola banksii) and Creeping Beard Grass (Oplismenus
imbecillis).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 4,748
Widespread along low lying riparian areas throughout the Local
Government Area.
This community was recorded commonly along riparian areas and
lower slopes on floodplains on the coastal lowlands, foothill
gullies and river flats in the throughout the study area. This
community is common at very low elevations (
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13
Map Code Full name Description Class
Extant HA Distribution Habitat
CH_WSF01Coast and Hinterland Riparian Flooded Gum Bangalow Wet
Forest
A wet forest of riparian areas with a canopy usually dominated
by Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus grandis). Other species of Eucalypt may
be present in lower abundances or rarely as co-dominate including
Turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), Tallowwood (Eucalyptus
microcorys) and Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis). The mid layer is
composed of a diverse array of species including Bangalow Palm
(Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), Forest Oak (Allocasuarina
torulosa), Scentless Rosewood (Synoum glandulosum subsp.
glandulosum), Forest Maple (Cryptocarya rigida), Tree Heath
(Trochocarpa laurina), Black Wattle (Callicoma serratifolia),
Wilkiea (Wilkiea huegeliana) and Banana Bush (Tabernaemontana
pandacaqui). There are several epiphytes and climbers including
Small Supplejack (Ripogonum fawcettianum), Elkhorn (Platycerium
bifurcatum) and Layer Vine (Smilax australis). The ground layer
consists of Pastel Flower (Pseuderanthemum variabile), Palm Lily
(Cordyline stricta), Gristle Fern (Blechnum cartilagineum), Native
Violet (Viola banksii) and Creeping Beard Grass (Oplismenus
imbecillis).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 4,748
Widespread along low lying riparian areas throughout the Local
Government Area.
This community was recorded commonly along riparian areas and
lower slopes on floodplains on the coastal lowlands, foothill
gullies and river flats in the throughout the study area. This
community is common at very low elevations (
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CL A SS 5 VEGETATIONMAPPING
14
Map Code Full name Description Class
Extant HA Distribution Habitat
CH_WSF08Southern Foothills Blackbutt - Turpentine - Tallowwood
Wet Ferny Forest
A tall to very tall open forest with Blackbutt (Eucalyptus
pilularis), Tallowwood (Eucalyptus microcorys) and Turpentine
(Syncarpia glomulifera) being the most common canopy trees. Often
there is a clear dominance of Coastal Blackbutt (Eucalyptus
pilularis) in the canopy. There is a mid layer of Forest Oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa) and Scentless Rosewood (Synoum glandulosum
subsp. glandulosum). The ground layer is moist with a mix of
grasses and ferns including Soft Bracken (Calochlaena dubia), Blady
Grass (Imperata cylindrica), Blue Flax-lily (Dianella caerulea),
White root (Pratia purpurascens), Bracken Fern (Pteridium
esculentum), Pastel Flower (Pseuderanthemum variabile), Bordered
Panic (Entolasia marginata) and Ottochloa gracillima.
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 1,292
Mainly restricted to Bongil Bongil National Park in coastal
foothills south from Sawtell and Toormina.
The distribution of this community is restricted to the Bongil
Bongil and Bonville area, occurring typically on low lying
metasediment hills. Common below about 70m elevation.
CH_WSF09Northern Escarpment Blackbutt - Apple Wet Ferny
Forest
A medium to tall open forest typically dominated by Blackbutt
(Eucalyptus pilularis) in the canopy. A number other canopy species
may be present and at times locally abundant. These commonly
include Smooth-barked Apple (Angophora costata) and Turpentine
(Syncarpia glomulifera). Less common species include Tallowwood (E.
microcorys), Red Mahogany (E. resinifera) and White Mahogany (E.
acmenoides). There is a mid layer of predominantly Forest Oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa) and Rose Myrtle (Archirhodomyrtus
beckleri). The ground layer is moist with a mix of grasses and
ferns. The main species are Soft Bracken (Calochlaena dubia),
Spiny-headed Mat- rush (Lomandra longifolia), Blue Flax-lily
(Dianella caerulea), Bracken Fern (Pteridium esculentum), Creeping
Beard Grass (Oplismenus imbecillis) and Gristle Fern (Blechnum
cartilagineum).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 7,716
Widespread on escarpment ranges, coastal ranges and foothills.
Isolated occurrences west of the Eastern Dorrigo Plateau in Wild
Cattle Creek State Forest.
This community is widespread throughout the study area except
for the Bongil Bongil/ Bonville area where it is replaced by
CH_WSF08 (Southern Foothills Blackbutt - Turpentine - Tallowwood
Wet Ferny Forest). The distribution ranges from Wild Cattle Creek
State Forest in the west to the coastal foothills in the east (from
Sawtell through to Sandy Beach). More isolated occurrences further
north include around Station Creek (in Yuraygir National Park) and
at Red Ridge along the Coast Range. Most common below about 500m
elevation.
CH_WSF10
Hinterland and Escarpment Tallowwood - Blackbutt - Blue Gum Wet
Ferny Forest
A tall moist open forest with a mix of canopy species. Coastal
Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), Tallowwood (Eucalyptus
microcorys), Sydney Blue Gum (Eucalyptus saligna) and Turpentine
(Syncarpia glomulifera) are the main canopy species with others
such as Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus), Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus
grandis) and Small-fruited Grey Gum (Eucalyptus propinqua)
occurring less often. A moderately dense mid stratum of Forest Oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa), Jackwood (Cryptocarya glaucescens) and
Rose Myrtle (Archirhodomyrtus beckleri) is usually present. A moist
ground layer is dominated by Gristle Fern (Blechnum cartilagineum),
Soft Bracken (Calochlaena dubia), Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lomandra
longifolia) and Slender Palm Lily (Cordyline stricta).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 5,035
Widespread on Eastern Dorrigo Escarpment rim and slopes.
Isolated areas on the Dorrigo Plateau west to Wild Cattle Creek
area and east to Wedding Bells State Forest and Orara East State
Forest.
Widespread in the study area on soils of metasediment and
sedimentary origin, commonly below about 650m elevation.
CH_WSF11Foothills Spotted Gum - Mahogany - Grey Gum Wet Shrubby
Forest
A moist open forest with a canopy characterised by an increasing
dominance of Spotted Gum (Corymbia variegata). Thick-leaved
Mahogany (Eucalyptus carnea), Small-fruited Grey Gum (Eucalyptus
propinqua), Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia) and often with
associates such as Steel Box (Eucalyptus rummeryi) and Brush Box
(Lophostemon confertus). A mid stratum of Forest Oak (Allocasuarina
torulosa) is often present. Rainforest shrubs are often present
including Brown Myrtle (Choricarpia leptopetala), Muttonwood
(Myrsine variabilis) and Astrotricha latifolia. The ground layer is
comprised of mainly of Pastel Flower (Pseuderanthemum variabile)
and Palm Lily (Cordyline congesta).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 2,631
Coast Range and Glennifer Bonville Hills from Bagawa State
Forest north to Conglomerate State Forest
Found on sheltered aspects on intermediate and lower slopes on
moderately fertile soils. Commonly occurring on sediments and
metasediments of the Nana Creek, Madman’s Creek, Lower Bucca and
Newfoundland area. Common below about 500m elevation.
CH_WSF12 Brush Box Corkwood Forest on Sand
A tall open wet sclerophyll forest dominated by Brush Box
(Lophostemon confertus), Corkwood (Endiandra sieberi) and
occasionally associated with Smooth-barked Apple (Angophora
costata) occurring on Holocene and Pleistocene sand dunes. There
are large Coast Banksias (Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia)
and Old Man Banksias (Banksia serrata) present in the mid layer.
The understorey is dominated by Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lomandra
longifolia) and Bracken Fern (Pteridium esculentum).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 10
Red Rock - Corindi Road in Yuryaygir National Park and also in
Moonee Beach Nature Reserve
This community occurs north from Moonee Beach Nature Reserve to
Yuraygir National Park on dunes within about a kilometre of the
coast. Along the Corindi - Red Rock road this community is
restricted to a large Pleistocene Dune Ridge that rise to over 20
metres in height.
CH_WSF13 Dunns White Gum Wet Forest
A medium to tall open moist forest with a canopy usually
dominated by Dunn's White Gum (Eucalyptus dunnii) and Sydney Blue
Gum (Eucalyptus saligna). Tallowwood (Eucalyptus microcorys) and
Turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera) are common associates. The mid
stratum is often dense and characterised by Forest Oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa), Green Wattle (Acacia irrorata), Murrogun
(Cryptocarya microneura) and Water Gum (Tristaniopsis laurina). The
ground layer consists mainly of tussock grasses (Poa spp.), Gristle
Fern (Blechnum cartilagineum) and Prickly Rasp Fern (Doodia
aspera).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 128
Isolated occurrences near Mole Creek, in Wild Cattle Creek State
Forest south to Coopernook Creek on the Eastern Dorrigo
plateau.
This community is distributed on lower slopes and often along
creek lines in areas of metasedimentary geology in the hills and
ranges of the eastern Dorrigo plateau between Brooklana and Mole
Creek
CH_WSF14 Coastal Headland Red Gum Forest
Forest Red Gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) usually dominates the
canopy. Other trees sometimes locally abundant include Grey
Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia), Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca)
and Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus). This community is usually
found on metasedimentary hill slopes and riparian areas on
sheltered aspects of headlands. The mid layer comprises shrubs and
small trees such as Sweet Pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum),
Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) and the climbers Anchor Vine
(Palmeria scandens) and Lawyer Vine (Smilax australis). Basket
Grass (Oplismenus aemulus), Native Violet (Viola banksii) and Saw
Sedge (Gahnia aspera) are common ground layer species.
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 39
On coastal headlands from Sawtell north to Opal Cove.
The community occurs around metasedimentary headlands south from
Sapphire Beach to Bongil Bongil, usually within about a kilometre
from the coast.
Wet Sclerophyll Forest (continued)
-
15
Map Code Full name Description Class
Extant HA Distribution Habitat
CH_WSF08Southern Foothills Blackbutt - Turpentine - Tallowwood
Wet Ferny Forest
A tall to very tall open forest with Blackbutt (Eucalyptus
pilularis), Tallowwood (Eucalyptus microcorys) and Turpentine
(Syncarpia glomulifera) being the most common canopy trees. Often
there is a clear dominance of Coastal Blackbutt (Eucalyptus
pilularis) in the canopy. There is a mid layer of Forest Oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa) and Scentless Rosewood (Synoum glandulosum
subsp. glandulosum). The ground layer is moist with a mix of
grasses and ferns including Soft Bracken (Calochlaena dubia), Blady
Grass (Imperata cylindrica), Blue Flax-lily (Dianella caerulea),
White root (Pratia purpurascens), Bracken Fern (Pteridium
esculentum), Pastel Flower (Pseuderanthemum variabile), Bordered
Panic (Entolasia marginata) and Ottochloa gracillima.
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 1,292
Mainly restricted to Bongil Bongil National Park in coastal
foothills south from Sawtell and Toormina.
The distribution of this community is restricted to the Bongil
Bongil and Bonville area, occurring typically on low lying
metasediment hills. Common below about 70m elevation.
CH_WSF09Northern Escarpment Blackbutt - Apple Wet Ferny
Forest
A medium to tall open forest typically dominated by Blackbutt
(Eucalyptus pilularis) in the canopy. A number other canopy species
may be present and at times locally abundant. These commonly
include Smooth-barked Apple (Angophora costata) and Turpentine
(Syncarpia glomulifera). Less common species include Tallowwood (E.
microcorys), Red Mahogany (E. resinifera) and White Mahogany (E.
acmenoides). There is a mid layer of predominantly Forest Oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa) and Rose Myrtle (Archirhodomyrtus
beckleri). The ground layer is moist with a mix of grasses and
ferns. The main species are Soft Bracken (Calochlaena dubia),
Spiny-headed Mat- rush (Lomandra longifolia), Blue Flax-lily
(Dianella caerulea), Bracken Fern (Pteridium esculentum), Creeping
Beard Grass (Oplismenus imbecillis) and Gristle Fern (Blechnum
cartilagineum).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 7,716
Widespread on escarpment ranges, coastal ranges and foothills.
Isolated occurrences west of the Eastern Dorrigo Plateau in Wild
Cattle Creek State Forest.
This community is widespread throughout the study area except
for the Bongil Bongil/ Bonville area where it is replaced by
CH_WSF08 (Southern Foothills Blackbutt - Turpentine - Tallowwood
Wet Ferny Forest). The distribution ranges from Wild Cattle Creek
State Forest in the west to the coastal foothills in the east (from
Sawtell through to Sandy Beach). More isolated occurrences further
north include around Station Creek (in Yuraygir National Park) and
at Red Ridge along the Coast Range. Most common below about 500m
elevation.
CH_WSF10
Hinterland and Escarpment Tallowwood - Blackbutt - Blue Gum Wet
Ferny Forest
A tall moist open forest with a mix of canopy species. Coastal
Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), Tallowwood (Eucalyptus
microcorys), Sydney Blue Gum (Eucalyptus saligna) and Turpentine
(Syncarpia glomulifera) are the main canopy species with others
such as Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus), Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus
grandis) and Small-fruited Grey Gum (Eucalyptus propinqua)
occurring less often. A moderately dense mid stratum of Forest Oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa), Jackwood (Cryptocarya glaucescens) and
Rose Myrtle (Archirhodomyrtus beckleri) is usually present. A moist
ground layer is dominated by Gristle Fern (Blechnum cartilagineum),
Soft Bracken (Calochlaena dubia), Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lomandra
longifolia) and Slender Palm Lily (Cordyline stricta).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 5,035
Widespread on Eastern Dorrigo Escarpment rim and slopes.
Isolated areas on the Dorrigo Plateau west to Wild Cattle Creek
area and east to Wedding Bells State Forest and Orara East State
Forest.
Widespread in the study area on soils of metasediment and
sedimentary origin, commonly below about 650m elevation.
CH_WSF11Foothills Spotted Gum - Mahogany - Grey Gum Wet Shrubby
Forest
A moist open forest with a canopy characterised by an increasing
dominance of Spotted Gum (Corymbia variegata). Thick-leaved
Mahogany (Eucalyptus carnea), Small-fruited Grey Gum (Eucalyptus
propinqua), Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia) and often with
associates such as Steel Box (Eucalyptus rummeryi) and Brush Box
(Lophostemon confertus). A mid stratum of Forest Oak (Allocasuarina
torulosa) is often present. Rainforest shrubs are often present
including Brown Myrtle (Choricarpia leptopetala), Muttonwood
(Myrsine variabilis) and Astrotricha latifolia. The ground layer is
comprised of mainly of Pastel Flower (Pseuderanthemum variabile)
and Palm Lily (Cordyline congesta).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 2,631
Coast Range and Glennifer Bonville Hills from Bagawa State
Forest north to Conglomerate State Forest
Found on sheltered aspects on intermediate and lower slopes on
moderately fertile soils. Commonly occurring on sediments and
metasediments of the Nana Creek, Madman’s Creek, Lower Bucca and
Newfoundland area. Common below about 500m elevation.
CH_WSF12 Brush Box Corkwood Forest on Sand
A tall open wet sclerophyll forest dominated by Brush Box
(Lophostemon confertus), Corkwood (Endiandra sieberi) and
occasionally associated with Smooth-barked Apple (Angophora
costata) occurring on Holocene and Pleistocene sand dunes. There
are large Coast Banksias (Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia)
and Old Man Banksias (Banksia serrata) present in the mid layer.
The understorey is dominated by Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lomandra
longifolia) and Bracken Fern (Pteridium esculentum).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 10
Red Rock - Corindi Road in Yuryaygir National Park and also in
Moonee Beach Nature Reserve
This community occurs north from Moonee Beach Nature Reserve to
Yuraygir National Park on dunes within about a kilometre of the
coast. Along the Corindi - Red Rock road this community is
restricted to a large Pleistocene Dune Ridge that rise to over 20
metres in height.
CH_WSF13 Dunns White Gum Wet Forest
A medium to tall open moist forest with a canopy usually
dominated by Dunn's White Gum (Eucalyptus dunnii) and Sydney Blue
Gum (Eucalyptus saligna). Tallowwood (Eucalyptus microcorys) and
Turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera) are common associates. The mid
stratum is often dense and characterised by Forest Oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa), Green Wattle (Acacia irrorata), Murrogun
(Cryptocarya microneura) and Water Gum (Tristaniopsis laurina). The
ground layer consists mainly of tussock grasses (Poa spp.), Gristle
Fern (Blechnum cartilagineum) and Prickly Rasp Fern (Doodia
aspera).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 128
Isolated occurrences near Mole Creek, in Wild Cattle Creek State
Forest south to Coopernook Creek on the Eastern Dorrigo
plateau.
This community is distributed on lower slopes and often along
creek lines in areas of metasedimentary geology in the hills and
ranges of the eastern Dorrigo plateau between Brooklana and Mole
Creek
CH_WSF14 Coastal Headland Red Gum Forest
Forest Red Gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) usually dominates the
canopy. Other trees sometimes locally abundant include Grey
Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia), Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca)
and Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus). This community is usually
found on metasedimentary hill slopes and riparian areas on
sheltered aspects of headlands. The mid layer comprises shrubs and
small trees such as Sweet Pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum),
Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) and the climbers Anchor Vine
(Palmeria scandens) and Lawyer Vine (Smilax australis). Basket
Grass (Oplismenus aemulus), Native Violet (Viola banksii) and Saw
Sedge (Gahnia aspera) are common ground layer species.
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 39
On coastal headlands from Sawtell north to Opal Cove.
The community occurs around metasedimentary headlands south from
Sapphire Beach to Bongil Bongil, usually within about a kilometre
from the coast.
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CL A SS 5 VEGETATIONMAPPING
16
Grasslands
Map Code Full name Description Class
Extant HA Distribution Habitat
CH_G01 Strandline Grassland
Often a very simple community in which Coastal Spinifex
(Spinifex sericeus) is abundant; other herbs and prostrate shrubs
include Pig Face (Carpobrotus glaucescens), Ipomoea brasiliensis
and the introduced Hydrocotyle bonariensis and American Sea Rocket
(Cakile edentula). There are also scattered shrubs of Coast Wattle
(Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae). At Red Rock Surf Beach the
stable areas that have been mapped are more species diverse and
contain Blue Fan Flower (Scaevola calendulacea), Prickly Couch
(Zoysia macrantha) and Club Rush (Ficinia nodosa).
Maritime Grasslands 30
Strandlines of sandy beaches and offshore islands.
A dynamic strandline grassland community that occupies sheltered
sections of beaches and creek mouths, and undergoes a reugular
expansion and contraction to its locations. The community expands
during periods of sand accretion, enabling sand binding plants to
colonise, and the community contracts in times of storm events.
CH_G02Maritime Grasslands - Offshore Islands
A maritime grassland community occupying offshore islands and
comprising a zonation of herbs, grasses and forbs influenced by
location on slope, exposure to salt spray and soil depth. Ice Plant
(Sesuvium portulacastrum), Ruby Saltmarsh (Enchylaena tomentosa),
Shore Spleenwort (Asplenium difforme), Sea Daisy (Melanthera
biflora), Sticky Cockspur flower (Plectranthus cremnus) and Pig
Face (Carpobrotus glaucescens) are most common on cliffs and steep
slopes. Prickly Couch (Zoysia macrantha), Dune Bean (Vigna marina)
and Sword Bean (Canavalia rosea) occur on gentle slopes on shallow
soils. On gentle slopes with deeper soils Flax Lily (Dianella
caerulea), (Dianella congesta), Weeping Meadow Grass (Microlaena
stipoides), Native Wandering Jew (Commelina cyanea), Variable
Groundsel (Senecio pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius), New Zealand
Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides) and Pennywort (Hydrocotyle
sibthorpioides) form a very dense cover (Floyd 1984).
Maritime Grasslands 8
Muttonbird Island and other Solitary Islands. Distributed on
offshore islands.
Map Code Full name Description Class
Extant HA Distribution Habitat
CH_WSF15Foothills Steel Box Brown Myrtle Wet Forest
A tall to very tall open forest with the overstorey dominated by
Small-fruited Grey Gum (Eucalyptus propinqua) and Steel Box (E.
rummeryi) with Turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), Tallowwood (E.
microcorys) and/or Spotted Gum (Corymbia variegata). There is a
very dense mid layer of small trees and shrubs with Brown Myrtle
(Choricarpia leptopetala) clearly dominant. Other frequently
occurring species include Acacia oshanesii, Native Rosella
(Hibiscus heterophyllus subsp. heterophyllus), Asterolasia
correifolia, Red Ash (Alphitonia excelsa) and Coast Canthium
(Cyclophyllum longipetalum). The prominent vines include Water Vine
(Cissus antarctica), Lawyer Vine (Smilax australis) and Sweet
Morinda (Morinda jasminoides). The ground layer is very sparse with
Rough Saw-sedge (Gahnia aspera), Variable Sword-sedge (Lepidosperma
laterale), Pastel Flower (Pseuderanthemum variabile) and Ottochloa
gracillima the only frequently occurring species.
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 557
Madmans Creek, Bagawa Creek State Forest and Nana Creek State
Forest.
This community occurs in sheltered mid to lower slopes and
creeklines in hilly terrain north-west of Coffs Harbour in the
Madman’s Creek area on shallow soils derived from sedimentary
substrates, often high in quartz.
CH_WSF16Escarpment White Mahogany Wet Shrubby Forest
A moist open forest dominated in the canopy by a variable mix of
White Mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides), Blue-leaved Stringybark (E.
agglomerata), Tallowwood (E. microcorys) and Turpentine (Syncarpia
glomulifera). A moderately dense mid stratum of Forest Oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa), Tree Heath (Trochocarpa laurina),
Scentless Rosewood (Synoum glandulosum), Blueberry Ash (Elaeocarpus
reticulatus) and Muttonwood (Myrsine variabilis) is present. The
ground layer is moderately sparse and is comprised mainly of
Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lomandra longifolia), Molucca Bramble (Rubus
moluccanus), Pastel Flower (Pseuderanthemum variabile) and Soft
Bracken (Calochlaena dubia).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 161
Sheltered lower slopes in Wild Cattle Creek State Forest
adjacent to Bobo River and Little Nymboida River. An outlying
example of this community occurs on Mt. Coramba.
This community is mainly restricted to the metasediment slopes
of Wild Cattle Creek State Forest near the junction of Little
Nymboida River and Bobo River. Generally this community occurs
above 300m and below 500m elevation.
CH_WSF17Foothills Turpentine - Grey Gum - Ironbark Moist Shrubby
Forest
A tall moist open forest with a diverse and variable canopy. The
more common canopy species are Small-fruited Grey Gum (Eucalyptus
propinqua), Tallowwood (Eucalyptus microcorys), Turpentine
(Syncarpia glomulifera), Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia),
White Mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides) and Brush Box (Lophostemon
confertus). Other occasionally common canopy species are Pink
Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) and Spotted Gum (Corymbia
variegata). There is usually a small tree/shrub layer of Forest Oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa), Mock Olive (Notelaea longifolia) and Tree
Heath (Trochocarpa laurina) present. The ground layer is moist and
consists of Rasp fern (Doodia aspera), Spiny-headed Mat Rush
(Lomandra longifolia), Wiry Panic (Entolasia stricta), Blady Grass
(Imperata cylindrica), Pastel Flower (Pseuderanthemum variabile)
and Settler’s Flax (Gymnostachys anceps). Many of the occurrences
of this community have been subjected to considerable disturbance.
Weeds such as Lantana (Lantana camara) and Broadleaf Paspalum
(Paspalum mandiocanum) are often abundant.
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 3,053
Lower slopes and foothills of the upper Orara Valley north from
Karangi. Very common on the Coast Range in Wedding Bells State
Forest with isolated occurences at Newfoundland State Forest and
also Moleton.
This community occurs on the moister sheltered and intermediate
mid and lower slopes on fine grained sediments of the Coast Range.
Common north of Karangi and below about 300m elevation.
CH_WSF18Escarpment New England Blackbutt Wet Ferny Forest
The community is characterised by the association of New England
Blackbutt (Eucalyptus campanulata) with Blackbutt (Eucalyptus
pilularis) and Thick-leaved Mahogany (Eucalyptus carnea). The mid
layer varies from a warm temperate rainforest to wet sclerophyll
forest with Forest Oak (Allocasuarina torulosa), Black Wattle
(Callicoma serratifolia), Coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum),
Forest Maple (Cryptocarya rigida), Blueberry Ash (Elaeocarpus
reticulatus) and Tree Heath (Trochocarpa laurina) being the main
species. The ground layer consists mainly of Gristle Fern (Blechnum
cartilagineum), Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lomandra longifolia) and
Soft Bracken (Calochlaena dubia).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 635
Located primarily on steep upper slopes of the Orara and Dorrigo
Escarpment rim with scattered occurrences on undulating hills on
the Bobo Plateau in the Eve Creek area.
A tall to very tall wet sclerophyll forest located primarily on
steep upper slopes of the Orara and Dorrigo Escarpments with
scattered occurrences on undulating hills on the Bobo Plateau
between Ulong and Lowanna.
Wet Sclerophyll Forest (continued)
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17
Map Code Full name Description Class
Extant HA Distribution Habitat
CH_G01 Strandline Grassland
Often a very simple community in which Coastal Spinifex
(Spinifex sericeus) is abundant; other herbs and prostrate shrubs
include Pig Face (Carpobrotus glaucescens), Ipomoea brasiliensis
and the introduced Hydrocotyle bonariensis and American Sea Rocket
(Cakile edentula). There are also scattered shrubs of Coast Wattle
(Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae). At Red Rock Surf Beach the
stable areas that have been mapped are more species diverse and
contain Blue Fan Flower (Scaevola calendulacea), Prickly Couch
(Zoysia macrantha) and Club Rush (Ficinia nodosa).
Maritime Grasslands 30
Strandlines of sandy beaches and offshore islands.
A dynamic strandline grassland community that occupies sheltered
sections of beaches and creek mouths, and undergoes a reugular
expansion and contraction to its locations. The community expands
during periods of sand accretion, enabling sand binding plants to
colonise, and the community contracts in times of storm events.
CH_G02Maritime Grasslands - Offshore Islands
A maritime grassland community occupying offshore islands and
comprising a zonation of herbs, grasses and forbs influenced by
location on slope, exposure to salt spray and soil depth. Ice Plant
(Sesuvium portulacastrum), Ruby Saltmarsh (Enchylaena tomentosa),
Shore Spleenwort (Asplenium difforme), Sea Daisy (Melanthera
biflora), Sticky Cockspur flower (Plectranthus cremnus) and Pig
Face (Carpobrotus glaucescens) are most common on cliffs and steep
slopes. Prickly Couch (Zoysia macrantha), Dune Bean (Vigna marina)
and Sword Bean (Canavalia rosea) occur on gentle slopes on shallow
soils. On gentle slopes with deeper soils Flax Lily (Dianella
caerulea), (Dianella congesta), Weeping Meadow Grass (Microlaena
stipoides), Native Wandering Jew (Commelina cyanea), Variable
Groundsel (Senecio pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius), New Zealand
Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides) and Pennywort (Hydrocotyle
sibthorpioides) form a very dense cover (Floyd 1984).
Maritime Grasslands 8
Muttonbird Island and other Solitary Islands. Distributed on
offshore islands.
Map Code Full name Description Class
Extant HA Distribution Habitat
CH_WSF15Foothills Steel Box Brown Myrtle Wet Forest
A tall to very tall open forest with the overstorey dominated by
Small-fruited Grey Gum (Eucalyptus propinqua) and Steel Box (E.
rummeryi) with Turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), Tallowwood (E.
microcorys) and/or Spotted Gum (Corymbia variegata). There is a
very dense mid layer of small trees and shrubs with Brown Myrtle
(Choricarpia leptopetala) clearly dominant. Other frequently
occurring species include Acacia oshanesii, Native Rosella
(Hibiscus heterophyllus subsp. heterophyllus), Asterolasia
correifolia, Red Ash (Alphitonia excelsa) and Coast Canthium
(Cyclophyllum longipetalum). The prominent vines include Water Vine
(Cissus antarctica), Lawyer Vine (Smilax australis) and Sweet
Morinda (Morinda jasminoides). The ground layer is very sparse with
Rough Saw-sedge (Gahnia aspera), Variable Sword-sedge (Lepidosperma
laterale), Pastel Flower (Pseuderanthemum variabile) and Ottochloa
gracillima the only frequently occurring species.
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 557
Madmans Creek, Bagawa Creek State Forest and Nana Creek State
Forest.
This community occurs in sheltered mid to lower slopes and
creeklines in hilly terrain north-west of Coffs Harbour in the
Madman’s Creek area on shallow soils derived from sedimentary
substrates, often high in quartz.
CH_WSF16Escarpment White Mahogany Wet Shrubby Forest
A moist open forest dominated in the canopy by a variable mix of
White Mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides), Blue-leaved Stringybark (E.
agglomerata), Tallowwood (E. microcorys) and Turpentine (Syncarpia
glomulifera). A moderately dense mid stratum of Forest Oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa), Tree Heath (Trochocarpa laurina),
Scentless Rosewood (Synoum glandulosum), Blueberry Ash (Elaeocarpus
reticulatus) and Muttonwood (Myrsine variabilis) is present. The
ground layer is moderately sparse and is comprised mainly of
Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lomandra longifolia), Molucca Bramble (Rubus
moluccanus), Pastel Flower (Pseuderanthemum variabile) and Soft
Bracken (Calochlaena dubia).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 161
Sheltered lower slopes in Wild Cattle Creek State Forest
adjacent to Bobo River and Little Nymboida River. An outlying
example of this community occurs on Mt. Coramba.
This community is mainly restricted to the metasediment slopes
of Wild Cattle Creek State Forest near the junction of Little
Nymboida River and Bobo River. Generally this community occurs
above 300m and below 500m elevation.
CH_WSF17Foothills Turpentine - Grey Gum - Ironbark Moist Shrubby
Forest
A tall moist open forest with a diverse and variable canopy. The
more common canopy species are Small-fruited Grey Gum (Eucalyptus
propinqua), Tallowwood (Eucalyptus microcorys), Turpentine
(Syncarpia glomulifera), Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia),
White Mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides) and Brush Box (Lophostemon
confertus). Other occasionally common canopy species are Pink
Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) and Spotted Gum (Corymbia
variegata). There is usually a small tree/shrub layer of Forest Oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa), Mock Olive (Notelaea longifolia) and Tree
Heath (Trochocarpa laurina) present. The ground layer is moist and
consists of Rasp fern (Doodia aspera), Spiny-headed Mat Rush
(Lomandra longifolia), Wiry Panic (Entolasia stricta), Blady Grass
(Imperata cylindrica), Pastel Flower (Pseuderanthemum variabile)
and Settler’s Flax (Gymnostachys anceps). Many of the occurrences
of this community have been subjected to considerable disturbance.
Weeds such as Lantana (Lantana camara) and Broadleaf Paspalum
(Paspalum mandiocanum) are often abundant.
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 3,053
Lower slopes and foothills of the upper Orara Valley north from
Karangi. Very common on the Coast Range in Wedding Bells State
Forest with isolated occurences at Newfoundland State Forest and
also Moleton.
This community occurs on the moister sheltered and intermediate
mid and lower slopes on fine grained sediments of the Coast Range.
Common north of Karangi and below about 300m elevation.
CH_WSF18Escarpment New England Blackbutt Wet Ferny Forest
The community is characterised by the association of New England
Blackbutt (Eucalyptus campanulata) with Blackbutt (Eucalyptus
pilularis) and Thick-leaved Mahogany (Eucalyptus carnea). The mid
layer varies from a warm temperate rainforest to wet sclerophyll
forest with Forest Oak (Allocasuarina torulosa), Black Wattle
(Callicoma serratifolia), Coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum),
Forest Maple (Cryptocarya rigida), Blueberry Ash (Elaeocarpus
reticulatus) and Tree Heath (Trochocarpa laurina) being the main
species. The ground layer consists mainly of Gristle Fern (Blechnum
cartilagineum), Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lomandra longifolia) and
Soft Bracken (Calochlaena dubia).
North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest 635
Located primarily on steep upper slopes of the Orara and Dorrigo
Escarpment rim with scattered occurrences on undulating hills on
the Bobo Plateau in the Eve Creek area.
A tall to very tall wet sclerophyll forest located primarily on
steep upper slopes of the Orara and Dorrigo Escarpments with
scattered occurrences on undulating hills on the Bobo Plateau
between Ulong and Lowanna.
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CL A SS 5 VEGETATIONMAPPING
18
Dry Sclerophyll ForestMap Code Full name Description Class
Extant HA Distribution Habitat
CH_DOF01 Coast and Escarpment Blackbutt Dry Forest
A tall open forest characterised by an open canopy of Blackbutt
(Eucalyptus pilularis). Other species that co-dominate may include
some or all of the following species; Red Mahogany (Eucalyptus
resinifera subsp. hemilampra), Scribbly Gum (Eucalyptus signata),
Turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia
intermedia) and Tallowwood (Eucalyptus microcorys). The understory
is predominantly grassy and/or ferny and can vary from a heathy to
a dry shrubby species composition. A range of other canopy species
may be present as associated species and include Smooth-barked
Apple (Angophora costata), Blue Gum (Eucalyptus saligna) and
Small-fruited Grey Gum (Eucalyptus propinqua). An open middle small
tree layer is present and may include Black She-oak (Allocasuarina
littoralis), Forest Oak (Allocasuarina