Coeur d’Alene Lake Management Plan A Landowner’s Guide to ......Jan 28, 2009 · This page intentionally left blank for correct double-sided printing. Coeur d’Alene Lake Management

Coeur d’Alene Lake Management Plan

A Landowner’s Guide to Protecting Water Quality

Avery Owens

Brayden Lloyd

Ethan Schwegel

Helenna O’Brien

Ian Gifford

Ian McClure

Jaya Miller

Kate DuCoeur

Kessler Johnson

Lubava Fedoseyev

Lydia Howard

Mary Morse

Tubbs Hill in Three Views: The Story Behind the Project

In May 2011, the 2nd and 3rd grade classes at Sorensen Magnet School spent a full day on Tubbs Hill. They rotated be-

tween four stations, learning about native plants, native animals, conservation, and nature drawing, The next day, local

artist Jessica L. Bryant (who also taught the drawing segment) came to the school for an artist-in-residence project. She

worked with twelve 2nd and 3rd graders, three from each class, to paint landscapes of Tubbs Hill. The kids worked from

Jessica’s photography of three different views from Tubbs Hill. They worked together in groups of four, all painting the

same view. Jessica focused on teaching value and color, helping the students learn to really see what they were looking

at. The finished paintings were used to generate a compilation poster showing all 12 pieces. The paintings are arranged

by class. The top two rows are the 2nd grade classes; the bottom two rows are the 3rd grade classes. They had just two

hours of painting time together spread over two days. The kids showed remarkable focus and dedication to their artwork,

and the results are spectacular!

Posters are for sale through Sorensen for $15 each.

A special thanks to Sorensen Magnet School for allowing us to use these students’ artwork on the cover:

Coeur d’Alene Basin

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Sponsored by

The Coeur d’Alene Lake Management Plan

State of Idaho, Department of Environmental Quality

and the

Coeur d’Alene Tribe

Molly McMahon, Editor

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March 2013

This page intentionally left blank for correct double-sided printing.

Coeur d’Alene Lake Management Plan - Lake*A*Syst Manual: IDEQ (208) 769-1422 and the CDA Tribe (208) 667-5772

Acknowledgements

The initial Lake*A*Syst program in north Idaho was developed for Priest Lake in 2000 by Glen Rothrockof the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (IDEQ) and Lance Holloway of the Idaho Associationof Soil Conservation Districts (IASCD). The program was sponsored under the IDEQ Priest LakeManagement Plan. In 2005, a Pend Oreille program was developed by Gary Parker, Lake*A*SystCoordinator with the Bonner Soil and Water Conservation District. In 2008, a Hauser Lake program wasinitiated by the Hauser Lake Watershed Coalition and Kootenai Shoshone Soil and Water ConservationDistrict. In 2009, the Lake*A*Syst material was updated for Priest Lake by Molly McCahon,Lake*A*Syst Coordinator with the Bonner Soil and Water Conservation District.

Development of the north Idaho Lake*A*Syst program included important contributions fromgovernment agency representatives, private organizations, and many community members. Contributinggroups included: the U.S. Department of Agriculture - Forest Service, Natural Resources ConservationService, Panhandle Lakes Resource Conservation and Development Council, IDEQ, Idaho Department ofLands, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Idaho State Department of Agriculture, University of IdahoExtension, Panhandle Health District, Pend Oreille Basin Commission, Bonner County, Kootenai County,Bonner Soil and Water Conservation District, Kootenai-Shoshone Soil and Water Conservation District,IASCD, City of Hauser, Hauser Lake Watershed Coalition, Tri-State Water Quality Council, Lake PendOreille Nearshore Total Maximum Daily Load Committee, and involved citizens from the communities ofPriest Lake, Pend Oreille Lake, and Hauser Lake.

The Lake*A*Syst program for the Coeur d’Alene Lake Basin was developed according to the Coeurd’Alene Lake Management Plan (LMP), a water quality plan finalized in 2009 and jointly implementedby the Coeur d’Alene Tribe and IDEQ. LMP staff contracted through the Bonner Soil and WaterConservation District to have Molly McCahon (an employee of IASCD) customize and update existingLake*A*Syst materials for the Coeur d’Alene Lake Basin. We gratefully acknowledge Molly for herexcellent work and experience in developing the materials that comprise this manual for home and landowners in the basin. Thank you, Molly, for your patience with the uncountable comments and editingsuggestions that came your way by LMP staff members.

Idaho Department of Environmental QualityCoeur d’Alene Regional Office2110 Ironwood ParkwayCoeur d’Alene, Idaho 83814(208) 769-1422

Coeur d’Alene TribeLake Management Department424 Sherman Ave., Suite 306Coeur d’Alene, Idaho 83814(208) 667-5772

Front Cover Design: Watercolor prints from students of Sorensen Elementary School, Coeur d’AleneBack Cover Design: Coeur d’Alene Tribe GIS Department

Printed on recycled paper, DEQ and Coeur d’AleneTribe, March 2013. DEQ costs associated with thispublication (PID LMPI, CA 12244) are available from theState of Idaho Department of Environmental Quality inaccordance with Section 60-202, Idaho Code.




Introduction to Lake*A*Syst

Lake*A*Syst is an assessment program designed to assist shoreline property owners in making well-informed decisions about property management. Although the information in this manual is tailored toproperty owners along Coeur d’Alene Lake and surrounding streams and rivers, much of the informationis applicable to anyone concerned with protecting our water resources: business owners, foresters,ranchers, decision-makers, and other community members. Water quality is a shared responsibility.While point source pollution is addressed through federal and state regulations, we rely on our entirecommunity to address nonpoint source pollution that continues to have enormous impacts on ournation’s waters.

This manual consists of 11 sections, each addressing a specific topic. Each section is divided into twoparts: an information section and an assessment section for you to fill out. Not every section will beapplicable to your situation, but taken individually, they contain a great deal of information to assist youin becoming an informed steward of the land and water. Each section includes a Resource Directory ofprofessionals from local, state, federal, and non-profit organizations. Most of these agencies exist toassist landowners, and many provide on-site assistance. We encourage you to use these resources, inaddition to other organizations and companies you may be familiar with, to help guide your landmanagement decisions.

How to use this manual:

1. Read the facts and information at the beginning of each section. Terms in bold italics are definedin the glossary.

2. Consider how the best management practices (BMPs) described can be implemented on yourproperty.

3. Use the risk assessment worksheet(s) at the end of each section to analyze your property’sspecific needs.

4. Use the action worksheet at the end of each section to make a plan to reduce your risks.

5. Refer to the resource directory in each section for assistance on implementing your plan.Appendix B provides a compilation of the resource directories.

Thank you for doing your part to protect our valuable natural resources.




Table of Contents

Section:

1. Stormwater Runoff ManagementWhy is Stormwater Runoff a Problem? ......................................................1-1Our Responsibility ......................................................................................1-1Minimizing Stormwater Runoff ..................................................................1-2Reducing Pollutants in Runoff ....................................................................1-5Resource Directory......................................................................................1-8Risk Assessment Worksheets......................................................................1-9Action Worksheet .....................................................................................1-11

2. Lawn and Garden ManagementWhy are Lawns and Gardens a Potential Problem? ....................................2-1Vegetative Buffers ......................................................................................2-2Easy Care Lawns.........................................................................................2-2Garden Wisely.............................................................................................2-5Proper Debris Disposal ...............................................................................2-6Soil Stabilization .........................................................................................2-7Resource Directory......................................................................................2-8Risk Assessment Worksheets......................................................................2-9Action Worksheet .....................................................................................2-11

3. Safe Drinking WaterIs Your Drinking Water Safe?.....................................................................3-1Drinking Water Sources..............................................................................3-1Protect Your Drinking Water ......................................................................3-2Resource Directory......................................................................................3-7Risk Assessment Worksheets......................................................................3-8Action Worksheet .....................................................................................3-11

4. Household Wastewater TreatmentIntroduction to Septic Systems....................................................................4-1Alternative Treatment Systems ...................................................................4-2Why Worry About Wastewater? .................................................................4-3Installing a Septic System ...........................................................................4-4Maintaining Septic Systems........................................................................4-5Septic System Failure..................................................................................4-6Conserve Water! .........................................................................................4-7Items That Don’t Go Down the Drain.........................................................4-7Resource Directory......................................................................................4-8Risk Assessment Worksheets......................................................................4-9Action Worksheet .....................................................................................4-12

5. Household Hazardous WastesWhy are Hazardous Household Products a Problem?.................................5-1Product Disposal .........................................................................................5-2Safe Storage ................................................................................................5-3Petroleum Storage .......................................................................................5-4


Table of Contents (cont.)

Section 5 - Household Hazardous Wastes (cont.)

Storage Tanks—Above-ground, Underground, and Basement...................5-4Controlling Road Dust ................................................................................5-6Resource Directory......................................................................................5-7Risk Assessment Worksheets......................................................................5-8Action Worksheet .....................................................................................5-10

6. New ConstructionWhy is New Construction a Concern? ........................................................6-1Pre-Construction Site Planning ...................................................................6-3During Construction....................................................................................6-4Sediment Control - Sedimentation ..............................................................6-6Resource Directory......................................................................................6-9Risk Assessment Worksheets....................................................................6-10Action Worksheet .....................................................................................6-12

7. Access Roads and Driveway RunoffWhy are Roads an Issue? ............................................................................7-1Quality Construction - The Bottom Line ....................................................7-1Road Design and Layout.............................................................................7-2During Construction....................................................................................7-3Drainage Improvement Methods.................................................................7-4Ditch Design ...............................................................................................7-7Culvert Design for Stream Crossings and Fish Passage..............................7-8Routine Road Maintenance .......................................................................7-11Resource Directory....................................................................................7-12Risk Assessment Worksheet .....................................................................7-13Action Worksheet .....................................................................................7-14

8. Riparian, Pasture, and Forest ManagementDo Riparian, Pasture, and Forested Areas need Protection?.......................8-1Riparian Management .................................................................................8-1General Planting Guide for Riparian Areas and Vegetative Buffers ..........8-4Pasture Management ...................................................................................8-6Forest Management.....................................................................................8-8Resource Directory....................................................................................8-12Risk Assessment Worksheets....................................................................8-14Action Worksheet .....................................................................................8-17

9. Aquatic Invasive SpeciesWhat are Aquatic Invasive Species? ...........................................................9-1Why Are They Here? ..................................................................................9-1Why Do We Care? ......................................................................................9-1What Can You Do? .....................................................................................9-2Prevention ...................................................................................................9-3Early Detection, Rapid Response................................................................9-5Control Methods .........................................................................................9-6Eurasian Watermilfoil .................................................................................9-8


Table of Contents (cont.)

Section 9 - Aquatic Invasive Species (cont.)

Curlyleaf Pondweed ....................................................................................9-9Brazilian Elodea ........................................................................................9-10Hydrilla .....................................................................................................9-11Parrotfeather Milfoil..................................................................................9-12Yellow Floating Heart...............................................................................9-13Common Reed...........................................................................................9-14Flowering Rush .........................................................................................9-15Purple Loosestrife .....................................................................................9-16Yellow Flag Iris ........................................................................................9-17Quagga and Zebra Mussels .......................................................................9-18Crayfish.....................................................................................................9-20Asian Clam................................................................................................9-21Didymo......................................................................................................9-22Resource Directory....................................................................................9-23Risk Assessment Worksheet .....................................................................9-24Action Worksheet .....................................................................................9-25

10. Boating and RecreationPlay Smart .................................................................................................10-1Personal Watercraft ...................................................................................10-1Boat Sewage and Waste ............................................................................10-2Boat Maintenance and Operations ............................................................10-3Aquatic Invasive Species ..........................................................................10-3No-Wake Zones Prevent Erosion..............................................................10-4Recreation Along the Shoreline ................................................................10-4Off-Road Vehicles ....................................................................................10-4Resource Directory....................................................................................10-5Risk Assessment Worksheet .....................................................................10-6Action Worksheet .....................................................................................10-7

11. Heavy MetalsHistoric Mining .........................................................................................11-1Nutrient Effects on Heavy Metals.............................................................11-2Drinking Water .........................................................................................11-3Health Effects of Metals............................................................................11-4Fish Consumption Advisory for Coeur d’Alene Lake ..............................11-5Institutional Controls Program..................................................................11-6Protection and Prevention .........................................................................11-6Resource Directory....................................................................................11-7Risk Assessment Worksheet .....................................................................11-8Action Worksheet .....................................................................................11-9

Appendix A: Glossary of Key Terms

Appendix B: Master Resource Directory

Appendix C: Citations




Why is Stormwater Runoff aProblem?Stormwater runoff is the flow of water from rain ormelting snow that does not soak into the ground due toimpervious surfaces. Under natural forested condi-tions, stormwater is absorbed into the ground, but asan area becomes developed or altered with structures,roads, and driveways, less water is absorbed into thesoil. Not only does this disrupt the entire water cycle,it increases the amount of water that needs to be di-verted (Figure 1-1).

Increased runoff is generally channeled into ditches,storm sewers, and road gullies, which often lead tolakes, rivers, and streams. Runoff picks up and carriespollutants such as fertilizers, pesticides, petroleum,heavy metals, and hazardous waste products. Themovement of these materials into surface water createsa number of problems, including excess aquatic plantand algae growth; low dissolved oxygen (used up bydecaying plants); negative impacts to fish, wildlife,and recreation; degraded spawning beds; and murkywater. Runoff that is not diverted flows overland andunmanaged, creates problems such as drinking wellcontamination, flooding, and erosion (Figure 1-2).

Our ResponsibilityOur region is widely known for its world class fish-ing, immense beauty, and good water quality, whichmake it a popular destination for people worldwide.However, increased waterfront development raisesconcerns about how to maintain the good water quali-ty we currently enjoy. If you live on the waterfrontyou have a special responsibility and opportunity toprevent water pollution. One important action totake on your property is the control of stormwaterrunoff. Homeowners are responsible for stormwaterretention or discharge from their property. Yourproperty alone is probably not a significant source ofpollution, but the cumulative effect of numerousproperties can have a substantial impact on waterquality.

SECTION 1

STORMWATER RUNOFF MANAGEMENT

This fact sheet addresses the impacts stormwater runoff has on water quality and how you can make a differ-ence with Best Management Practices (BMPs). BMPs are actions you can take to protect our natural re-sources. The ultimate goal of this information is to minimize the negative impacts of stormwater runoffto lakes, rivers, and streams.

1. Read the facts and information in the following pages.2. Fill out the risk assessment worksheets (p. 1-9) in order to analyze your property's specific needs.3. Fill out the action worksheet (p. 1-11), then take action!

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Figure 1-1. Improperly placed sediment controls al-low polluted stormwater runoff into storm drain whichflows directly to surface water.

Figure 1-2. May 2008 photo taken by EPA of flood plumeat mouth of Coeur d’Alene River. Flood events carry thou-sands of tons of sediment and polluted runoff into Coeurd’Alene Lake.


Minimizing Stormwater Runoff

Traditionally, the objective of stormwater manage-ment has been to transport runoff as quickly as possi-ble through the drainage system to prevent floodingand protect lives and property. Years of research nowshows how contaminated stormwater negatively af-fects public health and wildlife habitat. New practic-es encourage decreasing runoff rather than merelydiverting it.

Reducing the amount of impervious surface on yourproperty and directing runoff into an area where watercan infiltrate are the best ways to minimize runoff.Ideally, stormwater should move slowly and absorbinto the ground. Impervious surfaces are hardenedsurfaces that don’t allow water to pass through. Thesesurfaces include roofs, sidewalks, carports, roads,driveways, and patios (Figure 1-3). As you lookaround your property for stormwater problems, re-member that you may not see the impacts created bystormwater coming off your property. Water fromyour land may quickly run off your driveway, alongthe curb, into a clogged culvert, and flood a road twomiles down. In other words, everyone needs to dotheir part. If you reduce stormwater coming off yourproperty, the entire drainage system will have lesswater to manage.

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Consider stormwater and how it affects your property;walk your property during a heavy rainstorm, andwatch where the water drains. Look for areas of ero-sion, potential flooding and water draining directly tosurface water.

If you have an existing house and landscape, reviewthe BMPs outlined in this section to address anystormwater runoff issues discovered while evaluatingyour property.

If you are in the development phase, a general step-by-step process is recommended for property locatednear waterbodies, on steep slopes or gradients, and onland with highly erodible soils. Begin with a qualitysite plan for pre-construction, construction, and post-construction. Use BMPs, and routinely practice pol-lution prevention. For more information on site plan-ning and stormwater management, read Section 6,New Construction. Numerous online and communityresources are available (see Resource Directory, p. 1-8).

Figure 1-3. Percentage of impervious surface related to infiltration rates following a 3-inch rain storm.


1-3

Buildings and Landscapes

For buildings and landscapes, use the followingBMPs:

Limit paving, compacted dirt and covered areas.

Use permeable pavers, flagstones, river rock orplanted ground covers on patios, walkways andareas around buildings (Figure 1-4).

Limit clearing and grading on slopes.

Minimize cut and fill for roads, sidewalks, andfootpaths to reduce erosion and still provide access.

Preserve existing vegetation. Only disturb areasthat are absolutely necessary for structures and ac-cess.

Do not compact or pave wasted space such as cor-ners near buildings that are not large enough forparking or driving.

Use steps when a walkway must go directly up anddown a slope, particularly near the shoreline.

Install a rainwater catchment system to collect andreuse water for irrigation. In this region, a 2,000square foot (ft²) roof could easily generate over41,000 gallons of water a year (Figure 1-5).

Install rain gutters and keep them free of debris.Place a rain garden below a downspout instead ofconcrete (Figure 1-6).

Use native plants in your landscape, especially as abuffer around surface water. Native plants are verylow maintenance.

If you are building a new house or garage, considerpositioning rooftops so they are perpendicular tothe slope.

To reduce erosion, avoid creating walking pathsstraight down slopes. Compacted soil on footpathsalso promotes excessive runoff.

Figure 1-6. A rain garden installed below a down-spout.

Figure 1-4. Decorative permeable pavers.

Figure 1-5. Rain barrel installed below rain spout.


Roads, Driveways, and Ditches

Keep culverts unplugged (Figure 1-7); keep drain-age ditches deep and vegetated or rock-filled(Figure 1-8); and keep cut banks (above slope), andfill banks (below slope) from eroding by establish-ing vegetation.

Minimize semi-impervious and impervious surfac-es. Use permeable alternatives wherever possible(Figure 1-9).

Incorporate a good gravel base into your privateroads and driveways rather than compacted dirt.

Locate driveways and all walkways away fromslopes because steeper slopes have greater erosionpotential; if you must cross a hillside, follow thecontour of the slope.

Minimize road crossings over waterways and crossat a right angle to the stream if possible.

Sweep paved parking areas and walkways, insteadof washing them down with a hose, to prevent sedi-ment, salt, and petroleum products from washingoff in runoff. Cover stockpiles of salt, sand, or soilwith a tarp or store them in a building.

Use roadside areas covered with grass for runoffand snow storage instead of impervious and semi-impervious surfaces.

Install water bars, rolling dips, trench drains, orother diversion methods on sloping roads anddriveways to slow and divert runoff (Figure 1-10).For diversion techniques, see Section 7, AccessRoads and Driveway Runoff.

Use existing natural drainage systems such as val-leys or other low areas instead of digging newditches.

Design culverts and drainage structures to handleexcessive amounts of runoff. Assistance is availa-ble from numerous public agencies (see ResourceDirectory, p. 1-8).

Figure 1-10. Decorative trench drain in driveway directsrunoff to vegetative landscaping for infiltration.

Figure 1-9. Permeable pavers ondriveway allow stormwater to infil-trate.

Figure 1-7. The result of an undersized/clogged ditch.

Figure 1-8. Recommended ditch design.

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Reducing Pollutants in Runoff

Stormwater is unavoidable, but its impacts can bereduced by keeping harmful chemicals and unwantedmaterials out of runoff. Pollution prevention is theeasiest way to keep the Coeur d’Alene Basin safe,clean, and inviting. Sources for concern are baresoils, roads, driveways, and yards. Stormwater andsnowmelt collect and transport the following pollu-tants to surface and/or ground water:

Nutrients - Phosphorus and/or nitrogen from fertiliz-ers, detergents, or animal wastes.

Bacteria and viruses - Human and animal wastes.

Litter - Glass, plastics, etc.

Organic chemicals - Pesticides and petroleum.

Heavy metals - Lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, and cad-mium that are usually associated with sediments.

Sediment - Combination of silt/clay with chemicallybound phosphorus, forest duff, stones, sand, gravel,seed, metals, and other fine residues.

Why is Phosphorus a Problem?

Phosphorus can negatively impact lake waterquality because it is a limiting nutrient to plants.Additions of phosphorus above natural levels canaccelerate algae and other aquatic plant growth(eutrophication), which depletes dissolved oxy-gen (Figure 1-11). When this plant material breaksdown, it uses the dissolved oxygen in water.Overall phosphorus concentrations in Coeurd’Alene Lake are low, but in areas of dense resi-dential development along the shoreline, phospho-rus concentrations can be higher than in undevel-oped areas.

Lawn and Garden Care

Lawns and gardens near the shore must be carefullyplanned and maintained to prevent possible contami-nation to stormwater runoff. Grass clippings, excessfertilizer, and other yard wastes will wash away dur-ing storm events. Excess fertilizer will add nitrogenand phosphorus to lakes, rivers, and streams promot-ing algae and aquatic weed growth (see Section 2,Lawn and Garden Management).

Avoid applying fertilizers and pesticides at least 25feet from lakes, rivers, and streams.

Don’t fertilize if you don’t need to. Get a soil testkit to determine whether you need fertilizer. Thiscould save you money.\

Choose a fertilizer with little to no phosphorus.Turf rarely needs additional phosphorus. Checkphosphorus levels in your soil.

Native vegetation is a quality alternative to cul-tured lawns and landscapes. Native plants do notneed additional fertilizers or water; they take careof themselves.

Animal Wastes

Animal droppings can be troublesome in two ways.First, pet and livestock wastes contain nutrients thatcan promote the growth of algae in lakes, rivers, andstreams. Second, wastes can be a source of disease.The risk of stormwater contamination increases if petwastes are allowed to accumulate in animal pen areasor left on lawns, roads, or driveways where runoffcan carry them to surface water. Reduce the risk ofcontamination by manure associated with dogs, cats,cattle, horses, or waterfowl by disposing of it upland.

If animal manure is stacked, it should not be locat-ed within 150 feet of a water body. Always divertrunoff from manure stacks toward a vegetated areafor filtration. Covering manure piles is a great so-lution to prevent manure runoff.

Apply stacked manure, once it is fully composted,to make effective use of fertilizers.

Don’t let dog waste accumulate in one central area.Either give pets lots of space away from water orroutinely pick up waste and put it in the trash.

Keep livestock fenced out of lakes, rivers, andstreams.

Waterfowl prefer to be able to walk in and out ofthe water but dislike plants higher than 18”. Al-lowing plants to grow on the shore may reducenuisance geese and ducks and their waste.

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Figure 1-11. Eutrophication and metals release diagram.


Protecting and Creating VegetativeBuffers

Riparian zones are heavily vegetated areas surround-ing water bodies (Figure 1-12). The width of theseareas can vary, but the natural function is to stabilizesoil, filter pollutants, and provide fish and wildlifehabitat. These areas provide homes to many plantsand animals and are key components of lake, river,and stream environments. The thick vegetation re-duces erosion and filters out pollutants. Overhangingbranches provide shade and a source of insects andseeds. Riparian zones and vegetative buffers arequickly disappearing due to development along theshorelines (see Section 8, Riparian, Pasture, and For-est Management).

For new home and lot construction, retain a highpercentage of native shrubs and trees along theshoreline. As a guideline, remove no more than20% of the native vegetation for a walkway, beachaccess, and home safety (Figure 1-12).

For existing residential and business development,minimize disturbance in riparian zones along lakes,rivers, and streams. Leave native plants where pos-sible and choose species that require little mainte-nance. Check your county’s site disturbance ordi-nance for guidelines (see Resource Directory, p. 1-8).

Contact local nurseries, University of Ida-ho ,Extension/Master Gardeners, or the NativePlant Society for recommendations on native plantdesign in vegetative buffers (see Resource Directo-ry, p. 1-8).

Keep cattle and horses out of riparian zones. Largeanimals trample riparian vegetation and streambanks causing erosion.

Use Caution with Hazardous HouseholdProducts

Use safe housekeeping practices when storing, han-dling, and disposing of potentially harmful materialssuch as fertilizers, pesticides, cleaning solutions,paint products, automotive products, pharmaceuti-cals, fluorescent lights, and swimming pool and hottub chemicals (see Section 5, Hazardous Materials).

When possible use alternative products that arenon-toxic and environmentally friendly.

Do not dispose of household hazardous waste:–In the trash–Down storm drains–In creeks, streams, rivers, or lakes–Down sinks and toilets

Unused household hazardous wastes can be dis-posed of properly at recycling/transfer stations inKootenai County and Spokane County (see Re-source Directory, p. 1-8).

Change buying habits: purchase fewer products,and buy in appropriate quantities.

Store products above flood levels of basementsand storage sheds and off ground level.

Read and follow instructions on product labels.

Store products in their original containers, andkeep them well labeled.

Image courtesy of University of Minnesota

1-6

Figure 1-12. A vegetative buffer between water and up-land land use protects water quality.


Erosion and Sedimentation Prevention

If you are building a new house or structure, land-scaping, or putting in a new driveway or road, consid-er the effects of construction and other activities onnearby surface water. Bare soil is easily washed intonearby water. Excess soil in suspension, washes intonearby streams and buries coarse-sized channel sedi-ment that is necessary for fish spawning. Sedimentalso carries excess phosphorus into surface water.For more erosion prevention methods, read Section 6,New Construction.

Preserve existing vegetation whenever possible.Once vegetation is removed and soil is exposed, therate of erosion is greatly increased.

Cover bare soil immediately with layer of straw orother organic material (for hay or straw, use one 50pound bale per 500 ft²). This covering will helpkeep soil in place (Figure 1-14).

Replant disturbed areas as soon as possible.

When landscaping or building, stage constructionso that one area is stabilized before another area isdisturbed.

If you have rainspouts and gutters, direct the dis-charge to a grassy area, garden, or forest swale,where it can soak into the ground.

Avoid damaging adjacent property.

Design culverts and drainage structures to handleexcessive amounts of runoff.

Protect storm sewers from sedimentation so theycan carry stormwater as intended.

Inspect construction projects continually for poten-tial erosion issues. Inspect area immediately afterinstalling erosion control measures, following anysevere rainstorm, before reseeding, and when near-ing the completion of construction work.

Vehicle Use and Engine Maintenance

Cars and boats are a major source of pollutants suchas heavy metals, oil and grease, and other hydrocar-bons through exhaust, leaks, spills, corrosion, andwear and tear of parts. These pollutants are depositedon roadways and carried into receiving waters bystormwater runoff (Figure 1-13; see also Section 5,Household Hazardous Wastes).

Don’t spill. Use drip pans and draining boards tocapture oils and solvents, then depose of properly.

Use rags and dry absorbent materials like kitty lit-ter and baking soda to clean up spills, leaks, anddrips.

Clean up oil stains and avoid outdoor spills of anti-freeze, brake fluid, and other engine fluids.

Recycle unused fluids. Used oil, antifreeze, andcleaners can be taken to county recycling/transferstations (see Resource Directory, p. 1-8).

Never dump used oil, antifreeze, or gasoline downa storm drain, in a ditch, or on the ground. Thesewastes contain toxic compounds that can end up inthe lake and in drinking water.

Wash vehicles on the lawn or at a commercial carwash. Do not use cleaners that contain ammonia,chlorinated solvents, petroleum distillates, or lye.

Buy and use only nontoxic, phosphate-free, bio-degradable cleaners.

Routine maintenance of your vehicle and boathelps prevent oil leaks and ensures efficient fuelconsumption and clean exhaust.

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Figure 1-14. Straw mulch covering bare soil toprevent erosion.Figure 1-13. Vehicle oil going down storm

drain.


Resource Directory

Stormwater Runoff Management

Kootenai CountyCommunity Development(Planning and Building)451 Government WayCoeur d'Alene, ID 83814(208) 446-1000

Solid Waste and Hazardous MaterialsTransfer Stations(208) 446-1430www.kcgov.us/departments/solidwaste

Ramsey Transfer Station3650 Ramsey RoadCoeur d’Alene, ID 83815

Post Falls Transfer Station15580 W. Prairie AvenuePost Falls, ID 83854

Kootenai-ShoshoneSoil and Water Conservation District7830 Meadowlark Way, Suite C-1Coeur d'Alene, ID 83815(208) 762-4939 ext. 101

Benewah Soil and Water Conservation District900 E StreetPO Box 488Plummer, ID 83851(208) 686-1699

City of Coeur d'Alene Stormwater Utility710 E. Mullan AvenueCoeur d'Alene, ID 83814-3958(208) 769-2233

Lakes Highway District11341 N. Ramsey RoadHayden Lake, ID 83835(208) 772-7527

Idaho Department of Environmental QualityCoeur d’Alene Regional Office2110 Ironwood ParkwayCoeur d'Alene, ID 83814(208) 769-1422

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Coeur d'Alene Tribe -Lake Management Department

Coeur d’Alene Office424 Sherman Avenue, Suite 306Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814(208) 667-5772

Plummer Office850 A StreetPO Box 408Plummer, ID 83851(208) 686-5302

University of Idaho ExtensionMaster Gardeners and Plant Clinic

Kootenai County Extension1808 N. 3rd StreetCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 446-1680

Benewah County Extension701 College Avenue, Suite LL2St. Maries, ID 83861(208) 245-2422

Coeur d’Alene Reservation Extension402 Anne AntelopePlummer, ID 83851(208) 686-1716

Other Resources

Center for Watershed Protectionwww.cwp.org

Stormwater Manager’s Resource Centerwww.stormwatercenter.net

Kinnikinnick Native Plant Society, Inc.www.nativeplantsociety.org

Stormwater Erosion Education Program (SEEP)www.panhandleseep.org

StormwaterJournal for Surface Water Professionalswww.stormwater.org


LOW RISK MEDIUM RISK HIGH RISKYOURRISK

Automotive wastes I clean up all drips andspills, and recycle oiland fluids. I keep dirtycar parts and othervehicle wastes out ofrunoff.

I don’t clean up dripsand spills. I leave carparts and other vehi-cle wastes on theground.

I dump used oil, anti-freeze, and otherwastes in a ditch oronto the ground.

Low

Medium

High

Vehicle washing I wash my vehicleson a lawn or graveldrive with phosphate-free soap. I make surethat runoff is divertedto vegetated areas.

I wash my vehicles ata commercial carwash, but I don’tknow if the operationuses BMPs.

I wash my vehicles onan impervious surfaceand my runoff runsdirectly into a lake orstream. I don’t payattention to what kindof soap I use.

Low

Medium

High

Storing pesticidesand other chemi-cals

I store my chemicalsin waterproof contain-ers in a garage, shed,or basement that isprotected from storm-water.

My chemicals arestored in waterproofcontainers but withinreach of stormwater.

My chemicals arestored in non-waterproof containersoutdoors or withinreach of stormwater.

Low

Medium

High

Handling and us-ing pesticides, fer-tilizers, and otherchemicals

I immediately cleanup any spills. I usealternatives to chemi-cals whenever I can,and apply the chemi-cals I do use accordingto the label instruc-tions.

I use chemical appli-cations according tolabel instructions, butI don’t clean upspills.

I don’t clean up spills,and I use products inhigher amounts thanwhat the label recom-mends.

Low

Medium

High

Pet and animalwastes

I bury animal wastesaway from gardens,wells, or ditches; or Iput them in the gar-bage.

I leave animal wastesto decompose ongrass or soil, but thewastes are scatteredover a wide area.

I leave animal wasteson paved surfaces; ormy pet wastes are con-centrated in pen oryard areas; or I dumpthem in a ditch.

Low

Medium

High

Risk Assessment Worksheets

Stormwater Management Runoff

Assessment Worksheet 1 - Reducing Pollutants in Runoff

Use this assessment worksheet to identify potential environmental risks. For each question, indicate your risklevel in the right-hand column. Some choices may not correspond exactly to your situation. Choose the re-sponse that best fits. When finished, go to the Stormwater Runoff Management Action Worksheet on page 1-11and record your medium and high-risk practices. The goal is to lower your risks. Use the BMP recommenda-tions provided in this section to help you determine the best solution.

1-9



Bare soil, gardens,and constructionprojects

I seed any areas ofbare soil and top themwith a layer of mulch.I use sediment reten-tion barriers (strawwattles and silt fences)until vegetation is es-tablished.

I leave soil bare dur-ing construction, butI use natural featuresand vegetation toslow most runoff.

My soil is left bare.No natural features orsediment retentionbarriers are used toslow runoff.

Low

Medium

High

Impervious areas(rooftops, pavedsidewalks, drive-ways, and roads)

My landscape planminimizes paved sur-faces; pavers are usedinstead. I use vegetat-ed buffers to divertrunoff from impervi-ous surface areas toprevent drainage di-rectly to surface water.

I have some smallareas of my landpaved for patios.

A lot of surfaces onmy property are im-pervious to water.These areas also drainwater directly into alake, river, or stream.

Low

Medium

High

Roof drainage The downspouts onmy home direct roofdrainage onto mylawn, a rain garden, ora vegetated area.

Some of my home’sdownspouts dis-charge water ontopaved surfaces.

Most or all of thedownspouts on myhome discharge ontopaved or bare soil sur-faces.

Low

Medium

High

Landscaping andvegetative buffers

My yard is landscapedto slow the flow ofstormwater and to pro-vide areas where wa-ter soaks into theground. I have left athick vegetative bufferalong the shoreline.

My yard is relativelyflat with landscapingthat allows water tosoak in. I have somemowed grass or spot-ty vegetation adja-cent to my shoreline.

I have no landscapingto slow the flow ofstormwater. Steepslopes and shorelineon my property areeroding.

Low

Medium

High

Septic system I divert stormwaterrunoff away from mydrainfield.

Some stormwaterrunoff flows over myseptic drainfield butonly a small amount.

Stormwater runoffruns toward my septicdrainfield and satu-rates the ground.

Low

Medium

High

Assessment Worksheet 2 - Minimizing Runoff

Use this assessment worksheet to identify potential environmental risks. For each question, indicate your risklevel in the right-hand column. Some choices may not correspond exactly to your situation. Choose the re-sponse that best fits. When finished, go to the Stormwater Runoff Management Action Worksheet on page 1-11and record your medium and high-risk practices. The goal is to lower your risks. Use the BMP recommenda-tions provided in this section to help you determine the best solution.

1-10


Action Worksheet

Stormwater Runoff Management

Write all high and medium risksbelow.

What can you do to reduce the risks?Set a targetdate for action.

Sample: Stormwater drains off mydriveway toward a steep slope locat-ed adjacent to shoreline.

Install water bar or trench drain to redirectwater away from slope and into vegetatedarea.

Next week

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1-12


SECTION 2

LAWN AND GARDEN MANAGEMENT

Why are Lawns and Gardens aPotential Problem?

Lawn and gardening activities on the shoreline ofteninvolve fertilizing, weed and pest control, and soildisturbance. Soluble nutrients found in fertilizers arebeneficial to yards and gardens but can cause prob-lems when they enter surface water such as lakes,rivers, and streams. Nitrogen and phosphorus con-tribute to aquatic plant and algae growth, which de-pletes oxygen in the water, impedes water recreation,and is aesthetically unappealing (Figure 2-1). Lawnand garden pesticides can have a negative impact onthe health of humans, fish, and wildlife, if used incor-rectly. Keep in mind that many shoreline landownersand managers use surface water for drinking and irri-gation.

Soil eroding into the lake impacts the clarity of waterand carries fertilizers and pesticides. The proximityof many homes to the lakeshore increases the riskthat these materials will enter the water and causeproblems. Conscientious homeowners can helpmaintain high water quality for everyone to enjoy.Refer to your county’s site disturbance ordinance tofind out local building setback limits (see ResourceDirectory, p. 2-8).

This fact sheet addresses the impacts lawn and garden management can have on water quality and how you canmake a difference with Best Management Practices (BMPs). BMPs are actions you can take to protect ournatural resources. The ultimate goal of this information is to minimize negative impacts to water quality.


Pay Special Attention if:

There are areas of bare and exposed erodible soilon shoreline, flowerbeds, lawns, vegetable gar-dens, etc.

The property slopes toward surface water.

There are impervious surfaces close to surface wa-ter.

Lawn or landscape maintenance is being doneclose to surface water.

Fertilizers, pesticides, or soil amendments are be-ing applied.

2-1

Courtesy of the Washington State Water Quality Consortium

Figure 2-1. An algae bloom impacts clarity of waterand is aesthetically unappealing.


Vegetative Buffers

The most effective and efficient action you can take toprotect surface water from lawn and garden activitiesis to add or preserve a native vegetative buffer or ri-parian zone along the shoreline (Figures 2-2 & 2-3).A buffer between surface water and your land activi-ties should consist of native or beneficial plants thathave deep root systems, do not need additional water,and do not require fertilizer application. The lack of avegetative buffer is one of the most significant causesof excessive nutrient runoff into lakes, rivers, andstreams, as well as property loss due to soil erosion.

Create a diverse buffer using native grasses, trees, andshrubs along at least 50% of your shoreline. For max-imum pollution prevention, buffers should extend atleast 25 feet from the water’s edge to any managementactivities associated with lawn and garden care. Formore information on plant selection and design, readSection 8, Riparian, Pasture, and Forest Managementand consult the Resource Directory on page 2-8.

Easy Care Lawns

Lawns can be an attractive part of your landscape. Infact, a well-maintained lawn or lawn alternative addsvalue to your property and helps to tie together yourhome and other landscape plants (Figures 2-4 &2-5). Healthy vegetation actually improves your liv-ing environment. On a hot day, greenery reduces theglare of the sun, keeps surrounding areas cooler, andattracts birds and other wildlife.

However, lawns should never be maintained all theway to the water’s edge. This will only accelerateerosion due to the shallow roots of turf grass. Inmost cases, a vegetated buffer should be integratedinto the shoreline’s landscape design. With propermanagement, dense turf provides a good ground cov-er to prevent soil erosion but should not be used as along-term solution within 25 feet of the high watermark. Traditional lawn management activities likemowing, fertilizing, and herbicides are harmful towater quality. Use the BMPs that follow to reducecontaminants from entering surface water.

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Figure 2-2. A healthy vegetative buffer protects surfacewater and adds beauty to your landscape.

Figure 2-3. The property on the left leaves sloping baresoil/sand exposed to stormwater. The property on theright is attractive with abundant plants and access.

Figure 2-4. Creeping thyme replaces traditional lawn.This plant is drought tolerant and doesn’t require fertilizeror mowing.

Figure 2-5. Native grasses don’t require water, fertilizer ormowing.


Fertilizer Management for Lawns

Consider the following BMPs for lawns:

Have your soil tested to determine how much ferti-lizer is actually needed (Figure 2-6). Soil tests areavailable at the University of Idaho Extension of-fice, Natural Resources Conservation Service(NRCS), or local hardware stores.

Whether it is organic or chemical, too much ferti-lizer is never a good idea. If chemical fertilizersare used, select slow-release (water insoluble)forms. For proper application, follow the instruc-tions on the fertilizer bag.

Choose fertilizers with low phosphorus levels. Ahealthy turf grass growing in our region generallydoesn’t need excess phosphorus.

Nitrogen moves quickly through the soil togroundwater, so pay close attention to applicationrates.

If you use a professional lawn care service, famil-iarize yourself with the type of pesticides and ferti-lizers being used and how they are applied. Insome cases they may unnecessarily include a“weed and feed” product at every application.

Mulching mowers recycle grass clippings and caneliminate the need for one fertilizer application peryear.

Water your lawn sparingly after fertilizing. Thisprevents excess water and fertilizers from runninginto surface waters.

Choosing native grasses will decrease your need tofertilize and water, giving you more time to play!

Always sweep up any fertilizer spills from hardsurfaces and reapply to the grass. Never wash itoff.

Do not spread fertilizer within at least 25 feet ofsurface waters or wetlands.

Improper Application of Pesticides:

Harms or kills beneficial insects and earthwormsassociated with your lawn or garden.

Harms wildlife and pets that come into contactwith your lawn or garden.

Results in chemical runoff, during rainfall or irri-gation, into streams, rivers, lakes, and storm-water drains.

Leaches through the soil directly into groundwa-ter that is used for drinking water.

Creates pest resistance to the applied chemicals,making them more difficult to control in the fu-ture.

Improper Use of Fertilizers:

Contaminates surface water with excess nutrientssuch as nitrogen and phosphorus.

Contaminates drinking water from groundwaterwells with nitrate, which is hazardous, especiallyto pregnant women, infants, and small children.

Contributes to severe fungal diseases on plants.

Makes some weeds more competitive with theplants you are trying to grow.

2-3

Figure 2-6. A soil test kit can help youdetermine the levels of phosphorus, nitro-gen, potassium and pH of the soil on yourproperty.

Courtesy of OurWaterWebs.org


Pest Management for Lawns

If possible, avoid the useof chemical pesticides andherbicides. Consult a pro-fessional from Universityof Idaho Extension to de-termine if using pesticidesis justified (see ResourceDirectory, p. 2-8).

The following practices will minimize the potentialof contamination from pesticides:

Properly identify the problem. Most plant prob-lems are caused by environmental conditions orhuman activities, not insects and diseases.

Determine if there is an economic or aestheticjustification for initiating pest control.

Consider control options other than using a chem-ical pesticide; biological controls and pest-resistant plant varieties are becoming readilyavailable.

Use the least toxic and most degradable product.

Read the pesticide label carefully, and pay specialattention to safety precautions and warningsabout use near water.

Do not apply pesticides when it is windy to avoiddrift.

When purchasing pesticides, buy only what isneeded to control the problem during the currentseason.

For empty pesticide containers, triple rinse thecontainers and reapply the rinse water to the areasalready treated. Empty containers should be dis-posed of properly at your local transfer station.Never pour excess pesticides on the ground, intosurface waters, or into sanitary treatment systems.

When controlling diseases, insects, and weedsuse chemicals responsibly and use only the re-quired amount.

Irrigation Management: Water Wisely

Over-watering may cause pesticides, fertilizers, andsediment to run off to surface waters, or leach throughsoil and contaminate the ground water you use fordrinking.

Established lawns only need 1-2 inches of water perweek. A tuna can is a useful measuring tool.

Install an irrigation system. Set system for earlymornings or evenings. Make sure system is work-ing correctly and that water is not being wasted onsidewalks, walkways and driveways (Figure 2-7).

Drip systems use water efficiently and reduce therisk of erosion by watering individual plants ratherthan the entire soil surface. Consider installing invegetable gardens and gardens with new plantings(Figure 2-8).

Water deeply in the early morning or evening toavoid evaporation during the hot days.

Avoid overwatering at all times, but especially afterapplying fertilizers and pesticides.

Leave grass clippings on the lawn to shade the soilsurface, retain moisture, and provide nitrogen, po-tassium, and phosphorus reducing the need for ferti-lizer.

Figure 2-7. An improperly functioningsprinkler wastes water on street.

Figure 2-8. A drip system watering anindividual plant.

2-4


2-5

Pest Management in the Garden

The following pest BMPs will help keep your gardenecosystem healthy:

Avoid using pesticides.

Create a garden with diversity. Plant a combina-tion of different plant types to create a balancedecosystem, and if possible, rotate plants each yearto outsmart potential pests and minimize the threatof soil-borne diseases.

Maximize conditions for healthy plant growth.Choose plants that are suited for your climate andare resistant to diseases in the area. Group plantsaccording to water and light requirements andspace them to allow ample root and top growth atmaturity.

Use and protect beneficial insects (Figure 2-9).Develop garden habitats to ensure a healthy envi-ronment for beneficial insects. Learn to recognizethe eggs and larvae of beneficial insects so as tonot harm them.

Use the least toxic solution for your problems.Some low toxic methods to solve problems includebiological controls, insect traps, or mechanicalmeans to remove pests. Learn to live with a lowlevel of plant damage.

If you do use herbicides or pesticides, use themcarefully. Identify problem insects and weeds, andselect the appropriate chemical. Buy only whatyou need, and follow label directions.

Store and dispose of herbicides and pesticidesproperly. Store any extra in a secured area, and ifyou need to dispose of these chemicals, take themto your local household hazardous waste collectionprogram or go through the Idaho State Departmentof Agriculture Pesticide Disposal Program (seeResource Directory, p. 2-8).

Garden Wisely

Flower and vegetable gardens can add to the qualityof life, but certain precautions must be taken to pre-vent the possibility of surface water contamination.

Your garden is a complex ecosystem of plants, ani-mals, insects, birds, fungi, worms, and microorgan-isms such as bacteria. A healthy garden ecosystemhas a balance between producers, consumers, anddecomposers. If an imbalance occurs, symptomssuch as plant disease or an increase of damagingpests may result. This imbalance can be caused byimproper applications of pesticides, fertilizers, andwater or by removing organic matter, such as leaves,from the garden. By using gardening BMPs, the po-tential for gardening problems and the need forchemical controls are reduced. By reducing chemicaluse, the risk of contaminating the surface water andyour drinking water is also reduced.

Location, Location, Location

When planning a garden spot, ensure that BMPs areimplemented:

Unless your garden is made up of densely grow-ing, low maintenance native plants, your gardenshould be located at least 200 feet from surfacewater and drain away from surface water.

If your garden is located on a slope draining to-ward surface water, apply fertilizers and pesti-cides sparingly and only when absolutely neces-sary. Mulch all bare soil to prevent erosion.

Terraced gardens on slopes can help slow waterand provide long-term erosion prevention. Denseberries, shrubs, groundcovers and native grassesalso provide excellent erosion prevention onslopes.

Gardens should never be located on septic systemdrainfields or mounds.

Figure 2-9. A beneficial ladybug eating the dreadedaphid.


Irrigation Management in the Garden

To ensure that your plants stay healthy, efficient wa-tering is essential:

Reduce the need for watering by mulching.Mulches not only slow the evaporation of waterfrom the soil surface but also can improve a soil’swater-holding capacity, keep the soil cooler on hotsummer days, reduce weed growth, and help pre-vent soil erosion. Examples of organic mulchesinclude grass clippings, leaves, and straw. Inor-ganic mulches may also be used, such as permea-ble landscape fabric and/or rock.

Irrigate only when the plants need water. Checkwhether the soil is dry several inches below thesurface. If it is dry, then water, but water slowlyso that it soaks into the root zone and does not runoff the soil surface. The depth of the root zonedepends on the plant, but in general this is 6 to 8inches deep. If possible, use a drip irrigation sys-tem to conserve water.

Fertilizer Management in the Garden

Fertilizer should be added only in the amounts need-ed, at the appropriate time, and in a form that makesthe nutrients available to plants. Nutrient manage-ment BMPs to implement in your garden include thefollowing:

Test your soil for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),potassium (K), sulfur (S), pH, and organic matter.Soil samples should be taken to a depth of 12 inch-es.

Build a healthy soil. Add organic matter, such ascompost to enhance the structure, aeration, andnutrient content, and water-holding capacity of thesoil. Organic matter can also be added by growinga green manure cover crop, such as clover. Supplyneeded nutrients using organic fertilizers, such ascomposted manure, cottonseed meal, bone meal,blood meal, and greensand. Most gardening shopshave these types of fertilizers, or you can orderfrom gardening retailers that specialize in provid-ing organic fertilizers and pesticides.

Apply fertilizers properly. Based on your soil testand plant needs, apply the proper rate of nutrientsand apply it at the correct growth stage of theplant. Overfeeding plants can be as detrimental asunderfeeding, but this risk can be reduced if organ-ic fertilizers are used, because the nutrients arereleased slowly. Synthetic fertilizers, correctlyapplied, may also provide needed nutrients.

2-6

Reduce the need for watering by improving soilstructure. Each year, add organic matter such ascompost, grass clippings, tilled in cover crops(green manure), and other dead plant materials.

Drip systems use water efficiently by wateringindividual plants rather than the entire soil sur-face. Consider installing drip systems in vegeta-ble gardens and gardens with new plantings.

Proper Debris Disposal

Avoid burning on the beach or near shore becausethe remaining ash results in an immediate release ofnitrogen and phosphorus, leading to algae and aquat-ic weed growth. This growth is of special concernwith the tremendous expansion of aquatic invasivespecies. Burning trade or construction waste is pro-hibited per the “Rules for the Control of Air Pollu-tion in Idaho” (IDAPA 58.01.01.600-617). Burningof debris requires a local fire district permit.

If you must burn on the shore, burn in a metal orstone container that can be easily emptied of ash.Never leave ashes on the shore to be washed away,and never dump ashes into the lake!

Never dump leaves and vegetative debris into thelake or a stream. This releases nutrients and organicacids into the water and uses up valuable oxygenneeded by fish. Rake leaves and brush away fromthe water (unless they are used as mulch); compostvegetation in a sturdy structure away from the shore-line or burn at least 100 feet from water.


Soil Stabilization

Surface waters are contaminated by soil particles(sediment) that are washed or blown into the water.Sediment makes water cloudy, covers spawning beds,and carries phosphorus. Unlike nitrogen, whichmoves quickly through the soil, phosphorus attachesitself to the soil particle and holds on tight. When soilis washed into water the phosphorus may dissolve andbecome available to plants, which makes aquatic inva-sive species and algae grow. Read Section 6, NewConstruction for detailed information on erosion con-trol. Refer to your county’s site disturbance ordinanceto become aware of setback limits (see Resource Di-rectory, p. 2-8).

Soil Protection Measures

Follow these BMPs to reduce soil erosion on yourproperty:

Maintain a vigorously growing vegetative bufferof grass, trees, and shrubs with deep root systemsto protect your property from shoreline erosion(Figures 2-10, 2-11 and 2-12).

Cover all areas of bare exposed soil with vegeta-tion as soon as possible. If in a pinch, temporarilycover areas with mulch, such as straw, leaves, orwood mulch (Figure 2-13).

Steep slopes should have dense vegetation withdeep root systems or terracing. This vegetationwill slow stormwater runoff and retain soil. Steepturf lawns are not recommended.

2-7

Figure 2-13. This comparison shows how ef-fective mulch, within an erosion control blanket,is at preventing erosion.

Figure 2-11. Property loss and sediment loading due toshoreline erosion. A healthy vegetative buffer instead ofturf could help prevent this.

Figure 2-12. Native plants like this Douglas Spi-rea bring beauty to your garden and help stabi-lize soil.

Figure 2-10. Native vegetation on this river bankhelps keep the shoreline stable and attractive.


Kootenai CountyNoxious Weed Control Department10905 N. Ramsey RoadHayden, ID 83835(208) 446 -1290

Solid Waste and Hazardous MaterialsTransfer Stations(208) 446-1430www.kcgov.us/departments/solidwaste

Ramsey Transfer Station3650 Ramsey RoadCoeur d’Alene, ID 83815

Post Falls Transfer Station15580 W. Prairie AvenuePost Falls, ID 83854

Community Development(Planning and Building)451 Government WayCoeur d'Alene, ID 83814(208) 446-1070www.kcgov.us/departments/planning

Idaho Native Plant Society (Calypso Chapter)www.idahonativeplants.org

Idaho Native Plant ExpertIdaho Panhandle National Forest(208) 765-7417www.fs.fed.us/ipnf

University of Idaho ExtensionMaster Gardeners and Plant Clinicwww.uidaho.edu/extension

Kootenai/Shoshone County Extension1808 N. 3rd StreetCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 446-1680



2-8

Idaho State Department of AgriculturePesticide Disposal Program(208) 332-8628www.agri.idaho.gov

Suggested Reading

Deep-Planting Techniques to Establish RiparianVegetation in Arid and Semi-Arid RegionsDreesen, D.R. and G.A. Fenchel. 2010.Native Plants Journal. 11(1)

Forest Nursery NotesU.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. USFSReforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources.www.rngr.net/publications/fnn

Landscaping with Native Plants in theIdaho PanhandleKinnikinnick Native Plant Society. 2011.www.nativeplantsociety.org/

Northern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Northern IdahoLawnsMahler R.L. and V.J. Parker-Clark. 1998. Universityof Idaho Extension, Moscow, ID. Publication CIS911.www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/CIS/CIS0911.pdf

The Practical Streambank Bioengineering GuideBentrup, G. and J.C. Hoag. 1998. U.S. Department ofAgriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service.Washington, DC: USDA-NRCS.www.plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/idpmcpu116.pdf

Rodale’s Ultimate Encyclopedia of OrganicGardeningBradley F.M., B.W. Ellis, and E. Phillips, eds. 2009.New York, NY: Rodale, Inc.

Weed Control in LawnsUniversity of Idaho Extension. 1991. Moscow, ID.Publication no. 334.www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/detail.asp?IDnum=1137

Resource Directory

Lawn and Garden Management


Assessment Worksheet 1 - Lawn and Garden Management

The assessment worksheet below will help you identify potential environmental risks related to your lawn andgarden maintenance practices. For each question, indicate your risk level in the right-hand column. Somechoices may not correspond exactly to your situation. Choose the response that best fits. When finished, go tothe Lawn and Garden Management Action Worksheet on page 2-11 and record your medium and high-riskpractices. The goal is to lower your risks. Use the BMP recommendations provided in this section to help youdecide how to best reduce pollution.


Fertilizers I test my soil for nutri-ents and use the recom-mended fertilizer rate.I do not apply fertilizerwithin 100 feet of anysurface water.

I have not tested mysoil. I am not sure howmuch fertilizer I need,and I apply it within 50to 100 feet of surfacewater.

I have not tested mysoil, and I apply ferti-lizer at a higher ratethan the label recom-mendation and within10-20 feet from thelake or its tributaries.

Pesticides I do not use chemicalsto control weeds, in-sects, or diseases. Iencourage natural de-fenses (lady bugs andwasps) and use non-toxic solutions (pullweeds).

I employ limited use ofchemicals, and mostlyspot spray.

I rely on chemicalcontrol for pests.

Storingpesticides,fertilizers, andother chemicals

I store chemicals inwaterproof containersin a secure area pro-tected from stormwaterand over 100 feet awayfrom the lake or itstributaries.

I store chemicals inwaterproof containersbut not in a securedarea.

I store chemicals innon-waterproof con-tainers outdoors orwithin reach of storm-water.

Handling and dis-posing of pesti-cides, fertilizers,and other chemi-cals

I clean up all spills im-mediately and disposeexcess materialsthrough a local house-hold hazardous wastecollection event or ap-proved landfill.

I clean up spills anddispose of wastes inmy garbage.

I don’t clean up spills.I dispose of chemicalsby burning or dump-ing them at an unap-proved landfill or onmy property.

Vegetation buffer I have planted shrubs,ground cover, and treesbetween the lake andthe lawn and garden toreduce soil erosion anduptake excess nutrientsand pesticides.

I have a natural bufferalong my shoreline, butmy lawn is manicuredas close as possible tothe lake.

I don’t have any natu-ral or planted vegeta-tion buffer betweenthe lake and my lawnand garden.

Risk Assessment Worksheet


2-9

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High


Assessment Worksheet 1 continued - Lawn and Garden Management

When finished, turn to the Lawn and Garden Management Action Worksheet on page 2-11 and record your me-dium and high-risk practices.

Bare soil, gardens,and landscapingprojects

Proximity to sur-face water

I seed areas of bare soiland top them with alayer of mulch orstraw. I use sedimentretention barriers(straw wattles, siltfence) on steeperslopes until I can getgrass established.

>200 feet to surfacewater.

I leave soil bare duringconstruction projects,but natural featuresslow and treat mostrunoff.

<200 feet to surfacewater.

My soil is left bare. Nonatural features or sedi-ment retention barriersslow runoff.

<100 feet to surfacewater.

Lawn type andmaintenance

My turfgrass is locatedat least 100 feet fromsurface water.

My turfgrass is located25 feet from surfacewater.

My turfgrass growsright up to the shore-line, and I regularly usefertilizer and chemicalpest control.

Irrigationmanagement

I water in the morningor evening. I useplants that are suitableto the climate and thatdo not need extra wa-ter.

I don’t measure mywatering.

I water heavily, andwater runoff is exces-sive. I do not time wa-tering according to pes-ticide and fertilizer ap-plications.

Composting Debris from my prop-erty is composted atleast 100 feet from sur-face water.

I do not compost, but Ido burn debris at least100 feet from surfacewater.

My compost pile islocated <50 feet fromsurface water. I put petwaste on my compostpile.

Grass clippings,leaves, and otheryard waste

My grass clippings,leaves and other yardwastes are swept offpaved surfaces and on-to my lawn away fromwater flows. I compostleaves and otherwastes.

I sweep my grass clip-pings and leaves intothe street where theymay be washed downthe storm drain.

I rake leaves and otheryard wastes into pilesnear the lake and burnthem on site.


2-10

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High


Write all high and medium risks

below.What can you do to reduce the risks?

Set a target datefor action.

Sample: Fertilizers applied with-out regard to soil test.

Contact UI Extension for information onsoil testing to determine application rate.

One week from to-day.

Action Worksheet


2-11



2-12


Is Your Drinking Water Safe?

Most people take a safedrinking water supplyfor granted. We assumethe water coming out ofthe faucet is safe. Un-fortunately, this assump-tion is not always cor-rect. Households locat-ed near surface watershould have their private

water supply tested regularly to confirm it is safe todrink. If your water is treated by a municipal watertreatment plant, it is still important to protect surfaceand groundwater to prevent the risk of contamination.

The most obvious concern with an unsafe drinkingwater supply is the health risk to your family andguests. Contamination from wastewater, a septic sys-tem, or an outhouse is a potential source of bacteria,viruses, and parasites that can cause gastrointestinalproblems or transmit contagious diseases.Wastewater also contains high levels of nitrate thatcan present a serious health risk to infants.

Drinking water wells should be tested annually, espe-cially if you own an infrequently-used vacation homeor draw from shallow groundwater. Additionally,many vacation dwellings use surface water for thehousehold water supply. Surface water presents adifferent set of risks; information on safety consider-ations and testing for surface water is available fromthe Panhandle Health District (PHD) or Idaho De-partment of Environmental Quality (IDEQ).

Property and resale values are other reasons to makesure your water supply is clean. During propertytransfers, most lenders will not provide financing forthe purchase of property without a well test thatmeets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’sPrimary Drinking Water Standards for several con-taminants.

This fact sheet addresses the importance of protecting your drinking water sources from contamination and howyou can make a difference with Best Management Practices (BMPs). BMPs are actions you can take to protectour natural resources. The ultimate goal of this information is to prevent drinking water contamination.


SECTION 3

SAFE DRINKING WATER

Drinking Water Sources

Public water systems are community systems thathave at least 15 service connections or regularly servean average of 25 individuals for at least 60 days peryear. These public systems are regulated by IDEQfollowing the “Idaho Rules for Public Drinking WaterSystems” (IDAPA 58.01.08) established through thefederal Safe Drinking Water Act. Public systems aregoverned by a community board of directors andhave a licensed system operator. Typically, water isfrom drilled wells, but sometimes the drinking sourceis from surface water. Testing for contaminants isdone on a regular basis and includes a wide array ofcompounds.

Non-community public water systems are regulatedby PHD with required water testing and include facil-ities such as restaurants, motels, schools, and officebuildings.

Non-public (private) water systems serve fewer than25 people and have fewer than 15 service connec-tions. Water is typically from drilled wells. Privatesystems do not have a regulating agency and do notrely on a water provider to ensure that water is safe todrink. Ensuring a safe private water supply is the re-sponsibility of the individual home owner or the own-ers of a small cluster of homes serviced by the well.

Surface water is extracted from the lake or streamsinto individual homes and cabins. This water is notrecommended for drinking unless treated.

3-1


3-2

Protect Your Drinking WaterIf your home is served by a source other than a pub-lic water system, either by an individual well or ex-traction from surface waters, then it is your respon-sibility to provide a safe drinking water supply.

Surface Water

IDEQ does not recommend using surface water as adrinking water supply unless it is treated, but a sig-nificant number of homes and cabins do extract wa-ter from the lake or nearby streams for householduse. Besides bacteria, surface waters can also con-tain single-cell protozoa, Giardia and Cryptosporidi-um, whose cysts are intestinal parasites and are con-sidered a waterborne disease. The cysts reside in thedigestive tract of mammals and are transmittedthrough the fecal-water-oral route. Ingestion of thecysts by humans can lead to severe intestinal disor-ders.

Use of surface water for drinking should go througha two-step treatment process. The water should befiltered to 1 micrometer (µm or micron) to removemost of Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts. Watershould then be disinfected to kill bacteria and virus-es. Water can be disinfected by boiling, using chlo-rine, or with ultra-violet light. Contact PHD orIDEQ for more information on using surface waterfor drinking (see Resource Directory, p. 3-7).

Figure 3-1. Panhandle Health District minimum separationdistance requirements between drinking water wells andpossible sources of contamination.

SepticTank

Drain Field

100’

Well

50’ Minimum

50’

Lake,Streamor River

50’

100’

If surface water is left untreated, Giar-dia protozoa may contaminate a watersupply.

Well Location

Whether a well taps water just below the ground sur-face or hundreds of feet deep, its location at theground surface is a crucial safety factor. A well down-slope from a leaking fuel tank or a failing septic sys-tem runs a greater risk of contamination than a wellon the uphill side of these pollution sources. Thegeneral rule for protecting the water supply is tokeep a well up-slope and far from potentialsources of contamination. When determining theproper well location, consider soil type, slope, surfacedrainage, groundwater flow, and potential contami-nants. PHD, IDEQ, and the Idaho Department of Wa-ter Resources (IDWR) are all available to assist youwith proper well location.

New Wells

New wells are good investments for the future. Get-ting the most from such an investment means locat-ing the well away from contamination sources andworking to maintain the quality of the well. SimpleBMPs include the following:

Use a licensed well contractor for installing newwells or sealing unused wells.

Prior to drilling, make sure groundwater is notalready contaminated.

When planning development on your lot, leaveenough room for future expansion to avoidcrowding the well. Let your well contractorknow your future plans.

Follow at least the required minimum distancesfrom potential contamination sources that are setby PHD and local ordinances when locating yournew well (Figure 3-1).


3-3

Separation Distances

IDWR “Well Construction Standard Rules” (IDAPA37.03.09) require that constructed wells must meet allsite and distance requirements set forth by PHD andIDEQ. IDAPA 37.03.09 requires a minimum dis-tance of 100 feet from a septic drainfield to a well(Figure 3-1). This separation distance allows for nat-ural protection provided by the soil. Soil type willultimately determine a safe distance. For more infor-mation contact PHD (see Resource Directory, p. 3-7).

Any condition likely to cause groundwater contami-nation should be improved, even if your well is faraway from the potential source. Whether or notdrinking water is affected, groundwater and surfacewater contamination is a violation of Idaho law. Con-sider all possible contamination sources on adjacentproperty.

No specific distance will guarantee that the well willnot be affected. Keep in mind that separation distanc-es listed by the state are minimums. You may want tochoose greater separation distances, depending onfactors at your well site.

Well Construction and Safety

Proper well design reduces the risk of contaminationby sealing the well from anything that might enter itfrom the surface (Figure 3-2). Poor design can allowa well to become contaminated by letting rain orsnowmelt reach groundwater without filteringthrough the soil. All surface runoff should be divert-ed away from the well (Figure 3-3). Wells located inpits, or constructed without grout or a sanitary wellseal, can allow surface water to carry bacteria, pesti-cides, fertilizer, or petroleum into your drinking watersupply.

Figure 3-2. A properly constructed well.

Casing Safety

The well driller installs a steel pipe (casing) duringconstruction to prevent collapse of the borehole. Allopenings in the casing should be sealed, and if waterpipes exit through the side of the casing, they mustdo so through an approved fitting called a pitlessadapter.

The space between the casing and the sides of theborehole provides a direct channel for surface waterand contaminants to reach groundwater. To seal offthat channel, the driller fills the space with grout(cement or a type of clay called bentonite). Thegrout seal should extend a minimum depth of 18 feetfrom the ground’s surface, and possibly deeper, de-pending on your local hydrogeology. The groundsurface needs to slope away from the well in all di-rections to ensure that surface water will flow awayfrom the well (Figure 3-3).

Inspect the condition of the well casing for holes orcracks at the surface, or look down inside the casingwith a light or mirror. If the casing can be moved bypushing against it, you have a problem with your wellcasing’s ability to keep out contaminants.

Figure 3-3. Comparison of well placements atground surface. With proper placement, groundsurface will slope away from well.


Check the condition of the well casing by listeningfor water draining down into the well (pump shouldnot be running). If you hear water, either the casinghas a crack or hole, or the casing does not extenddown to the water level in the well. Both situationscould put your drinking water safety at risk.

To prevent contaminantsfrom getting down in-side the well casing, thedriller installs a tightfitting, vermin-proofwell cap to prevent easyremoval by children orentry of insects or sur-face water. Well regula-

tions require a vermin-proof seal for all private wells(not all wells have caps; some may have pumpingequipment attached at the surface). The cap shouldbe firmly installed, with a screened vent incorporatedinto it so that air can enter the well. If your well has avent, be sure that it faces the ground, is tightly con-nected to the well cap, and is properly screened tokeep insects out. Check the well cap to see that it’s inplace and tightly secured. Electrical wires enteringthe well should be in an approved conduit.

Idaho wells are required to have a durable, watertightcasing that extends to a minimum depth based on lo-cal hydrogeology and in compliance with IDAPA37.03.09. This ensures that water is filtered throughsoil and geologic materials before entering the well.Since most contamination comes from the surface,grouting and casing the well deeper can providegreater protection. The casing should exceed theminimum casing depth.

IDAPA 37.03.09 requires that at least 12 inches ofcasing pipe extend above the final grade of the land toprevent surface water from running down the casing,or through the seal and into the well. Siting a well inan area subject to flooding is strongly discouraged.Check with IDWR for regulations concerning casingconstruction and minimum specifications (see Re-source Directory, p. 3-7).

Well Age

If you have an older well, have it inspected by a li-censed well driller. Older well pumps are more likelyto leak lubricating oils, which can contaminate thegroundwater. Well construction information may beavailable from the previous owner or the well con-struction report (well log). IDWR has copies of welllogs on file and online.

Cap

Additionally, older wells are more likely to have athinner casing that has corroded through. Even wellsthat are 30-40 years old with modern casings are sub-ject to corrosion.

Backflow Prevention and CrossConnections

Anti-backflow devices should be placed on all faucetswith hose connections (Figure 3-4). Air gaps shouldbe maintained between hoses or faucets and the waterlevel during all activities. Otherwise, contaminatedwater from laundry tubs, sinks, washing machines,pressure washers, outside hydrants, livestock tanks,and hot tubs can flow back through the plumbing con-taminating your water supply. Water supplies withcross-connections (connections between two other-wise separate pipe systems, such as potable and non-potable) also put your drinking water at risk.

Home Water-Treatment Systems

If you are a waterfront homeowner responsible for thesafety of your drinking water, use caution whenchoosing from the multitude of available home water-treatment systems. Two of the most common homewater treatment systems are granular activated carbonand membrane filtration. Make sure any treatmentunit is certified by the National Sanitation Foundation(NSF). Home systems can be expensive, and youmay be sold a system that treats water for compoundsthat are not a concern in your watershed. Conversely,your system may not treat a compound that may be ofspecific concern. If you are drinking surface water,make sure your system is NSF-certified for cyst re-duction. For specific concerns in your area, contactPHD or IDEQ (see Resource Directory, p. 3-7).

Figure 3-4. Schematic drawing of a typical backflow pre-vention device.

3-4


3-5

Well Maintenance

You wouldn’t let a car or tractor run too long withoutan oil change, and likewise, your well deserves thesame attention. Good maintenance means testing thewater every year, keeping the well area clean and ac-cessible, keeping potential contaminants as far awayas possible, and annually having a qualified well drill-er check the well mechanics.

Locate your well on ground higher than contami-nation sources, such as fuel tanks, livestock lots,septic systems, and pesticide mixing areas.

Establish a well protection zone. Keep hazardouswastes such as paints, fertilizers, pesticides, oiland gasoline far away from your well. Keep live-stock operations at least 50 feet from your well.

Build soil up around well so that all surface waterdrains away.

Avoid areas that are prone to flooding.

Avoid diverting surface drainage to well areaswhere it may seep into your drinking water.

Make the well accessible for pump repair, clean-ing, testing, and inspections.

Disinfect the well and plumbing system followingmaintenance on the well or pump and after appli-ances or plumbing fixtures are repaired or re-placed.

Maintain septic systems properly, and pump sep-tic tanks regularly (see Section 4, HouseholdWastewater Treatment).

Immediately replace or repair wells in which thecasing is no longer watertight because of damageor corrosion.

If you have an older well, have it inspected by alicensed well driller. Older wells are more likelyto leak lubricating oils and become corroded.

Keep your well records in a safe place.

Test the water annually for nitrate and coliformbacteria.

Test your water anytime a change in taste, odor,or color is noticed. For assistance contact PHDor IDEQ (see Resource Directory, p. 3-7).

Unused Wells

Many rural homesteads have unused wells. It is notuncommon to visit a homestead and find three or fourwells, with only one or two currently in use. No oneknows how many of these wells are in Idaho, alt-hough estimates are in the thousands.

If not properly filled and sealed, these wells can pro-vide a direct conduit for surface water carrying con-taminants to enter groundwater without filteringthrough soil, or they can allow contaminant move-ment from one aquifer to another. In addition tothese wells being a threat to groundwater, large openwells pose safety hazards for people and animals.The landowner, under IDAPA 37.03.09, is responsi-ble for properly abandoning wells and test holes.

Locating Unused Wells

Old well locations may not be obvious. Pipes stick-ing out of the ground around the homestead or underan old windmill are the most common places forfinding unused wells. A depression in the groundmay indicate an old well. Also, wells were oftendrilled in basements of houses, under front steps, ornear old cisterns.

Proper Well Abandonment

IDWR administers the laws regulating well abandon-ment (see Resource Directory, p. 3-7). Well drillersand landowners are required to follow these laws sothat the potential for aquifer contamination can bereduced. Knowledge of the geology of the well siteand special equipment is often required to remove oldpumps and piping and to properly install sealing ma-terial inside the well. Use of inappropriate materialsand methods can lead to well settling, collapse, andcontinued groundwater contamination. Costs for wellabandonment will vary with the well depth, diameter,and area geology.

You may perform proper well abandonment work onyour own land, or an Idaho-licensed well driller canalso be hired to close these wells. Regardless of whodoes the work, the minimum regulatory requirementsmust be met. Local well drillers can be helpful giventheir experience with well construction materials, andtypically they have a working knowledge of the geol-ogy of the well site.


Call PHD or IDEQ

to learn more about having your

drinking water tested(see Resource Directory page 3-7)

What Do I Test For?

A good initial set of tests for a private well includeshardness, pH, conductivity, corrosivity, chloride, ni-trate, coliform bacteria, and sometimes lead, arsenic,zinc, copper, and other metal contaminants.

Nitrate occurs naturally in many watersheds. Nitratelevels above the federal drinking water limit of 10milligrams per liter (mg/L or parts per million) shouldnot be consumed by infants under one year of age orpregnant women. High nitrate in groundwater oftenstems from agricultural activities such as fertilizingand manure from animal feed lots.

Lead in drinking water can be a health concern partic-ularly for children and pregnant women. The leadlevel should not exceed 15 micrograms per liter (µg/Lor parts per billion). Sample for lead if you have leadpipes or copper joints with lead solder, or if you drawfrom surface water. Soft or acidic water can acceler-ate lead leaching from the plumbing system.

3-6

Water Testing

Keep an eye on water quality in existing wells bytesting them annually. Wells should be tested imme-diately after construction and then at least once annu-ally for nitrate and coliform bacteria. Well testing isparticularly important for shallow wells, dug wells,sand-point wells, and wells that have shown contami-nation.

The water should also be tested:

Before using a well that has not been used for along time.

When family or guests experience recurring orunexplained stomach illness.

If there are individuals who may be at increasedrisk like infants and pregnant or nursing women.

If your neighbors find a particular contaminant intheir water.

If you note a change in water taste, odor, color,or clarity.

If you have a spill or back siphon of chemicals orpetroleum products near your well or on yourhomestead.

When there has been a significant change in landuse in the area.

If the presence of an old landfill has been discov-ered nearby.

Annually test for total coliform bacteria, which is thestandard bacteriological test conducted on drinkingwater supplies. Total coliform bacteria are a groupof closely related bacteria genera, where some spe-cies are found in fecal matter, and some species arefound in soil and plant material. The presence oftotal coliforms is an indicator of system vulnerabil-ity. If your drinking water sample shows the pres-ence of total coliforms, many laboratories will auto-matically test for the presence of fecal coliforms.Presence of fecal coliforms indicates fecal contami-nation of the water source, either through an animalsource or from septic systems. If fecal coliformsare present, the water does not meet drinking wa-ter standards. Certain bacteria and viruses fromfecal sources are pathogens that, when ingested, cancause intestinal disorders and diseases (e.g., hepati-tis). A short-term fix for coliform contamination isboiling water; a long-term solution is disinfectingthe supply (chlorination or ultraviolet light).

Laboratory tests for other possible contaminants canbe expensive so you will probably not have themdone unless you suspect a specific problem. For ex-ample, you may want to test for volatile organicchemicals (VOCs) if a nearby spill or deposit of oil,petroleum, or solvent has occurred.

A high concentration of iron in groundwater willcause stained porcelain and may be unpleasant totaste, but it is not harmful.

Follow the laboratory’s instructions for water sam-pling to ensure accurate results. Use only the con-tainer provided, and return the samples promptly.Bacteria sample bottles are sterile and must be re-turned to the lab within a short, specified time limit.Request that drinking water methods be used to testyour water. Contact PHD or IDEQ for assistance ininterpreting test results (see Resource Directory, p. 3-7).

If your property is within the Institutional ControlsProgram (ICP) Boundary, it may be under the BasinProperty Remediation Program. IDEQ contractorscan sample private well water at the tap for lead andarsenic. Refer to the ICP boundary website to see ifyou qualify, or contact the IDEQ office in Kellogg at(208) 783-5781 (also see Section 11, Heavy Metals).


Panhandle Health District 1 (PHD)Kootenai County, Environmental Health8500 N. Atlas RoadHayden, ID 83825(208) 415-5200

Kellogg Office114 W. Riverside AvenueKellogg, ID 83837(208) 783-0707

Institutional Controls Program (ICP)114 Riverside AvenueKellogg, ID 83837(208) 0707www.phd1.idaho.gov/institutional/institutionalindex.cfm

Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (IDEQ)Coeur d’Alene Regional Office, Drinking Water2110 Ironwood ParkwayCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 769-1422

Kellogg Superfund Office1005 W. McKinley AvenueKellogg, ID 83837(208) 783-5781

Idaho Department of Water Resources (IDWR)Coeur d’Alene Regional Office7600 N. Mineral Drive, Suite 100Coeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 762-2800

Other Resources

Well Construction Standards RulesIDAPA 37.03.09http://adminrules.idaho.gov/rules/current/37/0309.pdf

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)www.epa.gov/safewater/

Resource Directory

Safe Drinking Water

3-7



Safe Drinking Water

Assessment Worksheet 1 - Drinking Water Well Location

The assessment worksheet below will help you identify potential environmental risks related to your drinkingwater. For each question, indicate your risk level in the right-hand column. Some choices may not correspondexactly to your situation. Choose the response that best fits. When finished, turn to the Safe Drinking WaterAction Worksheet on page 3-11 and record your medium and high-risk practices. The goal is to lower yourrisks. Use the BMP recommendations provided in this section to help you decide how to best reduce yourrisks.


Position of well inrelation to contami-nation sources

My well is upslopefrom all potential pol-lutant sources. Nosurface water runoffreaches the well. Idivert surface waterfrom the well area.

My well is level with,or downhill from, po-tential pollutionsources. Some sur-face water runoff mayreach the well.

My well is downhillfrom pollutionsources or in a de-pression. Surfacewater runoff reachesthe well.

Separation distanc-es between well andpollution sources(suggested mini-mum separation dis-tance is 100 feet)

Distances from poten-tial pollution sourcesfor my well meet orexceed all minimumrequirements.

Some but not all dis-tances from potentialpollution sources formy well meet mini-mum requirements.

Distances frommost or all potentialpollution sourcesfor my well do notmeet minimum re-quirements.

Soil type My soil type is pri-marily Class C soil,which is fine-textured,like clay loams or siltyclay.

My soil type is pri-marily Class B soil,which is medium-textured, like silt orloam.

My soil type is pri-marily Class A soil,and is coarse-textured, like sand,sandy loam, orgravel.

3-8

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High


Assessment Worksheet 2 - Well Construction and Maintenance

Use the worksheet below to rate your risks related to well construction and maintenance.

3-9

Casingheight aboveland surface

The casing extends 12or more inches abovethe surface. If the areafloods, the casing isabove flood levels.

The casing is at thesurface or up to 12inches above the sur-face.

My well has no cas-ing present. My wellis hand-dug. Thepump is at or belowground surface.

Condition ofcasing andwell cap

No holes or cracks arevisible. The cap istightly attached. Ascreened vent faces theground. There is nospace around the pitlessadapter.

My casing is showingvisible stress fractures.The cap is loose, andno screen is present.

My casing has visibleholes or cracks. Thecap is loose or miss-ing. I can hear or seerunning water. Sunk-en ground around thecasing is evident.

Casing depthand surfaceseal (see welllog for thisinformation)

The casing extendsbelow water level inwell and is more than18 feet below surface.At least 18 feet of sur-face seal is in place, orinto the confining layerabove the aquifer inwhich the well is com-pleted.

My surface seal is lessthan required depth.

There is no surfaceseal.

Backflowprotection

I have installed anti-backflow devices (suchas check valves).There are no cross-connections betweenwater supplies.

I have no anti-backflow devices.An air gap is notmaintained. Thereare cross-connectionsbetween water sup-plies.

Water testing My water is tested an-nually, and records in-dicate consistent, satis-factory water quality.Bacteria, nitrate, andother tests meet stand-ards.

I test my water regular-ly. Bacteria, nitrate,and other tests do notmeet standards some ofthe time, but I monitorthem closely.

I do not have my wa-ter tested. Watertaste, clarity, andsmell changethroughout the sea-sons.

Unused wells There are no unusedwells on my property,or there are unusedwells that are properlysealed.

There are old wells onmy property, but theyare maintained to keepout contaminants.

There are unused,unsealed wells on myproperty, near thelake or drinking wa-ter well.

Well age My well was construct-ed since Idaho wellguidelines were enact-ed in 1987. I have itinspected annually.

My well is about 20years old and is in-spected every 2 or 3years.

My well was in-stalled over 50 yearsago, and I don’t re-member the last timeit was inspected.


Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High


Assessment Worksheet 3 - Drinking Water Source and Conveyance System

Use the worksheet below to rate your risks related to drinking water sources from the lake and its tributaries.IDEQ does not recommend drinking from lakes or any other surface water source without an approved treatmentprocess.


Drinking watersource

My water comes froma deep groundwatersource (over 20 feetdeep), with a properlyconstructed drilledwell.

My water comes fromshallow groundwatersource (under 20 feet)and a hand-dug ordriven-point well.

My water comes fromthe lake or another sur-face water source(streams, creeks,ponds). My pump andpipe extend into thewater.

Separation distancesfrom surface water topollution sources(suggested minimumseparation distanceis 100 feet)

The distance of mywater source from po-tential pollutionsources meets or ex-ceeds all minimum re-quirements.

There are some poten-tial pollution sourcesfor my surface waterdrinking source that donot meet minimum sep-aration requirements.

The distances frommost or all potentialpollution sources to mydrinking water sourcedo not meet state mini-mum requirements.

Home water-treatment system forsurface water

I use a two-step treat-ment system. My wa-ter is fine-filteredthrough a membranefilter certified by theNSF for Giardia andCryptosporidium cysts.My water is disinfectedby boiling, using chlo-rine, or by ultravioletlight.

I use a granular-activated carbon filter(generally a good filter,but water should bedisinfected).

I have no treatment,system, or I use ascreen wrapped aroundthe end of the pipe.

Water testing I test my water annual-ly. My records indicateconsistent, satisfactorywater quality. Bacte-ria, nitrate, and othertests meet standards.

I have tested my wateronce in the last 5 years.Bacteria, nitrate, andother tests do not meetstandards some of thetime, but I am monitor-ing it closely.

I do not have my watertested. My water’staste, clarity, and smellchange throughout theseasons.

3-10

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High





Sample: Water hasn’t been testedfor 5 years. Does not taste like itused to.

Contact IDEQ or PHD for information onwater testing.

One week fromtoday.

3-11

Action Worksheet

Safe Drinking Water



3-12


SECTION 4

HOUSEHOLD WASTEWATER TREATMENT

This fact sheet addresses the impacts household wastewater treatment can have on water quality and how youcan make a difference with Best Management Practices (BMPs). BMPs are actions you can take to protectour natural resources. The ultimate goal of this information is to prevent water contamination fromhousehold wastewater.

1. Read the facts and information in the following pages.2. Fill out the risk assessment worksheets (p. 4-9) in order to analyze your individual situation.3. Fill out the action worksheet (p. 4-12), then take action!

4-1

Introduction to Septic Systems

On-site wastewater treatment systems, commonlyknown as septic systems, treat sewage andwastewater from your household including showers,baths, sinks, and washing machines. All sewage andwastewater should flow into your septic tank, as theymay contain diseases which can become human orenvironmental health concerns.

Conventional septic systems are the most commonform of on-site wastewater treatment and, where soilconditions are suitable, the most desirable on-site sys-tem to use. Since the septic tank and drainfield arecompletely covered with soil, the system is not visi-ble and odor is nonexistent as long as wastewaterdoes not surface.

A septic system has two parts: the sewage tank andthe soil treatment system (absorption/drainfield)(Figure 4-1). The most common sewage tank type isa septic tank that receives raw sewage from thehousehold. Three layers form in the tank: solids set-tle to the bottom, and a layer of scum or grease floatson the surface of a liquid layer (Figure 4-2). As rawsewage is added to the tank, an equal amount of liq-uid flows out into the soil treatment system. Anaero-bic bacteria within the tank begin breaking down rawsewage. The primary treatment of wastewater occursin the soil, beneath the drainfield absorption area.This area is usually a series of trenches (laterals),each containing a distribution pipe embedded indrainfield gravel or rock. The effluent flows outthrough holes in the pipe, then down through thedrainfield gravel or rock, and into the soil. The soilfilters out remaining solids and pathogens (disease-producing microorganisms), and dissolved substancesdegrade as the wastewater slowly percolates throughthe soil to groundwater. These biological processesonly work in soil that is not saturated with water.

Figure 4-2. Conventional septic tank.

Figure 4-1. Typical on-site household wastewatertreatment and disposal system.


4-2

A special zone, called the biomat, forms in the upper1 to 6 inches of the soil below the trench. This biomatzone is an important piece of the system that helpsremove many of the germs and chemical pollutants.If too many solids accumulate in the septic tank, theycan flow into the trenches and create a biomat thatbecomes too thick (Figure 4-3). When this happens,the biomat completely clogs the soil and does not al-low the sewage effluent to flow out of the trench.

Figure 4-3. Biomat thickening.

Wastewater Treatment Systemswithin the

Coeur d’Alene Lake Basin

Community Wastewater Treatment Plants(WWTP): Either the entire wastewater streamfrom a household (including raw sewage), or justthe effluent from septic tanks, is piped to aWWTP. Effluent from a WWTP may be dis-charged to a stream or river in which case a permitfrom the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) is required. You may get a monthly or an-nual bill for this service.

Community Sewage Lagoons: Typically, efflu-ent from septic tanks is pumped (or gravity fed) toconstructed lagoons for storage and treatment.Sometimes raw sewage is pumped to the lagoons.During the period from April to September, somesystems apply lagoon water by sprinklers to landwith crops for nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus)uptake. Lagoon systems are regulated by the Ida-ho Department of Environmental Quality (IDEQ)and require an IDEQ permit.

Large Soil Absorption Systems (LSAS): Theseare community systems where effluent from septictanks is fed to an underground absorption/drainfield system. A system is designated asLSAS when it receives more than 2,500 gallonsper day (gpd) of wastewater (10 or more homesconnected). These systems require a PHD permitwith IDEQ engineering review. There are systemrequirements for maintenance, reporting, and al-ternating or reserve drainfields.

Community Drainfield Systems: These typical-ly service 3 to 9 homes with effluent flow lessthan 2,500 gallons per day (gpd). These systemsrequire a PHD permit.

Individual On-Site Wastewater Treatment:These systems are typically a septic tank with tankeffluent going to an underground absorption/drainfield system. Since the mid-1970s, thesesystems have required a PHD permit with soilpercolation tests and specified separation distanc-es to groundwater, surface water, and drinkingwater wells (Figure 4-5 on page 4-4). Prior to themid-1970s, a PHD permit was not required, andolder homes have been found to have drainfieldsvery close to surface waters with minimal oppor-tunity for soil treatment of the wastewater.

Alternative Treatment SystemsMany types of wastewater treatment systems areavailable. A licensed Environmental Health Special-ist (EHS) from Panhandle Health District (PHD) mustevaluate the site to determine the system that is bestsuited to your site and needs. If PHD determinesyour property is suitable for an alternative treatmentsystem, consider these options:

A capping fill trench is a standard drainfield trenchconstructed so that its bottom is between 3 inches and2 feet into the natural soil. A selected fill materialcaps the trench to provide cover.

A gravelless trench system is a standard trench de-sign except that the drain rock is replaced by either alarge diameter, nylon fabric-wrapped plastic pipe or aplastic-domed chamber. Gravelless-domed chambersystems are awarded a 25% reduction in size if ar-ranged in trenches.

Sand mounds are elevated pressure beds built with amound of medium sand that treats effluent beforepercolating through the soil. Specific soil require-ments must be approved before these systems areused. Contact PHD for more information (see Re-source Directory, p. 4-7). Never install these systemsin flood ways, areas with large trees and boulders, orin concave slopes, slope bases, or depressions.


Why Worry About Wastewater?

If your home is near the waterfront, it is particularlyimportant to have a properly functioning septic sys-tem. Surface water contaminated with septic waste isextremely hazardous to human health, wildlife, andour natural resources. Many septic systems are ei-ther old, unmaintained, or located too close to lakes,rivers, and streams.

Waste water contaminants include the following:

Bacteria and viruses can cause disease in hu-mans. These microorganisms are usually re-moved by settling or through treatment/filtrationin the soil. Many die from aging or the adverseconditions in the soil absorption system.

Suspended solids are composed of particles thatare more dense (sludge) or less dense (scum) thanwater. Most can be separated from liquid wasteby allowing enough time in a relatively calm sep-tic tank. Grease and fats are also considered sus-pended solids. Soil absorption fields can bequickly clogged by wastewater high in suspendedsolids.

Organic chemicals include cleaning solvents,paints, pesticides, and fuels that usually are notdegraded or removed through treatment and canpass along with the wastewater into the watersupply.

Inorganic chemicals include lead from corrodedpiping, pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, fungi-cides, and rodenticides), and preservatives.These chemicals may seriously compromise youron-site treatment system. Household on-site sys-tems are generally designed to degrade only bio-logical contaminants. Inorganic chemicals intro-duced into your on-site system may harm the mi-croorganisms that break down household wastes.

Nutrients, such as Nitrogen from human wastes,and phosphorus from detergents and some chem-ical water conditioners are notable contaminants.Nitrate-nitrogen is a common ground-water con-taminant. Phosphorous can also contaminate sur-face water.

Health and Environmental Risks

Bacteria, viruses, and parasites in wastewater mayspread hepatitis, dysentery, and other diseases. Thesedisease-causing organisms, called pathogens, maymake nearshore water unsafe for recreation. Fliesand mosquitoes that are attracted to and breed in wetareas where wastewater reaches the surface may alsospread disease.

High nitrate levels in groundwater, which is whereour drinking water comes from, can result from inad-equately treated wastewater. Excessive nitrate levelsin drinking water can result in serious health prob-lems for infants.

Synthetic cleaning products or other chemicals usedaround the house, which end up in the septic system,can be toxic to humans, pets, and wildlife.

Inadequate treatment can also allow excess nutrientsto reach your lake or stream, promoting algae orweed growth. Algal blooms and abundant aquaticplants make the lake unpleasant for swimming andboating, and they also affect water quality for fishand wildlife habitat. As plants die, settle to the bot-tom, and decompose, they use up oxygen that fishneed to survive.

4-3

Failed septic system on a playground.

A properly designed, constructed, and maintainedsystem can effectively treat wastewater for manyyears. The following BMPs will help you preventwater contamination.


Installing a Septic System

Idaho has standards for septic systems. Before pur-chasing undeveloped property, evaluate whether it isseptic-compatible. You don’t want to be the unluckyperson who invests in land only to find out the prop-erty cannot sustain a septic system. Call PHD for asite evaluation.

Once it has been determined that your property cansustain a septic system, you will need to identify thebest possible location. Determining locations for sep-tic and water wells should always be done before de-signing buildings or compacting soil. Systems mustbe installed to meet all local codes and setbacks. Ifthe system fails to meet legal requirements, it mayneed to be replaced. Moreover, if your system is im-properly located, designed, or constructed, contami-nants may reach your well or surface water.

An individual soil absorption system is required to beat least 100 feet from any water supply, 20 feet fromthe foundation of the house, and 5 feet from propertylines (Figures 4-4 and 4-5). However, separation dis-tances of greater than 200 feet to water supplies arehighly recommended because they provide greaterprotection to your drinking water supply.

Soil absorption systems are not suitable on some sitesbecause of slow soil permeability, shallow depth torestrictive soil layer or bedrock, shallow water tabledepth, or other factors. Deep, well-drained, well-developed, medium-textured soils (such as silt loamand loam) are more desirable for soil absorption sys-tems. Coarse, sandy soils allow effluent to flow tooquickly downward to groundwater and do not provideadequate time for solids and pathogens to filter fromthe liquid. Unsaturated soils allow air movement,which helps keep the soil profile aerobic(oxygenated).

4-4

Figure 4-4. Minimum horizontal separation distances(measured in feet). *Distance measured to high water mark.Exact distance depends on soil type.

New Construction and Additions

When remodeling your home or cabin, expand thecapability of your septic system to meet the new de-mands that will be placed on it. Preserve enough un-developed space on your property for future expan-sion or replacement of the septic system. This expan-sion area must be left undeveloped.

Septic tank size is based on the number of bedroomsin the house. For one- to four-bedroom homes, theminimum septic tank size is 1,000 gallons. Each ad-ditional bedroom requires 250 gallons in additionalvolume. Appropriately-sized tanks have enough spacefor sludge to accumulate for an average of three yearswithout needing solids removal.

BuildingSewer(feet)

Septic Tank(feet)

Drainfieldor Absorp-

tion Bed(feet)

Well orsuction line

Public: 100Private: 50


100

Waterpressure

line10


25

Water body — 50 100-300

Dwellingfoundation

— 5Basement: 20Slab or crawl-space: 10

Propertyline

— 5 5

Figure 4-5. Sample plot plan.

PHD will identify the following site conditions:

Depth to the highest known groundwater table orto bedrock

Soil types and conditions

Slope

Setback requirements from wells, surface water,buildings, and property lines

Septic system compatibility


Maintaining Septic Systems

For an on-site system to function over a long periodof time, it needs to be properly designed, installed,and maintained. When all site-specific criteria havebeen met, the system will minimally impact surfaceor groundwater.

Be cautious about adding chemical or biologicaladditives to your system. Most researchers thinkadditives provide little or no benefit. Rememberthat no additive can fix a system that has failed dueto neglect and overloading.

Have your septic system inspected annually tomeasure sludge and scum levels.

Pump septic tanks every three to five years orwhenever recommended by the licensed profes-sional during annual inspections. Garbage disposaluse, tank size, number of days the septic system isused, and the number of people using it will greatlyaffect when your tank needs to be pumped (Figure4-6).

Keep a grass cover over the absorption field, whichwill help use some of the nutrients available andaid in evapotranspiration.

Never plant a vegetable garden over an absorptionfield. Microbes from the effluent may travelthrough the soil and contaminate the crop, espe-cially root crops.

Do not allow trees to grow over the system. Rootsfrom the trees can cause damage to lines, as well asplug them.

Safety around septic tanks should not be over-looked. The space within a septic system containsgases that are toxic when inhaled. Never go into orlean into a septic tank. Fatalities can occur fromunsafe acts during septic tank maintenance andrepair.

Do not drive over an absorption field. Compactionfrom vehicles or equipment will cause settling,shifting, or breakage of lateral lines. This damagecan lead to wastewater surfacing and create ahealth hazard.

4-5

When Do I Pump the Tank?

Pump the tank before it reaches 40% full of scum andsludge. When the tank is filled beyond this point,sewage has less time to settle and solids can passthrough to the absorption field causing prematurefailure. Septic system maintenance needs to be doneby a licensed professional who can determine if thetank needs to be pumped.

When the tank is pumped, have all components of thesystem checked: the baffles, potential tank leaks, andany needed repairs. Keep a record book on the sys-tem, and record all maintenance procedures.

Pumping frequency depends on the capacity of theseptic tank, the flow of wastewater (related to thenumber of people in the household and water-usehabits), and the volume of solids in the wastewater(more solids if a garbage disposal is used).

Figure 4-6. Estimated tank pumping frequency in years.

No.ofyrs


Septic System Failure

Signs your septic system may be failing includethe following:

Sewage is backed up in your drains or toilets;it may be a black liquid with a bad odor.

Slow toilet flushing. If all toilets in your homeare not fully flushing, this is likely a septicissue versus a plumbing problem.

Wet areas or water seeping near a drainfield.The drainfield could be saturated if the weath-er has been continually rainy and cold. Anodor may be present (Figure 4-7).

Excessive growth of aquatic weeds or algae inthe lake near your home. Incomplete treatmentof nutrient-rich water seeping from your sys-tem promotes this growth.

Unpleasant odors around your house. Thismay result from improper venting or a failingsystem.

Bacteria or nitrates are found in your drinkingwater. This indicates a serious water contami-nation problem that may come from your ownor a neighbor’s failing system.

Biodegradable dye flushed through the systemshows up in nearby surface waters.

Call a professional to evaluate whether your septicsystem is the cause of these issues. If you deter-mine septic failure to be the cause, follow the stepsin Figure 4-8. According to the “Individual/Subsurface Sewage Disposal Rules” (IDAPA58.01.03), “the owner of any failing system shallobtain a PHD permit and cause the failing system’srepair.”

4-6

If Your System Fails,Take Immediate Action!

Call PHD to help you evaluate the situation. Iffailure occurs on the weekend, and PHD is notavailable, go to the next step.

Look for a septic specialist in the phone book oronline.

Rent a Port-a-Potty, and stop using water.

Fence off the area to minimize contact withwastewater (for humans, pets, and wildlife).

Don’t use additives. Additives are of no benefitand may harm the system.

Do not pipe sewage into ground or surface wa-ter. It is illegal.

Do not pipe sewage into a sinkhole or drainagewell because it can potentially pollute ground-water.

If wastewater is surfacing near or above yourdrainfield, don’t cover it with more soil. Thisdoes not fix the problem.

Main Causes of Septic System Failure:

Infrequent septic tank pumping.

Overuse of water, especially from leaky faucetsor continuously running toilets.

Improper construction.

Overuse of garbage disposals.

Damage from excavation or from vehicles driv-ing over system.

Undersized septic tanks and drainfields.

Tree and plant roots.

Figure 4-8. It is imperative that you follow the guidelinesabove in order to protect human and environmental health.

Figure 4-7. Follow the guidelines for a failed system toprotect human and environmental health.


4-7

Conserve Water!

Reducing the amount of wastewater entering the sys-tem is important because lower flow (volume) equalsbetter treatment, longer system life, and less chance ofoverflow. Excess flow is a principal reason for sys-tem failure (wastewater surfacing or backing up inhouse). Lower flow improves treatment by increasingthe time waste spends in the septic tank, thus provid-ing more time for solids to separate, settle, and de-compose. Lower flow also means improved aerationand increased soil contact, providing better treatmentin a soil absorption field. Every gallon you save inyour house is a gallon that doesn’t have to be ab-sorbed by your drainfield.

Consider these tips for conserving water:

Shorten shower times and choose showers overbaths to minimize wasted water.

Identify and repair leaking pipes, sticking floatvalves in toilets, and dripping faucets to reducewater waste. A dripping faucet can waste 15-20gallons per day.

Know where the water shut-off valve is in yourhome.

Keep a container of drinking water in the refriger-ator rather than running water until it’s cold.While waiting for hot water at the sink, fill a con-tainer of cold water for use later.

Wash only full loads in the dishwasher. Scrape,soak, or use the pre-wash cycle on your dishwash-er rather than rinsing your dishes.

Plug up the sink or use a washpan if washingdishes by hand.

Wash only full loads of clothes, and use front-loading washers and suds-savers to save water.To avoid overloading your system, spread wash-ing over the week instead of washing severalloads on one day.

Install low-flow aerators in all of your faucets.

If you have an older toilet, convert it to a low-flow toilet with a displacement device.

Replace older appliances and fixtures with newer,energy efficient models. Look for the Water-Sense and Energy Star logos (Figure 4-9).

Figure 4-9. Replace older appliances and fixtures with new-er, energy efficient models. Look for the WaterSense andEnergy Star logos.

OlderModels

NewerModels

MostEfficient

Showerheadgallons perminute

5.5 2.5 2.0

Toiletgallons per flush

5 1.6 1.3

Dishwashergallons per cycle

11-15 6-10 2.2-4.3

Washingmachinegallons per wash

Toploading

40

Frontloading20-25

Frontloading10-15

Items That Don’t Go Down theDrainCommon sense is yourbest management prac-tice to minimize theamount of contami-nants going into waste-water. If you have tothink twice about flush-ing or pouring some-thing down the drain,don’t do it. Remem-ber, what goes downthe drain doesn’t justdisappear, it ends up inour water.

Do not use the toilet as a wastebasket. Don’tflush facial tissue, baby wipes, diapers, tampons,medications, or any kind of plastic down thedrain.

Eliminate the use of garbage disposals. Ground-up garbage does not decompose easily, causesrapid buildup of solids in the tank, and may clogthe drainfield’s distribution pipes and soil pores.When building or remodeling, don’t install a gar-bage disposal.

Toxic substances such as household chemicals,cleaners, degreasers, acids, oils, paints, disinfect-ants, and pesticides, should never be put down thedrain.

Use liquid laundry detergent, and use it spar-ingly. Liquid is less likely to have fillers thatmay damage the septic system. Use phosphate-free detergents.


4-8

Resource Directory

Household Wastewater Treatment

Panhandle Health District (PHD)Kootenai County, Environmental Health8500 N. Atlas RoadHayden, ID 83835(208) 415-5200

Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (IDEQ)Coeur d’Alene Regional Office2110 Ironwood ParkwayCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 769-1422

Other Resources

Individual/Subsurface Sewage Disposal RulesIDAPA 58.01.03http://adminrules.idaho.gov/rules/current/58/0103.pdf

City of Coeur d’AlenePhosphorous Laundry Detergent BanChapter 13.28 - City Ordinance 2267 §1, 1990.Prohibits the sale and distribution of laundry-cleaningproducts containing phosphorus in the City in order toreduce the introduction of phosphorus into publicwastewater and into the Spokane River.

Web Soil SurveyU.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Con-servation Service (NRCS) - soil information, maps, anddata.http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htm

EnergyStarwww.energystar.gov

WaterSensewww.epa.gov/watersense


Assessment Worksheet 1 - Septic System Design and Location

The assessment worksheet below will help you identify potential environmental risks related to your drinkingwater and the treatment of your home’s wastewater. For each question indicate your risk level in the right-handcolumn. Some choices may not correspond exactly to your situation. Choose the response that best fits. Whenfinished, turn to the Household Wastewater Treatment Action Worksheet on page 4-12 and record your mediumand high-risk practices. The goal is to lower your risks. Use the BMP recommendations provided in this sectionto help you decide how to best reduce pollution.


Capacity ofsystem

My tank is designedto handle morewastewater than isrequired, based on thesize of my home.

My capacity just meetsload requirements, butI watch out for factorsindicating systemoverload. I use waterconservation mea-sures.

I’ve added bath-rooms, bedrooms, orwater-using applianc-es without reexamin-ing the capacity ofmy wastewater sys-tem.

Low

Medium

High

Drainfield My drainfield is over100 feet from mywell. Depending onsoil type, the drain-field is between 100-300 feet from any sur-face water source.

My drainfield is 100feet away from mywell and surface wa-ters.

My drainfield is lessthan 100 feet from thelake or a drinkingwater well.

Low

Medium

High

Soil type My soil is fine-textured like clayloams or silty clay.

My soil is made up ofmedium to fine sands,loamy sands, or siltloam.

My soil is coarse-textured like sand,sandy loam, or gravel.

Low

Medium

High

Safety devices An alarm is installedon the pumping cham-ber or lift station toindicate that the tankis full or power hasbeen cut off to thepump.

No alarm is installedto indicate tank over-flow or that powerhas been cut off to thepump.

Low

Medium

High

Tank My tank is more than50 feet from wells andsurface waters.

My tank is less than50 feet from wells orsurface waters.

Low

Medium

High



4-9


Assessment Worksheet 2 - On-Site System Maintenance

Use the worksheet below to rate your risks related to maintaining the septic system. When finished, turn to theHousehold Wastewater Treatment Action Worksheet on page 4-12 and record your medium and high-risk prac-tices.


Age of system orholding tank

My system is 5 yearsold or less.

My system is between6 and 20 years old.

My system is morethan 20 years old.

Type of tank I have a cement tank. I have a steel or fiber-glass tank.

I have a cesspool.

Condition oftank

My tank and bafflesare inspected forcracks; repairs aremade promptly.

I do not know the con-dition of my tank andbaffles.

Tank pumping My septic tank ispumped on a regularbasis as determinedby an annual inspec-tion. The holdingtanks are pumped asneeded.

My septic tank hasbeen pumped, but thedate is unknown.

My septic tank hasnever been pumped.The holding tank over-flows or leaks.

Drainfieldprotection

I keep vehicles andother heavy objects oractivities away fromthe drainfield area.

Occasionally, thedrainfield is compact-ed by heavy objectsor activities.

I allow vehicles, live-stock, heavy objects,or other disturbancesin my drainfield area.

Diverting surfacewater

I divert all surfacerunoff away from thedrainfield area.

Some surface waterflows into the drain-field area.

All runoff from land,rooftops, and drive-ways flows into mydrainfield.

Plantings overthe drainfield

I have grass or othershallow-rooted plant-ings over my drain-field.

I have trees, shrubs, orvegetables growing onor near my drainfield.

Signs of trouble My household drainsflow freely. No sew-age odors inside oroutside are evident.My soil over thedrainfield is firm anddry and my well wa-ter tests negative forcoliform bacteria.

My household drainsrun slowly. Soil overthe drainfield issometimes wet.

My household drainsback up. Sewageodors can be noticedin the house or yard.The soil is wet orspongy in the drain-field area. My wellwater tests positive forcoliform bacteria.

4-10

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High


Assessment Worksheet 3 - Septic or Sewage System Inputs

Use the worksheet below to rate your risks relating to system inputs. When finished, turn to the HouseholdWastewater Treatment Action Worksheet on page 4-12 and record your medium and high-risk practices.


Solids I do not use a garbagedisposal. I do not dis-pose of bulky items(disposable diapers,sanitary napkins) in thetoilet.

I sometimes use agarbage disposal.

I almost always use agarbage disposal, andsometimes dispose ofbulky items in the toi-let.

Low

Medium

High

Dissolved sol-ids (householdchemicals)

I use household chemi-cals carefully (paints,cleaning products). Inever pour solvents,fuels, or other hazard-ous chemicals downthe drain. I do not usea water softener.

I sometimes pour di-luted householdchemicals down thedrain.

I frequently pour dilut-ed household chemi-cals down the drain.

Low

Medium

High

Floatable solids I do not dispose ofcooking grease or oilsinto my septic system.I wipe off oil andgrease from cookingutensils before wash-ing.

I routinely dispose ofgrease or oils into myseptic system andhave made no attemptto reduce their dispos-al.

I always dispose ofcooking grease or oilsin my household septicsystem.

Low

Medium

High

Water use I use water conserva-tively and maintain mywater fixtures regular-ly.

I do not use any waterconservation measures.I have no water-conserving fixtures.Some of my fixturesare leaking.

Low

Medium

High

4-11


Action Worksheet





Sample: Toilets frequently back up. Have septic system inspected by li-censed inspector.

Today

4-12


SECTION 5

HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTES

Why are Hazardous HouseholdProducts a Problem?

Many common household products contain ingredi-ents that are corrosive, toxic, or flammable. Whenused improperly or disposed of improperly, theseproducts can become personal health and safety con-cerns and have the potential to contaminate soil,drinking water, lakes, streams, and rivers. At times,small (and sometimes large) unusable amounts ofhazardous materials are spilled, buried, or dumpedonto residential properties.

Use Caution with These Products:

Home cleaning supplies—drain cleaners, ovencleaners, laundry and stain removers, bleach, lye,some bathroom cleaners, floor wax stripper, and pol-ishes.

Home maintenance products—oil-based paints,lead-based paint, paint thinner, wood stains, woodpreservatives, paint stripper, some adhesives andglues, degreasers, mothballs, lead solder, and fluores-cent lights.

Vehicle-related products—antifreeze, oil, gasoline,cleaning solvents, brake fluid, grease, rust removers,oil filters, transmission fluid, and old auto parts.

Batteries—lead-acid car batteries, and flashlight bat-teries that contain mercury or cadmium.

Hobby and recreational supplies—photo developerchemicals, marine paints containing pesticides and/ormercury, swimming pool and hot tub chemicals,strong acids/bases, and chemistry sets.

This fact sheet addresses the negative impacts of improper hazardous waste management on water quality andhow you can make a difference with Best Management Practices (BMPs). BMPs are actions you can take toprotect our natural resources. The ultimate goal of this information is to prevent hazardous waste spills.


Read The Label...Then Choose Wisely!

Reading product labels is the best way to get infor-mation about the product. Information on the productlabel can help you decide whether the product is rightfor the job you want to do and if it can be used safelyin your situation, your home, and near your family.Before you purchase or use a product, read the label.

Labels provide information about product ingredients,how to store and use them safely, and hazards associ-ated with the product. Labels on hazardous productscontain the signal words—caution, warning, or dan-ger—which indicate how hazardous the product is tohumans (see Resource Directory, p. 5-7). Labels givesome indication of the potential problems to the envi-ronment.

5-1


Alternative Products Do the Job

Many alternatives are available to replace some com-mon hazardous household products and pesticides.

Cleaning Agents

Baking soda is a non-abrasive scouring powder.

Use vinegar and warm waterfor windows and smooth sur-faces.

Rub toothpaste on wood toremove water stains.

Avoid aerosol products be-cause mist particles can enterthe blood stream; use pumpor spray bottles.

Open drains with metal snake or plunger. Keepdrains clear with rinses of ½ cup baking soda, fol-lowed by ½ cup vinegar, let sit, and then add 2quarts boiling water.

Clean upholstery or carpet stains immediately withcold water or club soda.

In general, choose soap or detergent-based cleanerswhen possible. Avoid non-water-soluble and cor-rosive cleaners when others offer an effective sub-stitute.

Paints, Solvents, Strippers, and Adhesives

Use latex or water-based paints whenever possible.These don’t require thinners or solvents.

Use sandpaper, a scraper, or heat gun for smalljobs instead of a paint stripper. Avoid strippersand other products containing methylene chloride.

For wood preservatives, use a water-sealing coat-ing. If treated wood is needed, choose pressuretreated.

Batteries

Choose rechargeable batteries, and low or mercury-free batteries when possible.

Pesticides

Before you choose a pesticide, exhaust other optionsfor managing a pest, weed, or fungus. A host of al-ternatives to insecticides and herbicides to controloutdoor pests are available (see Section 2, Lawn andGarden Management).

5-2

Reduce Reuse Recycle

Use up hazardous products before disposing.

Don’t purchase more products than you need.

Give leftover products to a friend, neighbor, orfamily member who can use them.

Try non-toxic alternatives.

Use old paint as a primer.

Allow used paint thinner to sit in a sealed jar untilpaint particles settle; pour off clear liquid, and useagain.

Don’t buy several products if one can do the job.

Don’t burn empty hazardous product containers.

Product Disposal

Hazardous products eventually pose a disposal dilem-ma. Disposal should be your last option, as it iswasteful and, if not done properly, can be unsafe foryou and the environment. Find out where you candispose of your products safely (see Resource Direc-tory, p. 5-7).

Burying is a Bad Idea

The ultimate goal is to prevent wastes from enteringsoil and water. Burying wastes is high risk.

Pesticides (Including Herbicides)

Many people don’t pay enough attention to managingpesticides. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) studies provide disturbing information abouthow pesticides are used, stored, and thrown away.Studies of common household practices show thatpeople fail to recognize the danger that pesticidespose to child safety, human health, or the environ-ment when managed improperly.

To dispose empty pesticide containers, triple rinsethe containers, and use the rinse water as part of youryard and garden management. Triple-rinsed contain-ers can be placed in your household garbage.


Burning Can Be A Health Issue

Although burning has been used in many rural areasfor decades, local and state laws are becoming morerestrictive. Some residents use burn barrels to get ridof many household wastes. A noxious mix of chemi-cals can be released into the air and can be hazardousto breathe. Eventually, most byproducts from burn-ing are removed from the air by rain or snow and aredeposited on land or water. The ash residue fromburning may contain heavy metals and other toxins,and if this ash is dumped on your property, it cancontaminate soil and water.

Byproducts of Open Burning

Smoke, particles, or ash from burning waste maycontain some of the following pollutants:

Arsenic and cadmium from some wood preserva-tives or pesticides.

Benzene and other solvents from paint or varnishstrippers.

Cadmium from nickel-cadmium batteries andplastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Chromium from some paints.

Dioxin from byproducts formed when chlorinecontaining products such as plastics are burned.

Formaldehyde from some particle board and fab-ric treatments.

Lead from some paint on old boards, batteries,and PVC plastics (lead is used as a stabilizer inPVC).

Mercury from some batteries, paints, plastics,thermometers, thermostats, and fluorescentlights.

Sulfuric acid from some chemicals, dyes andpigments, rayon, and film.

Toxic organics from burning plastics.

Batteries

In Idaho it is illegal to dispose of vehicle batteries inthe garbage. Most battery retailers and transfer sta-tions will accept your old battery for recycling. Ifyour battery leaks, clean it with baking soda.

Paints

Many of us buy too much paint. Municipalities thatcollect leftover hazardous household products reportthat paints make up about half of the material thatpeople bring in and are a costly disposal expense.

Paints can become unusable if they go throughfreeze and thaw cycles. Store paints where theywon’t freeze.

Use up completely, or give leftover paint to afriend, or a theater or nonprofit group. Air dryempty containers and dispose of cans with lids offin the garbage.

For leftover water-based paints, take the lid offand let the liquid evaporate in well-ventilated ar-ea. When dry, the can with its hardened contentscan be discarded in the garbage. For leftoverpaints that are oil-based, or contain mercury, lead,or pesticides, the cans should be deposited at ahazardous waste drop off site.

Safe Storage

When storing household products, the primary con-cerns are child safety, indoor air quality, and environ-mental pollution. If you can smell a household prod-uct while it is in storage, the product lid may be looseor ventilation may be inadequate to protect yourhealth.

Separate corrosives like acids or lye from each otherand other hazardous products to prevent dangerouschemical reactions. Reactions occur when corrosivesleak from their containers and drip or flow to otherproducts. Corrosive materials are often stored whereequipment and appliances are located. Be aware thatthese materials can corrode heating systems, hot wa-ter heaters, and other equipment and appliances.Routinely check areas where you store householdproducts (under the kitchen sink, in the basement orgarage, in an outside shed) to make sure that contain-ers are closed tightly and not leaking, and the sides ofcontainers are not bulging.

Keep out of reach of children and pets, preferablyin a locked, secure area.

Store corrosive materials in their original contain-er.

Clearly label and date containers without labels.

Keep containers tightly sealed and dry.

Keep products in a well-ventilated area and awayfrom sources of ignition.

Store batteries and flammable chemicals in shadeaway from direct sunlight.

Store products at least 200 feet from a well orwater.

Don’t store products in your well pump house.

Store chemicals in an outside shed or basement.

Store products on shelves above any flood waters.5-3


Petroleum Storage

It is important to carefully store gasoline, heating oil,and other fuels and lubricants on your property.Most homes own at least one fuel-burning devicesuch as a lawn mower or an outboard marine engine,and likely keep fuel in portable containers that hold 1to 5 gallons. Purchase and store minimum amountsof fuel for short periods. Buy only quantities thatyou need for a month or so.

Fuels are hazardous, and if improperly managed, theycan pollute the water you drink (Figure 5-1). It iscritical to prevent spills and leaks. Petroleum fuelscontain a number of potentially toxic compounds in-cluding common solvents such as benzene, tolueneand xylene, and additives such as ethylene dibro-mide. Benzene, a human carcinogen, has a ground-water standard much like that of many pesticides at 5parts per billion. One gallon of gasoline containing1% benzene can contaminate about 2 million gallonsof groundwater.

Contamination can come from unexpected sources.Unknown or forgotten underground storage tanks(USTs) have come back to haunt property owners.Contaminated soil and water can rob your property ofits value, trigger environmental liability and costlycleanups, and drive away lenders and property buy-ers. Vapors from fuel can ignite fires or collect un-derground and explode.

Do not fill your boat tank or portable outboard tankwith gas cans near or over the water. Plan ahead.Make sure the collar on the gas can nozzle has awasher and is tight so gas doesn’t spill from the col-lar. Even if you are not near surface water, spillingon the ground can contaminate groundwater.

Storage Tanks—Above-ground,Underground, and Basement

This section on tanks is meant only to be a generalinformation guide. For petroleum storage tanks, seeka professional company, government agency, or a firemarshal on safety, installing a new tank, making im-provements to an existing tank, removing a tank,spills, and contamination.

It is vital to know about fuel storage tanks on yourproperty, including tanks that are currently in use andthose that are abandoned. As a tank owner, you havemany responsibilities and must keep up with increas-ingly strict laws.

Federally Regulated Tanks

Federal law regulates USTs of 1,100 gallon-capacityor more and used for commercial purposes.

Federally regulated USTs must be registered withIDEQ within 30 days of bringing the tank intouse. Federal law requires that existing and newregulated USTs, and all related piping, must havecorrosion protection, if they are to remain in use.

Above-ground tanks and their installation are af-fected by a mosaic of local, state and federal reg-ulations.

Quick Tips

Don’t pop the air vent plug on the gas can untilthe nozzle is in the tank filler tube.

Don’t fuel if the boat or dock is bobbing. Use afuel bib to fill boat tank.

If you do spill, have an oil/gas absorbent bibavailable to quickly soak up the spill.

Use only self-venting Underwriter’s Laboratory(UL)-approved or original containers to storefuel. Storing fuel in an unapproved container,such as a glass jar or plastic jug, is dangerous.

In your garage or shed, store fuel containers sothat they cannot become flooded, but not too highon shelves where they get hot. Periodically checkfor leaks.

Don’t top off your gas tank, as this leads to noz-zle malfunction and fuel spills.

5-4

Figure 5-1. Example drawing of how fuel contaminationoccurs.


Unregulated Tanks

Tanks not covered by federal regulations are farm andresidential USTs less than 1,100 gallons, any tank lessthan 110 gallons, and USTs or above-ground tanksstoring heating oil burned on the premises.

Most USTs for petroleum storage by individualshoreline households and farms are less than 1,100gallons and are considered non-regulated by federallaw. Idaho “Water Quality Standards” (IDAPA58.01.02) require that petroleum storage and disposalin the immediate vicinity of state waters (includinggroundwater) must have adequate measures and con-trols to ensure that stored materials will not enter pub-lic waters.

Tank Location

When locating tanks, consider the following BMPs:

All petroleum storage tanks should be located atleast 50 feet from a drinking water well accordingto state regulations, but the greater the distancethe better (100 - 400 feet) (Figure 5-2). Tanks aresafer when located downslope from wells. The50-foot minimum also applies to the distancefrom streams, wetlands, ponds, and other surfacewater.

Certain conditions accelerate the corrosion poten-tial of USTs and piping. These conditions in-clude high water tables, clay soils, or soils withan acid pH.

Tank Management

Is your UST old and possibly leaking? Buried tanksover 15 years old have a much higher chance of leak-ing. Even newer tanks and piping can leak if theywere incorrectly installed. Most older tanks do nothave corrosion protection. It is expensive to put cor-rosion protection on existing tanks, but corrosion isthe primary reason for leaks, which is money out ofyour pocket. In some cases it may be more cost-effective to replace unprotected tanks.

5-5

Figure 5-3. Fuel tank protected from traffic bycement posts.

Figure 5-2. Diagram showing petroleum storage with a100 –foot separation from drinking water well.

Detecting Leaks

Measure and record the amount of fuel in the tankeach month, and record the gallons of fuel extractedand delivered.

Is there an unexplained oil-like substance onstreams or wet places near the tank?

Is nearby soil stained with petroleum?

Does your drinking water taste like fuel?

Does fuel flow unevenly or does the suction pumprattle?

Are your pipes, hose, or fittings corroded? Pipingshould be made of cathodically-protected steel,coated to prevent corrosion.

Notify the fire department, police, and IDEQ in caseof a leak.

Spill Protection

Over-filling is the most common and most avoidablereason for spills.

Never walk away while filling a container or yourvehicle.

Automatic shutoff devices are available to pre-vent spills.

Use a fill-level indicator.

Use secondary containment, such as a double-walled tank or a structure consisting of a concretecurb on a pad to contain a leak or spill.

Use a double-walled hose.

Support and Protect Above-Ground Tanks

Tanks should be installed on a solid, stable base thatresists being moved by changes in soil moisture andfrost-heaving. Protect your tank from vehicles. If thetank is not enclosed in a structure, install posts or oth-er barriers around it (Figure 5-3).


Controlling Road Dust

Fugitive dust from the numerous gravel and dirt roadsaround lakes, rivers, and streams is considered bysome residents to be an aesthetic problem, a nuisance,and, for some folks, a health problem.

A common solution to control road dust is to apply oilonto the surface. The use of oil formulated for appli-cation as a dust suppressant is legal. However, if dust-control oil reaches surface water, it is considered ahazardous and/or deleterious material accordingIDAPA 58.01.02. If adequate measures and controlsare not taken to prevent environmental damage, appli-cators may face enforcement action. Also, oil canleave residues and deposits on your car, which can bedifficult to remove.

Application Guidelines

The State of Idaho and the federal government haveregulations that prohibit the use of waste or used oilon road surfaces.

Waste oils contain contaminants such as heavymetals and cannot be used on roads.

Do not oil immediately before forecasted rainevents.

Make sure the applicator does not over-apply theoil, leaving puddles of oil that contaminate storm-water.

Instead of applying oil over hard, compacted dirt,apply after a road grading when the oil can beworked into the loosened soil.

Do not apply oil over stream crossings such asculverts and bridges.

Oil Alternatives

Before using oil to control road dust, consider thefollowing alternatives:

One solution currently used by the U.S. ForestService is calcium chloride or magnesium chlo-ride, in liquid or flakes. Grading and wetting theroadbed in conjunction with application improveseffectiveness. Dust control results have been fa-vorable. One concern is the migration of chloridewith storm runoff. Potential for salt damage toplants is another concern. These products are notrecommended near drinking water.

Another dust control product is calcium ligno-sulfonate, which is more environmentally com-patible; however, local availability is currentlylimited.

Live with the dust.5-6

Oil applied to unpaved road.

Oil needs to be applied properly so that it does not runoff during a rain storm.

Application of liquid calcium chloride.


Hazardous Waste Drop-Off Sites andRecycling Centers

The following sites will accept residential quantitiesof household hazardous products, used oil, antifreeze,and batteries. Generally, no single container greaterthan 5 gallons will be accepted.

Each transfer station has different policies on whatmaterials they will accept, and some centers have re-stricted drop-off policies. The Kootenai CountyRamsey Transfer Station accepts hazardous wasteonly from homes in Kootenai County. Call the trans-fer station you plan to use, or visit their web site. Allcenters accept recyclable materials during operatinghours.

Kootenai County Solid Waste and HazardousMaterials Transfer Stations(208) 446-1430www.kcgov.us/departments/solidwaste

Ramsey Transfer Station3650 N. Ramsey RoadCoeur d’Alene, ID 83815Accepts household waste on Wednesday andSaturday.

Post Falls Transfer Station15580 W. Prairie AvenuePost Falls, ID 83854Accepts household waste on Friday andSaturday.

Shoshone County Transfer Station52619 Silver Valley RoadKellogg, ID(208) 784-5190www.shoshonecounty.org

Benewah County Transfer Station75 Landfill RoadSt. Maries, ID 83861(208) 245-1694

Spokane Regional Solid Waste System(509) 625-6580www.solidwaste.org

North CountyN. 22123 Elk-Chattaroy RoadColbert, WA 99005

Valley Recycling3941 N. Sullivan RoadSpokane Valley, WA 99216

Waste to Energy Facility2900 S. Geiger BoulevardSpokane, WA 99224

Idaho Department of Environmental QualityCoeur d’Alene Regional Office2110 Ironwood ParkwayCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 769-1422

Coeur d’Alene Tribe -Lake Management DepartmentCoeur d’Alene Office424 Sherman Avenue, Suite 306Coeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 667-5772

Other Resources:

National Pesticide Information Center(800) 858-7378www.npic.orstedu

National Response Center(800) 424-8802www.nrc.uscg.mil

Report any excessive spills by first calling your localfire department and then the National Response Cen-ter. By law, the party responsible for the spill mustensure efforts towards capture and containment of thespill.

5-7

Resource Directory

Household Hazardous Wastes


Assessment Worksheet 1 - Product Purchase, Selection, and Use

The assessment worksheet below will help you identify potential environmental risks related to your use of haz-ardous products around the house. For each question indicate your risk level in the right-hand column. Somechoices may not correspond exactly to your situation. Choose the response that best fits. When finished, turn tothe Household Hazardous Wastes Action Worksheet on page 5-10, and record your medium and high-risk prac-tices. The goal is to lower your risks. Use the BMP recommendations in this section to help you decide how tobest reduce pollution.


Productselection

I always read labels,understand signalwords, and respect thehealth or environmentalhazards that labels de-scribe. I use less haz-ardous products whenpossible.

I don’t read labels ordon’t understand whatthey mean, but I use a“common sense” ap-proach to safety.

I never read labels. Ipurchase productswithout consideringwhat the product ismade of or how it willbe used.

Quantitiespurchased

I buy only what is need-ed for a specific job. Iuse up most of theproduct during the sea-son of purchase. I dis-pose of excess productsat a county waste drop-off site.

I buy excess product,but I have safe and ac-cessible storage.

I buy more than isneeded, then purchaseadditional productswithout checking oncurrent supplies.

Safetyprecautions

I follow label instruc-tions and take recom-mended precautionsagainst exposure, likewearing protectiveclothing (gloves andsafety goggles). I nevermix products.

I occasionally read thelabel. I take precau-tions based on myknowledge of the prod-uct. I occasionally mixproducts for specificcleaning tasks, butrefer to label first.

I never follow labelinstructions and take noprecautions—evenwhen recommended. Ifone product doesn’twork, I add anotherwithout checking safe-ty precautions.

Toxic alterna-tives

I use alternatives to tox-ic materials whenever Ican.

I don’t use alternatives.

Pesticides I use non-chemical pestcontrol. I choose pestcontrol products ac-cording to the label andproperly store, handle,and dispose of them.

When solving pestproblems, I do notpractice prevention orexplore non-chemicaloptions.

I do not handle pesti-cides as directed on thelabel. Pesticides areapplied near my well,or at the edge of sur-face water.


Household Hazardous Wastes

5-8

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High


5-9


Recyclinghazardousproductcontainers

I triple-rinse emptyyard and garden pesti-cide containers andinclude rinse water inyard and garden man-agement. I recyclecontainers.

I generally leave myempty containers in thegarage because I don’tknow what to do withthem.

I burn hazardous mate-rials, releasing metals,acids, and chlorinecompounds. I spreadmaterials from the burnbarrel over my proper-ty.

Batteries I recycle batteries, ortake them to a countyhazardous waste drop-off site. I trade-in myused car or boat batteryat an auto or tire store.

I dispose of used bat-teries in a county land-fill.

Used batteries arestored or buried on myproperty near a well orwaterway. Small bat-teries (e.g. flashlight)are burned with mytrash.

Paint andsolvents

I share leftovers. Un-used products contain-ing mercury, pesti-cides, or hazardoussolvents are taken to acounty waste drop-offsite.

I allow liquids to evap-orate away. Sludge orleftover products areplaced in normal trashflow, which goes to acounty landfill.

I dump leftover prod-ucts on the ground neara well or waterway.

Drips and spills I contain spills onpaved area with absor-bent material (kittylitter), and then disposeof it at a landfill.

I don’t bother contain-ing drips and spills;occasionally I flushthem onto my property.

I don’t do anything tocontain drips and spills.I frequently flush themonto my property,where they can infil-trate into groundwater.

Pesticides I don’t use pesticides. I use pesticides forweeds in my lawn, butI follow the label anddon’t apply within 25feet of surface water.

I spray right up to thewater’s edge. I didn'trealize this could beharmful.

Antifreeze,Gasoline, andmotor oil

I take left over or un-used antifreeze to thecounty dump or an au-tomotive shop. I burnused oil for heat in anapproved space heater.

Containers with left-over product are storedin my garage on araised platform.

I pour extra oil, anti-freeze, and fuel in theditch next to the road.

Assessment Worksheet 2 - Product Disposal

When finished, turn to the Household Hazardous Wastes Action Worksheet on page 5-10 and record your medi-um and high-risk practices.

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High


Action Worksheet

Household Hazardous Waste



Set a targetdate for action.

Sample: I have containers that don’thave labels, and I don’t know what isin them.

Take all containers to the Kootenai CountyTransfer Station, and limit my overall use ofhazardous materials.

One week fromtoday.

5-10


SECTION 6

NEW CONSTRUCTION

Why is New Construction aConcern?

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)has identified construction activities as one of themost common sources of water pollution. Theprocess of constructing a new home, structure, orlandscaping will inevitably require soil and plantdisturbance, hardscape installation, wastewatersystem installation, and/or the use of hazardousmaterials. If not done correctly, these land useactivities can have many negative effects on waterquality. Concerns include:

Nutrients from fertilizers and sediments Stormwater runoff pollutants Wastewater system failures Building too close to the shoreline Loss of riparian habitat Erosion

Nutrients from Fertilizers and Sediments

The nitrogen and phosphorus found in soil andfertilizers contribute to aquatic plant and algaegrowth. The proximity of many new constructionand landscape projects to the lakeshore increases therisk that these materials will enter the water andcause problems. When there is an excess of aquaticvegetation, oxygen in the water can be depletedcausing negative impacts to water quality, recreation,and aesthetics (Figure 6-1).

This fact sheet addresses the impacts new construction activities can have on water quality and how you canmake a difference with Best Management Practices (BMPs). BMPs are actions you can take to protect ournatural resources. The ultimate goal of this information is to prevent negative impacts to water quality.


6-1

Stormwater Runoff

Stormwater runoff is the flow of water from rain, irri-gation or melting snow that does not soak into theground. Under natural, forested conditions, much ofthe water is absorbed into the ground. As an area be-comes developed or altered with structures, roads, anddriveways, less water seeps into the soil, increasing theamount of water coming off the site. Increased runoffalso increases erosion due to the volume and velocityof water moving across land. Pollutants such as sedi-ment, fertilizers, pesticides, heavy metals, and hazard-ous waste products become a greater concern (Figure6.2). Detailed information on stormwater runoff isprovided in Section 1, Stormwater Runoff Manage-ment.

Wastewater Treatment Failures

If your home is near the waterfront it is critical tohave a properly functioning septic system. Surfacewater contaminated with septic waste is extremelyhazardous to the health of humans, wildlife, and ournatural resources. Many septic systems are either old,unmaintained, or located too close to lakes, rivers,and streams. A properly designed, constructed, andmaintained system can effectively treat wastewaterfor many years. See Section 4, Household WastewaterTreatment for detailed information on this subject.

Figure 6-2. Improper erosion/sediment controls allowsediment to enter surface water.

Figure 6-1. Waterfront with abundant aquaticvegetation.


Riparian Habitat Loss

The plants growing along the shoreline are referred toas riparian habitat or vegetative buffers (Figure 6-5).These buffers are one of the features that make thisarea so beautiful. The vegetation is home to a varietyof wildlife, which also contributes to the scenery weenjoy here.

When shoreline vegetation is removed, it decreasesthe aesthetic beauty of the area, displaces wildlife,increases water temperature, and increases the chancefor erosion (Figure 6-6). The most effective and ef-ficient action you can take to protect surface waterfrom landscaping and new construction activitiesis to preserve or add a native vegetative bufferalong the shoreline. This buffer will help preventsoil erosion and property loss and absorb nutrientsand chemicals from shoreline land-use practices.

Building Too Close to the Shoreline

The primary concerns with building too close tolakes, rivers, and streams are loss of riparian habitat,pollution from stormwater runoff, erosion, wastewaterspills, and property damage due to flooding. Whenlawns, driveways, parking lots, garages, and roadsare located very close to the water, the runoff fromrain and irrigation will take pollutants from thesehard surfaces and quickly send them into nearby wa-ter (Figure 6-3). Common pollutants include lawnfertilizers and pesticides, sediment, oils, grease, met-als, dirt, salts, and other toxic materials.

Allowing a building setback of at least 40 feet is rec-ommended (Figure 6-4). This setback protects theexisting shoreline vegetation, which holds the soiland serves as wildlife habitat. Vegetation protectsyour valuable property from flooding, filters poten-tial pollutants, and decreases chances of propertyloss due to erosion. Refer to your county’s planningwebsite for specific land-use ordinances and require-ments.

Figure 6-4. An adequate building setback with preservednative vegetation protects property and water quality.

Figure 6-3. This building project does not provide an ade-quate setback from surface water.

Figure 6-5. An example of preserved shoreline vegetationthat still allows for access and views.

Figure 6-6. This project removed existing vegetation nearthe shoreline and exposed bare soil to stormwater and wind.

6-2


Erosion

Any time existing native vegetation is removed tomake room for structures or landscaping, bare soil isexposed and easily washed into surface water. Excesssoil (sediment) in the water promotes algal blooms andaquatic plant growth, covers spawning beds, and muddiesthe water. Erosion also leads to structural damageand property loss. All of these potential problems areexpensive and difficult to correct but easy to avoid.

Erosion Versus Sedimentation

Erosion occurs when soil is dislodged due to rain dropimpact and stormwater. Sedimentation occurs whenthis eroded soil is deposited elsewhere (Figure 6-7).The goal is to prevent erosion so sedimentationdoes not occur. It is far more efficient to preventerosion than to manage sedimentation.

BMPs for erosion prevention include pre-constructionsite planning, preserving vegetation, avoiding longsteep slopes, mulching or roughing bare soil, timingconstruction, and hiring a professional trained in ero-sion prevention. BMPs that help protect surface wa-ter from sedimentation include silt fences, fiber rollsor straw wattles, inlet protection, and sediment basins.BMPs for both erosion and sedimentation are continu-ously being improved, and abundant information isavailable online for homeowners looking for site spe-cific solutions.

Figure 6-7. Image showing the difference between ero-sion and sedimentation.

Erosion

Sedimentation

Pre-construction Site Planning

Site planning is the first and most essential tool inprotecting your property and preventing pollution.Planning ahead will save you time and money in thelong run. Begin with a site assessment that includesexisting vegetation, soil type, bedrock location, slopegradient, sun exposure, and existing drainage struc-tures. Make a simple map that documents all thesefeatures. Draw a rough map that includes the locationof future structures and features.

Planning and Design

Structures should be at least 40 feet from sur-face water.

Septic drainfield will need to be 100-300 feetfrom surface water.

Drinking well should be at least 100 feet fromyour drainfield and septic tank.

Driveways, walks, and yard edges should followlevel contours and a slope gradient of 10% orless.

Consider permeable (water can penetrate) mate-rials for driveways, walkways, parking lots, andpatios. See Section 1, Stormwater Runoff Man-agement, for more information on permeablepavers.

All water draining off hard surfaces should leadaway from surface water and into a stabilizedarea with vegetation, mulch, or rock.

Water should not be allowed to flow directlydownhill, which gives the water maximumspeed and cutting power for erosion.

Only remove vegetation for access and buildingfoundations.

Confirm that your design or building profes-sional is trained in erosion and sediment controland has the same goals for proper land use man-agement as you.

Time construction activities in the dry season.In our area, the recommended time frame is be-tween May 1 through October 1.

Preserve cultural resources. If you discover orsuspect you may have a cultural resource onyour property (e.g., arrowheads, pottery, historiccabin, etc.) notify the Idaho State Historical So-ciety or the Tribal Historic Preservation Office.

6-3


6-4

During Construction

Erosion prevention is the first step in preventing cost-ly stormwater damage. Measures such as timing ofconstruction, preserving existing vegetation, clearinglimits, mulching, erosion control blankets, and sloperoughening are effective at preventing erosion andpreserving valuable top soil.

Timing is Everything

Construction work and erosion prevention measuresshould be scheduled during dry, low-runoff periodswhen erosion is lowest. May 1 through October 1 isthe recommended construction window. If your con-struction project is very large, consider phasing theproject so small areas are cleared at a time.

Preserve Existing Vegetation

Preserving exist-ing vegetation isthe least expen-sive and mosteffective erosioncontrol practicethere is. Save asmany trees andshrubs as possi-ble; it will savetime, money,and top soil.

You paid for them with the purchase of your proper-ty, and these plants have tremendous value both aes-thetically and environmentally. Also, young plantspurchased at a nursery will take many years to ma-ture.

The vegetation on your shoreline should be kept inplace. It acts like a filter to keep the water clear, andit doesn’t cost you a thing. Keep at least 25 feet ofvegetation (not lawn) between the water’s edge andland disturbance (see Section 2, Lawn and GardenManagement).

Establish and Mark Clearing Limits

Identify the areas of vegetation to be preserved earlyin the planning stage, and clearly mark these areasbefore any on-site work begins. This can be donewith orange fencing or similar material. Communi-cating with all construction crew members regardingclearing limits and the overall site plan is crucial. Putmeasures in place to protect trees and shrubs andtheir roots from heavy equipment.

Protected Exposed

Mulching – Keep All Bare Soil Covered!

Mulch is an immediate, effective, and inexpensivemeans of controlling erosion and dust. Use organicor natural materials such as straw, wood chips, forestduff, erosion control blankets, or hydromulching tocover all disturbed areas (Figures 6-8 & 6-9).Mulches can be spread by hand or with machines.Consistent coverage is important, so ensure that thesoil is not visible through the mulch. Once installed,inspect regularly, and repair as needed. Considerworking only in a small area and stabilizing that sitebefore disturbing another area. Mulching allowsvegetation to re-establish, reduces soil crusting, re-duces evaporation, and decreases fluctuations in soiltemperature. If you plan to seed the site for perma-nent stabilization, apply mulch after seeding.

Temporary soil stockpiles from construction activityshould be completely covered with a tarp, mulch, orseed to prevent piles from eroding. If the soil stock-pile will not be used within the construction window,it should be seeded. The purpose of re-vegetatingstockpiled soil is to reduce the potential of soil lossfrom erosion during the wet season. Cut-and-fillslopes associated with private roads can also bemulched, reducing the chance for road damage, lackof access, and water pollution. Cut-and-fill areasshould be evaluated on a case-by-case basis to deter-mine the most effective form of stabilization.

Figure 6-8. Bare soil mulched with straw.

Figure 6-9. This development preserved vege-tation, mulched bare soil with straw, and grav-eled the road.


6-5

Erosion Control Blankets

Erosion control blankets come in many different fab-rics and are rolled over the soil surface to protect val-uable top soil from erosion. They are useful becausethey stay in place, where loose mulches may blowaway or become dislodged. Erosion control blanketsare also useful in establishing vegetation. Properinstallation is crucial to success (Figures 6-10 & 6-11).

Installation Guidelines

Smooth soil surface. Anchor blanket to the top of the slope in a 6-inch

trench. Backfill and tamp anchored ends. Roll blanket from top to bottom. Do not stretch blankets. Overlap sides at least 4 inches. Overlap uphill/downhill edges by 3 feet.

Securely staple per instructions on blankets.

Figure 6-10. Proper erosion control blanket installa-tion.

Figure 6-11. Erosion control blanket installation onshoreline slope.

Hydromulching

Hydromulching is a technique where wood fiber,grass, hay, or straw are applied with water and tacki-fier (a glue-like substance). Hydromulch can cover alarge area quickly. For effective erosion protection,make sure the slope is roughened before mulch ap-plication. Inspect regularly for consistent coverage,and repair as needed.

Hydroseeding

Hydroseeding is typically a mix of seed, water, ferti-lizer, and tackifier, although all of these componentscan be customized. Any number of seed mixturesare available, including native grasses and wildflow-ers. It is essential that the slope is roughened andirrigation is available for successful seed germina-tion. If irrigation is unavailable to the site during thehottest months, hydromulch or another form ofmulch would be a more effective option.

Slope Roughening

A roughened surface is an easy and inexpensive wayto slow the speed of runoff, encourage vegetationgrowth, increase water infiltration, and trap sedi-ment. Groves, furrows, or depressions are made bydriving a crawler tractor up and down the slope orusing a front end loader with disks, harrows, or teethacross the slope (Figure 6-12). The main objectiveis to create ruts across the slope to intercept water asit runs downhill.

Figure 6-12. Slope roughening with grooves per-pendicular to the slope.


6-6

Sediment Control - Sedimentation

As a precaution, it is a good idea to install sedimentcontrols in case erosion controls were inadequate ornot properly installed. However, do not to use sedi-ment controls in place of erosion control (Figure 6-13). Sediment controls are not designed to hold backlarge amounts of soil or water. They are designed tocatch what little sediment might come off a site. Re-member, erosion has already been prevented upland.Several techniques are available for sediment control:silt fences, fiber rolls or straw wattles, vegetated buff-ers, swales, inlet protection, and sediment basins.

Swale and Inlet Protection

Most swales and inlets lead to surface water. It isimportant to keep sediment and other pollutants out ofthese systems, not only to protect water quality but toprevent flooding caused by clogged systems. Manysite-specific tools are available for this type of protec-tion (Figure 6-14).

Fiber Rolls

A fiber roll or straw wattle consists of straw or simi-lar material bound into a biodegradable tubular plas-tic. Wattles are used to interrupt slope or shortenslope length. They trap and filter sediments, and theyrelease water as sheet flow, which prevents erosion.Wattles are placed across a slope in direct contactwith soil and staked in a shallow trench.

Sediment must be removed behind the roll when itreaches ½ the height of the roll and must be inspectedbefore storms and during rain events. Fiber rolls arebiodegradable and can be left in place once the site isstabilized.

Installation Guidelines

Install on contour perpendicular to flow (Figure 6-15).

Place in a 3-4 inch trench.

Stake ends, and stake along the roll 4 feet on centeror staggered along sides.

Overlap ends (Figure 6-16).

Place at intervals downslope at 10 foot spacing.

Turn final ends uphill in a smiley face to preventwater and soil from going around the roll(Figure 6-17).

Figure 6-13. A situation where erosion prevention wasinadequate, resulting in this silt fence trying to hold back toomuch weight. This fence blew out moments after the pic-ture was taken.

Figure 6-14. Weighted fiberroll (top left), fiber drop inlet(top right), “witch hat” dropinlet protection (right).

Figure 6-15. Fiber rolls installed perpendicu-lar to flow.

Figure 6-16. Overlappedends.

Figure 6-17. Turn ends uphill, andplace roll in trench.


6-7

Silt Fence

A silt fence is a filter fabric that is entrenched orattached to supporting poles. The purpose of the siltfence is to detain sediment-laden water on-site andprevent soil loss. A common application for a siltfence is along the perimeter of the lot or around atemporary soil pile area. Silt fences are also practicalalong streams or creek channels. However, theyshould not be installed within the channel itself oranywhere there is a concentrated flow. Silt fencesare temporary. They need to be removed once asite has been stabilized. They have a life ofapproximately six months. Silt fences that are notremoved are aesthetically unappealing, disrupt wild-life corridors, and become a pollutant.

Installation Guidelines:

Install on a level contour with ends turned uphillin a smiley face configuration (Figure 6-18).

Key fabric into a 6 x 6 inch trench (Figure 6-19).Otherwise, sediment and water will flow rightunder the silt fence, defeating the purpose.

Place stakes 6-10 feet apart.

When connecting several fences, wrap endstogether to prevent a gap where water and soil cansneak through (Figure 6-20).

Allow an area in front of the fence for pondingand settling of runoff and sediment, as well asequipment access to remove sediment thataccumulates.

Conduct weekly or periodic inspection of the siltfence to repair tears and remove sediment thatreaches ⅓ the height of the fence (Figure 6-21).

Figure 6-18. Ends turned up into “smiley face,”and room is left in front of fence to remove sedi-ment.

Figure 6-19. Filter fabric embedded into 6“ x 6” trench.Posts installed 6-10 feet apart.

Figure 6-20. End joints are rolled together to form a tightseal preventing water from moving through.

Figure 6-21. Silt/sediment that accumulates behindthe fence needs to be removed when it is ⅓ the height of the fence.


6-8

Sediment Traps and Basins

Sediment basins are essentially large depressionsdesigned to collect large amounts of stormwater run-off to let sediment settle out. Many types of sedimentbasins and traps are available. Contact a design pro-fessional for site specific requirements. Basinsshould be installed before land disturbance begins, andthey should be stabilized with vegetation so the basinitself doesn’t become a source of sediment.

Grass Infiltration Systems (GrassySwales)

Grass infiltration systems are typically smaller than asediment trap or basin, and are usually used as on-site treatment for residential areas or parking lots.The purpose for these grassy swales is to removepollutants from stormwater prior to infiltrating intothe groundwater. They act as a bio-filtration systemfor treating runoff. Grassy swales often have gradu-ally sloping sides and can easily be mowed as part ofroutine lawn maintenance. They are an aestheticallypleasing solution for small lots. Grass infiltrationsystems can replace curbs, gutters, and storm drains.

Sediment basin/trap.

Sediment basin/trap.

General design guideline for a sediment retention basin.

Curb inlet allows street stormwater to flowinto grass infiltration system.

A grassy swale in a residential neighbor-hood treats runoff from driveways, roads,and roofs.



Kootenai County Community Development(Planning and Building)451 Government WayCoeur d'Alene, ID 83814(208) 446-1070www.kcgov.us/departments/building

Idaho Department of Environmental Quality(IDEQ)Coeur d’Alene Regional Office2110 Ironwood ParkwayCoeur d'Alene, ID 83814(208) 769-1422

Coeur d'Alene Tribe -Lake Management DepartmentPlummer Office850 A StreetPO Box 408Plummer, ID 83851(208) 686-5302

Suggested Reading:

Forestry for Idaho Best Management Practices -Forest Stewardship Guidelines for Water Quality.Idaho Forest Products Commission

An excellent color pamphlet with many photographsdisplaying and explaining proper and improper usesof forest practice BMPs, along with forest ecologyand water quality concepts.www.idahoforests.org/bmp.htm

Catalog of Storm Water Best Management Prac-tices for Idaho Cities and Counties.Idaho Department of Environmental Quality. 2005.Boise, ID: DEQ.

A comprehensive landowner and contractors BMPguide for the control and treatment of stormwater,erosion, and sedimentation. It is best to use a profes-sional when designing and installing BMPs.www.deq.idaho.gov/media/622263-Stormwater.pdf

6-9

Resource Directory

New Construction


Assessment Worksheet 1 - Construction Concerns

The assessment worksheet below will help you identify potential environmental risks related to how you managenew construction on your property. For each question indicate your risk level in the right-hand column. Somechoices may not correspond exactly to your situation. Choose the response that best fits. When finished, turn tothe New Construction Action Worksheet on page 6-12, and record your medium and high-risk practices. Thegoal is to lower your risks. Use the BMP recommendations provided in this section to help you decide how tobest reduce pollution.


Building setbacks My house and garageare over 75 feet fromthe lake, and our lothas a gentle slope withnative vegetation.

My house is 40feet from the lake,but there is a thickvegetative buffer.

My house was de-signed to be 25 feetfrom the water sowe could be as closeas possible.

Low

Medium

High

Nutrient loading My landscape is allnative and doesn’t re-quire any maintenance.

My soil is testedannually and ferti-lizer is only ap-plied once a yearwhen needed.

My landscape has asteep slope made upof plants that arefertilized often.

Low

Medium

High

Riparian habitat I have kept all theplants that were grow-ing along the shore tokeep the water and fishcool and to preventerosion.

I have removed allof the native vegeta-tion along the shore-line so I could in-stall a lawn.

Low

Medium

High

Stormwater runoffcontrol

My stormwater is di-verted into a vegetatedswale that is located100 feet from surfacewater. A vegetativebuffer runs along myshoreline.

I have a vegetativebuffer on myshoreline, but Ihave a slopinglawn above that isfertilized regularly.

I have a steep paveddriveway that runsstraight down tolake. Oil is visiblyrunning toward thelake.

Low

Medium

High

Wastewater/septic My septic tank is 100feet upland from sur-face water and is in-spected annually. Theseptic drainfield is 100-300 feet from surfacewater based on soiltype.

My septic tank isold and 50 feetfrom surface wa-ter, but it is in-spected annuallyand is functioningproperly.

My house was builton a steep slopewith a septic tankinstalled about 25feet from surfacewater. It is an oldsystem that has notbeen inspected inyears. The drain-field is less than 100feet from surfacewater.

Low

Medium

High


New Construction

6-10


Assessment Worksheet 2 - Erosion and Sediment Control

When finished, turn to the New Construction Action Worksheet on page 6-12 and record your medium and high-risk practices. The goal is to lower your risks.


Site plan I had a site plan devel-oped by a professionaltrained in erosion pre-vention.

I haven’t had a siteplan developed formaking clean water apriority.

Low

Medium

High

Slope of site adja-cent to lake or astream

0-2% slope 3-4% slope 5% and above Low

Medium

High

Timing ofconstruction

I schedule constructionwork and erosion pre-vention applications foroptimal conditions: dry,low-runoff periodswhen erosion is lowest.

Though constructionwork is performedduring the wet sea-son, I use erosion-prevention BMPs tohelp reduce runoff.

Construction work isperformed during thewet season, and noerosion-preventionBMPs are used.

Low

Medium

High

Erosion control I keep existing vegeta-tion, except around thebuilding foundation andaccess areas. I makesure areas of bare soilare seeded and toppedwith a layer of mulchor straw.

Soil on my lot is leftbare during a con-struction project, butnatural features slowand treat most run-off.

My entire lot wascleared for my newhome. Bare soil isexposed.

Low

Medium

High

Sediment control I make sure that erosioncontrols are implement-ed and are inspectedregularly. A silt fencehas been installed assecondary protectionfor sedimentation.

My construction siteis protected by natu-ral vegetation, but noman-made sedimentcontrol devices arebeing used.

My construction sitewas cleared, and tosave money, no ero-sion or sediment con-trols have been in-stalled.

Low

Medium

High

6-11


Action Worksheet

New Construction




Sample: Runoff from constructionactivities runs directly into a streamor the lake.

Cover all bare soil with mulch immediately,slow concentrated runoff with fiber rolls, andinstall a silt fence above surface water.

Today

6-12


SECTION 7

ACCESS ROADS AND DRIVEWAY RUNOFF

Why are Roads an Issue?

Most private roads and driveways are constructed ofcompacted native soils. These dirt roads, if notproperly managed, can become damaged by erosionafter just a single storm. If a road is designed withoutrunoff control practices, water runs freely downhill,picking up speed, and scouring away the road. Thisrunoff creates huge ruts, gullies, washouts, and flood-ing. As stormwater runoff speeds its way downhill,it picks up tons of soil (sediment) and other pollu-tants from the road. Eventually, this polluted waterfinds its way into streams, rivers, and lakes. The pol-luted water can be detrimental to water quality bycovering fish spawning beds, creating muddy waters,adding excess nutrients, and causing algae bloomsand aquatic plant growth. Road erosion can also becostly to landowners, both in repair and property val-ue.

Quality Construction -The Bottom Line

High-quality road design by engineers and heavyequipment operators is invaluable for the safety andlongevity of roads and driveways, as well as the pro-tection of our natural resources. Unfortunately, manyprivate roads are constructed by an operator who hasinsufficient knowledge and experience in this area.As a result, ruts, gullies, washouts, and flooding be-come expensive and dangerous problems.

Water runoff can be slowed by numerous controlmeasures and diverted into vegetated drainage areas,where the dirt it carries is captured, and the water isfiltered back into the ground. These drainage controlmethods may include open-top box culverts, waterbars, road sloping, and rolling dips. Constructingyour road properly is an excellent long-term invest-ment.

Public Access Versus Private ResidentialRoads

Many roads around the state were once used as log-ging roads. They were often constructed withoutmuch consideration to alignment or grade, due totheir short-term use and controlled access. Unfortu-nately, these same roads are now used for continuousresidential access without changing the grading anddrainage (Figure 7-1). Today this discrepancy is thecause of increased erosion and is often a source ofsedimentation into surface water.

Maintenance of our public roads depends on whoowns the property and the activities taking place,such as a timber sale. Maintenance may involve theU.S. Forest Service, Idaho Department of Lands(IDL), local highway district, or county or city roaddepartments. Unfortunately, because there are somany public access roads, maintenance can be leftunattended. If you observe a hazardous road, reportit to one of these agencies. Homeowners, however,are responsible for private driveways and roads. Op-portunities for design improvements on existingroads often exist. Each road and site is unique andshould be evaluated on the ground by a private engi-neer or other professionals from agencies like theNatural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) orIDL. The following guidelines are designed to pro-vide property owners with a basic understanding ofaccess road and driveway maintenance.

This fact sheet addresses the impacts improper road construction and maintenance can have on water qualityand how you can make a difference with Best Management Practices (BMPs). BMPs are actions you can taketo protect our natural resources. The ultimate goal of this information is to provide general guidelines onproper road construction and maintenance for private roads to avoid negative impacts to water quality.

1. Read the facts and information in the following pages.2. Fill out the risk assessment worksheet (p. 7-13) in order to analyze your property's specific needs.3. Fill out the action worksheet (p. 7-14), then take action!

7-1

Figure 7-1. Improper grading and drainagecreates ruts and gullies in roads, increasingerosion and sedimentation.


Road Design and Layout

When designing a new road, implement these BMPsinto your road design before beginning construction,and make sure your contractor is experienced in thesepractices. Check with your county, state, or city regu-lations regarding road and driveway standards andpermit requirements. Requirements may vary de-pending on where your property is located (see Re-source Directory, p. 7-12).

During road layout, avoid slopes over 8% androad segments longer than 200 feet.

Vary the grade as much as possible between up-hill and downhill to facilitate travel and drainage.

Place roads as far away from surface waters orwetlands as possible.

Incorporate drainage features and structures.

Obtain appropriate permits for stream crossings.Contact Idaho Department of Water Resources(IDWR) for more information (see Resource Di-rectory p. 7-12).

Design drainage features to intercept runoff be-fore it reaches road-stream crossings.

Design cuts and fills with stable slopes based onrock type (Table 7-1).

Design roads to balance cuts and fills (Figure 7-2).

Preserve existing trees, shrubs and grasses at thebase of fill slopes.

Plan to stabilize exposed soil by seeding, bench-ing, mulching, or other suitable means. Stabilizebefore fall or spring runoff!

Cut and Fill Guidelines

During the process of cut and fill, it is critical to avoidletting side-cast or waste material from enteringstreams or placing it on unstable areas where it mighterode. Make sure that organic material such as treelimbs, stumps, logs and even ground cover such assod are not incorporated into road fill. Over time,these materials will deteriorate, leaving voids that cancause severe drainage and erosion problems.

Design roads to balance cuts and fills whenever possi-ble (Figure 7-2). Use full bench construction onslopes over 55% where stable fill construction is notpossible (Figure 7-3). In full-bench construction, theentire road surface is excavated into the hill and exca-vated material is pushed or hauled to an area needingfill or to a disposal area.

Table 7-1. Common stable slope ratios for cuts and fills.

Figure 7-2. Balance cut and fill.

Figure 7-3. Full bench cut and fill.

Minimize sediment production from borrow pits andgravel sources through proper location, development,and reclamation. Road fill is used to cover culvertsand build up flat areas. Since road fill must supporttraffic, it needs to be spread and compacted in layers(lifts 12 inches or less) to develop strength.

7-2


7-3

During Construction

The following BMPs are used to control erosion dur-ing and after the construction process. Make sureyour contractor and you are familiar with these prac-tices (Figure 7-4).

Construct roads in a manner that prevents sediment,debris, and excess materials from entering streams.Deposit excess materials outside of stream protectionzones (see Section 8, Riparian, Forest and PastureManagement, for more information on stream protec-tion zones).

Clear drainage ways of all debris generated dur-ing construction.

Construct drainage features to intercept runoffbefore it reaches road-stream crossings.

Protect trees and shrubs growing at the base offill slopes.

When constructing road fills near streams, com-pact the material in lifts less than 1 foot high.Reduce water flowing over fill. Prevent snow,ice, frozen soil, and woody debris from beingburied in the fill. Limited slash and debris maybe windrowed along the toe of the fill to providea filter near stream crossings.

Cover all bare soil with mulch, seed, or rock(Figure 7-5). For more information on erosioncontrol, see Section 6, New Construction.

Construct the road with shallow, outward-slopingdips to collect surface runoff and convey it awayfrom the road surface (Figure 7-6).

During construction and maintenance, do not cre-ate a gravel or snow berm on the outside shoul-der. This berm will eliminate all opportunitiesfor runoff on the road surface to escape.

Permanently mark road culverts to aid in location.If not correctly marked, snow plows are likely tocrush culverts (Figure 7-7).

Figure 7-7. Crushed culvert cross drain.

Figure 7-6. Road constructed with outward slopingrolling dips.

Figure 7-4. Poor placement of erosion controlBMPs may result in sediments entering streams.

Figure 7-5. Exposed soil has been mulched.


Road Grade(percent)

Spacing Between Open-TopCulverts and Rolling Dips (feet)

2 to 56 to 10

11 to 1516 to 20

>20

300 to 500200 to 300100 to 200

<100Consider seasonal traffic restrictions

Drainage Improvement MethodsRoad location, construction, and drainage can causenegative impacts to water quality, cause erosion, andincrease road costs. Drainage issues include roadwaysurface drainage, ditch water, culvert design, and nat-ural stream crossings. The BMPs below, provided bynumerous agencies and professionals, do not substi-tute for a technical guide. Contact a design profes-sional for more information (see Resource Directory,p. 7-12).

Open-Top Box Culvert

The open-top box cul-vert is an acceptablesubstitute for pipe cul-verts for lightly-usedunpaved roads on steepgrades of 6% or more.Construct a box-likeframe (three-sided open-topped) using cedar ortreated planks (Figure 7-8 and Figure 7-9). Thetrough should be 3-4inches wide and 6-8inches deep. Install the

trough flush with the road surface, skewed at a down-grade angle across the roadway. The slope of the cul-vert should be a minimum of 2%. The outflow endshould extend 6-12 inches beyond the surface of theroadbed and should be directed onto vegetatedground, riprap, or another erosion control structure,such as a sediment trap or catch basin. Maintenanceis critical. When these structures fill with too muchrunoff sediment, they become ineffective. Properspacing for open-top culverts is outlined in Table 7-2.

7-4

Figure 7-9. Open box culvert detail.

Table 7-2. Recommended open-top culvert spacing androlling dip spacing (in feet).

Figure 7-8. Open-top boxinstallation.

Rolling Dip

Rolling dips are most effective on long inclines witha grade of 5% or less (Figure 7-10). They are idealon low volume roads with low to moderate speeds.Rolling dips usually cost less, require less mainte-nance, and are less likely to plug and fail than culvertpipes. Construct rolling dips perpendicular to theroad, with a 3% -5% outslope (Figure 7-12). Stabi-lize soil at the low point of the dip (drainage outfallto fill slope) before final grading to direct surfacewater discharge from the dip. Outflows should bekept free of debris to prevent ponding. In soft soils,armor the mound and dip with gravel or rock, as wellas the outlet of the dip.

Road must be at least 150 feet long.

Align the dip across the road centerline at nearlya 90° angle, and slope it outward 3% -5 %.

Dip should be 1 foot below the road surface.

For spacing recommendations, see Table 7-2.

Figure 7-10. Rolling dip cross section.

Figure 7-11. Water bar cross section.


Water Bars

A water bar is a cut and berm built at a downwardangle across the roadway extending from the cut bankto the opposite downhill shoulder (Figure 7-11). Wa-ter bars should be installed in minimal or no-fill areas.Install water bars for use on light-use, low-maintenance, unpaved roads. Ensure that reversedrainage from the crest of the water bar directs drain-age back to the excavated area to keep uphill runofffrom flowing through the water bar and continuingdown the road surface.

Berms should be a minimum of 6-12 inches high,cut 6-12 inches deep, and skewed at an angle of30º to 40º across road.

Construct the berm low enough for traffic to passover, and angle it across road to direct runoffflow off the road.

See Table 7-3 for proper water-bar spacing.

Discharge should never be directed onto fill mate-rial.

7-5

Road Sloping

Road sloping involves sloping the entire road or seg-ments of road at a 3% -5% slope so water can flowoff the entire surface. This can be done with inslop-ing, outsloping, or crowning (Figure 7-13). Watershould never be directed toward structures. The areawhere water is directed should have ample erosioncontrol measures in place, such as vegetation, rock,and mulch.

Insloped roads direct water toward a drainage ditch,providing control of road surface water. Because wa-ter accumulates, a system of ditches, cross-drains andextra road width for the ditch is needed.

Outsloped roads avoid the need for an inside ditch.Outsloping is effective at dispersing water, minimiz-ing the need for wide roads, and decreasing the needfor other diversion practices. Outsloped roads mayrequire roadway surface and fill slope stabilization.Outsloping should be avoided on grades 10% andgreater.

Crowned roads are appropriate for high-standard,two-lane roads on gentle grades. They also require asystem of ditches and cross drains. Crowned roadsare difficult to maintain on narrow rural roads.

Figure 7-12. Rolling dip and road sloping perspective.

Table 7-3. Recommended water bar spacing (in feet). Figure 7-13. Road sloping.

Road/DrivewayGrade (%)

Low toNonerosiveSoilsa (feet)

Erosive Soilsb

(feet)

0–5 250 130

6–10 200 100

11–5 150 65

16–20 115 50

21–30 100 40

a. Low erosion soils = coarse rocky soils, gravel, and someclay

b. High erosion soils = fine, friable soils, silt, fine sands


Figure 7-14. Ditch and culvert cross drain.

Ditch Relief Culverts and Culvert CrossDrains for Runoff Management

Ditch relief culverts are used for runoff managementby transferring ditch water to the opposite side of theroad and releasing it into a stable area (Figures 7-14and 7-15). These culverts are the most commonlyused practice for road surface drainage. Below aresome general guidelines to follow.

Bedding material should be free of rock and de-bris that might puncture the pipe or carry wateraround the culvert.

Cover the culvert with soil, avoiding puncturefrom large rocks.

Compact soil at least halfway up the side of theculvert to prevent water from seeping around it.

Install culverts at least 12 inches in diameter at a30° downgrade angle to enhance flow (Figure 7-14). Ensure proper slope of at least 5 inches eve-ry 20 feet.

Protect cross-drain inlets and outlets with rock(riprap 6-18 inches in diameter), brush, or log-ging slash to dissipate energy and prevent ero-sion. Locate the outlet of cross drains on stable,non-erosive soils, rock, or in vegetated areas.Refer to culvert outlet armoring (Figure 7-16).

For more information, see “Culvert Design forStream Crossings and Fish Passage” (p. 7-8).

7-6

Figure 7-16. Culvert outlet armoring.

Figure 7-15. Bird’s eye view of ditch relief measures.


Ditch Design

Ditches are constructed to transport stormwater run-off to an adequate outlet without causing erosion orsedimentation. A good ditch needs to be shaped andlined using the appropriate vegetative or structuralmaterial. Ditches efficiently remove runoff from theroad and help preserve the road bed and banks. Well-designed ditches provide an opportunity for sedi-ments and other pollutants to be removed from runoffwater before it enters surface waters. A ditchachieves this by controlling, slowing, and filteringthe water through vegetation or structures, such ascheck dams (Figures 7-17 and 7-18). A ditch mustbe stable to avoid further erosion.

General Construction Guidelines

Follow these BMPs during construction:

Size ditches so they are large enough to handlerunoff from the upslope drainage area.

Design and grade ditch and bank-side slopes at amaximum 2:1 slope (Figure 7-19).

Excavate a ditch deep enough to drain the roadbase: 1.5 to 2 feet deep (Figure 7-19).

Where possible, the ditch bottom should be aminimum of 2 feet wide to help slow and dis-perse water (Figure 7-19).

Seed ditches that have less than a 5% slope withgrass to filter sediments and stabilize soil.

Line ditches that have a 5% slope or greater with2-6 inch diameter rock, or install check dams.

All ditches need an outlet; standing water satu-rates and weakens roads.

7-7

Figure 7-19. Recommended ditch design.

Cleaning and Maintenance

Follow these BMPs for ditches:

Clean ditches when they become clogged withsediment or debris to prevent overflows andwashouts (Figure 7-20).

Check ditches after major storm events for ob-structions, erosion, or bank collapse.

Re-grade ditches only when absolutely necessaryand line with vegetation or stone as soon as pos-sible.

Deposit wastes at safe disposal sites, and stabi-lize these sites to prevent erosion. Avoid loca-tions where erosion will carry materials into astream or back into the ditch.

Figure 7-17. Straw/fiber wattles used as checkdams in ditch to slow runoff.

Figure 7-18. The height of the lower check dam (B) is atthe same height as the bottom of the upper one (A).

Figure 7-20. The result of an undersized/clogged ditch.


7-8

General Culvert Installation Guidelines

Follow these guidelines for culvert installations:

Divert all existing or potential stream flowswhile the culvert is being installed. This diver-sion will reduce or avoid sedimentation belowthe installation site.

Minimize equipment use in the stream bed.

Complete downstream work first, such as energy-dissipating devices and large rock riprap.

Place culvert inlets on the same level as thestream bottom or slightly below.

Cover the top of culverts with fill to a depth of1/3 the pipe diameter or at least 12 inches,whichever is greater, to prevent crushing (Figure7-22).

Compact and armor backfill material at the inletto prevent water from seeping around culvert.

Culvert should extend at least 1 foot past fill ma-terial and be level with the stream bottom.

Figure 7-22. General installation guidelines for culverts atstream crossings.

Culvert Design for StreamCrossings and Fish Passage

The construction of stream crossings has the greatestpotential to cause immediate sediment pollution.Proper design, installation, and maintenance of streamcrossing structures can protect both roadways andfish. Ensure that all culvert installations on Class Istreams allow for fish passage.

Stream Crossings

The Stream Channel Protection Act of 1971 (IdahoCode 42-38) requires that a permit be obtained fromIDWR for any alterations within the beds and banksof continuously flowing natural streams in Idaho.

Make every effort to avoid stream crossings.

Cross streams where the stream bottom is stableand banks have low-gradient slopes (Figure 7-21).

Cross streams at right angles, directly in line withstream (Figure 7-23).

Build and maintain structures to protect thestream bottoms and banks.

Only conduct construction activities when streamflows and expectancy of rain are low. Ideally, theentire process, from beginning to end, should becompleted before the next rain event.

If necessary, stabilize road and trail approaches tostream crossings with aggregate or other suitablematerial.

Water bars, broad-based dips, and open-top culvertsshould never be used to cross streams. These meth-ods are used to improve drainage (see “Drainage Im-prove Methods,” pp.7-4 and 7-5).

Figure 7-21. Fish -friendly arch culvert over a low-gradientstream.


Risks of Culvert Washouts atStream Crossings

The risk of culvert failure is high unless it is properlydesigned and maintained. For most crossings, failureis due to upland erosion, clogged culverts, or under-sized culverts. When a washout occurs it is inevitablethat sediment will enter the stream. However, keepingsediment pollution to a minimum is necessary. Ensurethat road design and construction will accommodateexcess flow or runoff events that exceed the standardculvert design (Figure 7-24). These considerations arealways site specific and can save your culvert whilepreventing excessive erosion on the road surface andsurrounding landscape. Consult an engineer or profes-sional from the NRCS or IDL.

High risk culverts include the following:

Culverts that become plugged where there is nooverflow structure (Figure 7-25).

Undersized culverts.

A long, steady road grade above the stream cross-ing.

Simple solutions include the following:

Keep fills over culverts to a recommended depth(Figure 7-22).

Consider a bridge instead of a culvert (Figure 7-27).

Create an armored overflow protection dip (Figure7-24).

Design stream crossings to handle 50-year peakflows.

Figure 7-23. Culvert aligned at a right angle to stream and ditch water directed to vegetated and stabilized area.

7-9

Figure 7-25. Culvert clogged with sediment.

Figure 7-24. This sketch shows an armored overflowdip designed to reduce loss of road fill in the event ofculvert failure.


Culvert Design Recommendations

Use bridges, bottomless arches, or partially buriedculverts in areas where fish passage is an im-portant consideration (Figures 7-26 and 7-27).

Make sure there is no sudden increase or decreasein gradient (Figure 7-28). Place culverts on natu-ral stream bed grade or slightly below.

Design culverts so that water velocities passingthrough the pipe are equal to water velocities inthe stream.

Cross streams are right angles, directly in linewith stream (Figure 7-23).

Provide resting pools at culvert inlets and outletson streams with high gradients. Fish need a placeto rest before they make the journey through aculvert.

Place riprap securely at culvert inlet to preventloose material around inlet from clogging the cul-vert.

Fish-Friendly Culverts

Fish-friendly culverts at stream crossings are essen-tial where trout and other species move upstreamand downstream to spawn and meet habitat needs.The information provided in this section is notmeant as a technical guide. See Resource Directo-ry, p. 7-12, for local natural resource and designprofessionals.

Culverts can impede fish passage when:

Water velocities are too powerful for fish tomove through.

Vertical barriers are too high for fish.

Inadequate water depth prevents fish from beingadequately submerged.

Ice and debris caught in culvert prevent passageor trap fish inside.

Overall culvert design does not accommodatethe size and species of fish present in stream.

Figure 7-28. This culvert is too high.It creates a vertical barrier for fish andscours the outlet.

Figure 7-27. Arch culvert as alternative to whole pipe.

7-10

Courtesy of Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual

Figure 7-26. A bridge is an alternative to a culvert.


Ditch and Culvert Maintenance & Inspection Chart

Problem Cause Solution

Ponding/puddled water Invert is too high.

Ditch grade is tooflat.

Reset the pipe to match the invert to the channel bottom.

Re-grade ditch to maintain correct flow.

Dented/crushed ends Traffic/snow plowsare hitting the ends.

Fix pipe ends; use flared inlets and outlets; mark and protect.

Heavy corrosion Water flowingthrough the culvertis acidic.

Install a sleeve of PVC in the existing pipe or replace the steel pipe withnoncorrosive material (PVC, polyethylene, aluminum, concrete).

Piping around the outlet Pipe is incorrectlyinstalled, resultingin water flowingoutside the pipe.

Reinstall pipe with proper bedding and compaction; install a headwall oranti-seep diaphragm.

Sediment build-up Not enough slope. Reinstall pipe with proper bedding and compaction; install a headwall oranti-seep diaphragm.

Reinstall pipe with a slope of at least 1/4 inch per foot.

Objects blocking thepipe

Debris travelingfrom the ditch tothe culvert.

Remove blockage; install check dams upstream of the culvert.

Sagging bottom Foundation materi-al has settled or haslow bearing capaci-ty.

Reinstall pipe with suitable and properly compacted foundation material.

Crushed top Not enough cover.Soil around wallsnot compacted.Traffic loads aretoo heavy.

Add cover. Reinstall pipe deeper with suitable and properly compacted bed-ding material.

7-11

Routine Road Maintenance

BMPs need to be regularly inspected and maintained to extend the life of BMPs and keep road maintenancecosts low.

Permanently mark road culverts to aid in locating them. If culverts are not correctly marked, snow plowsare likely to crush them.

In the winter when snow berms block runoff from draining off the road, cut channels into snow berms torelease runoff from the road surface.

Clean and repair culverts on a regular basis. Keep water bars and box culverts free of debris and sedimentfor optimum performance.

Avoid using roads during wet periods. Such use would likely damage the road drainage features.

Grade road surfaces only as often as necessary to maintain a stable running surface and to retain the origi-nal surface drainage.

Rolling dips and other outflows should be kept free of debris to prevent ponding.

Place all excess material removed by maintenance operations in safe disposal sites, and stabilize these sitesto prevent erosion. Avoid locations where erosion will carry materials into a stream.


7-12

State

Idaho Department of Lands (IDL)3258 W. Industrial LoopCoeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 769-1577

Idaho Department of Water Resources (IDWR)7600 N Mineral Drive, Suite 100Coeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208)762-2800

Idaho Department of Fish & Game (IDFG)2750 Kathleen AvenueCoeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 769-1414

Idaho Department of Environmental Quality(IDEQ)2110 Ironwood ParkwayCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 769-1422

Federal

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)7830 Meadowlark Way, Suite CCoeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 762-4939or900 E StreetPlummer, ID 83851(208) 686-1260

Other Resources


Forestry for Idaho Best Management Practices -Forest Stewardship Guidelines for Water Quality.Idaho Forest Products Commissionwww.idahoforests.org/bmp.htm

Catalog of Storm Water Best Management Prac-tices for Idaho Cities and Counties.Idaho Department of Environmental Quality. 2005.www.deq.idaho.gov/media/622263-Stormwater.pdf

Low Volume Road Engineering - Best Manage-ment Practices Field GuideKeller, G. and J. Sherar. 2003. U.S. Agency for Inter-national Development. Washington, DC.http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADB595.pdf

Resource Directory

Access Roads and Driveway Runoff

Kootenai County

Kootenai-ShoshoneSoil and Water Conservation District7830 Meadowlark Way, Suite C-1Coeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 762-4939 ext. 101

Eastside Highway District6095 E. Mullan Trail RoadCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 765-4714

Lakes Highway District11341 N. Ramsey RoadHayden, ID 83835(208) 772-7527

Worley Highway District6887 W. Kidd Island RoadCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 664-0483

Benewah County


Benewah County Public Works701 W. College AvenueSt. Maries, ID 83861(208) 245-4122

Plummer Gateway Highway District866 D StreetPlummer, ID 83851(208) 686-1410

Shoshone County

Shoshone County Public Works700 Bank Street, Suite 35Wallace, ID 83873(208) 753-5475

Tribal

Coeur d'Alene Tribe-Lake Management Department424 Sherman Ave, Suite 306Coeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 667-5772




Assessment Worksheet 1 - Condition of Access Roads and Driveways

The assessment worksheet below will help you identify potential environmental risks related to the managementof your property’s access roads and driveways. For each question indicate your risk level in the right-hand col-umn. Some choices may not correspond exactly to your situation. Choose the response that best fits. When fin-ished, turn to the Access Roads and Driveway Runoff Action Worksheet on page 7-14 and record your mediumand high-risk practices. The goal is to lower your risks. Use the BMP recommendations provided in this sectionto help you decide how to best reduce pollution associated with water runoff.


Access road typeand slope of road tohome

I have a paved road;or my road has a goodgravel base.

My road is compacteddirt, and its slope is0% -15%.

My road is compacteddirt, and the slope is>15%.

Condition of un-paved road intohome

Little erosion is on myroad, with no obviousgullies or road washchannels.

My road has somesigns of erosion withloss of soil.

Obvious erosion isevident on my road,with deep gullies andwash channels.

Condition of roadcut bank (aboveslope) and fill bank(below slope)

The banks of my roadare relatively flat andwell vegetated, withno obvious signs oferosion.

My road banks aresteep but well protect-ed with vegetationand only some signsof erosion.

My road banks aresteep and generallybare. Erosion is evi-dent with gullies andsoil slumps.

Condition or exist-ence of structuresfor water runoffmanagement

My drainage ditchesare deep and vegetat-ed. I maintain myculverts. I use waterbars or rolling dips onsteep slopes to slowrunoff velocity.

My drainage ditchesand culverts showevidence that they arenot completely effec-tive in runoff man-agement.

My drainage ditchesare shallow or flatallowing road wash;my culverts areplugged or there areno culverts. My roadneeds water bars orrolling dips.

Where does storm-water runoff fromroads and roadbanks end up?

Most of my storm-water flows over for-ested land where sedi-ment can drop outbefore reaching anysurface water.

A good deal of mystormwater flows di-rectly into surfacewater; the water isonly slightly turbid(dirty).

Most of my storm-water runoff is chan-nelized and flowsdirectly into streamsor the lake; the wateris turbid.

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Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High


Action Worksheet


Write all high and mediumrisks below.

What can you do to reduce the risks?Set a target datefor action.

Sample: Runoff from my drive-way runs directly into a stream orthe lake.

Slow movement of water running down thedriveway with culvert boxes that divert stormwater into heavily vegetated areas.

One week fromtoday.

7-14


SECTION 8

RIPARIAN, PASTURE, AND FOREST MANAGEMENT

Riparian Management

Riparian areas are areas of land adjacent to creeks,streams, wetlands, lakes, and rivers (Figures 8-1 to 8-3). Other terms commonly used include riparian zones,riparian habitat, wetlands, stream protection zone, andvegetative buffers. Regardless of the terminology, ri-parian areas are extremely important for maintaininggood water quality.

Riparian areas are strongly influenced by the presenceof water and contain plants adapted to seasonally wetconditions. These areas serve as natural buffers be-tween uplands and adjacent water bodies (Figure 8-1).This natural buffer of vegetation serves as a filter forsediment, nutrients, pathogens, and metals before theyreach surface water. Plants within riparian areas keepwater cool by providing shade, stabilize soils withstrong roots, reduce bank erosion, and reduce the riskof flooding by slowly releasing stormwater runofffrom uplands into stream channels.

Riparian areas are commonly impacted by human ac-tivities such as urban development, agriculture, andtimber harvest. These land use activities inherentlycarry a high risk for water pollution and commonlyinvolve removing riparian vegetation. Whether you areusing your land for forest management, pasture andgrazing, small farm operations, or recreation, preserv-ing riparian areas or vegetative buffers on your proper-ty is essential for maintaining clean water.

This fact sheet addresses the impacts that riparian, pasture, and forestry management can have on water qualityand how you can make a difference with Best Management Practices (BMPs). BMPs are actions you can taketo protect our natural resources. The goal of this information is to minimize negative impacts on waterquality.


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Figure 8-1. Riparian vegetative bufferprotecting surface water from adjacentagriculture activities.

Do Riparian, Pasture, and ForestedAreas Need Protection?

In recent years, migration from city-living to homeson small acreages has occurred. Conservation andpollution prevention measures can be implementedon pastures, forests, and riparian areas up to 20acres in size. The need for these measures has beenclearly demonstrated in watersheds throughout thestate.

Most small farm owners and managers are aware ofand concerned about protecting water quality in localwatersheds. In fact, when determining how to usetheir land, the water source and quality are always apriority for the landowner. While it is well knownthat improper management can lead to pollutantssuch as sediment, nutrients, and bacteria enteringstreams, what is not well understood by propertyowners is how to manage these issues.

The following BMPs are recommended by local soiland water conservation districts, Idaho Departmentof Environmental Quality (IDEQ), the Coeur d'AleneTribe, Idaho Department of Lands (IDL), Universityof Idaho Extension, and Natural Resources Conser-vation Service (NRCS).

Figure 8-2. A healthy riparian area.


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Healthy Riparian Areas

Diverse vegetation and root systems protectand stabilize stream banks; stream is shaded.

Elevated water table and saturated zone in-crease subsurface water storage.

Increased summer stream flows.

Cooler water in summer and reduced icing inwinter.

Good habitat for wildlife, fish, and otheraquatic organisms.

Stream BottomZone 1Undisturbed Forest

Maturing trees dropnatural litter/debrisinto streams andhelp maintain lowerwater temperaturesvital to fish habitat.

Zone 2Managed Forest

Filtration, debris, plant uptake andother natural processes removesediment and nutrients from runoffand subsurface flows.

Zone 3Runoff Control

Concentrated flows aredispersed and slowedby water bars ormulch.

Cropland

Sediment, fertilizerand pesticides arecarefully managed.

20’ 60’ 15’

Figure 8-3. The vegetation nearest to streams and lakes becomes increasingly important in filtering pollutants (e.g., sedi-ment, nutrients, etc.) and stabilizing soil.

Degraded Riparian Areas

Little vegetation to protect and stabilize streambanks and provide shade.

Lowered water table and saturated zone reducesubsurface water storage.

Reduction or elimination of summer streamflows.

Warmer water in summer and increased icingin winter.

Poor habitat for wildlife, fish, and other aquat-ic organisms.


Stream Bottom Zone 1Undisturbed Forest

Tree removal isgenerally notrecommended in thiszone.

Zone 2Managed Forest

Periodic harvesting is necessary inZone 2 in order to give neighbor-ing trees an opportunity for vigor-ous growth; maintaining adequatenutrient uptake.

Zone 3Runoff Control

Controlled grazing orhaying is acceptable ifrunoff diversions are inplace and Zones 1 and2 are managedcorrectly.

Pasture

Watering facilitiesand livestock arekept out of theRiparian Zone.

15’ 60’ 20’

Stream Protection Zone

Stream Protection Zone (SPZ) is a designation in theIdaho Forest Practices Act (IFPA) that mandates a75-foot minimum distance from Class I streams (bothsides) and lakes that must be protected because oftheir importance to fish and wildlife habitat and waterquality. The SPZ for a Class II stream is 30 feet.The IFPA specifically applies to lot owners who har-vest timber commercially; however, anyone harvest-ing timber near a water body should maintain an ade-quate SPZ. To determine whether you have a Class Ior II water body, contact IDL (see Resource Directo-ry, p. 8-12).

Most municipalities have specific regulations orordinances addressing land disturbance in riparianareas. These ordinances vary depending on loca-tion, and you are encouraged to contact your localmunicipality before removing waterfront vegeta-tion.

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Everyday Riparian Protection

Practice riparian protection on your property:

Maintain a healthy vegetative strip.

Leave wetlands undisturbed.

Restrict livestock from riparian areas and surfacewater.

Never dump slash or debris into surface water.This releases excess nutrients and uses up valua-ble oxygen needed by fish.

Avoid burning on the shoreline. The remainingash is highly alkaline and may change the pH ofsurface water and promote algae growth.

When treating diseases or pests, use chemicalsresponsibly, and use only the required amount.

Using fertilizers within 25 feet of lakes, rivers,and streams is strongly discouraged.


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SUGGESTED SPECIES FORNORTH IDAHO

DECIDUOUS TREES

Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)

Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa)

Western paper birch (Betula papyrifera)

Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum)

Red alder (Alnus rubra)

CONIFERS

Western white pine (Pinus monticola)

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)

Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)

Grand fir (Abies grandis)

Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)

Englemann spruce (Picea engelmannii)

Western larch (Larix occidentalis)

Western red cedar (Thuja plicata)

Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)

General Planting Guide forRiparian Areas andVegetative Buffers

Vegetative buffers may include aquatic plants inshallow water, moisture-loving plants along theshore, and upland plants in dry soils. If your water-front property has a riparian area or vegetative bufferthat has been disturbed or is nonexistent, bringingback a healthy shoreline is relatively easy. Whilemost restoration projects are not difficult, consultinga design professional is highly recommended. Manysite-specific conditions need to be considered inshoreline restoration, such as water velocity, slope,soil type, and plant selection. Below are some gen-eral guidelines for establishing a vegetative/riparianbuffer. University of Idaho Extension is an excellentresource and has numerous publications available(see Resource Directory, pp. 8-12 and 8-13).

Use native species; they are hardier, moreresistant to disease and pests, and providenatural habitat for wildlife.

Include a variety of trees, shrubs, ground-covers, and grasses, and emphasize diversityof species, heights, and ages. Look aroundyour property or neighboring property to de-termine the type of plants currently thrivingin the area (Figure 8-4 and Figure 8-5).

Plant in the spring or fall, which will providenew plantings with enough rainfall to becomeestablished without supplemental irrigation.

Ensure sediment and erosion controlmeasures are in place. Cover all bare soilwith mulch, even when you are planting.

Red osier dogwood

Figure 8-4. Use a variety of trees, shrubs, ground-covers, and grasses when creating a vegetative buffer.


SHRUBS

Alder (Alnus sp.)

Douglas spirea (Spiraea douglasii)

Elderberry (Sambucus sp.)

Serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia)

Redosier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera)

Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana)

Willow (Salix sp.)

Dwarf rose (Rosa gymnocarpa)

Shiny leaf spirea (Spiraea betulifolia)

Western mountain ash (Sorbus sitchensis)

Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus)

Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus)

Mountain lover (Pachistima myrsinites)

Oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor)

Tall Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium)

GROUNDCOVERS

Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)

Creeping Oregon grape (Mahonia repens)

Rosy pussytoes (Antennaria rosea)

Wild strawberry (Fragaria virginiana)

British Columbia wildginger(Asarum caudatum)

SEDGES AND RUSHES

Hardstem bulrush (Scirpus acutus)

Small-flowered bulrush (Scirpus microcarpus)

Softstem bulrush(Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani)

Common cattail (Typha latifolia)

PERENNIALS

Lupine (Lupinus sp.)

Aster (Aster laevis)

GRASSES

Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis)

Bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum)

Mountain brome (Bromus marginatus)

Lupine Mountain ash

Kinnikinnick

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Figure 8-5. Examples of plants that thrive in Idaho.


Impacts to Surface Water(Lakes and Rivers)

Most research shows that improper grazing leads toincreased bacteria, nutrient, and sediment concentra-tions in surface water. For example, fecal coliformbacteria in streams may be a direct result of domesticanimal density and access to streams.

Of the nutrients that could impact streams, nitrogenand phosphorus are the most concerning. Phospho-rus binds to soil and is a potential pollutant any timesoil erosion rates are high. Pastures receiving ferti-lizer increase the risk for nutrients to enter streams,especially in areas where the riparian area has beendisturbed.

Improper grazing can also eliminate woody vegeta-tion resulting in decreased shade and a potential in-crease in stream temperatures. Streams become wideand shallow, with elevated water temperatures thathave a negative effect on cold water insects and fish.Channel stability is reduced and becomes more sus-ceptible to erosion during high flows. Stream incis-ing (channel deepening) or channelization of riparianareas lowers the water table and causes additionalerosion.

Pasture Management

Using proper grazing management strategies and im-proving pasture and riparian areas benefits the land-owner as well as water quality, fish, and wildlife.Most of the practices mentioned below result in sometype of improvement in forage or water table levels,which translates into improved productivity over thelong term.

Overgrazing and grazing when soils are too wet arethe two most common causes of water runoff anderosion. Both of these situations cause soil compac-tion, which limits the amount of water allowed toinfiltrate. The lack of infiltration into the soil de-creases plant health and increases runoff.

Grazing in wet soils often takes place on pasturelandsused as winter and spring feeding areas, on pasturesgrazed in early spring while soils are still wet, and onpastures grazed during or too soon after irrigation. Apasture is overgrazed when animals are allowed tofeed on over 50% of plant mass. As a result, plantsdo not have the ability to properly regenerate them-selves for the following year.

Tips For a Successful Grazing Program:

Corral livestock and feed hay until the pasturegrasses are 6" to 8" high in the spring and thepasture soils have dried sufficiently to minimizecompaction.

Eliminate continuous season-long grazing. Con-sider a high-intensity, short-duration grazingsystem or a pasture rotation system.

Move livestock when 50% of the plant mass hasbeen removed (3" to 4" of plant height remains).Do not graze until grasses have re-grown to atleast 6” in height. This may take a month or so.

Subdivide large pastures into smaller ones, anddevelop and maintain a pasture rotation system.

During winter months, continue a rotation sys-tem. Feed in dry or frozen pastures to distributemanure, and feed evenly. If this is not possible,hold and feed livestock in a corral.

Horses do not need round-the-clock access tofeed as nutritional needs can be met with only afew hours of grazing on good pasture each day.

Provide a water source for each pasture. Watersources should be located away from any ripari-an zone. If possible, do not allow livestock ac-cess to rivers, streams, or lakes.

On irrigated pastures, irrigate immediately fol-lowing grazing to stimulate plant regrowth. Donot graze on wet soils.

Be aware when soil erosion and off-site sedi-ment delivery are occurring, and change associ-ated practices to eliminate the problem.

Minimize the risk of both surface and groundwa-ter contamination by preventing soil, fertilizers,and animal feces from entering waterways.

Simple Rule of Thumb

Collect manure when plants are NOT growing.Apply when plants ARE growing.

For a grazing plan specific to your property, referto USDA NRCS. See Resource Directory, p. 8-12.

8-6


Grazing Solutions

Best: Use fencing andupland watering systemsto restrict livestock fromriparian areas (Figure 8-6). This prevents de-struction to the riparianecosystem and allowsriparian plants to thrive.If the water or riparianarea was previously de-graded, significant im-provements are oftenseen in only two to threegrowing seasons.

Good: If riparian graz-ing is necessary, usefencing that will allowcontrolled grazing of the riparian area. Avoid grazingthe riparian area until stream banks are stable andwell vegetated, and then graze only in the late springfor short periods. Avoid early spring grazing becausestream banks are saturated and vulnerable to tram-pling. Avoid summer and fall grazing because this iswhen livestock tend to overgraze shrubs, especiallywillows.

8-7

Impacts to Groundwater (Wells)

Grazing can impact the quality, quantity, and timingof shallow groundwater. Often, the flow of perennialand intermittent springs and streams depends on shal-low groundwater. Poor grazing management practic-es often lead to slower soil infiltration rates. Thismeans that more water will run off your land, andless water will be available for plant growth andgroundwater recharge. The results are decreasedplant cover and bare soil exposed to raindrop impactand other soil compaction. Changes in the water cy-cle can cause a shift in plant species to less desirablegrasses and an increase in noxious weeds. Changesin the water cycle can also have an impact on thequality and quantity of residential drinking water.

Graze Riparian Areas with Caution!

While most riparian areas need to be completely re-stricted from grazing, some areas may be grazed withcaution. Animal grazing in riparian areas can resultin loss of streamside vegetation, erosion due to tram-pling of stream banks and channels, and water pollu-tion by animal feces. In just a few days, livestockcan remove an entire year's shrub growth. Avoidgrazing riparian plants shorter than three inches.

Stream bank compaction can also occur, contributingto poor plant root development and a decrease in thesoil's infiltration rate. Grazing in riparian areasshould only be used as a tool to improve plant health.Graze herds quickly on grassy areas to aerate soil andreduce the duff layer.

It Pays to Protect!

Strong vegetative roots reduce the likelihood ofcostly damages caused by flooding and streambank repair. The loss of valuable land to bankerosion is permanent.

Healthy riparian areas help maintain a high wa-ter table and saturated zone, which increasessubsurface water storage. This promotes deeproot growth, healthy pasture grass, and lessensthe threat of invasive weeds.

Streambank vegetation reduces stream channelicing in winter and shades water in summerheat.

Small farm owners concerned with water qualityand increased pasture productivity should seektechnical assistance. To develop and implement aplan to improve forage production, riparian areas,and animal watering options, see the Resource Di-rectory, p. 8-12.

Figure 8-6. Fencing and upland watering systems keeplivestock out of surface water.


Develop a Management Plan

A landowner should develop a management plan be-fore beginning any forest management activities.This plan should make clean water a priority while atthe same time meet the landowner’s objectives. Themanagement plan should include area maps, roadplanning and design, SPZs, harvesting operations,and site preparation.

To obtain assistance in preparing a management plan,contact the agencies or professionals in the ResourceDirectory that are noted with an asterisk (*).

Stream Protection Zone

The SPZ is a mandated 75-foot protected area adja-cent to a Class I stream, lake, or other water body.This distance should be extended in areas whereslopes are steep and soils are unstable. The mandatewas put in place as a result of problems identifiedwithin SPZs that included constructed roads and skidtrails, inadequate drainage near streams, loggingslash left in streams, excessive equipment operation,and improper use of broadcast or pile burning.

Keeping SPZs intact prevents erosion, provides wild-life habitat, shades surface water, allows for waterinfiltration, and doesn’t cost a thing. Once vegetationhas been removed, you are left with disturbed groundwhich readily erodes, attracts noxious weeds, andrequires costly maintenance and replanting.

Mapping

As an important part of the management plan, aerialmaps show existing site conditions including: proper-ty boundaries, all surface water (lakes, rivers, andstreams), the direction water flows onto and acrossthe property, existing roads and trails, culverts, exist-ing vegetation, critical habitat, impervious areas(roofs, driveways, and decks), soil types, and slopes.

Once existing conditions have been documented, cre-ate a map showing planned harvesting operations.This map should include temporary roads, erosionand sediment controls, clearing limits, preserved veg-etation, changes in drainage patterns, and all BMPs(Figure 8-7).

Forest Management

For property owners with forest land adjacent tolakes, rivers, and streams, healthy forest managementwill require an understanding of a number of activi-ties. These include: site preparation, timber harvest-ing, planting, thinning, prescribed fire, insect and dis-ease treatment, and preservation and enhancement ofvegetation along waterways for wildlife habitat, andwater quality.

In Idaho, family forest ownership is twice the acreageowned by industrial timber companies. The applica-tion of BMPs on these private lands is just as im-portant as on industrial, state, and federal lands. Stateand federal audits are routinely conducted on variousharvested lands to determine whether BMPs are beingapplied and how effective they are at protecting waterquality. Common problems include inadequate SPZs,inadequate stream crossings, inadequate road surfacedrainage, and ditches and culverts that don’t work.

If you are hiring a professional logging contractor,use this section, along with other suggested referencematerials, to determine whether proper BMPs are be-ing applied on your harvested land. An excellent pub-lication is the Forestry for Idaho Best ManagementPractices - Forest Stewardship Guidelines for Wa-ter Quality (see Resource Directory, p. 8– 13).

8-8


8-9

Figure 8-7. An example forest and pasture management map produced by NRCS.

Avoided streamcrossing by usingexisting roads.

Utilizing existing roadseliminates the need fornew road construction.

Vegetated buffer protectswater quality and wildlifehabitat.


Forest Road Design and Management

Erosion that occurs during forest road constructionand throughout the life of the road has a great poten-tial to degrade surface water. An important first stepis to determine how the roads will be used now andin the future.

To minimize the impact of road construction, newroads should be built to comply with IFPA’s plan anddesign guidelines and the Tribal Forest ManagementPlan (where applicable). For detailed information onroad design, see Section 7, Access Roads and Drive-way Runoff. Consult a professional for proper roaddesign and construction.

Basic Forest Road BMPs

Use existing roads whenever possible—reviewaerial photographs and soil surveys to help locatethem.

Locate and design new roads to minimize down-hill water movement (Figure 8-8).

Use appropriate erosion and sediment controlssuch as silt fencing and mulch, where soil hasbeen disturbed or where the potential for erosionexists (see Section 6, New Construction, for de-tails). Seed all exposed soils upon completingconstruction.

Stream crossing construction must be in compli-ance with the Idaho Stream Channel ProtectionAct (see Section 7, Access Roads and DrivewayRunoff for details). A permit must be obtainedfrom the Idaho Department of Water Resources(see Resource Directory, p. 8-12) for any altera-tions within the beds and banks of continuouslyflowing natural streams in Idaho (Figure 8-9).

Avoid crossing open water or wetlands.

Avoid driving through open water. Skiddingthrough streams is not permitted.

Use properly sized culverts or bridges where nec-essary. Remove any temporary culverts or bridg-es after the road has been abandoned.

Design roads for maximum cross drainage usingwater diversion structures (e.g., rolling dips andwater bars) to minimize down-road flow.

Always route drainage through a vegetative filterstrip so sediment can be removed before waterreaches a surface water body (Table 8-1).

Regularly inspect and maintain drainage struc-tures.

Close all temporary roads after use to preventunwanted use by off-road vehicles that could bedetrimental to the site. Apply grass seed to bareground (Figure 8-10).

8-10

Figure 8-8. A well-designed forest road.

Figure 8-9. Temporary stream crossing.

Slope of land betweenmanagement activity and

water body (percent)

Recommended widthof filter strip (slope

distance in feet)

0 – 10 75

11 – 20 76 – 85

21 – 40 86 – 110

41 – 70 111 – 150

* Distance is measured to the edge of soil disturbance,or in the case of fills, from the bottom of the fill slope.

Figure 8-10. Road closure.

Table 8-1. Guide for forest lot management, showingrecommended filter strip widths.


Harvesting

Timber harvesting is an integral part of forest man-agement. Harvesting temporarily disturbs the envi-ronment in the immediate area and should thereforefollow a plan that incorporates water quality protec-tion in all operations:

Time the harvest to be compatible with soils, to-pography, and weather conditions. Soil disturb-ance is generally greatest under wet conditionsand least under frozen conditions.

Install water diversion structures.

Implement sediment and erosion control practic-es (see Section 6, New Construction).

Locate landings (areas where harvested trees areskidded to be processed for hauling) away fromlow, poorly drained areas and outside of SPZsand riparian areas.

Follow road BMPs when designing and layingout skid trails.

Try to minimize soil disturbance and compactionwherever possible by keeping heavy equipmenton an efficient system of roads and designatedskid trials. Leave rub trees along skid trails.These are the last harvest trees to be removed andwill protect residual trees during skidding opera-tions.

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Site Preparation and Reforestation

Site preparation provides a healthy environment forreforestation following a harvesting operation or un-managed forest lot. Ultimately, better light, nutri-ents, and moisture need to exist to make conditionsfavorable for germination, survival, and growth.These conditions can be accomplished through manu-al, mechanical, or chemical operations, and includethe following:

Reduce competition by unwanted vegetation toincrease the survival rate of the desired trees.

Remove slash and logging debris if the site hasbeen harvested or unmanaged.

Prepare or modify the soil.

Manual

Manual site preparation is the best method in smallareas or near water.

Mechanical

Mechanical site preparation is usually done by a con-tractor with specialized equipment.

Carry out operations when soils are frozen or dryenough to minimize compaction. Avoid opera-tion during periods of saturated soil.

Be sure that slash piles do not interfere with natu-ral drainage patterns.

Consider shearing and raking under frozen condi-tions to minimize soil incorporation into slashpiles.

Follow land contours to promote soil stability.

Use patch or row scarification (clearing) whereterrain or soil type calls for minimum soil dis-turbance.

Low slash and small brush should be left on theforest floor to slow surface runoff, replenish soilnutrients, and provide shade to seedlings.

Chemical

Use an integrated approach to weed and pest manage-ment. When applying pesticides and herbicides,prevent them from entering surface waters.

Treatment within SPZ shall be done by hand andapplied only to specific targets.

Leave a 25-foot buffer along surface water.

For aerial application, leave a 100-foot buffer anddo not spray in SPZ.

Always refer to chemical label instructions.

Consult UI Extension or your county weed depart-ment for proper herbicide guidelines.

Forest Practices Requiring IDL Notification

Timber harvesting and related road construc-tion.

Road construction and reconstruction locatedaway from harvesting area but associated withharvesting operation.

Application of insecticides, herbicides, rodenti-cides, and fertilizers for forest managementpurposes.

Management of slash resulting from harvest,management or improvement of forest treespecies.

Conversion of harvested forest land to anotheruse.

Reforestation.

The use of prescribed fire.


Federal

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)*Grazing Plans7830 Meadowlark Way, Suite C-1Coeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 762-4939

or

900 E StreetPlummer, ID 83851(208) 686-1260

State and Tribal

Coeur d’Alene Tribe -Natural Resources Department*Forest Management PlansPO Box 408Plummer, ID 83851(208) 686-1315

Coeur d’Alene Tribe -Lake Management DepartmentCoeur d’Alene Office424 Sherman, Suite 306Coeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 667-5772

Idaho Department of Environmental Quality(IDEQ)Coeur d’Alene Regional Office2110 Ironwood ParkwayCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 769-1422

Idaho Department of Lands (IDL)*Forest Management PlansCoeur d’Alene/Mica Supervisory Area3258 W. Industrial LoopCoeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 769-1577

or

St. Joe Supervisory Area1806 Main AvenueSt. Maries, ID 83861(208) 245-4551

or

Cataldo Supervisory Area80 Hilltop Overpass RoadKingston, ID 83839(208) 682-4611

Benewah County

University of Idaho ExtensionBenewah County701 W. College Avenue, Suite LL2St. Maries, ID 83861(208) 245-2422

University of Idaho ExtensionCoeur d’Alene Reservation402 Anne AntelopePO Box 289Plummer, ID 83851(208) 686-1716

Benewah Soil and Water Conservation District900 E StreetPlummer, ID 83851(208) 686-1699

Kootenai County

University of Idaho ExtensionKootenai County1808 N. 3rd StreetCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 446-1680


Private Forestry Consultants

*Forest Management PlansLook in the telephone directory under Forest Man-agement. Each county assessor’s office has a list.University of Idaho Extension maintains a list onlineat:www.uidaho.edu/extension/forestry/resources

8-12

Resource Directory

Riparian, Pasture, and Forest Management


Suggested Reading

Catalog of Storm Water Best Management Prac-tices for Idaho Cities and Counties.Idaho Department of Environmental Quality. 2005.

You may examine this useful catalog at IDL, Koote-nai County Community Development, or the IDEQoffice in Coeur d’Alene.Find it online at:www.deq.idaho.gov/media/622263-Stormwater.pdf

Forestry for Idaho Best Management Practices -Forest Stewardship Guidelines for Water Quality.Idaho Forest Products Commission.

An excellent color pamphlet with many photographsdisplaying and explaining proper and improper usesof forest practice BMPs, along with forest ecologyand water quality concepts. Look for this at your IDLoffices or find it online at:www.idahoforests.org/bmp.htm

Grass Seeding Forest Roads, Skid Trails, andLandings in the Inland Northwest.Brooks, R., A. McFarland and C. Schnepf. 2011.Pacific Northwest Extension, University of Idaho.Moscow, ID. PNW 628.www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/pdf/PNW/PNW628.pdf

Logging Selectively: A Practical Pocket Guide toPartial Timber Harvesting.Schnepf, C. 2000. Pacific Northwest Extension, Uni-versity of Idaho. Moscow, ID. PNW 534.www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/detail.asp?

IDnum=667

Low-Volume Roads Engineering, Best Manage-ment Practices Field Guide - Chapter 7, Drainageof Low-Volume Roads.Keller, G. and J. Sherar.2003. Washington DC: U.S.Forest Service.http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADB95.pdf

Management Planning for the Family ForestOwner.University of Idaho Extension. 2007. Moscow, ID.CIS 1141.www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/pdf/CIS/CIS1141.pdf

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Managing Organic Debris for Forest Health: Rec-onciling Fire Hazard, Bark Beetles, Wildlife, andForest Nutrition Needs.University of Idaho Extension. Moscow, ID.PNW 609www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/pdf/PNW/PNW0609.pdf

Plant Your Seedlings Right.Dumroese, R.K., D.L. Wenney and Y.C. Barkley.2001. University of Idaho, College of Natural Re-sources, Forest Research Nursery. Moscow, ID.CIS 528http://seedlings.uidaho.com/default.asp?PageID=38

A Stewardship Handbook for Family ForestOwners.National Association of State Foresters. 2009.www.stateforesters.org/stewardship_handbook

Valuable Websites

Division I Soil and Water Conservation Districtswww.northidahoswcds.org

Idaho Forest Products Commissionwww.idahoforests.org/bmp.htm

Idaho Department of Lands State Forester Forumwww.idl.idaho.gov/bureau/ForestAssist/state_forester_forum.htm

Plants Gone WildPlants of the Wild—native plant newsletter.http://plantsofthewild.com/Newsletter.html

University of Idaho Extensionwww.extension.org – search under “small farms”

www.uidaho.edu/extension/forestry


Assessment Worksheet 1 - Riparian Management

The assessment worksheet below will help you identify potential environmental risks related to riparian health.For each question indicate your risk level in the right-hand column. Some choices may not correspond exactlyto your situation. Choose the response that best fits. When finished, turn to the Riparian, Pasture, and ForestManagement Action Worksheet on page 8-17 and record your medium and high-risk practices. The goal is tolower your risks. Use the BMP recommendations provided in this section to help you decide how to best reducepollution.

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Streambankcondition

More than 90% ofthe stream banks onmy property are sta-ble with plant coveror large rocks. I seelittle to no active ero-sion.

70% - 90% of mystream banks are sta-ble with plant cover orlarge rocks. I haveseen some active ero-sion.

Less than 70% of mystream banks are sta-ble with plant coveror large rocks. I seeactive erosion on mystream banks.

Roads, driveways,and skid trails

I have identifiedBMPs required toprevent erosion andprotect water qualityduring design andconstruction, and Ihave consulted anengineer. I frequent-ly inspect and main-tain BMPs.

I have made no effortto implement water-quality BMPs alongroadways on myproperty.

Streamsidevegetation(riparian)

The stream on myproperty is well-shaded with treesand/or shrubs.

I have trees and/orshrubs providing someshade.

The stream on myproperty has little orno shade from treesand/or shrubs.

Stream crossings I avoid stream cross-ings unless absolute-ly necessary. I haveBMPs installed forall temporary andpermanent culverts,bridges, and fords. Iuse engineering ser-vices for designingwater-friendly streamcrossings.

I don’t use BMPs.Stream crossings onmy property are erod-ing or bare. I don’tmaintain culverts,bridges, and fords.

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High




Assessment Worksheet 2 - Pasture Management

Use the worksheet below to rate your risks relating to pasture management. When finished, turn to the Riparian,Pasture, and Forest Management Action Worksheet on page 8-17 and record your medium and high-risk practic-es.


Manure manage-ment

I collect manure inthe fall and spread itin the spring to opti-mize plant growthand reduce nutrientrunoff.

I do not collect themanure from my pas-ture, and runoff isdirected towards sur-face water.

Pasture rotation I maintain a regularrotation for my live-stock and move thembefore the vegetationis overgrazed.

I rotate my livestockbetween pastures, butsome areas show evi-dence of overgrazing.

My livestock graze inthe same pasture year-round.

Livestock accessto surface waterand riparian zones

My livestock havewatering systems forfresh water. Ripari-an areas and surfacewater are fenced off.

My livestock havelimited access to theriparian areas and onlyduring the late spring.

My livestock roamfreely in the streamand graze on adjacentplants.

8-15

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High


Assessment Worksheet 3 - Forest Management

Use the worksheet below to rate your risks relating to forest management. When finished, turn to the Riparian,Pasture, and Forest management Action Worksheet on page 8-17 and record your medium and high-risk practic-es.

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Managementplan

I have an up-to-datewritten BMP manage-ment plan for timberharvesting, site prepa-ration, stream protec-tion, road maintenance,and forest manage-ment.

I have a written plan,but it has not been up-dated in the last 5years.

I do not have a man-agement plan thatmakes clean water apriority.

Timberharvesting

I plan and conduct tim-ber harvests usingBMPs to protect waterquality and meet thesunlight and site re-quirements of tree spe-cies. I have timber har-vests monitored by aprofessional forester.

Timber harvests on myproperty are plannedand conducted usingBMPs without the as-sistance of a profes-sional forester or othernatural resources pro-fessional.

I do not use BMPs. Ido not hire a profes-sional forester to planand implement timberharvests, nor do Ioversee the harvestsmyself.

Using BMPs I carefully select forest-ry BMPs to protect wa-ter quality during all ofmy forest managementactivities. BMPs areincluded in my writtenforest managementplan.

I include BMPs on anas-needed basis where Ithink they are neces-sary, but I don’t in-clude them in my writ-ten plan.

I don’t considerBMPs during forestmanagement activi-ties.

Stream Protec-tion Zones(SPZ)

I have the SPZs on myproperty identified andmarked. I adhere to theIdaho Forest PracticesAct rule of a 75-footwidth for a Class I wa-ter body.

No SPZs on my prop-erty have been deline-ated. I make no ef-forts to reduce har-vesting impact onstreams.

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High


Action Worksheet





Sample: I don’t have any type ofplan to manage forested lot.

Contact a natural resources professional foron-site consultation to develop a plan.

One week fromtoday.

8-17



8-18


SECTION 9

AQUATIC INVASIVE SPECIES

What Are Aquatic InvasiveSpecies?

Aquatic invasive species (AIS) grow, reproduce, andspread rapidly in water environments. They are ani-mals, plants, and other organisms (microbes) that arenot native to the area and have the potential to causeharm to the economy, human health, our natural re-sources, and ultimately our quality of life. AIS suc-ceed due to favorable environmental conditions and alack of natural predators, competitors, and diseases.AIS are also referred to as “nuisance” and “exotic”species, and are one of the most significant threats toour water resources today.

Why Are They Here?

Although there are a number of sources for the intro-duction of AIS, such as wind, water, and animals,most invasive species are introduced by humans. It isimportant to recognize this is a global issue, as wellas a local one. The invasion begins across the worldvia imported fruits and vegetables, ship ballast wa-ters, vehicles, shipping containers, exotic pet andaquarium trade, and human travel (Figures 9-1 and 9-2).

Why Do We Care?

Invasive species are a form of biological pollution;they can be detrimental to the economy, humanhealth, and natural resources. They spread easily intoday’s global network of commerce and are difficultand costly to control. Invasive species can impedeindustries, damage habitat, threaten agriculture, andreduce our quality of life.

Introduced species outcompete native plants and ani-mals and alter important ecosystem functions such asfood webs, habitat, fire, and flooding. Invasive spe-cies also hybridize with native species, causing com-plex environmental changes.

The introduction of AIS to the United States has beenrapidly increasing and causing widespread damage.The impacts are vast and include the loss of nativeplant and animal communities; reduced property val-ues; impaired drinking water; severely degraded rec-reational uses (swimming, boating, and fishing); in-creased flooding; and enormous ongoing preventionand control costs.

This fact sheet addresses the impacts of aquatic invasive species on water quality and how you can make adifference with Best Management Practices (BMPs). BMPs are actions you can take to protect our naturalresources. The ultimate goal of this information is to prevent, detect, and control aquatic invasive spe-cies in and near our waterways while minimizing negative impacts to water quality.

1. Read the facts and information in the following pages.2. Fill out the risk assessment worksheet (p. 9-24) in order to analyze your property's individual needs.3. Fill out the action worksheet (p. 9-25), then take action!

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Once these non-native species arrive in North Ameri-ca, they spread in many different ways. Some specieshave deliberately been introduced, such as gardenornamentals, range forage plants for cattle, and ani-mals and insects used for biological control. Mostoften they are introduced unintentionally throughnumerous pathways: travelers, pets and animals, rec-reational boats and vessels, and the trade of ornamen-tals (Figures 9-3 to 9-5).

While the majority of introduced species are notharmful to the economy or the environment, a smallpercentage are very damaging and need to be eradi-cated as soon as they are detected.

Figure 9-1 and Figure 9-2. Ships and decorative pondsare potential pathways for AIS introduction.


What Can You Do?

The following BMPs can be used to help combat AIS.It is simple to apply BMPs, and the satisfaction thatcomes from protecting our lakes and streams is price-less.

The health of our aquatic ecosystems requires a veryspecific biological balance to be sustained. Methodsused to manage AIS need to address this balance fullybefore being applied. Read this section and contactthe professionals listed in the Resource Directory (p.9-23) before attempting to control any aquatic plant oranimal on your own.

AIS Currently in Idaho Waters

Lakes, Rivers, and Streams

*Eurasian watermilfoilMyriophyllum spicatum (p. 9-8)

Curlyleaf pondweedPotamogeton crispus (p. 9-9)

Brazilian elodeaEgeria densa (p. 9-10)

Parrotfeather milfoilMyriophyllum aquaticum (p. 9-12)

Yellow floating heartNymphoides peltata (p. 9-13)

*CrayfishProcambarus and Orconectes sp. (p. 9-20)

Asian clamCorbicula fluminea (p. 9-21)

*Didymo/rock snotDidymosphenia geminata (p. 9-22)

Wetlands and Riparian Zones

*Common reedPhragmites australis (p. 9-14)

Flowering rushButomus umbellatus (p. 9-15)

*Purple loosestrifeLythrum salicaria (p. 9-16)

*Yellow flag irisIris pseudacorus (p. 9-17)

Most Unwanted or in Nearby States

HydrillaHydrilla verticillata (p. 9-11)

Quagga and zebra musselsDreissena sp. (pp. 9-18 and 9-19)

*Currently in Benewah, Kootenai, and/or ShoshoneCounties

Figure 9-5. Dreissena (Quagga mussel)-infestedboat prop.

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Figure 9-3. Eurasian watermilfoil on prop.

Figure 9-4. Trailer and boat with attachedweeds.

Call 1-877-336-8676Idaho State Department of Agriculture

to schedule a free boat inspection

www.invasivespecies.idaho.gov


9-3

Clean Everything

Anything that gets wet needs to be cleaned. This in-cludes boats, trailers, inflatable rafts, life jackets, flip-pers, waders (especially felt), and fishing rods.

Non-absorbent items

Detergent—soak or spray all surfaces for at leastone minute in 5% dishwashing detergent (2 cupsdetergent with water added to make 2.5 gallons).

Bleach—soak or spray all surfaces for at least oneminute in 2% household bleach (1 cup of bleachwith water added to make 3 gallons).

Hot water—soak for at least one minute in very hotwater kept above 140 °F (hotter than most tap wa-ter) or for at least 20 minutes in hot water keptabove 113 °F (uncomfortable to touch).

Absorbent items require longer soaking times toallow thorough saturation. For example, felt-soledwaders require the following:

Hot water—soak for at least 40 minutes in hot wa-ter kept above 113 °F.

Hot water plus detergent—soak for 30 minutes inhot water kept above 113 °F containing 5% dish-washing detergent.

Freezing any item until solid is likely to kill mostorganisms.

Drying is effective in ensuring organisms are dead.

Items must be completely dry to the touch, insideand out, then left dry for at least another 48 hoursbefore use.

For mussels, it is recommended that the item dryfor 30 days after leaving a waterbody with aknown infestation. Didymo and quagga/zebra mus-sels can survive for months in moist conditions.

Do Not Release

Do not release plants, animals, or fish into a water-body unless they originally came from thatparticular waterbody. If your family no longer wantsyour aquarium and aquatic pets, do not dump any ofthe plants, animals, or water into nearby water, stormdrains, or toilets. Give them away, take them back tothe pet store, or bury them away from storm drains orwater bodies.

Bait

The use of live bait is unlawful in Idaho, with the ex-ception of crayfish caught in the same waterbody thatis being fished or used. Do not dump bait or baitwater.

Ornamental Garden Plants

Many plants on Idaho’s noxious weed list are soldonline and in some cases at local nurseries. Becomefamiliar with invasive plants by using this section,your local weed department, or the Idaho State De-partment of Agriculture (see Resource Directory, p. 9-23).

Talk About It

Tell your neighbors and friends what you havelearned. Spread the word—not the weed! Talkingabout this pressing issue will greatly increase thechances for protecting our lakes. The process of in-forming the public by local, state, tribal, andfederal agencies is expensive, time consuming, andsometimes intrusive, especially when folks aretrying to relax and enjoy the lake during thebeautiful summer months. Telling one person cansometimes be enough!

Prevention

Idaho currently has aggressive state-wide preventionefforts in place; however, active participation by allwater users is key to addressing this important issue.Because human actions are the primary means of in-vasive species introduction, it is our responsibility towork towards positive solutions. Prevention is farless expensive than control, so let’s work to keepthem out!


Clean

Remove all visible plants and debris.

Thoroughly wash everything, including crevices and other hidden areas (see “Clean Everything,” p.

9-3).

Rinse, scrub, or pressure wash away from storm drains, ditches, or waterways.

Drain

Completely drain your boat before leaving the area, including wells, ballast, and engine coolingwater.

Rinse or flush under flooring, at inflation chamber joints or other areas that can trap mud anddebris.

Dry

Allow time for your boat to completely dry before launching in other waters. If you have been in aknown zebra and/or quagga mussel-infested waterbody, it is recommended your boat dry for 30 days.

Dispose

Dispose of plant matter and debris by bagging and placing it in the trash, away from storm drains,ditches, and waterways. If you find something suspicious, place it in a sealed container with water,and call Idaho State Department of Agriculture (see Resource Directory, p. 9-23).

Expect to be Inspected

In Idaho, boaters are required by law to remove harmful plants and animals from boats and trailers. Boat in-spections are now mandatory in Idaho for all traveling watercraft. All boats are considered contaminated untilinspected. Look for your nearest boat inspection station. The time spent thoroughly cleaning your boat is wellworth the luxury of a beautiful day on a healthy lake. For more information on Idaho’s current efforts, visitwww.invasivespecies.idaho.gov.

9-4


Early Detection, Rapid Response

Catching AIS early and controlling them before theycause significant damage or spread to other waterbodies provides the best (and sometimes only) hopeof eradication. Under the Idaho Invasive Species Actof 2008, the state has determined, “Prevention, earlydetection, rapid response, and eradication are themost effective and least costly strategies against inva-sive species because they combat new invasions be-fore they expand beyond feasible control.” The sug-gestions below offer help on how you can be part ofthe solution.

Know What to Look For

Know what you are looking for and look often! Mostplants and animals are not invasive; they are benefi-cial and necessary to fish habitat and biodiversity.Learn how to differentiate invasive species from na-tive species. This section includes identification pag-es for plants and animals of concern. Numerous onlineresources are available for AIS.

The vast majority of new infestations are found nearboat ramps and along the nearshore (0-11 feet). Regu-larly survey these areas for new infestations. If youfind something suspicious, collect a sample, writedown the exact location, and call one of the agencieslisted in the Resource Directory, p. 9-23.

Form Volunteer Monitoring Groups

Waterfront residents have a unique opportunity andresponsibility to be knowledgeable on potentialthreats to water quality. Volunteer monitoring is anexcellent means of early detection and a great oppor-tunity to get involved (Figure 9-6).

Volunteer groups can be trained by local profession-als to identify aquatic plants and animals, monitor fornew infestations, report findings, take water samples,and educate their neighbors. If a group like this doesnot exist in your area, create one of your own. Callthe Coeur d’Alene Tribe, Idaho Department of Envi-ronmental Quality (IDEQ), or University of IdahoExtension, to let them know your group is interestedin volunteering (see Resource Directory, p. 9-23).

Idaho Laws and Efforts

Idaho Eurasian Watermilfoil Program, 2006This program was created to eradicate Eurasian wa-termilfoil. The ability to facilitate this specializedprogram required hiring aquatic plant specialists inthe Idaho State Department of Agriculture (ISDA),the cooperation of numerous local, state, tribal, andfederal agencies, and millions of dollars. To continuethe efforts put in place, future control methods needto be addressed, and participation by all water users isvital.

Idaho Invasive Species Act, 2008(Idaho Code 22-19)This law includes provisions that allow the state todetermine what is invasive, to set up mandatory in-spection and decontamination stations for boats, andto set up a $5 million emergency response fund. Thislaw, under Idaho Code 22 is administered by ISDA.

Idaho Invasive Species Fund, 2009 (Idaho StateDepartment of Agriculture)This legislation provides funding programs to preventthe introduction of AIS in Idaho. This law requiresall vessels, both motorized and non-motorized to pur-chase and display the Invasive Species Fund sticker tolegally launch and operate in Idaho. Stickers can bepurchased through Idaho Department of Parks andRecreation.

National Laws and Efforts

Lacey Act, 1900This act prohibits trade in wildlife, fish, and plantsthat have been illegally taken, possessed, transportedor sold.

National Invasive Species Act, 1990This law has been the nation’s chief protectionagainst new aquatic invaders, especially those thatarrive in ballast water. It was passed in response tothe invasion of the zebra mussel and other speciesthat have damaged the Great Lakes.

Figure 9-6. A community weed monitoring group.

9-5

Get involved!

The quality of our water is well worth it!Courtesy of Maine Volunteer Lake Monitoring Program


Control Methods

A variety of techniques are used for controlling AIS.Often they are combined in what professionals callintegrated pest management (IPM). Determiningwhat control methods to use varies based on the typeof species, degree of infestation, location, cost, recog-nized scientific research, lake management approach-es, and established polices and permitting. BecauseAIS management is a very specialized field, alwayscontact a professional before attempting to controlAIS yourself. The information here is not a “how to”guide but is meant to provide the public with a basicunderstanding of control methods. For detailed infor-mation on aquatic plant management see ResourceDirectory, p. 9-23.

Manual Control

Manual controls include bottom barriers, waterdrawdown, hand pulling, raking, digging, and cut-ting (Figure 9-7).

Advantages

Easy to use around docks and swimming areas.

Equipment is inexpensive.

Hand pulling allows the flexibility to remove un-desirable plants while leaving native ones.

Disadvantages

Plants often re-colonize the cleared area andtreatment may need to be repeated throughoutgrowing season.

Labor intensive, so not practical for large areas orthick weed beds.

It is difficult to contain and collect all plant frag-ments. Many aquatic plants re-grow from frag-ments.

Some plants, like flowering rush, have massiverhizomes and are difficult to dig by hand.

Pulling and raking stirsup the sediment andmakes it difficult to seeremaining plants.

Hand-pulling and ra-king disturbs bottom-dwelling animals, canbreak plant parts off,and can be labor inten-sive.

Bottom Barriers (Benthic Barriers)

Barriers cover the plants and lake bottom like a blan-ket (Figure 9-8). They compress plants, reducing theamount of light they receive, stifling growth. Studieshave been conducted to determine the most effectiveand least destructive (to native aquatic life) timeframe for barriers to stay down.

The Idaho Department of Lands (IDL) created specif-ic guidelines for the barrier design and the time framefor leaving them in the lake bed. These guidelinesmake barriers easy to manage, ensuring they don’tstay on the bottom of the lake becoming trash. Also,leaving barriers in for too long allows sediment tobuild up on top. This buildup is a problem becauseplants re-grow in the sediment, and the weight of thesediment makes removing the barrier difficult. Barri-er installation is easiest in spring when aquatic plantgrowth is low. IDL requires a permit for the installa-tion of bottom barriers. Within waters or submergedlands of the Coeur d’Alene Reservation, permission isrequired from the Coeur d’Alene Tribe's Lake Man-agement Department (see Resource Directory, p. 9-23).

Water Level Drawdown

Lowering the water level of a lake or reservoir canhave a dramatic impact on aquatic plants growingnear the shore. Plants exposed to air, due to waterdrawdown, are susceptible to freezing temperatures inthe winter months. If exposed before a thick layer ofsnow accumulates, a high mortality rate often results.However, some AIS (such as flowering rush) are sus-pected to do best in exposed and disturbed areas cre-ated by drawdown. What might be helpful in control-ling some AIS could very well make others worse.Drawdowns can also have other negative impacts tothe ecosystem, such as increased erosion and changesin available fish and wildlife habitat.

9-6

Figure 9-7. Hand removal.

Figure 9-8. Diver installing a 10’ x 10’ bottom barrier.


Chemical Control

Aquatic herbicides are chemicals used to treat infesta-tions that are too dense and vast to be affected by oth-er control methods. Because chemical control canhave negative environmental and health implications,preventing dense infestations that require chemicaltreatment is the highest priority in aquatic plant man-agement.

Basic Aquatic Herbicide Information

Aquatic herbicides are sprayed directly onto floatingor emergent plants, or are applied to the water in eithera liquid or pellet form. Factors such as water flow,water temperature, type of chemical, and plant speciesare very important to consider. The U.S. Environmen-tal Protection Agency (EPA) regulates and approveswhat aquatic herbicides are safe to use. The ISDAregulates what aquatic herbicides can be used in Ida-ho. It is illegal to apply aquatic herbicides not regis-tered in Idaho. It is illegal to apply aquatic herbicidesagainst label instructions.

Biological Control

Biological controls are predators or competitors ofinvasive species. Use of biological controls can in-volve importing exotic predators/competitors to helpcontrol exotic species, or using predators/competitorsnative to the area. The need for biological controlmethods has increased due to concerns surroundingthe environment and health. It is a priority for scien-tists to consider the wider implications of introducinga foreign species. As a result, the decision processfor this control method can often be time consuming.Several studies have been conducted on the use ofnative watermilfoil weevils (Euhrychiopsis lecontei)for controlling Eurasian watermilfoil (Figure 9-9).For more information on weevil projects see the Re-source Directory, p. 9-23.

Mechanical Control

Mechanical controls include cutting boats, rotovators,and dredging. Under some circumstances, mechani-cal controls can be more beneficial than other meth-ods of control. They are generally restricted to smallareas such as bridges, flood control structures, mari-nas, and swimming areas.

Advantages

Immediate clearing of vegetation in small areas.

Plant material is removed. It is not left to decom-pose in water, using valuable oxygen.

Disadvantages

High equipment cost.

Labor intensive.

Slow and inefficient (generally a couple of acres aday).

Rapid re-growth (requires frequent repeated treat-ments).

Native plants are removed, and aquatic life can bedestroyed.

Plant fragments created.

Soil disruption.

Increased water turbidity (muddy/cloudy).

Problems with disposal of removed plant material.

Contact a Professional!

Always contact a plant professional before trying tocontrol aquatic weeds on your own. Actions youtake can have a detrimental impact on your health,your neighbors health, and water quality. Manywaterfront residents draw their drinking and irriga-tion water from lakes and streams. Diversity inaquatic plant life is vast. What works on one plantmay not work on another. Don’t take this special-ized science into your own hands. Your local weedsupervisor is available to help with your aquaticweed concerns (see Resource Directory, p. 9-23).

9-7

Figure 9-9. Milfoil weevil (Euhrychiopsislecontei).


Eurasian WatermilfoilMyriophyllum spicatum

Eurasian watermilfoil is a non-native aquatic plantthat was once commonly sold as an aquarium plant.As its name suggests, Eurasian watermilfoil originat-ed in Europe and Asia. The plant probably arrived inthe United States in the 1940s and quickly spread toall but a few states. It is suspected that this incredi-bly invasive aquatic plant was introduced into theCoeur d’Alene Basin from boat trailers travellingfrom other parts of the Columbia River Basin. Evena tiny fragment of the plant is enough to establish acolony that can quickly out-compete the beneficialnative aquatic plants. Because it is widely distributedand difficult to control, watermilfoil is considered tobe the most serious aquatic weed problem in theNorthwest.

Eurasian watermilfoil is a perennial, which meansunless exposed to air and killed by a hard frost, plantswill come back the next growing season. Plants canbe found growing in up to 30 feet of water, depend-ing on water clarity. It can grow as deep as light willpenetrate. Massive rooted colonies can become sodense that they not only compromise the water quali-ty but can suffocate fish and destroy spawning habitatfor some species.

Most water-based recreational activities are affectedto some degree by Eurasian watermilfoil. Boats canhave trouble navigating through the nearly solidfloating mats occasionally getting stuck. Fish popu-lations can decline and, in rare instances, swimmershave drowned after being entangled. Dense floatingmats can also clog the inlets of power generatingplants and increase the cost of maintenance.

Identifying Eurasian Watermilfoil

As a group, watermilfoil is easy to identify; however,identifying the exact species is more challenging. Allwatermilfoil have feather-like leaves arranged in awhorl of four leaves around the stem. The Eurasianvariety usually has 12 or more leaflet pairs per leafwhile the native northern variety has fewer than 10(Figure 9-10). The leaves of the Eurasian varietytend to collapse around the stem when taken out ofwater, while the northern species tend to remain morerigid. Also, the stem is generally more reddish withthe Eurasian species (Figure 9-11).

Twelve or more leaflet pairs on each leaf (Figure 9-12).

Leaves tend to collapse around the stem when re-moved from the water. Other milfoil species havethicker stems and are usually more robust.

Mature leaves are typically arranged in whorls offour.

9-8

Figure 9-11. Typical appearance of Eurasian milfoil.

Figure 9-12. Native Northern watermilfoil (left) has fewerthan 10 leaflet pairs. Eurasian watermilfoil (right) hasmore than 12 leaflet pairs.

Figure 9-10. Eurasian watermilfoil shownsprouting a white adventitious root off stem inleft corner. The upper right shows four leaveswith 12 or more leaflet pairs.

Native northern watermilfoil Eurasian watermilfoil


Like most invaders, curlyleaf pondweed is not nativeto North America. It was brought to the UnitedStates as a popular aquarium plant. Curlyleaf toler-ates low water clarity and will readily invade dis-turbed areas. It is believed to spread from one water-body to another primarily by the unintentional trans-fer of seed pods (Figure 9-13) carried on trailers,boats, and personal watercraft.

Curlyleaf is a submersed aquatic plant that generallygrows in 3-15 feet of water. In spring, curlyleafpondweed can form dense mats that may interferewith boating and other recreation on lakes. Curlyleafcan also cause ecological problems because it candisplace native aquatic plants. In mid-summer,curlyleaf plants usually die back, which results inmats of dying plants piling up on shorelines. Decom-posing plants add excess nutrients to the water.

Long-term management requires reducing or elimi-nating seed pods to interrupt the lifecycle. Cuttingcan be effective, if the precautions are taken to re-trieve seed pods. Ultimately, the most important ac-tion that you can take to limit the spread of curlyleafand other non-native aquatic plants is to remove allvegetation from your watercraft before moving itfrom one waterbody to another.

Curlyleaf PondweedPotamogeton crispus

Identifying Curlyleaf Pondweed

Curlyleaf is similar in appearance to many nativepondweeds commonly found in Idaho lakes, but it canbe distinguished from other pondweeds by its uniquelife cycle and distinct curly leaf.

Curlyleaf is identifiable by its distinctive leaves,which have very wavy edges, with fine teethalong the leaf margins.

Unlike other pondweeds, curlyleaf begins grow-ing in early spring. In some regions it will dieback mid-summer. In north Idaho it persists intofall.

Flower stalks and seed pods stick up above thewater surface in June and appear reddish-brown.

9-9

Figure 9-13.Seed pods (alsocalled turions).

Prevent the Spread!

Clean, drain, and dry your boat and trailer (see“Prevention”, p. 9-3)

Do not release aquarium or water gardenplants into the wild. Seal them in a plastic bagand dispose in the trash.

Consider using plants native to Idaho inaquariums and water gardens.


Brazilian Elodea

Egeria densa

Brazilian elodea is a popular aquarium plant oftensold under the name “anacharis.” It was likely intro-duced into the United States from the aquarium tradeand is often transported on boat trailers and propel-lers. Although the sale of Brazilian elodea is nowprohibited, it is present in some Idaho waters.

Brazilian elodea can grow in waters up to 20 feetdeep, or it may grow as floating mats. Because it canform dense stands, it impedes swimming and boating.Brazilian elodea can spread at a rate of 100 acres peryear and spreads fastest under drought conditions.Infestation by the noxious weed may slow water flowresulting in sediment buildup and constricted water-ways. Brazilian elodea may clog intakes, shuttingdown hydroelectric plants.

A variety of methods have been known to control thespread of Brazilian elodea with mixed results. Handremoval of the plant may result in small fragmentsgrowing into entirely new plants. Some herbicidesare effective at killing the plant, but no herbicide spe-cifically targets Brazilian elodea, so application oftenkills native plants as well. Given the risks of herbi-cide use in aquatic systems, prevention is the bestway of keeping Brazilian elodea out of the Coeurd’Alene Basin.

Clean, drain, and dry your boat and trailer (see “Prevention,” p. 9-3).

Do not release aquarium or water garden plantsinto the wild. Seal them in a plastic bag and dis-pose in the trash.

Consider using plants native to Idaho in aquariumsand water gardens.

If you detect this plant in a lake, pond, or stream,contact IDEQ, the Coeur d’Alene Tribe, or yourlocal noxious weeds supervisor (see Resource Di-rectory, p. 9-23).

Identifying Brazilian Elodea

Brazilian elodea looks very much like a larger, morerobust version of its commonly-found native rela-tives, Canadian waterweed (Elodea Canadensis) andWestern waterweed (Elodea nuttallii) (Figure 9-14).

Bright green leaves and stems.

Leaves in whorls of 4-6 (Figure 9-15).

Leaves are linear to oblong in shape, and 1-1¼”long, ⅛” wide, with finely toothed leaf margins, toothless midrib.

Showy flowers with 3 white petals.

The plant has a very leafy appearance and growsuntil it reaches the surface where it forms a densemat.

Figure 9-14. Brazilian elodea(large plant on right) compared tonative Elodea canadensis (smallerplant on the upper left).

9-10

Figure 9-15. Comparative diagram of similar species.


Hydrilla

Hydrilla verticillata

Hydrilla is native to Africa, Australia, and parts ofAsia. It was introduced to the United States in 1960through the aquarium trade. It has quickly spreadacross the country and is now considered to be one ofthe most problematic aquatic weeds nationwide. Insouthern states, managing its spread costs millions ofdollars a year. Although limited populations exist inIdaho, early identification and prevention are keys incontrolling its spread.

Once established, hydrilla forms dense mats that in-terfere with recreation and wildlife. Hydrilla outcom-petes native plants by growing under less light, moreefficiently utilizing nutrients, and effectively repro-ducing. Hydrilla propagates through various mecha-nisms including dispersing seedlings and sproutingnew plants from root and stem fragments.

However, hydrilla’s real secret to its success is theability to produce turions and tubers (Figures 9-16and 9-17). Turions are small green structures thatform at the base of leaves. Turions can break freeand produce entirely new plants. Tubers are smallpotato-like structures that reside underground andmay remain dormant for several years. Tubers andturions can withstand drying, freezing, herbicides,and ingestion by waterfowl. One square meter ofhydrilla can produce 5,000 tubers!

Figure 9-17. Hydrilla can be distinguished from Brazilianelodea and native elodea species by the presence of tu-bers.

Figure 9-16. Hydrilla turions.

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Identifying Hydrilla

Hydrilla closely resembles the non-native Brazilianelodea (Figure 9-15) and native elodea species. Hy-drilla is distinguished from these look-alike speciesby the following characteristics:

The presence of tubers (0.2” to 0.4” long, off-whiteto yellowish, pea-like structures buried in the sedi-ment). Neither Brazilian elodea nor native elodeahas tubers.

Leaves in whorls around the stem (generally 5leaves per whorl).

Serrations or small spines along the leaf edges.

The midrib of the leaf is often reddish when fresh.


Parrotfeather Milfoil

Myriophyllum aquaticum

Parrotfeather milfoil was introduced to the UnitedStates from South America for the aquarium and wa-ter gardens trade. Parrotfeather rapidly spreads intoshallow waters by fragmentation of stems and rhi-zomes.

Parrotfeather can form dense mats of vegetation en-tirely covering the water’s surface. Because thestems of the plant are so tough, it is difficult to swim,ski, boat, or fish in parrotfeather stands. The plant isof particular concern because it provides an idealhabitat for mosquito larvae, deteriorates water quali-ty, blocks passage of migrating fish, and causesflooding due to its large mass.

Parrotfeather is extremely difficult to control. Be-cause it forms dense mats above the water’s surface,herbicide application is difficult, and its waxy leavesand stems inhibit herbicide uptake. Biological con-trol is limited because sterile grass carp find the plantunpalatable. Physical removal of parrotfeather oftenproduces fragments that actually spread the plant.

Identifying Parrotfeather Milfoil

Look for the following characteristic when identify-ing parrotfeather:

Bright green, fir tree-like leaves and stems that riseabove the water level (emergent).

Leaflets arranged in whorls (4-6) around the stem.

Leaflets with feather-like leaf arrangement.

Dense mat of intertwined brownish stems(rhizomes) in the water.

Reddish, feathery-leaved, limp, underwater leavesmay be present.

Although parrotfeather and Eurasian watermilfoilare closely related, Eurasian watermilfoil doesn'thave above-water leaves.

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Prevention is the best way to stopthe spread of parrotfeather!

Clean, drain, and dry your boat and trailer (see“Prevention”, p. 9-3).

Never release aquatic plants or animals intostreams, rivers, or lakes. Place them in a plas-tic bag, and dispose of them in the trash.

Use native plants in water gardens.


Yellow Floating HeartNymphoides peltata

Yellow floating heart was introduced to the UnitedStates as an ornamental water plant. It is native toAsia but now occurs in over 15 states in the UnitedStates. Common names include Asaza, entiremarshwort, floating heart, and fringed water lily. Avery small population has been found in Idaho; how-ever, dense populations have been found in Wash-ington on the Spokane River and Long Lake (LakeSpokane).

Yellow floating heart is an aggressive perennialaquatic plant that grows in dense patches, limitinglight for native species and creating stagnant areaswith low oxygen levels underneath the floating mats.These mats make it difficult to fish, water ski, swim,or paddle. Primary reproduction is by seed, but thestolen, a long stem attached to the underside of theleaf, can also form new plants. The rope-like stemsare attached to adventitious roots on the lake’s bot-tom (Figure 9-18). This plant prefers slow movingrivers, lakes, reservoirs and ponds.

Yellow floating heart is very difficult to controlthrough mechanical and chemical means once it isestablished. Bottom barriers can be used in smallareas to prevent growth. If plants are harvested orcut, all plant pieces should be removed from the wa-ter. Given the risks of herbicide use in aquatic sys-tems, prevention is the best way of keeping yellowfloating heart out of the Coeur d’Alene Basin.

Identifying Yellow Floating Heart

Look for these characteristics when identifying yellowfloating heart:

Shiny green leaves are heart-shaped and the size ofa silver dollar.

Leaves are arranged alternately along the stem, andoppositely on the flower stalks. Leaf margins areoften rippled and purplish underneath.

Two to five showy yellow flowers are supportedseveral inches above the water on strong stalks.

Flowers have 5 petals with fringed margins, and areusually 3-5 cm in diameter. Flowers generallybloom from July to September.

Rope-like stems (Figure 9-18) are attached to ad-ventitious roots on the lake’s bottom.

Similar plants include native spatterdock and nativewatershield.

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Figure 9-18. Rope-like stems.

Prevent the Spread!

Clean, drain, and dry your boat and trailer(see “Prevention”, p. 9-3).

Do not release aquarium or water gardenplants into the wild. Seal them in a plasticbag, and dispose in the trash.

Consider using plants native to Idaho inaquariums and water gardens.

If you detect this plant in a lake, pond, orstream, contact IDEQ, the Coeur d’AleneTribe, or your local noxious weeds supervi-sor (see Resource Directory, p. 9-23).


Common ReedPhragmites australis

Common reed, also known as phragmites, has a na-tive strain and an introduced invasive strain. Bothstrains have been identified in the Coeur d’Alene Ba-sin. This invasive wetland grass is threatening theecological health of wetlands across the United Statesby creating tall dense stands that crowd out nativeplants and animals, block shoreline views, reduceaccess for swimming, fishing, and hunting and cancreate fire hazards.

Phragmites usually grows in sunny open areas anddoes not appear to spread into areas where there isdense vegetation. The plant spreads primarily throughrhizomes, but it will also reproduce from seed. Eachnode on the canes can root and grow into a new plant.

Controlling established invasive phragmites can bedifficult. Early identification greatly increases thechances for eradication. Methods for control includemowing, burning, crushing, shading, grazing, or herb-icides. In most cases acombination of meth-ods and multiple treat-ments is effective.Given the possiblerisks of herbicide usein or near aquatic sys-tems, prevention is thebest way to rid thisinvasive giant from theCoeur d’Alene Basin.

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Identifying Invasive Phragmites

Look for the following characteristics when identify-ing common reed:

Grows up to 16 feet in height (Figure 9-19).

Stems are very stiff and light green (Figure 9-20).

Dark green leaves grow to 2 feet long, 1 inch wideand are alternated along the stem (Figure 9-21).

Very thick, very long rhizomes.

Flowery seed plumes are 1-2 feet long, silvery-tanand often drape to the side.

Figure 9-19. Invasive phrag-mites is primarily distinguishedby its very large size.

Figure 9-20. Invasive and native phragmites.

Invasive Native

Figure 9-21. Invasive phragmites on the left is dense withdark green leaves. Native phragmites on the right is lessdense and light green.

Invasive

Native

Seed Plumes

Rhizomes

Leaves


Flowering Rush

Butomus umbellatus

Flowering rush is an exotic plant that was likely in-troduced to North America from Europe as a gardenornamental. Once in a watershed, it spreads locallyby rhizomes and root fragments, transported by ani-mals, boats, flowing water, and ice movement.

Flowering rush grows as an emergent plant alongshorelines and as a submersed plant in lakes and riv-ers. This plant can form dense stands that interferewith lake use and crowd out native vegetation. Flow-ering rush can create a marsh out of a bay in veryshort order (Figure 9-22).

Protecting native riparian or shoreline plants is animportant way to help keep flowering rush out ofyour shoreline. It likes exposed, bare soils so keepyour native vegetation intact and dense.

It is very difficult to control and eradicate floweringrush. Inappropriate control methods can worsen theflowering rush problem. Hand digging can be used toremove small isolated plants, but use extreme care toremove all root fragments, as the rhizomes break eas-ily, risking further spread. Any disturbance to theroot system will cause small reproductive structureson the roots to break off and spread to other areas.Methods such as raking or pulling only disturb theroot system and are not recommended. If this methodis used, dispose of plants far away from shoreline andthoroughly dry all the flowering rush plants once theyare removed from the water. Any amount of mois-ture will aid their survival.

It is very difficult to kill flowering rush with herbi-cides. Herbicides are easily washed away from thenarrow leaves of this plant. At this time, no specificherbicide has been successful at long-term control offlowering rush.

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Identifying Flowering Rush

Flowering rush looks very similar to native rushesthat occur in wetland areas. It is easy to identify bythe stem, which is triangular in cross section, bypinching the stem in half (Figure 9-23). It also has adistinctive root system (Figure 9-24). Most flower-ing rush plants do not flower.

Plants can be found growing along the shore andsubmerged in water with erect leaves, reaching toabout 3 feet in height.

When the plant emerges, it will often lay limp onthe surface of the water.

When first emerging in spring, new leaves appearpurple and are difficult to see in mud.

Figure 9-23. Stem in crosssection.

Figure 9-24. The roots offlowering rush contain abun-dant rhizomes.

Figure 9-22. What was once open water is now densewith flowering rush.


Purple Loosestrife

Lythrum salicaria

This plant is native to Europe and Asia and arrived inNorth America in the early 1800s as an ornamentallandscape plant and through imported soil. It madeits way into the Northwest in the 1980s and can befound growing in gardens, gravel pits, potholes, road-sides, stream banks, and lakes. Don’t be fooled bythis plant’s beauty; it will wreak havoc on your land-scape.

Commonly referred to as lythrum, purple loosestrifeis a robust perennial found in riparian areas and wet-lands. Listed on the ISDA’s noxious weed list, thisplant poses a serious threat to riparian ecosystems bycrowding out native grasses, sedges, and other flow-ering plants that provide a higher quality of nutritionand habitat for fish and wildlife.

Purple loosestrife spreads both by seeds and buds thatare attached to its roots. Each flower spike is capableof producing up to 120,000 seeds. Because of itsdeep spreading roots and prolific seed production, itis difficult to control and eradicate. It is often foundin wetland environments, so the use of herbicides islimited to chemicals designed for aquatics. Five in-sect species have been approved for release in NorthAmerica to manage purple loosestrife. Hand pullingand digging are effective on early established plants;however, one must be careful to dispose of all roots,stems, and seeds by burning.

Identifying Purple Loosestrife

Purple loosestrife is sometimes confused with fire-weed. Fireweed has alternate (staggered down thestem) leaves which are not shaped like a heart.Flowers of fireweed have four petals and eight sta-mens.

Plant grows 6 to 10 feet tall.

Showy flower spikes are purple to magenta with 5-6 petals each. Flowers bloom from July to Sep-tember.

The stems are boxy in shape and can have 4 to 8sides. Leaves are opposite or whorled, and shapedlike a long heart, similar to a willow.

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Yellow Flag IrisIris pseudacorus

9-17

Identifying Yellow Flag Iris

Look for these characteristics when identifying yel-low flag iris:

Showy yellow flowers that bloom in late spring orearly summer. Flower petals are often streakedwith brown/purple lines.

Thick rhizomes that break into pieces easily. Rhi-zomes are often found close to the surface (Figure9-25)

Leaves stand erect or bend at the top with shorterleaves appearing toward the outside of the plant.

When not in bloom, yellow flag iris can be mistak-en for the common cattail.

Yellow flag iris is not native to North America and isspreading rapidly throughout the United States andCanada. It is a perennial native to Europe, Great Brit-ain, and northern Africa. Introduced as an ornamentalfor garden ponds, it is still being sold commerciallyfor that purpose. This plant is on the ISDA’s noxiousweed list, so retail distribution in Idaho is not permit-ted. Purchases made out of the state and online arestill a concern.

Yellow flag iris reproduces prolifically through itsrhizomes and seeds, which has enabled it to escape itsgarden boundaries. The plant’s rhizomes form suchdense clumps, that it is capable of outcompeting otheraggressive wetland plants, such as the cattail. If asmall rhizome fragment breaks off, it can drift withthe water to another location and form a new plant.This problem is enhanced in the winter months whenrhizomes are fragile and brittle and break off easily.

Yellow flag iris grows in all wetland habitats: lakes,streams, rivers, and ponds. It likes very shallow wateror mud and prefers part shade or full sun exposure.This plant will sometimes remain green during mildwinters but will die back in harsh winter conditionswhere the rhizomes successfully over-winter just fine.

As with any weed, the control technique depends onthe size of the infestation and its location. Rhizomescan be removed by hand digging, but all plant partsneed to be thoroughly removed. Just one piece of arhizome will form a plant. Dispose of plant matter inthe garbage, as the rhizomes can survive being driedout for a considerable time. Removing flowers andseed pods greatly reduces the spread of this plant.Seeds are buoyant due to gas inside a hard outer shell.This allows the seed to float downstream, finding anew location to grow. Shade will also reduce seedgermination, so covering or mulching where plantshave been removed is effective.

Chemical control has been effective, but becausethese plants grow close to water, contacting your localweed specialist is highly recommended. Given therisks of herbicide use in aquatic systems, prevention isthe best way of keeping yellow flag iris out of theCoeur d’Alene Basin.

Figure 9-25. Rhizomes.


Quagga and Zebra MusselsDreissena bugensis and Dreissena polymorpha

Report These Mussels Immediately!Quagga and zebra mussels attach themselves tohard surfaces, and native mussels do not, so if yousee a mussel attached to anything, contact ISDAimmediately (see Resource Directory, p. 9-23)!

Quagga and zebra mussels, known as the dreadeddreissenid species, are native to the Black and Caspi-an Seas in eastern Europe. Quagga andzebra mussels are freshwater, bivalve mussels thatwere introduced to North America via trade andtransport (from the ballast of ocean-going ships) andfirst discovered in the Great Lakes region in the mid-1980s. Since then, the shelled devils have beenmarching across the nation, east to west and north tosouth (Figure 9-29).

Dreissenids are dreaded because of their ability towreck aquatic ecosystems, water and irrigation in-takes, hydropower facilities, docks, and local infra-structure (Figure 9-26). These mussels are filter feed-ers, so they impact ecosystems by filtering the nutri-ents required by the entire food chain. Over time, itbecomes hard for native species to outcompete theinvaders for the resources available. One mussel canfilter up to one liter of water per day!

Dreissenids have small bysal threads that allow themto stick to hard surfaces and multiply (Figure 9-27).Often, mussels are found in large colonies, stickingon top of each other. For both species, color patternsvary widely with black, cream, or white bands.

Until 2007, the West was seemingly still free of theseinvasive and highly transportable mollusks. In Janu-ary of 2007 quagga mussels were discovered at LakeMead in Nevada. Since then, they have spread toArizona, California, Colorado, and Utah.

Dreissenids’ ability to rapidly colonize hard surfacescauses serious problems to our local economies.Even people who don’t recreate or use surface waterfor drinking or irrigation can still be seriously affect-ed. Utility rates can increase due to the extra amountof work and maintenance at hydropower facilities,water treatment plants, and wastewater facilities.Food costs can increase due to the farmer’s extra ef-forts required to keep irrigation pipes free and clear ofquagga and zebra mussels. Recreation-based indus-tries and activities could also be impacted: docks,breakwater walls, buoys, boats, and beaches becom-ing heavily colonized by dreissenid mussels. Accord-ing to the Idaho Species Invasive Species Council,these mussels would cost Idaho up to $100 million ayear in maintenance costs!

Many people are curious about the differences be-tween quagga and zebra mussels (Figures 9-28 & 9-30). Quagga mussels are larger and colonize at deep-er depths (up to 500 feet) while the zebra musselsprefer cooler temperatures. They do the same thinghowever: attach themselves to every hard surface,filter nutrients, and multiply like mad.

A mature female quagga or zebra mussel, in the rightconditions, is capable of producing up to one millioneggs per season. To date, there are no “silver bullet”solutions to dreissenid eradication. The best solutionto the quagga and zebra problem is prevention. In2009 Idaho implemented a user-fee Aquatic InvasiveSpecies sticker program to fund mandatory boat in-spection stations to keep dreissenids out. Be on thewatch for these stations each summer. Let’s all bepart of the preventive solution!

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Figure 9-27. Pile of zebra mussels re-moved from the Mississippi River.

Figure 9-28. Image using dime todemonstrate size of zebra (left), andquagga (right) mussels.

Figure 9-26. Clogged intake pipe.


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Figure 9-30. Zebra (left) and quagga (right) mussel comparison.

Figure 9-29. 2011 map showing nationwide infestations.


Crayfish

Crayfish are eco-engineers and are among the mostimpactful of AIS. They can wreak havoc on aquaticsystems by destabilizing banks, shredding vegetation,and increasing turbidity. Although no invasive cray-fish to date have been identified in Coeur d’AleneLake, the virile crayfish is established in nearby Fer-nan Lake and was recently identified in Lake PendOreille.

Crayfish are most frequently introducedfrom aquariums and by the use of live bait

Never release aquarium pets into the environ-ment. Dispose of unwanted crayfish humanelyby placing them in water and freezing them.

Live bait is prohibited in Idaho, except forlive crayfish that have been caught on thebody of water being fished.

Learn how to identify crayfish using the USGSFact Sheet on Invasive Crayfish in the PacificNorthwest (http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3132/).

Figure 9-31. A native to the Idaho Panhandle, the signalcrayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus).

The native signal crayfish (Figure 9-31):

It is the only native crayfish in the Idaho Panhan-dle.

It grows up to 6 inches in length.

The top of its claw is smooth with a white band.

Invasive CrayfishIf you see something suspicious, call the Idaho Invasive Species Hotline at 1-877-336-8676.

Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)

Rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) Ringed crayfish (Orconectes neglectus)

Virile (Northern) crayfish (Orconectes virilis)

9-20


Asian ClamCorbicula fluminea

Identifying the Asian Clam

Look for these characteristics when identifyingAsian clams:

Shell has deep concentric rings (Figure 9-34).

The inside of the shell is polished and slightlypurple, and there will be 3 cardinal and 2 lateralteeth (Figure 9-34).

The outside of the shell is normally yellow-green, but the color can flake, leaving whitespots (Figure 9-35).

Usually not more than 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) wide(Figure 9-35).

The Asian clam is an invasive bivalve that has spreadrapidly in lakes, canals, streams, rivers, and reservoirsthroughout North America. The Asian clam is knownto aggressively out-compete native invertebrates; limitphytoplankton; foul water intakes; add nitrogen andphosphorus to systems; and impact aesthetic and rec-reational values of public beaches, lake front proper-ties, and swimming areas.

The Asian clam has high rates of filtration, metabo-lism, reproduction, and tolerance, which provide itwith a wide range of habitats. Producing 2,000 juve-niles per day, Asian clams quickly colonize and in-vade areas by creating “beds” (Figure 9-32). Theclam excretes high levels of nitrogen and phosphorusinto the water and bottom sediments, which stimulatesthe growth of certain algae (Figure 9-33). They alsofilter high volumes of water, removing nutrients andfood sources vital to other native species, especiallyfish populations. They are capable of both filter feed-ing (feeding from the water) and pedal feeding(feeding directly from the sediment), which is why theAsian clam is so successful in so many different envi-ronments. In cool regions they grow to be as large as28 mm, but in warmer systems they are as large as 55mm. They are found at water depths of 5 to 250 feet,and within the sediments buried up to 7 inches belowthe surface.

Asian clams emit a unpleasant odor as they die anddecompose. Once dead, their shells fragment, washup on the beaches and make walking barefoot precari-ous for beach goers. Additionally, scientific studiespredict that high levels of calcium produced by theclams could provide an environment conducive to theintroduction of quagga and zebra mussels.

Figure 9-34. Asian clams.

Figure 9-35. Peeling shell produceswhite spots.

Figure 9-33. Measurement taken in clam bed;typical algae bloom found growing with clams.

Figure 9-32. Asian clams forming a “bed.”

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DidymoDidymosphenia geminata

Native to northern North America and Europe,Didymosphenia geminata, also known as didymo orrock snot, is rapidly spreading and invading streamsin several western states (Figure 9-36).Unfortunately, it appears that primary carriers ofdidymo include fishing equipment, waders, boats,dogs, and just about anything that may come incontact with didymo-infested waters.

Didymo is a microscopic algae known as a diatomthat can smother entire stream beds with mats asthick as 8 inches and can ruin just about any river orcreek. In areas where didymo is found, it has beendocumented that widespread loss of most aquaticinsect species result, and fish populations decline ormove elsewhere.

Didymo can be found on rocks in moving water andis often mistaken for fiberglass or toilet tissue.Unlike most other algae, didymo feels like wetcotton and isn’t slimy. It is generally brown, tan oryellow in color.

9-22

Preventing the Spread

Disinfect your boat, trailer, boots and other gearbefore entering a new waterbody. Felt waders haverecently been banned in several states (Maryland,Vermont, and Alaska) due to this invasive species.Remember, you can’t see individual didymo cells,so thoroughly disinfect all of your equipment.See “Prevention”, p. 9-3, for cleaning tips.

Figure 9-36 Didymo distribution in the continental US.

Clean

Remove all plants, animals, and mud.Thoroughly wash everything, including crevices and

other hidden areas.

Drain

Thoroughly drain your boat before leaving the area,including wells, ballast, and engine cooling water.

Dry

Allow time for your boat to completely dry beforelaunching in other waters.



Kootenai CountyNoxious Weed Control Department10905 N. Ramsey RoadHayden, ID 83835(208) 446-1290


Coeur d’Alene TribeLake Management DepartmentPlummer Office850 A StreetPO Box 408Plummer, ID 83851(208) 686-5302


Idaho State Department of Agriculture (ISDA)P O Box 790Boise, ID 83701-0790(208) 332-8500

In northern Idaho:(208) 608-3404

Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation(IDPR)2885 Kathleen Avenue, Suite 1Coeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 767-1511

Idaho Department of Lands (IDL)Coeur d’Alene/Mica Supervisory Area3258 W. Industrial LoopCoeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 769-1577

Resource Directory

Aquatic Invasive Species

Other Resources

United States Department of Agriculturewww.usda.gov

United States Geological SurveyInvasive Crayfish in the Pacific Northwesthttp://pubs.usgs.gov/2011/3132/

Idaho State Department of Agriculture - Idaho’sInvasive Species Programwww.invasivespecies.idaho.gov

National Invasive Species Councilwww.invasivespecies.gov/

National Oceanic Atmospheric Administrationwww.reserach.noaa.gov/oceans/t_invasivespecies.htm

University of Idaho Extensionwww.extension.uidaho.edu/mg/resources

www.uidaho.edu/cda/idah2o

Aquatic Plant Identification

Noxious Weed Identification and Control Hand-book. Inland Empire Cooperative Weed ManagementArea.www.kcweeds.com/accounts/kc_weeds/data_documents/11/files/noxious weed identification& control handboo.pdf

Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plantshttp://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/

Invasive Species Technical NotesU.S. Department of Agriculture Natural ResourcesConservation Servicewww.mt.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ecs/invasive/technotes/

Quagga and Zebra Mussels

100th Meridian Initiativewww.100thMeridian.org

Protect Your Waters and Stop Aquatic Hitchhikers!www.Protectyourwaters.net

Idaho’s Invasive Species Councilwww.invasivespecies.idaho.gov

Idaho Department of Parks and Recreationwww.parksandrecreation.idaho.gov/

9-23



Early detection I am knowledgeable inaquatic invasive spe-cies identification, andI routinely monitor thelake.

I know that Eurasianwatermilfoil is aproblem, but I don’tknow how to tell itapart from other wa-ter plants.

I don’t know whyaquatic invasive spe-cies are a problem, andI never think about it.

Low

Medium

High

Aquatic weedcontrol

I always contact aweed specialist beforeaddressing aquaticplant problems on myproperty.

I pull, dig, or cutaquatic plantsthroughout the sea-son (some plants mayspread with pulling,digging, or cutting).

I use herbicides tocontrol aquatic weedsaround my dock, with-out consulting a weedspecialist.

Low

Medium

High

Boat and trailerinspection andcleaning

I always clean andinspect my boat andequipment before andafter launching, toprevent spreadingaquatic invasive spe-cies to other waterbodies.

I check my boat andequipment only whentime allows.

I never clean and in-spect my boat andequipment.

Low

Medium

High

Shorelinevegetation

I have preserved oradded native plantsalong my shoreline toreduce maintenance,provide wildlife habi-tat, filter nutrients, andprevent erosion.

My lawn stretches allthe way to thewater’s edge, but Idon’t use fertilizersor apply herbicideswithin 25 feet ofwater.

My lawn stretches allthe way to the water’sedge, and I regularlymow, fertilize, andapply herbicides.

Low

Medium

High

Invasive SpeciesFund sticker

I have stickers on allof my watercraft.

I have a sticker onmy motorized water-craft, but not on mycanoe or kayak.

I do not have stickerson any of my water-craft.

Low

Medium

High



Assessment Worksheet 1 - Invasive Species

The assessment worksheet below will help you identify potential environmental risks. For each question indi-cate your risk level in the right-hand column. Some choices may not correspond exactly to your situation.Choose the response that best fits. When finished, turn to the Aquatic Invasive Species Action Worksheet onpage 9-25 and record your medium and high-risk practices. The goal is to lower your risks. Use the BMP rec-ommendations provided in this section to help you determine the best solution.

9-24


Action Worksheet





Sample: I don’t know how to identi-fy Eurasian watermilfoil.

Look at identification books and materials,then go out and get hands wet looking at thereal thing. Hopefully you can’t find any!

When plantsbegin emergingin mid July.

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9-26


SECTION 10

BOATING AND RECREATION

This fact sheet addresses the impacts boating and recreation can have on water quality and how you can makea difference with Best Management Practices (BMPs). BMPs are actions you can take to protect our naturalresources. The ultimate goal of this information is to prevent negative impacts to water quality.

1. Read the facts and information in the following pages.2. Fill out the risk assessment worksheet (p. 10-6) in order to analyze your individual situation.3. Fill out the action worksheet (p. 10-7), then take action!

10-1

Play Smart

You likely live in this beautiful area for the abundantrecreational activities it provides: boating, water-skiing, camping, swimming, and fishing. Continue toenjoy these activities, but at the same time, put inplace some simple BMPs to keep the water clean forgenerations to come. The waterways in the Coeurd’Alene Basin are becoming increasingly populatedand preventing water pollution and preserving waterquality are especially important (Figure 10-1).

A number of potential pollutants are associated withboating and recreation. These include: human wastefrom long term boating trips and camping, petroleumspills during boat maintenance and operation, erosionresulting from large wakes and speeding boats, andaquatic invasive species (AIS) introduction andspread.

The BMPs described in this section may seem incon-venient at a time when you just want to relax on thelake or you feel a time constraint, but please keep inmind that a real inconvenience would be polluted wa-ter. Thank you for doing your part.

Personal Watercraft

Personal Watercrafts (PWCs) are small jet propelledboats designed to carry one to three passengers ontop rather than inside. These watercraft are consid-ered motorboats and are subject to the same regula-tions as motorboats. PWCs must follow no-wakeguidelines (see “No-Wake Zones Prevent Erosion,”p. 10-4).

When operating your PWC, consider the effect youmay have on the environment (Figure 10-2).

Operate in water at least 30 inches deep, to preventdisturbing bottom sediments and aquatic vegeta-tion.

Avoid causing erosion. Operate at a slow speed,and do not create a wake when operating nearshore.

Do not dock or beach your PWC in reeds andgrasses. This could damage fragile environmentsand encourage the spread of AIS such as Eurasianwatermilfoil.

Take extra care when fueling in or near the water.Oil and gasoline spills are detrimental to the aquat-ic environment. Fuel on land if possible, with acatchment device underneath in case of spillage.

Never use your PWC to disturb, chase, or harasswildlife.

Figure 10-1. Best management practices will keepIdaho’s water bodies clean for generations to come. Figure 10-2. Operate your personal watercraft

in a manner that considers the environment.


Boat Sewage and Waste

Untreated sewage (black water) is a pollutant in sur-face water because it can contain disease causing bac-teria and viruses leading to illness such as dysenteryand infectious hepatitis. Discharged sewage water andgray water also cause aesthetic degradation and cancontain high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus thatcan stimulate algae growth in lakes.

Although many boats have onboard sanitation devices,it is important to become familiar with the many vaulttoilets, restrooms, and pump-out stations around thelake, and whenever possible, use these land facilitiesrather than onboard ones. The Our Gem map showingonshore facilities can be obtained from the Idaho De-partment of Environmental Quality (IDEQ) and theCoeur d’Alene Tribe (see Resource Directory, p. 10-5).

Reducing Sewage and Gray Water Impacts

Use onshore restrooms when docked and beforecasting off. Plan ahead for restroom stops.

Do not discharge untreated sewage in any lake, riv-er, or stream.

Always use a sewage pump-out facility to emptyholding tanks (Figure 10-3).

If pump-outs are not available at your marina, askthem to have one installed.

For sanitation systems that require treated chemi-cals, look for chlorine- and formaldehyde-free prod-ucts.

Use onshore facilities for dirty dishes and showerson shorter day trips.

Use phosphate-free and nontoxic soaps.

Use alternative cleaners. Baking soda, lemon juice,and vinegar all perform as well as commercialcleaning products.

Pump-Out Stations

Discharge of human waste into all state and tribal wa-ters is prohibited. Surface waters, such as lakes andstreams, are considered state waters. Human wastemust be pumped into a boat pump-out station (Figure10-3). Many pump-out stations are located through-out the Coeur d'Alene Basin. Become familiar withthese locations and use them. The Our Gem mapshowing pump-out locations can be obtained fromIDEQ and the Coeur d’Alene Tribe (see ResourceDirectory, p. 10-5).

Marine Sanitation Devices

Federal law requires all installed toilets to be U.S.Coast Guard Certified. Marine sanitation devices(MSD) are rated I, II, or III.

Types I and II MSDs treat waste with specialchemicals to kill bacteria. If you have a Type I orII MSD, it must have a holding tank for untreatedwaste and a “Y” valve must be secured in a closedposition while operating in all state and tribal wa-ters.

Type III MSDs provide no treatment and are eitherholding tanks or portable toilets. Collected wastemust be taken ashore and disposed in a pump-outstation or onshore toilet.

Large Boats and Houseboats

Many large boats and houseboats have installed toi-lets. Installed toilets must have a holding tank forsewage (black water).

Pump-out locations in the Coeur d’Alene Basin

Coeur d’Alene Lake• Third Street Docks

• Eleventh Street Marina

• Silver Beach Marina

• Arrow Point

• Neachen Bay

• Carlin Bay Resort

• Rockford Bay

• Gateway Marina, Harrison

• Conkling Bay Resort

• Heyburn State Park—Chatcolet andHawley’s Landing

St. Joe River• Aqua Park

Spokane River• Templin’s Marina

• Yacht Club

10-2

Figure 10-3. Marine pump-out station.

Discharge or dumping of sewage or other wastesfrom any vessel into State waters is prohibited.

(Idaho Code 67-7505)

Idaho Panhandle Health District Code (IDAPA41.1.200) prohibits any boat containing wastewaterfacilities to be on district rivers or lakes unless thefacilities are sealed to prevent untreated or treatedsewage discharge or spilling.



AIS are also referred to as nuisance and exotic spe-cies, and they are one of the greatest threats to ourwater resources. AIS often travel from one water-body to another by attaching to watercraft, recreation-al equipment, and animals. Call the Idaho State De-partment of Agriculture (ISDA) if you see anythingsuspicious (see Resource Directory, p. 10-5). SeeSection 9, Aquatic Invasive Species, for detailed in-formation on this topic.

Clean

Remove all plants, animals, and mud. Discardaway from waterbodies, storm drains, and ditches.Thoroughly wash everything, including crevicesand other hidden areas.

Drain

Thoroughly drain your boat before leaving the ar-ea, including wells, ballast, and engine cooling wa-ter.

Dry

Allow time for your boat to completely dry beforelaunching in other waters. If you have been in aknown zebra and quagga mussel-infested water-body, dry your boat for at least 30 days (Figure 10-5).

Boat Maintenance and Operations

Numerous risks to water quality are associated withboating. Boats require fluids for maintenance thatcan have detrimental impacts to aquatic life. Whencaring for boats, a significant amount of solvents,paint, oil, and other pollutants can potentially seepinto groundwater or be washed directly into surfacewater. Many boat cleaners contain chlorine, ammo-nia, and phosphates, which can harm plankton andfish. Oil spills from motors and refueling containpetroleum products harmful to fish, wildlife, and hu-man health.

Reduce pollution from boats and marinas

Select nontoxic cleaning products.

When replacing fluids such as oil, fuel, and cool-ant, always use safety measures, such as a dropcloth or bucket, to prevent chemicals from enteringwater.

Carefully fuel boat engines using a funnel and fuel-absorbing materials. If your local marina doesn’tprovide these products, encourage them to do so.

Keep boat motors well-tuned to prevent fuel andlubricant leaks and improve fuel efficiency. Be-cause the bilge is continually pumping potentiallycontaminated water into the lake, it is critical thatyour engine is clean and well maintained.

Stow it, don't throw it! Keep your trash onboardand out of the water. This includes cigarette butts,fishing line, and any food or drink packaging.

No power loading! Using the motor to load yourboat onto and off of the trailer stirs up sediment atthe end of ramp creating a large hole where trailerscan become stuck (Figure 10-4).

Figure 10-4. Power loading stirs-up sediment and createslarge hole at the end of boat ramp.

10-3

Figure 10-5. Use best management practices beforelaunching and before leaving water bodies to ensure youare not transporting aquatic invasive species.


No-Wake Zones Prevent Erosion

The impact of waves con-tinually hitting the shorelinecause it to erode and washaway (Figure 10-6). Whenshorelines erode, the dam-age decreases property val-ue, degrades fish habitat,decreases riparian habitat,and causes excess nutrientloading, which encourages

the growth and spread of algae blooms and AIS.

No-Wake Zones (5 mph) in State Waters

200 feet from any shoreline, dock, pier, structure,or any person in the water within Coeur d’AleneLake; 100 feet from the shoreline in the Coeurd’Alene River.

Within 100 feet of any other vessel (15 mph).

The area surrounding all bridge structures.

Within 100 feet of a dive flag.

Wherever a “No-Wake Zone” sign is posted.

No-Wake Zones in Coeur d’Alene TribalWaters

The southern third of the lake is under the jurisdictionof the Coeur d’Alene Tribe, except for Heyburn StatePark. Be aware that different rules and regulationsmay apply within those boundaries.

100 feet of any shoreline, dock, pier, other structureor any person in the water.

Observe a reasonable and prudent speed but not inexcess of 15 mph within 100 feet of any other ves-sel.

20 mph at night where the speed is not otherwiserestricted.

Recreation Along the Shoreline

When using the waterfront forrecreation and leisure, makesure your activities do not causelasting damage to the shorelineor water. Cleaning up, washing,burning, and waste disposal onthe shoreline needs to be doneresponsibly to keep these re-sources beautiful for future use.

Follow these BMPs when camping near and swim-ming in waterbodies:

Camping

Use the restroom/latrine whenever one is provided.If none is available, bury human waste a minimumof 150 feet from the water’s edge.

Never dispose of fish guts or other waste in the wa-ter. It attracts pests and adds nutrients to the water.

Never wash in the lake or river; wash dishes, hair,clothes, and yourself at least 150 feet from thewater’s edge. Use only biodegradable soap.

Handi-wipes work well for cleaning, but pack themout!

Properly dispose of all garbage, including litter youfind. Pack it in, and pack it out.

In areas with established fire rings, keep your firewithin designated areas. Ashes washed into waterintroduce unwanted phosphorus.

Camp at least 150 feet from the lake shore, streambanks, and riparian areas.

Swimming

Do not use soap or shampoo in the water.

Do not use the water as a bathroom.

Off-Road Vehicles

The use of off-road vehicles, such as all-terrain vehi-cles (ATVs), mountain bikes, and snowmobiles canhave a severe effect on lakes and rivers by increasingerosion, turbidity, and sedimentation. Always stayon well-maintained trails, and stay away from sensi-tive areas during spring melt when the ground isthawing and most susceptible to rutting and erosion.

Figure 10-6 Bank erosion caused by boat wakes andflooding. Bank lacks a healthy vegetative buffer.

10-4


Kootenai CountySheriff5500 N. Government WayCoeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 446-1300

Parks and Waterways10905 North Ramsey RoadHayden, ID 83835(208) 446-1275

Shoshone County Sheriff717 Bank StreetWallace, ID 83873(208) 556-1114

Benewah County Sheriff701 W. College Avenue, Suite 301St. Maries, ID 83861(208) 245-2555

Coeur d’Alene TribeTribal Police125 10th StreetPO Box 408Plummer ID, 83851(208) 686-2050

Lake Management DepartmentCoeur d’Alene Office424 Sherman Avenue, Suite 306Coeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 667-5772

Plummer Office850 A StreetPO Box 408Plummer, ID 83851(208) 686-5302

Fish and Wildlife Programs401 Anne AntelopePO Box 408Plummer, ID 83851(208) 686-5302

State of IdahoIdaho Department of Environmental Quality(IDEQ)Coeur d’Alene Regional Office2110 Ironwood ParkwayCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 769-1422

Idaho State Department of Agriculture(ISDA)2270 Old Penitentiary RoadBoise, ID 83712(208) 332-8500

Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation(IDPR)2885 Kathleen Avenue, Suite 1Coeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 769-1511

Other Resources

Boat U.S. Foundationwww.boatus.com/foundation/

100thMeridian Initiativehttp://100thMeridian.org

Protect Your Waters and Stop Aquatic Hitchhikers!http://Protectyourwaters.net

Earth911http://Earth911.com

Suggested Reading

Boat Green: 50 Steps Boaters Can Take to Save OurWaters. Ford, C.W. 2008. New Society Publishers.New Gabriola, BC.

10-5

Resource Directory

Boating and Recreation




Assessment Worksheet 1 - Boating and Recreation

The assessment worksheet below will help you identify potential environmental risks. For each question indi-cate your risk level in the right-hand column. Some choices may not correspond exactly to your situation.Choose the response that best fits. When finished, turn to the Boating and Recreation Action Worksheet on page10-7, and record your medium and high-risk practices. The goal is to lower your risks. Use the BMP recom-mendations provided in this section to help you determine the best solution.


Boat maintenance My boat is maintainedby a professional me-chanic before boatingseason begins, ensur-ing the motor doesn’tleak oil and fluids.

I have my boat main-tained every coupleof seasons.

I don’t maintain myboat until there is anoticeable problem.

Boat fueling I carry fuel-absorbingproducts with me at alltimes, and I have en-couraged my localmarina to carry similarproducts.

When fueling, I amcareful not to over-flow or spill.

I have never been con-cerned with gasolinespilling in the water.I pump directly overwater.

Aquatic weedprevention

I always clean andinspect my boat andequipment before andafter launching to pre-vent spreading aquaticinvasive species toother waterbodies.

I check my boat andequipment only whentime allows.

I never clean and in-spect my boat andequipment.

No-wake zones I know the no-wakezones are 200’ fromthe lakeshore and 100’from the banks of theCoeur d’Alene River.I always follow thisrule.

Mostly I abide by no-wake rules, butsometimes I let itslip.

I have never knownwhere the no-wakezones are.

Disposal of boatwaste

I use onshore facilitiesto pump out my boator dispose of my port-able toilet waste.orI use onshore re-strooms.

I dispose of gray wa-ter (from bathing andwashing dishes) intothe lake or river.

I dispose of sewageinto the lake or river,or my Y-valve is un-sealed and leaky.

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Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High





Sample: Bathing in the lake withsoap.

Don’t take baths in the lake, but if necessary,use biodegradable soap. Look at your localstores for biodegradable soap.

When it is warmenough to goswimming.

Action Worksheet


10-7



10-8


Historic Mining

The Coeur d’Alene Basin’s waters have been andcontinue to be essential to the success of the region’smining, timber, agriculture, and hydropower indus-tries. In particular, mining activities along the SouthFork of the Coeur d’Alene River and its tributarieshave a significant influence on basin watershed con-ditions and on the welfare of its inhabitants.

From the 1880s to the early 1980s, the Silver Valleywas the nation’s largest producer of silver, lead, zinc,and other metals (Figure 11-1). The mining and ore-processing methods used to extract this wealth pro-duced large quantities of heavy-metal-related wastematerials containing toxic or environmentally hazard-ous substances such as cadmium, arsenic, lead, andzinc. Much of this mining-related waste was directlydischarged and washed into the South Fork of theCoeur d’Alene River and its tributaries. The beds,banks and floodplains of the Coeur d’Alene River,Coeur d’Alene Lake, and (to a lesser extent) the Spo-kane River, contain vast quantities of heavy metal-contaminated sediments that continue to be transport-ed downstream and dispersed by hydrologic process-

This fact sheet addresses heavy metals from historical mining practices in the Coeur d’Alene Lake Basin andhow you can make a difference with Best Management Practices (BMPs). BMPs are actions you can take toprotect our natural resources. The ultimate goal of this information is to protect public health and naturalresources.

1. Read the facts and information in the following pages.2. Fill out the risk assessment worksheet (p. 11-8) in order to analyze your property's specific needs.3. Fill out the action worksheet (p. 11-9), then take action!

SECTION 11

HEAVY METALS

11-1

es and floods in the Coeur d’Alene Basin. An esti-mated 75 million metric tonnes of trace-element richsediments from mining-related activities have beendeposited into the lake since the late 19th century(Horowitz et al. 1995, Figure 11-2).

Water quality in the lake has generally improvedsince the mid-1970s, with the passing of the CleanWater Act. As the era of large-scale upstream min-ing-related activities tapered off, environmentalcleanup activities got underway in the Silver Valley,and environmental regulations were implementedthroughout the basin. While there have been ad-vancements in mining practices and requirements,significant challenges remain for addressing metalcontamination that continues to persist and be trans-ported throughout the basin.

In 1983, the affected areas of the Coeur d’Alene ba-sin were listed as a Superfund site under CERCLA,and there are ongoing efforts to remediate contamina-tion. Metals contamination in Lake Coeur d’Alene isbeing addressed through the Coeur d’Alene LakeManagement Plan, a joint program of the Coeurd’Alene Tribe and the State of Idaho.

Figure 11-1. Historic miningactivities in Burke, Idahoalong Canyon Creek in theearly 1900s.


Nutrient Effects on Heavy Metals

The primary environmental concern in Coeur d’AleneLake is the potential for release of metal contaminantscontained in lake bottom sediments into the water col-umn. To prevent this from occurring, oxygen levelsmust be maintained in the bottom waters. Oxygen iscontrolled by the amount of decomposing organicmatter (plant and animal), which is controlled by theamount of nutrients coming into the lake. Increasedloads of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) into thelake increase algae and rooted aquatic plant growththrough a process known as eutrophication (Figure11-3). When this organic material decomposes, dis-solved oxygen is consumed in the water. Depletion ofdissolved oxygen (anoxia) in lake bottom waters willpromote geochemical reactions that can release min-ing-related hazardous metals from lakebed sediments.

The basic strategy to prevent metals release from thelakebed into the water column is to limit basin-widenutrient inputs to the lake. Acceleration of the eu-trophication process occurs due to human activity andland use such as wastewater discharge, agriculturalrunoff, sediment runoff from unpaved roads andstream bank erosion, excess fertilizer, and shorelinedevelopment.

Figure 11-2. Lead concentrations in sediments.

11-2

Legend

Surface modeling results, Lead, ppm

Health warning sign locations

Trail of the Coeur d’ Alenes

Reservation boundary

Insufficient data areas

1,500 and above

1,000-1,500

500-1,000

0-500Produced by the Coeur d’Alene Tribe GIS 1/28/2009

The goal is to protect and improve lakewater quality by limiting basin-wide nu-trient inputs that impair lake waterquality conditions, which in turn influ-ence the solubility of mining-relatedmetals contamination contained in lakesediments.

2009 Coeur d’Alene Lake Management Plan,Coeur d’Alene Tribe and Idaho DEQ

Figure 11-3. High nutrient levels may lead to an algaebloom.


Drinking Water

Many homes in the Coeur d’Alene Basin pull theirdrinking water directly from surface water. Evenwith a sophisticated filtration system, some contami-nants may make their way to the tap. Unlike iron,which may leave rust deposits, many metals are in-visible, so it is important to have your water testedregularly. Contact your area Panhandle Health Dis-trict office for more information (see Resource Direc-tory, p. 11-7).

Metal concentrations are usually highest during floodconditions, so avoid drinking surface water duringthese periods. For detailed information on how toprotect your drinking water supply, read Section 3,Safe Drinking Water.

The following tables outline the current U.S. Envi-ronmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards forsome metals in public drinking water systems.Please refer to the glossary on the right for defini-tions.

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ContaminantSecondary Standard

(mg/L)

Iron 0.3

Manganese 0.05

Zinc 5

Primary Standards

Secondary Standards

ContaminantMCLG(mg/L)

MCL(mg/L)

Arsenic 0.010

Cadmium 0.005 0.005

LeadTT Action

Level = 0.015

Mercury(inorganic) 0.002 0.002

0

0

Drinking Water Glossary

Primary standards are legally enforceablestandards that apply to public water systems. Pri-mary standards protect public health by limitingthe levels of contaminants in drinking water.

Secondary standards are non-enforceableguidelines regulating contaminants that maycause cosmetic effects (such as skin or tooth dis-coloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste,odor, or color) in drinking water. EPA recom-mends secondary standards to water systems butdoes not require systems to comply.

Maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) isthe level of a contaminant in drinking water be-low which there is no known or expected risk tohealth. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety andare non-enforceable public health goals.

Maximum contaminant level (MCL) is thehighest level of a contaminant that is allowed indrinking water. MCLs are set as close to MCLGsas feasible using the best available treatment tech-nology and taking cost into consideration. MCLsare enforceable standards.

Treatment technique action level (TT Ac-tion Level)—lead is regulated by a treatmenttechnique that requires systems to control the cor-rosiveness of their water. If more than 10% oftap water samples exceed the action level, watersystems must take additional steps.

Note: milligram per liter (mg/L)


Lead

Lead can affect almost every organ and system inyour body, such as the following:

Targets the nervous system.

May cause joint weakness, high blood pressure,and anemia.

Can severely damage the brain and kidneys.

May cause death in extreme cases.

Pregnant women, fetuses, and children are especiallyvulnerable to lead.

It may cause miscarriage, premature birth, andlow birth weight.

Infants and children may have decreased mentalability, learning disabilities, and reduced growth.

Zinc

Harmful effects generally begin at levels 10-15 timeshigher than the amount needed for good health.Large doses taken by mouth even for a short time cancause stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Takenlonger, it can cause anemia and decrease the levels ofyour good cholesterol.

Arsenic

Small, long-term exposure to arsenic has been linkedto cancer, diabetes, liver disease, nervous system dis-orders and hearing difficulties.

Mercury

Exposure to high levels of mercury can permanentlydamage the brain, kidneys, and developing fetus.

Long-term exposure can decrease brain function,incite tremors, and change vision or hearing.

Short-term exposure to mercury may cause lungdamage, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increases inblood pressure or heart rate, skin rashes, and eyeirritation.

Fetuses and very young children are especially vul-nerable to mercury, which:

May pass through the mother’s body to the fetuscausing brain damage, mental retardation, incoor-dination, blindness, seizures, and inability tospeak.

May pass to a nursing infant through breast milk.

May create problems with nervous and digestivesystems and cause kidney damage.

Cadmium

Breathing high levels of cadmium can severely dam-age the lungs. Eating food or drinking water withvery high levels severely irritates the stomach, leadingto vomiting and diarrhea.

Long-term exposure to lower levels of cadmium inair, food, or water leads to a buildup of cadmium inthe kidneys, and kidney disease can occur. Otherlong-term effects are lung damage and fragile bones.

Health Effects of Metals

Metals-contaminated sediments are human health concerns if they are ingested (through hand-to-mouth contact)or inhaled as dust. Metals may also enter surface water from sediments and become available for ingestion byhumans, fish, and wildlife. Most of these metals you cannot see or smell.

11-4

When Recreating in the Coeur d’Alene Basin,Protect Your Health!

KEEP CLEAN! Wash your hands and face before you eat anything.Wash toys, bottles, and pacifiers if they have been in contact with soilor dust. Remove loose soil from your clothing, camping equipment,and pets before leaving the area. Wash all items when you return home.

EAT CLEAN! Drink, cook and wash only with water from home orother approved source. Do not use river water. Always eat at a table orclean surface off the ground. Clean fish thoroughly and only eat fishfillets.

PLAY CLEAN! Children should play in grassy areas and avoid loosesoil, dust and muddy areas. No mud pies.

Healthy Choices-Healthy Kids!Riley Raccoon Cares

A big thanks to Panhandle Health District and Kellogg IDEQ for this message


11-5

Fish Consumption Advisory for Coeur d’Alene Lake

Other Fish

Kokanee and bullhead are similar to many fish inthe lake that were not tested. It is possible that otherfish have high levels of lead, arsenic, and mercury.

For bluegill, crappie and perch less than 8 inches,pumpkinseed, rainbow trout, brook trout, cutthroattrout, and tench, follow kokanee guidelines.

For channel catfish and suckers, follow the bullheadguidelines.

Statewide Mercury Advisory For Bass

A statewide advisory has been issued for all lakes,rivers, reservoirs and other water bodies in Idahofor BASS due to mercury contamination. To besafe it is recommended that:

Women who are pregnant, planning to becomepregnant, nursing and children under age 15should not eat more than 2 meals a MONTH ofbass.

The general population (women not of childbearing age, those older than age 15) should noteat more than 8 meals a MONTH of bass.

All people SHOULD NOT eat any other fishduring the month if you eat these amounts of basscaught in Idaho.

For the complete Fish Consumption Guide, visit the

Idaho Department of Health and Welfare web site (see

Resource Directory, p. 11-7).

*All people are advised to eat bullhead fillets ratherthan gutted or whole fish (Figure 11-4). Peoplewith increased blood lead levels or living in an areawith high concentrations of lead in their yard soil orhouse dust should eat less whole bullhead than sug-gested in this advisory. This is especially true forchildren and pregnant women.

Kokanee Bullhead

Pregnant women, women who are nursing orplanning to become pregnant

Kokanee

All CDA lakes10 gutted whole fish meals or10 fillet meals per month

*Bullhead

Northern lake4 gutted whole fish meals or24 fillet meals per month

Central lake2 gutted whole fish meals or13 fillet meals per month

Southern lake3 gutted whole fish meals or15 fillet meals per month

Children under 15 years of age

Kokanee


*Bullhead


Central lakeNO gutted whole fish meals or7 fillet meals per month


General public(people not in the first two groups)

Kokanee


*Bullhead


Central lake8 gutted whole fish meals or14 fillet meals per month


Remove skin

Cut away the fatty areaalong the side of the fish

Cut away the fatalong the back

Trim off thebelly fat

Figure 11-4. Reduce your risk, trim your fish.


Institutional Controls Program

If your property is within the Superfund area, includ-ing the Coeur d’Alene River corridor, it may be with-in the Institutional Controls Program (ICP) boundary.This boundary was identified by the State of Idahoand Panhandle Health District (PHD) as the areaswhere contamination is present or the potential forexposure exists. If your property falls within thisboundary, a permit is required for any work donewithin its limits.

Even if you are located outside of a contaminated ar-ea, your living patterns could affect those upstreamand downstream of your property. How you handlenutrients and other wastes will impact potential met-als release or other forms of contamination exposure.

Protection and Prevention

Unfortunately, mine waste contamination has alreadyoccurred, and how we deal with the contaminationnow is our only defense to exposure. Fortunately,homeowners can prevent interaction with contaminat-ed sediments.

Protect Yourself and Your Property

Some areas of your property may be contaminated.Have your property tested for contamination. If youlearn you have contaminated property, a number ofsolutions are available for your safety. A commonlyaccepted practice is to place barriers on top of thecontaminated sediment. Barriers can include a hardpavement (concrete, asphalt), gravel capping, or vege-tation. If a barrier is constructed, proper maintenanceand care is required. Homeowners can also removethe contaminated sediments and haul them to an EPAapproved repository through the ICP Program. Con-tact Panhandle Health District for more informationon these locations. Homeowners should also beaware that flooding can contaminate their land.Homeowners are encouraged to coordinate with theIdaho Department of Environmental Quality (IDEQ),Coeur d’Alene Tribe, and PHD-ICP staff to appropri-ately design and construct any modifications to theirproperty.

Quick Safety Tips

Use protective measures when moving dirt on yourproperty. Take contaminated clothing and shoes offbefore entering your vehicle or your home. A sim-ple water “decontamination” procedure will re-move any particles still on your shoes. Wash cloth-ing separately to remove any fine dust.

During construction or any earth movement, haveproper ventilation in your home to prevent fine sed-iment dust blowing in through windows.

Watch children to make sure they wash their handsafter playing outside and before eating or drinking.

Always wash your hands after handling any sedi-ment, and remember the saying, "Suds after Mud.”

11-6

Figure 11-5. Yardremediated throughthe Basin PropertyRemediation Pro-gram.

What is the ICP?

The Institutional Controls Program (ICP) is a lo-cally enforced set of rules and regulations de-signed to ensure the integrity of clean soil andother protective barriers placed over contaminantsthat exist throughout the Bunker Hill Superfundsite (Figure 11-5).

The ICP’s purpose is to protect public health andassist with local land transactions within the Su-perfund site.

The ICP also provides the following:

Education

Sampling assistance

Clean soils for small projects

Pickup of soil removed from small projects

A permanent disposal site for contaminatedsoils

For more information, contact Panhandle HealthDistrict-Kellogg ICP Office (see Resource Direc-tory, p. 11-7).


Panhandle Health District (PHD)

Benewah County137 N. 8th StreetSt. Maries, ID 83861(208) 245-4665

Kootenai County8500 N. Atlas RoadHayden, ID 83835(208) 415-5100

Shoshone County114 Riverside AvenueKellogg, ID 83837(208) 786-7474

Institutional Controls Program (ICP)114 Riverside AvenueKellogg, ID 83837(208) 783-0707www.phd1.idaho.gov/institutional/institutionalindex.cfm


Coeur d’Alene TribeLake Management DepartmentCoeur d’Alene Office424 Sherman Avenue, Suite 306Coeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 667-5772

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)Region 10

1200 Sixth Avenue, Suite 900Seattle, WA 98101(800) 424-4372

Coeur d’Alene Field Office1910 Northwest Boulevard, Suite 208Coeur d’Alene , ID 83814

11-7

Other Resources

Idaho Department of Health and Welfare (IDWR)Fish Advisory Programwww.healthandwelfare.idaho.gov/Health/EnvironmentalHealth/FishAdvisories/tabid/180/Default.aspx

Basin Environmental Improvement ProjectCommission (BEIPC) - The Basin Commissionwww.basincommission.com

Resource Directory

Heavy Metals


Assessment Worksheet 1 - Assessing your contamination risk

The assessment worksheet table below will help you identify potential risks related to your exposure to heavymetals contamination on your property. For each question indicate your risk level in the right-hand column.Some choices may not correspond exactly to your situation. Choose the response that best fits. When finished,turn to the Heavy Metals Action Worksheet on page 11-9, and record your medium and high-risk practices. Thegoal is to lower your risks. Use the BMP recommendations provided in this section to help you decide how tobest reduce your risks.


Knowledge ofheavy metals con-tamination in theCoeur d’AleneBasin

I am well aware of thecontamination due tomining activities in thearea and take steps reg-ularly to protect waterquality.

I have determined thatmy property falls with-in the ICP boundary,but I have not takenany other precautions.

I was not aware thatheavy metals contam-ination was present inthe Coeur d’AleneBasin.

Nutrient effectson heavy metals

I understand the eu-trophication processand how it relates tothe release of heavymetals in lake bottomsediments. I preventnutrient loading on myproperty.

I was not aware thatheavy metals can bereleased when plantsbreak down. Our prop-erty falls within theICP boundary.

Our property has alawn directly on thelake and is fertilizedregularly. The shore-line is also eroding.

Fish consumption I check the Idaho De-partment of Health andWelfare website annu-ally to determine safefish consumption rates.

I was not aware thatexcess fish consump-tion in the Coeurd’Alene Lake or Riverwas a potential con-cern. I rarely consumefish.

I fish on a regularbasis but was notaware of a fish con-sumption advisory. Ieat fish from theCoeur d’Alene Lakeand River daily.

InstitutionalControl Program(ICP)

I have checked to see ifmy property falls with-in the ICP boundary. Iutilize the ICP to reme-diate contamination onmy property.

I knew the programexisted and that myproperty qualified, butI haven’t taken the timeto find out more.

I have never heard ofthe ICP program.

Recreation/healthrisks

I always wash myhands before eating. Ialways wash my gear,clothes, and dog afterrecreating in the Coeurd’Alene Basin.

I shake the dirt off mygear and do a visualinspection.

I am unconvinced ofthe health risks in theCoeur d’Alene Basin,and I take no extraprecautions.


Heavy Metals

11-8

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High


11-9




Sample: I live within the ICPboundary, but have taken no actionto remediate potential contamina-tion.

Call the Kellogg PHD office to find outmore about the ICP program. Test soil forcontamination. Cap soil with vegetation ifdetermined that is the most effective.

Today.

Action Worksheet

Heavy Metals



11-10


Appendix A

Glossary of Key Terms

Algae – Small aquatic plants lacking stems, roots, or leaves that occur as single cells, colonies, orfilaments. Free-floating algae are called phytoplankton. There are also algae that attach to rocks, lakebedsediments, leaves of rooted plants, and artificial structures such as piers and boats.

Anoxia – The condition in which a water body has become deficient or completely depleted of dissolvedoxygen.

Aquatic invasive species – Plants and animals that are not native to a local water body but have beenintroduced by various mechanisms including deliberate release. These plants and animals may out-compete native species, and grow and develop to a greater extent than in their native habitat due toreasons such as lack of native predators. Invasive species may become a nuisance species and impartgreat damage to the environment, recreation activities, and infrastructure.

Aquatic (rooted) plants – Vascular plants that are rooted in sediments of lakes, rivers, and steams, andgrow submersed under the water. Upper plant stems may grow up to the water’s surface, and flowerstalks may emerge above the water.

Best Management Practices (BMPs) – Accepted methods for controlling nonpoint source pollution.BMPs may include one or more physical, structural, and/or managerial conservation practices that reduceor prevent pollution from entering a water body.

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) – Congressenacted CERCLA on December 11, 1980. Among the statute’s provisions, CERCLA established (1)broad federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances tothe environment that threaten or potentially threaten public health or the environment; (2) prohibitionsand requirements concerning closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites; (3) a tax on the chemical andpetroleum industries, which expired in 1996 without reauthorization, and whose proceeds funded a trustfund - the Superfund – the purpose of which is to finance CERCLA cleanup at hazardous waste sites thathave been listed on the National Priorities List; and (4) a liability scheme by which federal, state, andtribal governments can recover their costs in responding to CERCLA hazardous waste sites from thoseresponsible for conditions at those sites.

Class I Streams – Used for domestic water supply, or are important for the spawning, rearing ormigration of fish.

Class II Streams – Usually headwater streams or minor drainages that are used by only a few, if any, fishfor spawning or rearing.

Clean Water Act (CWA) – Formerly titled the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, the CWA isthe primary federal law in the U.S. governing water pollution. The goal of the CWA is to restore andmaintain the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters so that they can supportboth the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, wildlife, and recreation in and on the water. TheCWA has grown over the years to incorporate efforts to control both point and nonpoint sources ofpollution as well as shift the focus from being based solely on the chemical constituents found in thewater to the overall chemical, physical and biological integrity of the watershed. Major changes were

A-1


enacted in 1977 when it officially became known as the Clean Water Act. Other changes that have beenenacted occurred in 1981, 1987, and 1990.

Coliform bacteria – A commonly used bacterial indicator of sanitary quality of food and water. Rod-shaped coliform bacteria can be found in the aquatic environment, soils, and within the feces of warm-blooded animals. When testing drinking water for health safety, a positive test for total coliform bacterialeads to a further test for the presence of fecal coliforms, a subgroup of coliform bacteria (including E.coli) that originate in feces. A positive test for fecal coliform indicates contamination of drinking waterby sewage or animals and often leads to a boil-water order. While coliforms are themselves not normallythe cause of serious illness, they may indicate the presence of other pathogenic organisms of fecal originsuch as viruses and multicellular parasites.

Critical areas (habitat) – Areas of special value that should be identified during site assessment of a newconstruction project and protected during construction. Floodplains, wetlands, riparian zones, aquifers,historical areas, and endangered species habitat near construction sites are all critical areas.

Cut-and-Fill slopes – The process of timber road construction where the amount of material excavated tocreate upper cut banks roughly matches the amount of fill material needed to cover culverts and build upnearby embankments.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) – The oxygen gas dissolved in water. Adequate dissolved oxygen is vital to fishand other aquatic life.

Erosion – The wearing away of the landscape by water, wind, ice, or gravity.

Eutrophication – The process by which lakes and ponds become enriched with dissolved nutrients andsediments, resulting in increased growth of algae and rooted aquatic plants and reduced water clarity.Cultural eutrophication is a term for the acceleration of the eutrophication process caused by humans’land-use activities.

Heavy metals – Metals of relatively high atomic weight, which, within mining-impacted areas of theCoeur d’Alene Basin, may be in concentrations harmful to humans or aquatic organisms. Heavy metalsof concern within the Coeur d’Alene Basin include lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, and mercury. Althougharsenic and antimony are classified as metalloids, they are also toxic elements of concern in the basin, andare commonly referred to as heavy metals.

IDAPA – The Idaho Administrative Procedures Act is found in Title 67, Chapter 52 of the Idaho CodeStatutes Annotated. IDAPA allows Idaho state agencies to promulgate and publish rules (statute-likegeneral standards) in the Idaho Administrative Code using IDAPA-numbered designations. IDAPAspecifies the administrative procedures agencies must follow to establish final rules.

Idaho Forest Practices Act (IFPA) – The Forest Practices Act was passed by the 1974 Idaho Legislatureto ensure the continuous growing and harvesting of forest trees and to maintain forest soil, air, water,vegetation, wildlife, and aquatic habitat. The Act requires forest practices rules for state and private landsto protect, maintain, and enhance our natural resources.

Impervious – Does not allow water to penetrate. Examples of impervious surfaces include roads,driveways, sidewalks, or compacted soil.

A-2


Limiting nutrient – Relating to the growth and biomass of aquatic plants, a limiting nutrient is asubstance that, in relation to the needs of the organism, is least abundant in the environment and limitsgrowth potential of that organism. In lakes, phosphorous has most often been identified as the nutrient inshortest supply. Increases in phosphorus loading to a lake from human activities can result in undesirableincreases of phytoplankton growth, a process called cultural eutrophication.

Nitrate – The nitrate ion (NO3) is an essential inorganic nutrient source of nitrogen for aquatic plants.Nitrate is quickly assimilated by spring phytoplankton blooms within lakes. By summer months, nitratecan be in short supply, and, like phosphate, becomes a limiting nutrient. Nitrate is also a pollutant ofconcern in drinking water.

Nitrogen – An essential nutrient for plants and animals. Ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO2), and nitrate(NO3) are common forms of nitrogen in aquatic systems.

Nonpoint source pollution – A dispersed source of pollutants generated from a geographic area whenpollutants are dissolved or suspended in runoff and then delivered into receiving waters. Sources include,but are not limited to stormwater runoff from construction, roads, agricultural lands, urban areas, forestlands, and direct inputs from stream bank erosion.

Nutrient loading – The addition of nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, to a water body (oftenexpressed in amount of weight per unit of time).

Nutrients – Elements or compounds essential to life, including but not limited to oxygen, carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorus. The term commonly refers to nitrogen and phosphorus, which can limitgrowth (see limiting nutrient).

Phosphorus – An essential nutrient for plants and animals. The phosphate ion (PO4) is rapidlyassimilated by aquatic plants and often controls phytoplankton growth in lakes (see limiting nutrient).Phosphorus is incorporated into human-made products such as fertilizers and detergents.

Phytoplankton – Free-floating microscopic (usually) aquatic plants consisting of single cells, filaments,or colonies. Phytoplankton are an important part of the food web in aquatic systems.

Pitless Adapter – A special pipe fitting that fits on a well casing below ground. It allows a distributionpipe to pass horizontally through the casing so that no pipe is exposed above ground where it couldfreeze.

Point source pollution – Pollutants discharged from any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance,including, but not limited to: any pipe, ditch, channel, sewer, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure,container, concentrated animal feeding operation, marine vessel, or other floating craft.

Pollutants (pollution) – Generally, any substance introduced into the environment that adversely affectsthe usefulness of a resource or the health of humans, animals, or ecosystems.

Riparian (zone) – The area of land next to a stream, river, or lake. Plants found in a riparian zone haveroots that are adapted to saturated soils and are tolerant of occasional flooding. Maintenance of naturalplants in the riparian zone serves to protect water temperature and acts like a filter for runoff (i.e., avegetative buffer).

A-3


Sediment – The fragmented solid material (rock, mineral, and organic) that is the product of erosion. It istransported to surface waters by wind, water, ice, and gravity, and may be in suspension, rolling, orsettled at the bottom of a water body.

Sedimentation – The process of sediment settling and building up on the bottom of a creek, river, lake, orwetland.

Sheet flow – An overland flow of water taking the form of a thin, continuous film over relatively smoothsoil, rock or concrete surfaces and not concentrated into a channel.

Signal words – Words found on pesticide product labels that describe the acute (short-term) toxicity ofthe formulated product. Signal words include “Danger” (products that are the most toxic), “Warning,” or“Caution.”

Stormwater runoff (pollutants) – Surface water runoff that is usually associated with urbandevelopment, carrying both natural and human-caused pollutants. Stormwater runoff can be conveyed tolakes, rivers, and streams either through point or nonpoint sources.

Stream Channel Protection Act - The Idaho Stream Channel Protection Act requires that the streamchannels of the state and their environment be protected against alteration for the protection of fish andwildlife habitat, aquatic life, recreation, aesthetic beauty, and water quality. The Idaho Department ofWater Resources must approve in advance any work being done within the beds and banks of acontinuously flowing (perennial) stream.

Stream Protection Zone (SPZ) – In Idaho, the SPZ is a mandated 75-foot minimum distance from aClass I stream (both sides), lake, or other water body that must be protected because of its specialimportance.

Superfund – see Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA).

Tribal Forest Management Plan (Coeur d’Alene Tribe) – The Tribal Forest Management Plan hassimilar goals to the Idaho Forest Practices Act but applies to tribal lands on the Coeur d’AleneReservation. The plan restricts timber harvests within a 100-foot buffer of a Class I Stream.

Turbidity – Cloudiness caused by the presence of suspended solids, such as clay, silt, and microscopicorganisms in the water. Turbidity is an indicator of water quality.

Uplands – An area of land that has a higher elevation and is not located directly on the shoreline. In thisdocument, it refers to the land higher than the shoreline but that may still influence surface water due toits proximity.

Vegetative buffers – An undeveloped area of grasses, shrubs, and trees that is between new constructionor existing development and a water body. Buffers can be comprised of existing plants on the site and/ornew plantings. They filter stormwater runoff from land-use activities that may adversely affect surfacewater quality.

Wastewater – Treated or untreated sewage, industrial waste, or agricultural waste. Sometimes referredto as effluent.

A-4


Water quality – A term used to describe the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of waterwith respect to its suitability for a beneficial use.

Water Quality Standard (WQS) – States’ and tribes’ adopted, and EPA-approved, ambient standardsfor waterbodies. The standards identify those designated uses of a water body and establish the waterquality criteria that must be met to protect uses. Standards are legally mandated by the Clean Water Actand are enforceable.

Watershed – An area of land that is drained into a distinct lake, stream or river system and is separatedfrom other similar systems by ridgetop boundaries (also referred to as a basin).

Wetlands – Lands where water saturation of the soil for at least part of the year is the dominant factordetermining the nature of soil development and the types of plant and animal communities living withinthe area and surrounding environment. Types of wetlands include sloughs, ponds, swamps, marshes,bogs, and riparian areas.

A-5




Appendix B

Master Resource Directory

Benewah CountyPublic Works701 W. College AvenueSt. Maries, ID 83861(208) 245-4122

Sheriff701 W. College AvenueSt. Maries, ID 83861(208) 245-2555

Transfer Station75 Landfill RoadSt. Maries, ID 83861(208) 245-1694

Benewah Soil and Water ConservationDistrict900 E StreetPO Box 488Plummer, ID 83851(208) 686-1699

Coeur d’Alene, City ofEngineering710 E. Mullan AvenueCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814-3958(208) 769-2285

Stormwater Utility710 E. Mullan AvenueCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814-3958(208) 769-2233

Wastewater Utility765 W. Hubbard AvenueCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 769-2281

Water Department3820 Ramsey RoadCoeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 769-2210

Coeur d’Alene TribeFish and Wildlife Programs401 Anne AntelopePO Box 408Plummer, ID 83851(208) 686-5302

Lake Management DepartmentCoeur d’Alene Office424 Sherman Avenue, Suite 306Coeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 667-5772

Lake Management DepartmentPlummer Office850 A StreetPO Box 408Plummer, ID 83851(208) 686-5302

Natural Resources Department*Forest management plansPO Box 408Plummer, ID 83851(208) 686-1315

Tribal Police125 South 10th StreetPlummer ID, 83851(208) 686-2050

Eastside Highway District6095 E. Mullan Trail RoadCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 765-4714

Idaho, State ofDepartment of Agriculture (ISDA)PO Box 790Boise, ID 83701-0790(208) 332-8500

In north Idaho:(208) 608-3404

B-1


Idaho, State of (cont.)Department of AgriculturePesticide Disposal Program(208) 332-8628

Department of EnvironmentalQuality (IDEQ)Coeur d’Alene Regional Office2110 Ironwood ParkwayCoeur d'Alene, ID 83814(208) 769-1422

Kellogg Superfund Office1005 W. McKinley AvenueKellogg, ID 83837(208) 783-5781

Department of Fish & Game (IDFG)2750 Kathleen AvenueCoeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 769-1414

Department of Lands (IDL)*Forest management plansCoeur d’Alene/Mica Supervisory Area3258 W. Industrial LoopCoeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 769-1577

St. Joe Supervisory Area1806 Main AvenueSt. Maries, ID 83861(208) 245-4551

Cataldo Supervisory Area80 Hilltop Overpass RoadKingston, ID 83839(208) 682-4611

Department of Parks and Recreation(IDPR)2885 Kathleen Avenue, Suite 1Coeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 767-1511

Department of Water Resources(IDWR)Coeur d'Alene Regional Office7600 N. Mineral Drive, Suite 100Coeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 762-2800

Idaho Native Plant ExpertIdaho Panhandle National Forest(208) 765-7417

Kootenai CountyCommunity Development(Planning and Building)451 Government WayCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 446-1070

Noxious Weed Control Department10905 N. Ramsey RoadHayden, ID 83835(208) 446-1290

Parks and Waterways10905 N. Ramsey RoadHayden, ID 83835(208) 446-1275

Sheriff5500 N. Government WayCoeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 446-1300

Solid Waste and Hazardous MaterialsTransfer Stations(208) 446-1430

Ramsey Transfer Station3650 N. Ramsey RoadCoeur d’Alene, ID 83815Accepts household waste on Wednesdayand Saturday

Post Falls Transfer Station15580 W. Prairie AvenuePost Falls, ID 83854Accepts household waste on Friday andSaturday


B-2


Lakes Highway District11341 N. Ramsey RoadHayden Lake, ID 83835(208) 772-7527

Panhandle Health District 1 (PHD)Benewah County137 N. 8th StreetSt. Maries, ID 83861(208) 245-4665

Kootenai County, Environmental Health8500 N. Atlas RoadHayden, ID 83835(208) 415-5100

Shoshone County114 W. Riverside AvenueKellogg, ID 83837(208) 783-0707

Institutional Controls Program (ICP)114 Riverside AvenueKellogg, ID 83837(208) 783-0707

Plummer, City ofPlanning, Zoning, and Building880 C StreetPO Box BPlummer, ID 83851(208) 686-1641

Public WorksPO Box BPlummer, ID 83851(208) 686-1386

Wastewater Treatment Plant324 Toetly RoadPlummer, ID 83851(208) 686-1386

Plummer Gateway Highway District866 D StreetPlummer, ID 83851(208) 686-1410

Shoshone CountyPublic Works700 Bank Street, Suite 35Wallace, ID 83873(208) 753-5475

Sheriff717 Bank StreetWallace, ID 83873(208) 556-1114

Transfer Station52619 Silver Valley RoadKellogg, ID 83837(208) 784-5190

Spokane Regional Solid Waste System(509) 625-6580

North CountyN. 22123 Elk-Chattaroy RoadColbert, WA 99005

Valley Recycling3941 N. Sullivan RoadSpokane Valley, WA 99216

Waste to Energy Facility2900 S. Geiger BoulevardSpokane, WA 99224

United States GovernmentU.S. Department of AgricultureNatural Resources ConservationService (NRCS)*Grazing plans7830 Meadowlark Way, Suite C-1Coeur d’Alene, ID 83815(208) 762-4939

900 E StreetPlummer, ID 83851(208) 686-1260

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United States Government (cont.)U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (USEPA) - Region 101200 Sixth Avenue, Suite 900Seattle, WA 98101(800) 424-4372

Coeur d’Alene Field Office1910 Northwest Boulevard, Suite 208Coeur d’Alene, ID 83814

University of Idaho ExtensionMaster Gardeners and Plant Clinic



Kootenai County Extension1808 N. 3rd StreetCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 446-1680

Worley Highway District6887 W. Kidd Island RoadCoeur d’Alene, ID 83814(208) 664-0483

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Websites and Readings:

100th Meridian Initiative - Information on zebra/quagga mussels and other aquatic nuisance species.www.100thMeridian.org

Basin Environmental Improvement Project Commission (BEIPC) - Coordinates cleanup and relatedmeasures in the Coeur d’Alene Basin.www.basincommission.com

Boat Green: 50 Steps Boaters Can Take to Save Our Waters. Ford, C.W. 2008. New Society Publishers.New Gabriola, BC.

Boat U.S. Foundation - Information on boater safety.www.boatus.com/foundation/

Catalog of Storm Water Best Management Practices for Idaho Cities and Counties. Idaho Departmentof Environmental Quality. 2005 update. Boise, ID: DEQ.www.deq.idaho.gov/media/622263-Stormwater.pdf

Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plantshttp://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/

Center for Watershed Protection - Stormwater and watershed science and management.www.cwp.org

City of Coeur d’Alene Phosphorous Laundry Detergent Ban. Chapter 13.28 City Ordinance (Ord2267 §1, 1990). Prohibits the sale and distribution of laundry-cleaning products containing phosphorus inthe City in order to reduce the introduction of phosphorus into public wastewater and into the SpokaneRiver.www.sterlingcodifiers.com/codebook/index.php?book_id=603

Coeur d’Alene Lake Management Plan. 2009. Idaho Department of Environmental Quality and theCoeur d’Alene Tribe.www.deq.idaho.gov/media/468377-_water_data_reports_surface_water_water_bodies_cda_lake_mgmt_plan_final_2009.pdf

www.cdatribe-nsn.gov/TribalDepts/notice/lake/LMP09.pdf

Coeur d’Alene Tribewww.cdatribe-nsn.gov

Deep-Planting Techniques to Establish Riparian Vegetation in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions.Dreesen, D.R. and G.A. Fenchel. 2008. Native Plants Journal 11(1): 15-22.

Division I Soil and Water Conservation Districtswww.northidahoswcds.org

Earth911 - Information on recycling household materials.http://Earth911.com

B-5


EnergyStar - Energy efficient products, building plans, and home improvement information.www.energystar.gov

eXtension - National Extension clearinghouse of online resources.www.extension.org

Forest Nursery Notes - U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. USFS Reforestation, Nurseries,and Genetic Resources.www.rngr.net/publications/fnn

Forestry for Idaho Best Management Practices - Forest Stewardship Guidelines for Water Quality.Idaho Forest Products Commission.www.idahoforests.org/bmp.htm

Grass Seeding Forest Roads, Skid Trails, and Landings in the Inland Northwest. Brooks, R, A.McFarland, and C. Schnepf. 2011. Pacific Northwest Extension, University of Idaho. Moscow, ID.PNW 628.www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/pdf/PNW/PNW628.pdf

Idaho Department of Environmental Qualitywww.deq.idaho.gov

Idaho Department of Health and Welfare Fish Advisory Programwww.healthandwelfare.idaho.gov/Health/EnvironmentalHealth/FishAdvisories/tabid/180/Default.aspx

Idaho Department of Lands State Forester Forumwww.idl.idaho.gov/bureau/ForestAssist/state_forester_forum.htm

Idaho Department of Parks and Recreationwww.parksandrecreation.idaho.gov

Idaho Native Plant Society (Calypso Chapter)www.idahonativeplants.org

Individual/Subsurface Sewage Disposal Rules - Idaho Department of Environmental Quality rulesIDAPA 58.01.03.http://adminrules.idaho.gov/rules/current/58/0103.pdf

Institutional Controls Program – Panhandle Health District 1.www.phd1.idaho.gov/institutional/institutionalindex.cfm

Invasive Species Council - Idaho State Department of Agriculture – Idaho’s Invasive Species Program.www.invasivespecies.idaho.gov

Invasive Species Technical Notes - U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources ConservationService.www.mt.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ecs/invasive/technotes/

Kinnikinnick Native Plant Society, Inc.www.nativeplantsociety.org

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Kootenai Countywww.kcgov.us

Landscaping with Native Plants in the Idaho Panhandle. Kinnikinnick Native Plant Society. 2011.www.nativeplantsociety.org

Logging Selectively: A Practical Pocket Guide to Partial Timber Harvesting. Schnepf, C. 2000. PacificNorthwest Extension, University of Idaho. Moscow, ID. PNW 534.www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/detail.asp?IDnum=667

Low-Volume Roads Engineering - Best Management Practices Field Guide. Keller, G. and J. Sherar.2003. U.S. Agency for International Development. Washington, DC.http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADB595.pdf

Managing Organic Debris for Forest Health: Reconciling Fire Hazard, Bark Beetles, Wildlife, andForest Nutrition Needs. Schnepf, C., R.T. Graham, S. Kegley, and T.B. Jain. 2009. Pacific NorthwestExtension Publication, University of Idaho. Moscow, ID. PNW 609.www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/pdf/PNW/PNW0609.pdf

Management Planning for the Family Forest Owner. Brooks, R. and R. Mahoney. 2007. University ofIdaho Extension. Moscow, ID. CIS 1141.www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/pdf/CIS/CIS1141.pdf

National Invasive Species Councilwww.invasivespecies.gov/

National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - Information on aquatic invasive species.www.research.noaa.gov/oceans/t_invasivespecies.html

National Pesticide Information Center(800) 858-7378www.npic.orst.edu

National Response Center - Online reporting for oil and chemical spills.(800) 424-8802www.nrc.uscg.mil/

Northern Idaho Fertilizer Guide: Northern Idaho Lawns. Mahler R.L. and V.J. Parker-Clark. 1998.University of Idaho Extension, Moscow, ID. CIS 911.www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/CIS/CIS0911.pdf

Noxious Weed Identification and Control Handbook. Inland Empire Cooperative Weed ManagementArea.www.kcweeds.com/accounts/kc_weeds/data_documents/11/files/noxious weed identification & controlhandboo.pdf

Plants Gone Wild - Plants of the Wild - native plant newsletter.http://plantsofthewild.com/Newsletter.html

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Plant Your Seedlings Right. Dumroese, R.K., D.L. Wenney and Y.C. Barkley. 2001. University of Idaho,College of Natural Resources, Forest Research Nursery. Moscow, ID. CIS 528http://seedlings.uidaho.com/default.asp?PageID=38

The Practical Streambank Bioengineering Guide. Bentrup, G. and J.C. Hoag. 1998. U.S. Department ofAgriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. Washington, DC: USDA-NRCS.www.plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/idpmcpu116.pdf

Protect Your Waters and Stop Aquatic Hitchhikers! - Information for recreational users to help stopaquatic invasive species.www.Protectyourwaters.net

Rodale's Ultimate Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening: The Indispensable Green Resource for EveryGardener. Bradley, F.M., B.W. Ellis, and E. Phillips, eds. 2009. Rodale. New York, NY.

Shoshone Countywww.shoshonecounty.org

A Stewardship Handbook for Family Forest Owners. 2009. National Association of State Foresters. 2nded. Washington, DC: NASF.www.stateforesters.org/stewardship_handbook

Stormwater – The Journal for Surface Water Professionals.www.stormwater.org


Stormwater Manager’s Resource Center - Technical assistance on stormwater management issues.www.stormwatercenter.net

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)www.usda.gov

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Groundwater and Drinking Water.www.epa.gov/safewater/

U.S. Geological Survey - Invasive Crayfish in the Pacific Northwest.http://pubs.usgs.gov/2011/3132/

University of Idaho ExtensionCollege of Agricultural and Life Sciences Publications and Multimedia Catalogwww.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/catalog.asp

Forestry Extension Resourceswww.uidaho.edu/extension/forestry

Master Gardener Resourceswww.extension.uidaho.edu/mg/resources

Master Water Stewards Resourceswww.uidaho.edu/cda/idah2o

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WaterSense - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - water conservation information.www.epa.gov/watersense

Web Soil Survey - U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) -soil information, maps, and data.http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htm

Weed Control in Lawns. University of Idaho Extension. 1991. Moscow, ID. Publication no. 334www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/detail.asp?IDnum=1137

Well Construction Standards Rules - Idaho Department of Water Resources rules IDAPA 37.03.09.http://adminrules.idaho.gov/rules/current/37/0309.pdf

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Appendix C

Citations

Figure 2-9. Lady bug-eating aphid.www.ladybugindoorgardens.com/aphid.html (Accessed April 6, 2012)

Advertisement on page 2-3.http://OurWaterWeb.org (Accessed April 5, 2012)

Figure 2-12. Douglas Spirea.http://lifestyle-landscapes.com

Figures 2-10 and 2-11.Stormwater Erosion Education Program (SEEP)

Figure 3-2. Correct well construction.http://extension.missouri.edu/p/EQM103F (Accessed April 9, 2012)

Figure 3-3. Well location diagrams.www.uiweb.uidaho.edu/wq/wqbr/wqbr25.html (Accessed April 8, 2012)

Figure 3-4. Backflow prevention diagram.www.hdrinc.com/sites/all/files/assets/knowledge-center/publications/sdwa-wall-chart-2011.pdf(Accessed April 8, 2012)

Page 7-1. Photo of road erosion.www.fs.fed.us/GRAIP/photos

Figure 7-14. Ditch cross drain diagram.www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100023568-canada

Figure 7-21. Logging truck over arch culvert.www.wfpa.org/

Figure 7-24. Stream diversion.www.fs.fed.us/eng/pubs/html/wr_p/97771814/97771814.htm

Figure 7-25. Culvert clogged with sediment.www.city-data.com/forum/tennessee/359683-going-off-grid-east-tennessee-82.html

Low Volume Road Engineering Field Guide.http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADB595.pdf

C-1

The Coeur d'Alene Basin

Scale 1:220,000

10m

30m

50m

60m

50m

40m

10m

40m 30m

10m

40m

10m

40m

40m

ChatcoletChatcoletLakeLake

Killarney LakeKillarney Lake

Porrett LakePorrett Lake

SwanSwanLakeLake

FernanFernanLakeLake

ThompsonThompsonLakeLake

BenewahBenewahLakeLake

RoundRoundLakeLake

TurtleTurtleLakeLake

CaveCaveLakeLake

Goose HeavenGoose HeavenLakeLake

Anderson LakeAnderson Lake

HiddenHiddenLakeLake

Blue LakeBlue Lake

MedicineMedicineLakeLake

Rose LakeRose Lake

Carlin C reek

Blue C

reek

Wolf Lodge Creek

Lonesome Creek

405s

Stella

Creek

Evans Creek

Cedar Cre ek

Little

Plumm

erCr

eek

LakeCreek

Thom

pson Cre

ek

405s

Street Creek

South Fork Mica Creek

Roch

at Cr

eek

Syringa Creek

East Fork Evans Creek

DeepCreek

Thorn Creek

Plummer Creek

Bene wahC

reek

Evans Creek

Clark Creek

North Fork

Rock Creek

Cedar Creek

Hy Line Ditch

WillowCreek

Ferna

nCreek

Benewah Cree

k

Plummer Creek

Beauty Creek

Fourth Of July Creek

Lake Creek

Fighting Creek

Marie Creek

Deception Creek

Coon Creek

Mill Creek

Canyon Cree k

Cougar Creek

Little

Pl umm

erC

reek

Canary Creek

Carlin C reek

FlatCr

eek

Lam b Creek

Lake Creek

Rose CreekTurner Creek

Little

Hangman Creek

Thorn Creek

BlackCreek

North ForkRock Creek

Carlin Creek

Ch

erry Creek

Varnum Creek

Alder Creek

North Fork Mic a Creek

Moctileme C reek

BlueCr e

ek

West Fork Benewah Creek

South Fork Cedar Creek

Thom

asCre

ek

Jaco t CreekPhantom Creek

Bozar

d Cree

k

Cottonwood Creek

OnawaCreekSkitw

ish Creek

North Fork Rock Creek

Couga

rCreek

Moctileme CreekMoctelme Creek

No CreekCarrill Creek

Fighting Creek

Skalan Creek

WolfL

odge Creek

Killa

rney C

reek

Cedar Creek

Burton Creek

Bull Creek

Search

light Creek

Flat Creek

Robinson Creek

North Fork Mica Creek

Armstrong Creek

Mikel

sonCana

l

Swan

Creek

Cedar Creek

Pede

e Cree

k

Reserve Creek

Lane Creek

StreetCreek

Mulch

Creek

Mike Creek

N

The Coeur d'Alene Basin

The inform ation d epicted on this m ap is the result of d igital analy ses perform ed on a d atabase consisting of inform ation from a variety of governm ental and other cred ible sources. The accuracy of the inform ation presented is lim ited to

the collective accuracy of the d atabase on the d ate of the analy sis. The inform ation is believed accurate and reasonable efforts have been m ad e to ensure the accuracy of the m ap. How ever, the Coeur d ’Alene Tribe expressly d isclaim s

responsibility for d am ages or liability that m ay arise from use of this m ap. This prod uct is the property of the Coeur d ’Alene Tribe and its use is thereby restricted .

Map Prod uced by Coeur d 'Alene Tribe GIS on 12/18/2012 File Nam e: D:\Data\Rand om Task s\NRDA_Map3_1.m xd . For inform ation on this m ap or other m aps please contact us at gisinfo@cd atribe-nsn.gov

CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY . UNAUTHORIZED USE PROHIBITED.

Coeur d

'Alene

Lake

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