東海大學社會工作學系博士論文 - thuir.thu.edu.twthuir.thu.edu.tw/bitstream/310901/29971/1/106THU00201004-001.pdf ·...

A Study of Resilience and Successful Aging in Healthy Elders

0

I

201710

II

651.

2.

3.4.

5.

65 930 875

94.09% 698 75.05%

65-69

73.84

70 70

III

AbstractThe subjects of the study is the elderly people aged 65 years or above.The main

purpose of the study is to explore the relationship between the resilience and thesuccessful aging of the elders.

To achieve the purpose, We have compiled questionnaires and studied by the

method of questionnaire. These were based on the results of theoretical framework

and literature review. In this study, we have chosen the elderly people aged 65 years

or above in three cities as the research object, they are Wuhan, Taichung and

Changhua. Each of the 930 subjects was given a questionnaire to fill out. A total of

875 questionnaires were returned (the recovery rate was 94.09%), and the valid

questionnaires were 698 (the valid rate of the questionnaire was 75.05%). Descriptive

statistics, difference analysis, correlation analysis and structural model analysis were

used to analyze, discuss and answer questions and hypotheses in this study.

The finding of this study, were as follows

1. The majority of the distribution of the participants was female, 65-69 years old,

married and primary school educated, with an average age of 73.84 years. In addition,

most of the participants were financially independent, with their own savings and

retirement benefits as the source of the economy. About half of the

participants believed in religion, nearly half of them suffered from hypertension and

about thirty percent of the participants' lives were affected by the disease.

2.There were significant differences in the individual background variables of the

elderly (includegender , age , marital status , education , monthly

expenditure , religion and the impact of disease ) to the resilience and the

success of the elderly.

3.Social participation promotes resilience and resilience contributes to the success of

aging. There is a strong correlation between successful aging and resilience, and the

stronger the resilience, the higher the degree of successful aging.

4.The stress in life has a negative effect on the successful aging of the elderly, but

increasing the social participation of the elderly can reduce the negative impact of

stress.

5.The influence of protective factors of resilience on successful aging changes with

age.If the elders are less than 70 years old, self-efficacy has the greatest impact on

IV

successful aging. If the elders are more than 70 years old, optimistic and

open-minded has the greatest impact on successful aging. Optimistic and

open-minded are playing a important role in the success of aging, and the older the

man is, the more important it is to be optimistic and open-minded.

Based on the results of this study, several recommendations were made for research

and practice of relevant units and social workers.

Key words: elders, resilience, successful aging

V

............................................................................................... 1 ...................................................................................................1 .......................................................................................3 ...........................................................................................6 ...........................................................................................7

....................................................................................... 9 ...........................................................................9 .....................................................................23 .........................................................................33 .................................................................36

..................................................................................... 43 .....................................................................43 .........................................................................44 .................................................................................46 .............................................................................76 .................................................................................................81 .................................................................................................84

.......................................................................87 .........................................................................88 .....................................................97 ...................................................107 ...................124 ...................................................133 ...........................................................................140 ...................................................................................153

............................................................................... 171 ...............................................................................................171 .......................................................................................................176 .......................................................................................................177

................................................................................................. 185

................................................................................... 185

................................................................................... 185

VI

1-1-1 65%...........................................1

2-1-1 .................................................. 11

2-1-2 .............................................. 11

2-1-3 SOC......................................................16

2-1-4 .......................................................... 18

2-1-5 .......................................................................... 20

2-2-1 .................................................................. 25

2-2-2 .................................................................. 25

2-2-3 .................................................................. 26

2-2-4 .......................................................................... 27

2-2-5 .......................................................................................... 28

2-2-6 ...................................................................... 29

2-2-7 .......................................................... 32

2-2-8 .............................................................................. 33

2-4-1 .............................................................. 40

3-3-1 .............................. 49

3-3-2 KMO Bartlett ....................52

3-3-3 .................................. 52

3-3-4....................................... 53

3-3-5 .................................. 54

3-3-6 -.........................54

3-3-7 KMO Bartlett ........................55

3-3-8 .......................................... 57

3-3-9 Cronbach's ................................... 58

3-3-10 ........................................................................ 59

3-3-11 Cronbach's ......................................59

3-3-12 .................................................................... 60

3-3-13 .................................................................... 60

3-3-14 ............ 66

3-3-15 ................ 67

3- 3-16 ....................................................... 69

3- 3-17 ........................................................... 71

3- 3-18 ....................... 73

3- 3-19 ....................................................... 73

VII

3- 3-20 ....................... 74

3- 3-21 ....................................................................... 75

3-4-1 2016.............. 78

3-4-2 .............................................................................. 79

3-4-3 .................................................................. 79

3-4-4 .............................................................. 80

3-4-5 2017............................................... 81

3-4-6 .................................................................. 81

4-1-1 ...................................... 88

4-1-2 ............................ 900

4-1-3 ................ 903

4-1-4 .................................................................. 94

4-1-5 ...................................................................... 96

4-2-1 t ......................................................... 99

4-2-2 Scheffe ............ 100

4- 2-3 Scheffe ........... 101

4-2-4 t ................... 102

4-2-5 Scheffe ............ 103

4-2-6 t ....................................................... 104

4-2-7 t ............................................... 105

4-2-8 Scheffe ................ 106

4-2-9 Scheffe ............ 107

4-3-1 ........................................ 109

4-3-2 ........................................ 110

4-3-3 .................................................111

4-3-4 n=675...................... 114

4-3-5 n=220.............................. 114

4-3-6 n=220...................... 114

4-3-7 n=187.............................. 115

4-3-8 n=187...................... 115

4-3-9 n=143.............................. 116

4-3-10 n=143.................... 116

4-3-11 n=148............................ 117

4-3-12 n=148.................... 117

VIII

4-3-13 -............................. 117

4-3-14 -..................... 117

4-3-15 -............................. 117

4-3-16 -..................... 117

4-3-17 -............................. 117

4-3-18 -..................... 117

4-4-1 ........................................ 125

4-4-2 ............ 126

4-4-3 -

....................................................................................................................126

4- 4-4 ........... 127

4- 4-5 -

....................................................................................................................127

4- 4-6 ........... 128

4- 4-7 -

....................................................................................................................128

4- 4-8 ............... 130

4- 4-9-

........................................................................................................................128

4- 4-10 -2..........131

4- 4-11 -2

....................................................................................................................131

4- 4-12

....................................................................................................................................131

4-5-1 ................... 136

4-5-2 ........ 139

4-5-3 ................................................................ 139

4-6-1 ................ 141

4-6-2. 146

4-6-3. 151

4-6-4 ........ 152

5-1-1 .................................... 172

5- 1-2 ....................................... 174

5- 1-3 ............................................................................... 176

IX

1-1-1 65.......................................... 2

2-1-2 .............................................................................................. 14

2-1-3 Baltes BaltesSOC.............................................................15

2-1-4 ...................................................................................... 21

2-3-1 .......................................................................................... 34

2-4-1 ..................................................... 42

2-4-2 .............................................................. 42

3-2-1 -.........................................................................................45

3-3-2 ...................................................................................... 60

3-3-3 ...................... 69

3-3-4 .................................. 69

3-3-5 .................. 72

3-5-1 .......................................................................... 83

3-5-2 .............................................................................. 83

3-5-3............................... 84

4-3-1 n=698.................................. 112

4-3-2 n=220.................................. 114

4-3-3 n=187.................................. 115

4-3-4 -................................... 115

4-3-5 -................................... 115

4-3-6 -................................... 115

4-3-7 -............... 115

4-3-8 -....................... 115

4-3-9 -....... 115

4-5-1 PA-LV ........................................... 135

4-5-2 PA-LV .......................... 137

4-5-3 ............................ 140

4-6-1 ............................................ 145

4-6-2 .................... 145

4-6-3 ................ 147

4-6-4 ............ 148

4-6-5 ................ 150

4-6-6 ................ 150

X

4-7-1 .............................................................. 167

4-7-2 .................................................................. 167

1

World Health Organization

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WHO, 2017

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Geest, Knook, & Westendorp, 2001

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Laditka, Laditka, Logsdon, & Liu, 2009Hochhalter et al., 2011

Raw & Kahn, 1998;

Strawbridge et al., 2002; 2011

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2012)2004

(interactive)

13

Fisher, 19952007

4Lin, 2006; 20092011

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Phelan & Larson, 2002; Hochhalter et al. , 2011;

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(1996)

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(Lin, 2006)

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MacArtherjust keep on going

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physical functioningsocial

functioningpsycho-cognitive functioning

well-being

2-1-5

2015

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physicalfunctioning

socialfunctioning

psycho-cognitivefunctioning

(well-being)

mortality

Wacks(1990) GlassSeeman Herzog(1995)

Garfein Herzog(1995)

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von Faber vander Wiel20015

von Faber vander Wiel2001

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2006 2012

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Lin, 20062012

5 von Faber2001

21

20062010

Rowe Kahn (1997)Baltes

Baltes SOC

2-1-4

2-1-4

1

Chou & Chi, 2002; Strawbridge et al., 1996; Vaillant &

Mukamal, 2001; Lee & Fan, 2008; Fowler, Dannecker, Stanley, Wilson, Snow&

Kunik, 2015

(activity of daily living, ADL)

SPMSQ CES-D

22

2004

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ADL IADL

2006

2011

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2

(Life Satisfaction Index A, LSIA)

PGC (Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale)

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(good life)

DienerOishi Lucas(2003)

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3

Laditka et al, 2009

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Inui, 2003Wacks(1990)

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resilireBowman2013

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2-2-4

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LutharCicchetti Becker (2000)

Cassel Suedfeld(2006)

personalitydispositionalcharacteristics

Doty (2010) Masten (2014)

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2-2-4

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(Masten & Reed, 2002)

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2004; Luthar et al. , 2000)

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(Hobfoll, 1991Masten & Reed, 2002)

2014Masten Coatsworth (1998)

(Feldman et al. , 1987; Silverman, 1989; Doty, 2010 )

28

Dumont & Provost, 1999; Fraser et al.,1999; Wagnild

& Young, 1993; Mcloyd, 1998; Richardson, 2002; Rutter, 2007; Masten, 2014;

20112014

2-2-5

2-2-5

1

Wagnild & Young, 1993; Mcloyd, 1998; Masten, 20041

Benard, 1991; Mcloyd, 1998;Luthar et al. , 2000; 20112Richardson, 2002

2

Masten, 20142011Rutter, 2007

Luthar & Cicchetti, 2000; Obrist et al.,2010; Henley, 2010

(Caltabiano & Caltabiano, 2006

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netuveli, 2010)

Broyles,

2005; Maricet et al., 2011; Nolan, 2010; Nygren et al., 2005; Gooding et al., 2012

Luthar & Cicchetti, 2000

29

(Luthar, 2003; Luthar & Cicchetti, 2000; Henley2010)

protective factors(Hobfoll, 1991; Masten & Reed, 2002)

2014

(Fergus & Zimmerman, 2005)

Dumont & Provost, 1999; Fraser et al.,1999;

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20

CD6(Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, CD-RISC) (Connor &

Davidson, 2003) RS7(Resilience Scale, RS)Wagnild &Young,

1993ego-resiliency scaleKlohnen, 1996

(Brief Resilience Scale, BRS)8framework of

resilience in action

resilience scaleWagnild, 2009

(Resiliency Skills and Abilities Scale)Jew, Green, &Kroger, 1999

( dispositional resilience scale)Bartone, 200710(Resilience Scale for Adults, RSA)Jowkar, Friborg, & Hjemdal, 2010 35-60

11The Resilience in Midlife Scale, RIM Scale

Ryan & Caltabiano, 2009

Constantine & Benard, 2001

CDRS

(Wagnild, 2009; Windle, Bennett, & noyes, 2011)CDRS

Perna2012RS 3,942

Bauer2016RS

You Park2017CD

6 Connor Davidson2003 Likert 5 257 RSWagnild Young1993Likert 7 258 200310 Friborg2003 Likert 5 3711 Ryan Caltabiano(2009)RIM 25 5RIM internal locus of control

31

Serrano-Parra

Garrido-Abejarnotario-Pacheco Bartolom-GutirrezSolera-Martnez

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CD

ChoowattanapakornAlxLundman norberg nygren (2010)

RS

Pathike2015

making merit

Hayat2016

de Guzman2012

CDRS

CDRS

Huang, Chen, Cheng, & Sung, 2014

2012CD

20152015Zhang,

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Shen Zeng (2011)CDRS

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32

2-2-7

2-2-7

2015

20122015Bensimon, 2012; Lee & Seville,2013; Li& Yang, 20162015

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Caltabiano & Caltabiano, 2006; netuveliet al., 2008; 20102014

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(Faigin & Pargament, 2011)

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1.

1.2.3.

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Dentato (2014)

Martin (2015)

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12 a 55 75bc

d

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(DeMuth,

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interfaces

Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Greene & Ephress, 1991

200220072009)

Bronfenbrenner (1986)

(mutually shaping)(within)

37

(between)(beyond)(across)

microsystem mesosystem

exosystemmacrosystem2002

2006200720092012)

Payne2015)

Gitterman & German, 2008

2002201220132008

Rutter1990 Kumpfer1990

Rutter199013

Kumpfer (1999) 14

-- Rutter

Kumpfer (1999)

Wooten, 20132011 Rutter1990

Kumpfer(1999)

Wooten, 20132008

2011

2008

2011Rutter1990 Kumpfer1990

Wooten, 20132008

2011

Wooten, 2013

13 Rutter199014 Kumpfer(1999)

38

2007Dubois, &

Miley, 1992; Germain& Gitterman, 1995; Gitterman& German2008

2012

(life cycle approach)

Hareven, 2001; Hays, 2002; Hays & George, 2002

20052010

individual

development life cycle modelErikson, 1996

EriksonJM

Erikson199880

2004

Erikson1998wisdomintegrity

Erikson & Erikson, 1998

Hays2002

life-course

transitions

20032006

39

life transitionsHareven, 2001;

Hays, 2002; Hays & George, 2002

life course theoryElder 1974

(children of the great depression)

Elder, 1998; 2002

2015

Elder,20032005

Binstock et al. , 20112016

( lives and historical times)

(linked life)

(human agency)

2016( life span development)

Erikson, 1963; Dentato et al. , 2014

Chou, Hsu, Chang-Lee, Yang, Sung, 2014

40

Dentato et al. , 2014

--

1999

2013

2011

2-4-1

2-4-1

(Life Cycle approach) Life course theory

1(Elder,199820062010)22013

1199920162200532006

1Erikson

Erikson, 1964; 199822013

12011220052009

1

200922009

1

(Elder, 1998)

Erikson

Erikson, 1964; 1998

2011

(Elder, 1998

20062010)

201320161999

41

2005

2009

65 195265 1952

1978

Erikson & Erikson1998p26

Walsh, 2003

2014)

social disengagement theory

(Cumming, Henry, & Damianopoulos; 2009)

DeMuth2005

Erikson, 1963

2-4-1 20 80

Walsh, 1993Holstein & Minkler, 2003Carter

McGoldrick, 19982012

42

DeMuth, 2005 2-4- 1 2-4- 2 DeMuth(2005)

2-4-1 DeMuth,2005

2-4-2 DeMuth,2005

McGoldrick &

Carter, 1998

20022012

DeMuth, 2004

Erikson & Erikson, 1998; Binstock et al. , 2011)

43

methodology

research method2014

20032014

20022014

2014

20022014

2010

Guba

& Lincoln19942002Hoover,

& Donovan, 20002000

Babbie,

200620062010

2006

44

Guba &

Lincoln19942002

Guba & Lincoln19942002

20022013

45

3-2-1 -

1.2.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.

46

12

30

(Likert Scale)

15

325 6 35

14

47

2004

65

11

65

Devellis2010

2010

12

3

2004

3 2513

5

48

15

34

1 5

2

1998

2004

35 30

2004

65

56 86.15 3-3-1

49

35 35 35 66

-98 11 31.4% 24 68.6% 82.9%

11.4% 2.9% 5 42.9%5-1

54.3%1-2 2.9%

30 21 28.6%

71.4%. 57 8195.2% 6023.8%

4.8% 33.3% 28.6%

9.5% 1 2 33.3%2-3 33.3%3-4

23.8%4-5 9.5%

3-3-1

30 35 65 n=21 n=35 n=56 70% 100% 86.15% 69.38 80.11 77.45- 57 81 66-98 57-98% 28.6% 31.4% 30.4

71.4% 68.6% 69.6% 0 82.9% 51.8

4.8 11.4 8.9 33.3 2.9 14.3 28.6 0 10.7 9.5 0 3.6 23.8 0 8.9

% 0 2.9 1.8 76.2 37.1 51.8 0 0 0 14.3 60.0 42.9 4.8 0 1.8

% 66.7 37.1 48.2

3-5

spss21.0

1.

critical

50

ratio CRCR

t 27 27

CR

51

2

21 CR 0.283 6.000

CR 3.0 22ps < .05t.05

22 12 34total

9.076 30

35 32 t.05

20 25

CR 2.5599.801

CR 3.0p< .05 20 25

20 25

32 t.05 20 p=.256

25 p=.239

Cronbach's Alpha 0.852 Cronbach's Alpha

0.970 20 25

.37726//

Cronbach's Alpha.972 Cronbach's

Alpha.946 20 25 a.948

.952 Conbach's Alpha

2010

2.

1

17KMO

0.784 Bartletts 719.226 136.000

KMO 1

KMO 0.52010

KMO 0.171 3-7

52

3-8 56KMO 0.808

KMO.810

3-3-2

3-3-2 KMO Bartlett n=56 KMO Bartlett

Df Sig. 35 .784 719.226 136 .000 21 .171 250.141 136 .000 56 .808 928.916 136 .000

3-3-3 n=35

S1 .891 .327 .012 .137 .920S3 .891 .305 -.058 .143 .907S2 .822 .406 -.032 .256 .911S5 .810 .433 .085 -.013 .900S4 .787 .449 .278 -.031 .851S8 .745 .342 .449 -.015 .765S7 .730 .225 .260 -.025 .652S6 .712 .437 .245 -.086 .875S11 .679 .664 .049 -.053 .908S12 .256 .875 .142 .124 .867S15 .401 .867 .119 .027 .866S14 .422 .866 .075 .035 .936S13 .320 .858 .117 .115 .928S17 .362 .715 .166 -.030 .709S16 .412 .631 .338 -.164 .671S9 .112 .197 .920 .137 .917S10 .092 .047 .109 .965 .953

10.979 1.431 1.119 1.006% 37.799 32.410 8.672 6.616 85.497

>.600

4 1

85.497% S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S8S11 9

37.799% S12S13S14S15S16S17

6 32.410% S9 1

8.672% S10 1 6.616% 3-3-3

3 1

75.140% S1S2S3S4S5S6

S7S8 9 32.155% S11S12S13

53

S14S15S16S17 6 31.932% S9S10

2 11.053% 3-3-4

3-3-4n=56

S1 .880 .246 .017 .834S3 .867 .247 -.086 .666S2 .794 .189 .000 .820S5 .730 .457 .200 .782S4 .723 .395 .173 .709S8 .703 .433 .223 .637S7 .685 .307 .061 .567S6 .642 .458 .127 .731S11 .379 .865 .016 .826S12 .238 .833 .200 .791S15 .362 .824 -.164 .747S14 .278 .818 -.019 .838S13 .258 .772 .115 .892S17 .540 .730 .041 .652S16 .319 .691 .268 .676S9 .102 .130 .892 .823S10 .033 .012 .885 .784

9.486 1.734 1.554% 32.155 31.932 11.053 75.140

>.600

S9S10 S11S9 S10

S9 S10

2 1 S1 S11 1 S12 S17

2 S11 S11

S11

KMO .810Bartlett

695.911Sig.

54

3-3-5 n=35

S1 .893 .316 .898S3 .884 .288 .832S2 .825 .389 .865S5 .809 .435 .878S4 .804 .481 .844S8 .779 .407 .739S7 .743 .267 .623S6 .723 .465 .773S11 .668 .663 .886S12 .268 .884 .853S15 .403 .872 .848S14 .419 .867 .926S13 .330 .860 .923S17 .364 .733 .644S16 .422 .683 .670

10.801 1.401% 43.465 37.882 81.347

>.600

3-3-6 -n=56

S15 .855 .300 .300 .919S12 .834 .257 .164 .891S13 .823 .183 .264 .874S14 .810 .245 .310 .841S17 .739 .350 .096 .778S11 .686 .490 .337 .738S16 .623 .536 .018 .653S8 .332 .781 .291 .805S4 .363 .774 .332 .824S5 .299 .763 .327 .788S6 .350 .750 .230 .780S7 .202 .726 .293 .812S2 .241 .208 .889 .911S1 .255 .409 .828 .676S3 .245 .407 .805 .677

9.396 1.559 1.011% 32.276 27.697 19.806 79.779

>.600

3 1

2 1 S11

3 79.779%

55

3-3-6 S11S12S13S14S15S16S17 7

32.276%

S16

S4S5S6S7S8 5

27.697%

S1S2S3 3 19.806%

2

21

56 KMO 0.750

KMO.750 3-3-7 KMO

KMO 0.90.80.7

0.6 0.5unacceptableKaiser

1974

1

3-3-7 KMO Bartlett n=56

/ KMO

Bartlett df Sig.

35 .835 823.686 210 .000 80.202 .798 549.239 78 .000 79.002 .295 1791.395 561 .000

56 .830 974.238 210 .000 79.671 .753 602.967 78 .000 78.336 .750 1812.913 561 .000 60.132

KMO

KMO.835 C3-6

3 1 3

80.202%

56

3 4-4 3 4-4

2 1 2

79.002% 6

6

4-4Conbachs alpha

4-41- 1

1-3

3-3 3-4

1-1

3-4KMO.801

5 1

60.132% 1-21-31-41-51-62-62-7 7

15.347% 2-12-22-32-42-52-8

5-1 7 14.156% 6-16-26-36-46-5

6-6 6 11.490% 4-14-24-35-25-3

5 10.075% 3-13-23-33-53-63-7

6 9.064% 3-3-8

57

3-3-8 n=56

1-3 .7291-6 .6961-4 .6851-5 .6481-2 .589 .3612-6 .516 .4942-7 .437 .4232-3 .675 .3992-4 .661 .3772-2 .373 .6152-8 .6015-1 .598 .3392-1 .336 .5292-5 .436 .5226-2 .7936-3 .351 .7716-5 .664 .3336-6 .660 .317 .3256-4 .303 .6596-1 .389 .399 .5544-1 .7905-3 .6894-2 .320 .321 .6205-2 .415 .5924-3 .331 .381 .5483-6 .6613-5 .416 .5803-1 .483 .5533-7 .461 .5283-3 .501 .307 .5223-2 .320 .512

eigenvalue 13.637 2.220 1.420 1.362 1.205 15.347 14.156 11.490 10.075 9.064 15.347 29.503 40.994 51.068 60.132

58

1

317

3

Cronbach's a

0.963 a 0.776

a 0.941 3-12 Cronbach's

Cronbach's 3-3-9

3-3-9 Cronbach's

Cronbach's Cronbach's 35 .963 17 .969 15 21 .776 17 .813 15 56 .941 17 .953 15

Cronbach's 0.9533

0.9430.9220.939Nunnaly(1978) Cronbach's

0.7 3

15

S9

S7 15 3-3-10

59

3-3-10

/ / S1.

S2. S3.

S4. S5. S6. S8. S9.

S11. S12. S13. S14. S15. S16. S17.

* S7. S10.

2

531

5

Cronbachs Alpha a

0.970 a 0.852

Conbach's 0.946 3-3-11

3-3-11 Cronbach's

Cronbach's 21 .852 31 35 .970 31 56 .953 31

0.953

Cronbachs Alpha 3-3-12

60

3-3-12

/ Cronbach's 7 .857 7 .855 6 .861 5 .839 6 .829 31 .953

Nunnaly(1978) Conbach's 0.75

0.8570.8550.8610.8390.829 5

31 3-3-13

3-3-13

/ /1. 7 1-3

1-6

1-4

1-5

1-2

2-6

2-72. 7 2-3

2-4

2-2

2-8

5-1

2-1

2-53. 6 3-6

3-5

3-1

3-7

3-3

3-2

61

3-3-13

/ /4. 5 4-1

5-3

4-2

5-2

4-35. 6 6-2

6-3

6-5

6-6

6-4

6-1

3-3-2

3-3-2

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

9.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

62

Likert scale 5

12345

Likert scale 5

123

45

3-3-1

1 3

4 6

8 9

10 17

1-11-21-31-41-56-12-1

2-12-22-32-42-52-85-1

3-13-23-33-43-53-6

63

4-14-24-34-44-54-6

5-26-26-36-46-5

1.

2.__

3.

4.

5.

6.12345

7.

8.

1.

2.

3.()

4.(65)

5.

64

SPSS21.0 AMOS20.0

Cronbach

2010201220142015

10

2009

2015 910

10

57

3

20122015

65

2.75-3.95 4.5 1.5

3.09-4.20 4.5 1.5

3-3-14 3-3-15

t

t

t CR 2015

73% 27%

2010

S10.05 t.001

t.001 3-3-14 3-3-15

Cronbach's

.3

2015

3-3-14 S7

S10.529 Cronbach's

.892 S7S10Cronbach's

3-3-15

Cronbach's .953.343

C3-4 Cronbach's

.001

C3-4

66

3-3-14

CR

Cronbach's =.892

Cronbach's

S1. 3.62 16.046*** .604 .884S2. 3.83 16.899*** .619 .883S3. 3.47 14.547*** .529 .886

S4. 3.77 16.607*** .651 .882S5. 3.90 17.233*** .638 .882S6. 3.91 17.890*** .614 .883S8. 3.80 19.731*** .653 .882S9. 3.82 16.350*** .561 .885

S11. 3.82 19.302*** .642 .882S12 3.95 21.819*** .715 .880S13. 3.74 18.739*** .641 .883S14.

3.8517.971***

.660 .882

S15.

3.9419.269***

.676 .881

S16. 3.66 17.381*** .615 .884S17. 3.89 18.497*** .682 .881

S7. 3.48 5.954*** .083 .907S10. 2.75 2.270* .023 .908

*p

67

3- 3-15

CR

Cronbach's =.953

Cronbach'

s

C1-1 3.76 17.171*** .636 .951C1-2 3.87 15.703*** .626 .951C1-3 3.60 13.461*** .578 .952C1-4 3.74 13.839*** .642 .951C1-5 3.83 13.496*** .570 .952C2-7 3.74 15.514*** .634 .951C6-1 3.91 14.367*** .555 .952

C2-1 3.99 14.405*** .628 .951C2-2 3.89 13.713*** .657 .951C2-3 3.54 17.544*** .615 .951C2-4

3.52 18.500*** .667 .951

C2-5 4.20 13.950*** .607 .951C2-8 3.75 16.253*** .630 .951C5-1

3.78 13.341*** .525 .952

C3-1

3.70 18.498*** .674 .951

C3-2 3.56 17.714*** .668 .951C3-3 3.66 16.519*** .653 .951C3-4

3.09 8.628*** .343 .954

C3-5 3.68 14.581*** .604 .951C3-6

3.61 16.066*** .635 .951

C6-2 3.72 16.010*** .655 .951C6-3 3.78 17.826*** .670 .951C6-4 3.39 12.025*** .520 .952C6-5 3.41 12.932*** .555 .952C5-2 3.62 16.875*** .655 .951

*p

68

3- 3-15

CR

Cronbach's =.953

Cronbach's

C4-1 4.14 14.887*** .648 .951C4-2 3.94 13.908*** .609 .951C4-3 3.88 16.916*** .673 .951C4-4 3.75 18.676*** .666 .951C4-5

3.33 12.758*** .491 .952

C4-6

3.22 12.526*** .502 .952

*p

69

3- 3-16

2 df 2/df GFI AGFI RMSEA RMR TLI CFI

5

0.9 0.9 0.05

0.05

0.9 0.9

(n=281) 204.359 87 2.349 .910 .877 .069 .035 .944 .954 143.925 85 1.693 .936 .909 .050 .031 .971 .977

(n=189) 275.867 87 3.171 .848 .790 .107 .034 .836 .864 229.023 85 2.694 .875 .824 .095 .032 .872 .897

(n=391) 249.744 87 2.871 .921 .891 .069 .028 .909 .924 211.126 85 2.484 .933 .906 .063 .027 .928 .941

(n=861)

409.671 87 4.709 .939 .916 .066 .025 .938 .948

270.281 85 3.180 .960 .943 .050 .022 .963 .970

MIMI

S13 S14

S16 S17MI e11 e12e14 e15

e14e15 e11e12

2010

15

3- 3-16

3-3-3

1 1

15

0.64

3-3-4

70

3-3-3

3-3-4

71

2

31

3-3-17

3-3-17

2 df 2/df GFI AGFI RMSEA RMR TLI CFI

5

0.90.9 0.05

0.05

0.9

0.9

n=2811762.423 425 4.147 .726 .681 .106 .179 .735 .757

1303.139 421 3.088 .770 .729 .086 .065 .824 .840

n=1891208.810 424 2.851 .697 .646 .099 .077 .751 .773

1032.714 421 2.453 .744 .698 .088 .075 .804 .823

n=391 1290.147 4243.043 .821 .791 .073 .055 .805 .822

1124.649 421 2.671 .842 .814 .066 .051 .840 .855

n=861 3064.807 4257.211 .817 .787 .085 .134 .789 .807

1865.464 421 4.431 .877 .855 .063 .046 .883 .894

3

3-3-17

MIMI

e8 e9e17 e18e21 e22

31

5

1 1

3-3-5

72

3-3-5

.640.781

(convergent validity)

19962010

SER2

0.890

0.7900.8230.887 3-3-18

73

3- 3-18

R2

SE

.790 15.820

b1 .780 .609 .019b2 .754 .569 .020b3 .706 .498 .021

.823 20.687

b4 .733 .537 .016b5 .726 .527 .019b6 .683 .467 .023b8 .700 .490 .018b9 .640 .409 .023

.887 25.816

b11 .709 .503 .019b12 .781 .609 .017b13 .682 .465 .019b14 .718 .516 .019b15 .753 .567 .015b16 .648 .420 .017b17 .733 .538 .015

.662 .848

3- 3-19

3- 3-19

1 2 3 1.000 .801 1.000 .662 .848 1.000

.428.892

t 1.96R2 .183 .796

3- 3-20

74

3- 3-20

SE

t R2

.857 .289c1.2_1 .704 .018 18.302 .496c1.5_1 .645 .028 18.980 .417c1.3_1 .655 .022 18.889 .429c1.4_1 .711 .020 18.201 .506c1.1_1 .694 .018 18.446 .481c6.1_1 .628 .019 19.139 .394c2.7_1 .621 .024 19.197 .385 .854 .273c2.3_1 .687 .025 18.278 .473c2.4_1 .692 .028 18.218 .479c2.1_1 .725 .017 17.800 .525c2.8_1 .689 .024 18.355 .474c5.1_1 .503 .033 19.854 .253c2.2_1 .675 .022 18.534 .455c2.5_1 .632 .022 18.994 .399 .862 .280c4.2_1 .809 .018 16.339 .655c4.3_1 .892 .014 11.899 .796c4.5_1 .549 .043 19.769 .301c4.6_1 .556 .049 19.735 .309c4.4_1 .761 .019 17.606 .579c4.1_1 .683 .017 18.778 .467 .837 .448c6.4_1 .616 .032 18.563 .380c6.5_1 .579 .036 18.919 .335c6.2_1 .776 .021 15.392 .603c5.2_1 .681 .022 17.721 .464c6.3_1 .772 .020 15.539 .596 .831 .425c3.4_1 .428 .054 20.142 .183c3.5_1 .718 .023 17.882 .515c3.1_1 .741 .019 17.464 .548c3.6_1 .706 .024 18.063 .499c3.3_1 .762 .017 16.990 .581c3.2_1 .688 .026 18.321 .474

.857.854.862.837.831

.289.273.280.448 .425 3- 3-20

.640 .795 3- 3-21

75

3- 3-21

1 2 3 4 5

1.000

.861 1.000

.588 .639 1.000

.730 .704 .682 1.000

.822 .827 .567 .640 1.000

65

3.771 5

3.839

3.837

3.638

65

3.688

76

3

3 17

5

2015 60

65Population

Reference BureauPRB 20152015World population data

sheet2015 73 782016

2016World Population Data Sheet

77

75 78 77 83

2015 81% 92% 65

65

65

20172017

2016

65

cluster sampling

20062007

structural equation modeling, SEM

200

parameter 10

2010 40

400

2016

3-4-1

78

3-4-1 2016

/

65

65

80

80

2353.9816 310.6105 13.20% 74.4103 3.16% 276.7239 30.1904 10.90% 6.6859 2.42% 420 128.7146 18.2962 14.21% 4.8928 3.80% 210

833.84515

1076.62

113.868 13.66% 2.94%

108.6 20.9060

21.02%60

3.5494 3.27% 300

20172016 http://www.stats-hb.gov.cn/ndtjgb/fzndtjgb/115829.htm2017 http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/file/list.htm

2017 4 4

2017 4 30

975 910 698

76.70% 3-2-2

3

420 2017 4

1050 1100

2000 3 458 417

3-4-3

15 2016 1076.62 145.4

79

3-4-2

300 458 217 975 285 417 208 910 n=226 n=306 n=166 n=698//

3-4-3

A 43 37 29 6 26

B 24 23 8 6 8 7 16 15 128 114 89.06%

24 24 28 10 14

39 39 32 30 26 23 6 6 155 136 87.74%

61 56 78 76 33 32

175 167 95.43%

458 16 417 91.05%

8 8 10

217 208 3-4-4

80

3-4-4

10 10 20 20 18 18 20 20 10 4 14 14 25 25 20 20 50 4 48 30 29

217 4 208 95.85%

13

14 2006 12 31 108.6

36.820172016

2016 833.84 1076.62

2016 60 172.752

20.72%65 113.868 13.66%70

70.724 8.48%80 24.485

2.94%90 3.158 0.38%100

4332016 21.02%80

35494 3.55

2017

2 3-4-5 3-4-6

81

3-4-5 2017

k

60

60

80

80

1.07 4.7 7549 16% 1248 3% 120 9.26 16.7802 26252 15.64% 5158 3.07% 120

16

1.53 6.1667 - - - - 40

300

http://www.xzqh.org/html/

3-4-6

120 27 113 120 0 116 60 16 56

300 43 285 95.00%

SPSS 21.0 AMOS20.0

frequency distribution percentage

16 60 80

82

tt-test

t

t

(one-way AnOVA)

Person product moment correlation coefficient

Canonical Correlation Analysis

(multiple regression analysis)

factor

analysispath analysis

20112010

Likert-scaled item

1 5

20072014

83

20092010

3-4-1 3-4-2

3-5-1

3-5-2

3-5-3

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

84

3-5-3

Rubin Babbie(2013)

2013

1

2

3

4

5

r1

6

7

8

85

Rubin &Babbie 2013

Babbie2006

86

87

651.

2.

3.4.

5.

88

698

930 875 94.09%

65 65

698 306 166

226 4-1-1

92.2%

4-1-1

65 306 166 226 698 73.72 73.95 73.93 73.84 91 95 100 100

1 282 92.2 159 95.8 215 95.1 656 94.02 4 1.3 2 1.2 - - 6 .843 9 2.9 1 .6 - - 10 1.44

/ 4 1.3 - - 8 3.5 12 1.68

89

-

4-1-2 4-1-2

66.9% 61.9%

65~69 31.5% 70~74 26.8%

75~7920.5% 73.84

29.9%

45.8%

24.3%

4-1-2

1-2 35.8

1 ~1.5 19.3%

5~1 25.9%

4-1-2

24.5%

13.2%

90

4-1-2

n=306 n=166 n=226 n=698

1 63 20.6 74 44.6 92 40.7 229 32.8 241 78.8 92 55.4 134 59.3 467 66.9265-69 99 32.4 49 29.5 72 31.9 220 31.570-74 82 26.8 50 30.1 55 24.3 187 26.875-79 62 20.3 31 18.7 50 22.1 143 20.580-84 52 17.0 19 11.4 32 14.2 103 14.885-89 9 2.9 12 7.2 11 4.9 32 4.690 2 .7 5 3.0 6 2.7 13 1.93 20 6.5 49 29.5 13 5.8 82 11.7 81 26.5 76 45.8 52 23.0 209 29.9 53 17.3 19 11.4 46 20.4 118 16.9 74 24.2 14 8.4 55 24.3 143 20.5 45 14.7 4 2.4 44 19.5 93 13.3 29 9.5 2 1.2 16 7.1 47 6.74- 144 47.0 87 52.4 45 19.9 276 39.5 51 16.7 47 28.3 43 19.0 141 20.2 80 26.1 18 10.8 124 54.9 222 31.8 3 1.0 7 4.2 5 2.2 15 2.1 5 1.6 2 1.2 4 1.8 11 1.64-2500/500 9 2.9 4 2.4 8 3.5 21 3.0

2500~5000/500-1 36 11.8 36 21.7 43 19.0 115 16.5

5~1 /1-2 50 16.3 43 25.9 81 35.8 174 24.9

1~1.5/2-3 59 19.3 38 22.9 53 23.5 150 21.5

1.5~2/3-4 39 12.7 20 12.0 23 10.2 82 11.7

2~2.5/4-5 42 13.7 15 9.0 9 4.0 66 9.5

2.5~5/5-1 30 9.8 2 1.2 4 1.8 36 5.2

5 /1 11 3.6 2 1.2

- - 13 1.9

91

4-1-2

n=306 n=166 n=226 n=698

5 6 2.0 2 1.2 8 3.5 16 2.3 166 54.2 111 66.9 155 68.5 432 61.9 5 1.6 0 0 10 4.4 15 2.1 102 33.3 40 24.1 43 19.0 185 26.5 14 4.6 2 1.2 3 1.3 19 2.76 95 31.0 49 29.5 26 11.5 170 24.4 12 3.9 13 7.8 37 16.4 62 8.9 54 17.6 28 16.9 89 39.4 171 24.5 45 14.7 31 18.7 41 18.1 117 16.8 35 11.4 19 11.4 17 7.5 71 10.2 24 7.8 19 11.4 6 2.7 49 7.07-- 155 38.9 88 35.5 115 41.7 358 38.8- 139 34.9 107 43.1 75 27.2 321 34.8- 52 13.1 38 15.3 23 8.3 113 12.3- 46 11.6 13 5.2 40 14.5 99 10.7- 6 1.5 2 0.8 23 8.3 31 3.47- 226 73.9 130 78.3 156 70.0 512 74.1 43 12.0 20 12.0 18 8.0 81 11.7 26 8.5 12 7.2 13 5.8 51 7.4/ 5 1.6 2 1.2 5 2.2 12 1.7 1 .3 - - 30 13.2 31 4.5 - - 2 1.2 2 .9 4 .68-- 57 10.3 26 10.1 41 8.5 124 9.6- 133 23.9 69 26.7 118 24.5 320 24.7- 43 7.7 36 14.0 49 10.2 128 9.9- 45 8.1 20 7.8 52 10.8 117 9.0- 78 14.0 30 11.6 43 8.9 151 11.7- 6 1.1 2 0.8 4 0.8 12 0.9- 17 3.1 7 2.7 17 3.5 41 3.2- 17 3.1 7 2.7 16 3.3 40 3.1- 69 12.4 10 3.9 55 11.4 134 10.3- 5 0.9 2 0.8 8 1.7 15 1.2- 17 3.1 1 0.4 24 5.0 42 3.2

92

- 9 1.6 3 1.2 12 2.5 24 1.9- 25 4.5 8 3.1 9 1.9 42 3.2- 16 2.9 12 4.7 18 3.7 46 3.5- 19 3.4 25 9.7 16 3.3 60 4.68- 154 50.3 99 59.6 90 39.8 343 49.1 72 23.5 30 18.1 100 44.2 202 28.9

4-1-2

4.6%

-

12

34()

5(65)

67

8

9

4-1-3 6

7 9.3%

106

4-1-3345

65

4-1-3

65

93

6 65

3

4-1-3 6789

8

88%

4-1-3

n=306 n=166 n=226 n=698

1 82 26.8 40 24.1 200 88.5 322 46.1 202 66.0 124 74.7 21 9.3 347 49.72 171 55.9 65 39.2 201 88.9 437 62.6 109 35.6 98 59.0 18 8.0 225 32.23 253 82.7 127 76.5 203 89.8 583 83.5 30 9.8 36 21.7 13 5.8 79 11.34 217 70.9 100 60.2 148 65.5 465 66.6 66 21.6 61 36.7 71 31.4 198 28.45 96 31.4 104 62.7 156 69.0 356 51.0 189 61.8 58 34.9 63 27.9 310 44.46 82 26.8 86 51.8 63 27.9 231 33.1 197 64.4 77 46.4 157 69.5 431 61.77 59 19.3 14 8.4 35 15.5 108 15.5 227 74.2 146 88.0 185 81.9 558 79.98 45 14.7 18 10.8 50 22.1 113 16.2 242 79.1 142 85.5 168 74.3 552 79.19 261 85.3 126 75.9 165 73.0 552 79.1 23 7.5 36 21.7 51 22.6 110 15.8

94

4-1-4 3.638

S2 3.839

S6.900

3.837

S12S15

4-1-4

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

Mean=3.6380S1 12(1.7) 40(5.7) 231(33.1) 331(47.4) 84(12.0) 0 3.62.833S2 14(2.0) 19(2.7) 180(25.8) 347(49.7) 138(19.8) 0 3.83.846S3

16(2.3) 53(7.6)286(41.0)

276(39.5) 67(9.6)0 3.47.855

Mean=3.8390S4 13(1.9) 14(2.0) 198(28.4) 371(53.2) 102(14.6) 0 3.77.790S5 13(1.9) 28(4.0) 140(20.1) 349(50.0) 168(24.1) 0 3.90.872S6 10(1.4) 37(5.3) 147(21.1) 318(45.6) 186(26.6) 0 3.91.900S8 6(.9) 34(4.9) 176(25.2) 360(51.6) 122(17.5) 0 3.80.812S9

9(1.3) 30(4.3)183(26.2) 333(47.7) 143(20.5) 0 3.82.850

Mean=3.8371S11

7(1.0) 31(4.4) 179(25.6) 342(49.0) 139(19.9)0 3.82(.833)

S12

15(2.1) 19(2.7) 129(18.5) 359(51.4) 176(25.2)0 3.95(.859)

S13

7(1.0) 32(4.6)206(29.5) 346(49.6) 107(15.3) 0 3.74(.808)

S14

13(1.9) 22(3.2)166(23.8) 350(50.1) 147(21.1) 0 3.85(.850)

S15

9(1.3) 17(2.4)138(19.8) 375(53.7) 159(22.8) 0 3.94(.798)

S16

3(.4) 31(4.4)244(35.0) 342(49.0) 78(11.2) 0 3.66(.750)

S17 12(1.7) 11(1.6) 146(20.9) 399(57.2) 130(18.6) 0 3.89(.776)

95

4-1-5 3.09-4.20

3.60-3.91

3.52-4.202-4

3.09-3.70

3.09

3.22-4.14

3.39-3.78 3.5516-3.8100

3.5516 3.8100

96

4-1-5

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

Mean=3.77751-1

2(.3) 34(4.9)212(30.4) 325(46.6) 119(17.0)

6 3.76(.802)

1-2 7(1.0) 21(3.0) 182(26.1) 327(46.8) 154(22.1) 7 3.87(.826)1-3

11(1.6) 45(6.4)244(35.0)

296(42.4) 91(13.0) 11 3.60(.856)

1-4

15(2.1) 31(4.4)195(27.9)

319(45.7) 122(17.5) 16 3.74(.881)

1-5

17(2.4) 49(7.0)144(20.6) 301(43.1) 178(25.5)

9 3.83(.973)

6-1 7(1.0) 27(3.9) 135(19.3) 357(51.1) 150(21.5) 22 3.91(.817)2-7 12(1.7) 43(6.2) 176(25.2) 344(49.3) 119(17.0) 4 3.74(.874)Mean=3.81002-1

1(.1) 29(4.2) 134(19.2) 340(48.7) 189(27.1) 5 3.99(.805)

2-2

17(2.4) 22(3.2) 135(19.3) 359(51.4) 155(22.2) 10 3.89(.872)

2-3

12(1.7) 78(11.2) 244(35.0) 241(34.5) 117(16.8) 6 3.54(.958)

2-4

24(3.4) 76(10.9)219(31.4) 246(35.2) 117(16.8)

16 3.52(1.014)

2-5

9(1.3) 20(2.9)85(12.2) 288(41.3) 290(41.5) 6

4.20(.858)

2-8 15(2.1) 48(6.9) 171(24.5) 320(45.8) 138(19.8) 6 3.75(.926)5-1

14(2.0) 56(8.0)153(21.9)

300(43.0) 159(22.8)16

3.78(.962)

Mean=3.55163-1

7(1.0) 55(7.9)179(25.6)

343(49.1) 106(15.2) 8 3.70(.858)

3-2

19(2.7) 69(9.9)215(30.8) 278(39.8) 105(15.0)

12 3.56(.960)

3-3

7(1.0) 42(6.0)233(33.4) 294(42.1) 108(15.5)

14 3.66(.851)

3-4

77(11.0) 123(17.6)222(31.8) 186(26.6) 75(10.7)

15 3.09(1.156)

3-5

18(2.6) 49(7.0)196(28.1) 294(42.1) 129(18.5)

12 3.68(.946)

3-6

22(3.2) 53(7.6)211(30.2) 279(40.4) 115(16.5)

18 3.61(.964)

97

4-1-5

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

Mean=3.71524-1

5(.7) 20(2.9)90(12.9) 338(48.4) 239(34.2)

6 4.14(.799)

4-2

13(1.9) 35(5.0)123(17.6) 326(46.7) 192(27.5)

9 3.94(.910)

4-3

12(1.7) 35(5.0)155(22.2) 311(44.6) 179(25.6)

6 3.88(.910)

4-4

12(1.7) 35(5.0)205(29.4) 298(42.7) 141(20.2)

7 3.75(.895)

4-5

38(5.4) 118(16.9)210(30.1) 212(30.4) 104(14.9)

16 3.33(1.099)

4-6

59(8.5) 142(20.3)181(25.9) 200(28.7) 104(14.9)

12 3.22(1.185)

Mean=3.58785-2

13(1.9) 48(6.9)220(31.5) 299(42.8) 96(13.8) 22

3.62(.883)

6-2

22(3.2) 49(7.0)155(22.2) 321(46.0) 127(18.2)

24 3.72(.961)

6-3 15(2.1) 38(5.4) 173(24.8) 306(43.8) 145(20.8) 21 3.78(.920)6-4

27(3.9) 90(12.9)232(33.2) 236(33.8) 85(12.2)

28 3.39(1.002)

6-5

39(5.6) 76(10.9)233(33.4) 221(31.7) 105(15.0)

24 3.41(1.062)

t Scheffe

t

2

Scheffe

98

t

M=3.8416M=3.6306

t p.01

M=3.6931M=3.5255

M=3.9208M=3.6769

M=3.9110M=3.6893 4-2-1

p.05

M=3.8771

M=3.6781M=3.6374

M=3.4902

4-2-1

99

4-2-1 t

(n=229) (n=467) t M SD M SD

3.5255 .84348 3.6931 .63066 -2.664** > 3.6769 .73678 3.9208 .58388 -4.380*** > 3.6893 .71234 3.9110 .57842 -4.093*** >

3.6306 .69249 3.8416 .50715 -4.104*** >

3.7084 .69763 3.8132 .58319 -1.909 3.6781 .75629 3.8771 .61389 -3.381** > 3.4955 .78399 3.5820 .65047 -1.408 3.6302 .81208 3.7554 .70235 -1.967 3.4902 .81878 3.6374 .71284 -2.383* > 3.6032 .65815 3.7297 .49165 -2.579*** >

*p

100

4- 2-2 Scheffe

(n=82)

(n=209)

(n=118)

(n=143)

n=142F p

3.7358 3.6220 3.6808 3.5058 3.6972 2.013 .091 3.8049 3.8335 3.9356 3.6839 3.9423 3.729 .005** G3>G4G5>G4 3.8066 3.9023 3.8777 3.6803 3.8813 3.123 .015* G2>G4 3.7824 3.7859 3.8314 3.6234 3.8402 3.203 .013* G5>G4

3.6447 3.7561 3.8663 3.6687 3.9213 4.453 .001** G5>G1G5>G4 3.6842 3.8685 3.8267 3.6275 3.9595 5.435 .000*** G2>G4G5>G4

3.27003.5651 3.6652 3.4681 3.6849

5.845 .000***G2>G1G3>G1G5>G1

3.7375

3.7546 3.8676 3.4779 3.75005.003 .001**

G2>G4G3>G4G5>G4

3.5792 3.5658 3.6393 3.4978 3.6705 1.084 .364 3.5883 3.7011 3.7675 3.5545 3.7948 4.806 .001** G3>G4G5>G4

*p

101

85-89 90

65-69

90

75-79 90

75

3.8125-3.9307

4- 2-3 Scheffe

65-69(n=220)

70-74(n=187)

75-79(n=143)

80-84

(n=103)

85-89(n=32)

90

(n=13)

F p

3.6288 3.6364 3.6154 3.7799 3.3958 3.5385 1.661 .142 3.8791 3.7893 3.8126 3.9476 3.6688 3.7231 1.547 .173 3.8799 3.7563 3.8172 3.9307 3.8125 3.8132 1.304 .260

3.7959 3.7273 3.7484 3.8861 3.6257 3.6916 1.593 .160

3.8301 3.7767 3.7608 3.7717 3.5306 3.6667 1.267 .277 3.8906 3.8152 3.7783 3.7873 3.6267 3.3571 2.249 .048* X 3.6304 3.5655 3.5620 3.4674 3.2654 3.1667 2.426 .034* X 3.6909 3.6218 3.7457 3.8350 3.8602 3.8788 1.523 .180 3.5990 3.5609 3.6519 3.5956 3.3562 3.6333 .866 .504

3.7258 3.6685 3.6993 3.6916 3.5432 3.5553 .849 .515

*p

102

3 85-89 90 85

n=45

4-2-4 85

85

85 85

4-2-4 t

t M SD M SD

65-69(n=220) (n=75) (n=145) 3.7465 .67716 3.8215 .50217 -.846*** > 3.6710 .56283 3.7541 .50846 -1.107

70-74(n=187) (n=57) (n=130)

3.5502 .67248 3.8050 .49493 -2.891* > 3.5617 .62003 3.7153 .49561 -1.803

75-79(n=143) (n=48) (n=93) 3.5730 .72145 3.8445 .51897 -2.316* > 3.7070 .70097 3.6931 .52181 .132

80-84(n=103) (n=34) (n=69) 3.6422 .75994 4.0062 .50788 -2.886* > 3.5541 .83749 3.7594 .44138 -1.341

85(n=45) (n=15) (n=30) 3.5139 .58639 3.7102 .49137 -1.184 3.2009 .53996 3.7196 .42054 -3.544** >

2500 21500~5000 115 5000~1

1741~1.5 1501.5~2 822~2.5 66

2.5~5 365 13 2500 500~5000

5000 136 2~2.52.5~55

2 1155000G15000~1

G21~1.5G31.5~2G42

G5

4- 2-5 5000

103

1~1.5

.05

Scheffe

5000 1~1.5

2 1~1.5

4- 2-5 Scheffe

5000(n=136)

5000~1

(n=174)

1~1.5

(n=150)

1.5~2

(n=82)

2

n=115

F p

3.7892 3.6226 3.5333 3.5244 3.6870 3.081 .016* X 3.9147 3.8609 3.7253 3.7366 3.9061 2.460 .044* X 3.9506 3.8481 3.6695 3.7718 3.9478 4.866 .001** G1>G3G5>G3 3.8849 3.7772 3.6427 3.6776 3.8470 4.168 .002** G1>G3

3.8846 3.7607 3.6282 3.7143 3.9030 4.218 .002** G1>G3G5>G3 3.8324 3.7832 3.6598 3.7838 4.0090 4.311 .002** G5>G3 3.5260 3.4961 3.4939 3.5175 3.7176 2.096 .080 3.8130 3.6455 3.6270 3.6558 3.8488 2.446 .045* X 3.7039 3.6229 3.4070 3.6282 3.6167 3.040 .017* G1>G3

3.7483 3.6621 3.5705 3.6620 3.8117 3.626 .032 G5>G3

*p

104

t

4-2-6

.01

.001

4-2-7

4-2-6 t

(n=322) (n=347) t M SD M SD

3.5414 .77864 3.7176 .63228 -3.198** > 3.7789 .72777 3.8945 .56205 -2.288** > 3.7644 .70516 3.9024 .56076 -2.788** >

3.6949 .65626 3.8382 .50112 -3.156** >

3.7283 .66941 3.8220 .58708 -1.859 3.7106 .70999 3.9013 .62558 -3.575*** > 3.4386 .71218 3.6456 .68047 -3.724*** > 3.6468 .77235 3.7640 .72021 -1.995* > 3.5023 .80496 3.6545 .69586 -2.550* > 3.6079 .60549 3.7520 .50341 -3.356** >

*p

105

4-2-7 t

(n=437) (n=225) t M SD M SD

3.6133 .75331 3.6889 .62202 -1.376 3.8275 .67101 3.8658 .61784 -.715 3.8379 .66378 3.8451 .58881 -.138

3.7595 .61255 3.7999 .53396 -.838

3.8053 .63668 3.7290 .61636 1.415 3.8146 .69439 3.8004 .64094 .243 3.5359 .69536 3.5619 .72574 -.430 3.7264 .77218 3.6761 .70779 .798 3.5629 .76732 3.6164 .74098 -.831 3.6889 .57892 3.6776 .52897 .245

*p

106

4-2-8 Scheffe

(n=170)

(n=62)

(n=171)

(n=117

)

(n=71)

(n=49)

F p

3.7118 3.7043 3.5361 3.6353 3.5869 3.5442 1.352 .241 3.8847 3.8968 3.7275 3.8462 3.7859 3.8449 1.284 .269 3.9092 3.8318 3.7068 3.8571 3.8712 3.8134 1.921 .089 3.8352 3.8110 3.6568 3.7795 3.7480 3.7342 1.767 .118

3.8616 3.8220 3.6915 3.7510 3.7476 3.6603 1.549 .173 3.8696 3.8986 3.7143 3.7392 3.7834 3.7565 1.307 .259 3.6198 3.6749 3.4362 3.5439 3.5051 3.5185 1.606 .156 3.6857 3.7750 3.6478 3.6623 3.8015 3.8972 1.248 .285 3.6432 3.7161 3.5036 3.5150 3.4968 3.7381 1.662 .142

3.7334 3.7764 3.6023 3.6444 3.6707 3.7119 1.445 .206

*p

107

4- 2-9 Scheffe

n=16

n=451

n=15

n=185

F p

3.7500 3.6290 3.3333 3.6721 1.231 .297

4.07503.8523 3.3600 3.8530

3.555 .014*G1>G3G2>G3G4>G3

3.8036 3.8343 3.2476 3.8950 5.033 .002** G2>G3G4>G3 3.8762 3.7719 3.3137 3.8067 3.549 .014* G2>G3G4>G3

3.8000 3.7973 3.4000 3.7739 1.990 .114 3.7321 3.8186 3.3980 3.8456 2.013 .111 3.5208 3.5867 3.0222 3.5710 3.252 .021* G2>G3G4>G3 3.7604 3.7193 3.1786 3.7537 2.619 .050 3.6875 3.6140 3.0857 3.5932 2.369 .070

3.6999 3.7061 3.2362 3.7066 3.550 .014* G2>G3G4>G3

*p

108

4- 3-1

r=.524p

109

.697** p

110

canonical correlation

canonical coefficients12 3

123

Standardized canonical coefficients

4-3-2

4- 3-2 n=698

X Y 1 2 3 1 2 3

-.45911 .81044 -.15149 -.13763 .76637 1.11191 -.36732 .47305 .86631 -.40920 .70956 -1.39533 .02099 -.38069 -.71782 -.56162 -1.28486 .48407 -.23657 -1.01941 .74999 -.13107 -.14757 -.92703

4-3-2 1

2

3

1 2 3

1 =-0.45911-0.36732+.02099-0.23657

-0.13107

2=0.81044 +0 .47305 -0.38069 -1.01941

111

-0.14757

3= -0.15149+0.86631 -0.71782+0.74999

-0.92703

4-3-3

123

1 =-0.13763-0.40920 -0.56162

2=0.76637 +0.70956 -1.28486

3=-1.11191 -1.39533+0 .48407

4-3-3 4-3-4 4-3-1 4-3-3

.744F=44.481p=.000.145F=1.999

p=.043.041F=.391p=.759p

112

4-3-4

X Y

1 2 3 1 2 3

-.908 .251 -.132 -.732 .496 .467 -.874 .157 .187 -.909 .282 -.307 -.700 -.175 -.365 -.939 -.327 .110 -.759 -.607 .184 -.741 -.250 -.451% 64.066 10.987 8.460 % 41.382 .30397 .018

35.447 .23181 .01432 74.793 14.407 10.800

n=698.

4-3-1 n=698

4-3-41 2 3123

X

1 2 3 83.513%

Y123 41.705%

X1 2 3 100.00%

XY

4-3-1 4-3- 4

1 .908

2-.607

1

3

2

3

2

1-.908

-.874-.700

-.741-.759

-.132

.187

-.365

-.451

.184

.251

.157

-.175

-.607

-.250

-.732

-.909-.939 .496

-.327

.282

.110

-.307

-.451

.744

.145

113

22

2010

3

1

2010

98.158% 0.744

80-84n=10385-89n=32 90

n=13 80

65-6970-7475-7980

65-69n=220 4-3-5

.776F=16.582p=.000

96.288%1

1 77.6%

4-3-2 4-3-6

1 .924

.8551

.943 65-69

114

4-3-5 n=220

Wilks

L.

F p

1 1.511 96.288 96.288 .776 .602 .376 15.00 16.582*** .0002 .058 3.669 99.956 .233 .054 .945 8.00 1.5230 .145

n=220*p

115

4-3-81

.919.882

1.921 70-74

4-3-7 n=187

Wilks

L.

F p

1 1.274 97.560 97.560 .748 .56024 .42608 15.00 11.939*** .0002 .0200 1.529 99.089 .110 .01958 .96889 8.00 .71664 .6773 .0120 .911 100.00 .108 .01176 .98824 3.00 .71772 .543

n=187*p

116

.802F=11.939p=.000

95.885%1

1 80.2%

4-3-101

.951

.8431.982 75-79

4-3-9 n=143

Wilks

L.

F p

1 1.800 95.885 95.885 .80181 .64291 .33112 15.00 12.247*** .0002 .056 2.984 98.869 .23033 .05305 .92726 8.00 1.308 .2393 .021 1.131 100.000 .14419 .02079 .97921 3.00 .970 .409

n=143*p

117

.700F=11.939p=.000

95.885%

11 70.0%

4-3-121

.896.8251

.931 801

1

4-3-11 n=148

Wilks

L.

F p

1 .95888 89.008 89.008 .700 .48950 .45534 15.00 8.505*** .0002 .08718 8.093 97.101 .283 .08019 .89195 8.00 2.074 .0383 .03123 2.899 100.000 .174 .03029 .96971 3.00 1.478 .223

n=148*p

118

p=.000

94.651%1

1 56.0%

4-3-14 4-3-41

.829

.8071.921

4-3-13 -

WilksL.

F p

1 .45585 94.651 94.651 .560 .31312 .66961 15.00 8.580*** .0002 .02424 5.033 99.684 .154 .02367 .97485 8.00 .958 .4683 .002 .316 100.00 .039 .00152 .99848 3.00 .152 .928

n=306*p

119

-.924

4-3-4 -

4-3-15.675F=8.634

p=.000.305F=2.212p=.026

88.092%

10.779%1

1 67.5%

22 30.5%

4-3-16 4-3-51

.918

.8761.956

4-3-15 -

WilksL.

F p

1 .838 88.09244 88.092 .675 .456 .488 15.00 8.634*** .0002 .103 10.779 98.871 .305 .093 .897 8.00 2.212* .0263 .011 1.129 100.000 .103 .010 .989 3.00 .573 .634

n=166*p

120

4-3-16 -

X Y

1 2 3 1 2 3

-.876 .252 .050 .736 .606 -.303 .918 .200 .198 .833 .339 .438 .677 .188 .489 .956 -.287 -.056 .739 -.567 -.105 .740 .208 -.453% 63.249 10.070 9.941 % 63.249 10.070 9.942 28.843 .937 .106 28.843 .937 .106

n=166.

4-3-5 -n=166

4-3-17.876F=29.465

p=.000

98.155%1

1 87.6%

4-3-19 4-3-61

.958

.8791.943

1

2 2

1-.876

-.918-.677

-.740-.739

.252

.200

.188

-.567

.208

-.736-.833

-.956 .606

-.287

.339

.675

.305

121

4-3-17 -

WilksL.

F p

1 3.300 98.155 98.156 .876 .767 .219 15.00 29.465*** .0002 .053 1.579 99.735 .225 .050 .941 8.00 1.685 .1003 .009 .265 100.000 .094 .009 .991 3.00 .654 .581

n=226*p

122

4-1-1 4-1-2

29.5% 45.8%

7

4-3-74-3-84-3-9

-.924

4-3-7 -n=291

-.924

4-3-8 -n=261

1 1

-.863-.844

-.536-.688-.709

-.697-.820-.950

.664

1 1

-.945-.855-.789-.797-.767

-.756-.953-.922

.783

123

-.924

4-3-9 -

n=142

.664F=13.432p=.000

93.725%1

1 66.4% 4-3-7

.783F=19.904p=.000

98.101%1

1 78.3% 4-3-8

.810F=11.887p=.000

98.975%

11

81.0% 4-3-9

1 1

-.891-.931-.785-.752-.715

-.734-.942-.928

.810

124

stepwise regression

(dummy variable)2009

2012

( 4-4-1)

125

4-4-1

65-69 5000

4- 4-2

.581,

.337 F 42.167p=.000

126

4- 4-2

R

R2

R2F F

F

B

1. .483 .233 126.905*** 126.905*** .337 .2862. .546 .299 .066 88.729*** 39.013*** -.347 -.2443. .569 .324 .025 66.326*** 15.394*** .260 .2384.65-69 .575 .330 .007 51.206*** 4.278* -.146 -.1005. .581 .337 .007 42.167*** 4.357* .126 .085

4- 4-3 -

R

R2

R2F F

F

B

n=2201. .492 .242 49.867*** 49.867*** .455 .3522. .532 .283 .041 30.607*** 8.841** .253 .2253. .553 .305 .022 22.564*** 4.926* .230 .1474. .570 .325 .020 18.413*** 4.446* .238 .140n=3431. .456 .208 .208 68.421*** 68.421*** .330 .3242. .488 .239 .030 40.576*** 10.287** .176 .2133. .500 .250 .012 28.723*** 4.060* .129 .109

4- 4-3

32.5%

25.0%

4- 4-4

127

.704.495 F 50.436

p=.000

128

52.5%

4- 4-6

.7023

.523 F 75.571p=.000

129

4- 4-7

54.0%

50.2%

4- 4-8

49.2%

53.4%

4- 4-9

4- 4-9

51.7%

59.5%

130

4- 4-8

R

R2

R2F F

F

B

1. .634 .401 290.332*** 290.332*** .329 .3562. .683 .467 .065 188.997*** 52.877*** .213 .2483. .701 .492 .025 139.163*** 21.531*** .144 .1914. .720 .519 .027 115.962*** 24.041*** -.188 -.1725. .726 .527 .008 95.743*** 7.671** .135 .0936. .731 .534 .006 81.680*** 5.898* -.029 -.082

4- 4-9 -

R

R2

R2F F

F

B

n=2201. .648 .420 112.862*** 112.862*** 1.330 .4542. .704 .495 .075 75.946*** 23.066*** .814 .3203. .719 .517 .022 54.963*** 7.060** .534 .150n=3431. .687 .472 474.701*** 474.701*** .334 .3462. .739 .546 .074 318.791*** 86.548*** .295 .3333. .752 .565 .019 229.444*** 23.606*** .130 .1614. .757 .572 .007 177.024*** 9.164** .113 .0715. .761 .579 .007 145.186*** 8.197** .104 .0836. .764 .584 .005 123.422*** 6.729* -.028 -.0757. .767 .588 .004 107.213*** 4.725* .074 .0628. .769 .591 .003 94.926*** 4.263* .095 .0739.65-69

.771 .595 .00385.419***

4.418* .028 .062

4-4-10

4-4-10

50.4%

4- 4-11

4-4-11

46.8%

131

49.4%

42.0%

45.3%

53.4%

38.9% 49.5%

52.3%

4- 4-10 -2

R

R2

R2F F

F

B

1. .664 .441 361.592*** 361.592*** .654 .6342. .690 .476 .035 207.910*** 30.745*** -.212 -.1943. .698 .487 .010 144.052*** 9.030** .124 .0884. .703 .494 .008 111.090*** 6.753* .108 .0985.65-69 .706 .499 .005 90.358*** 4.253* .035 .0876. .710 .504 .006 76.862*** 5.200* .089 .079

4- 4-11 -2-

R

R2

R2F F

F

B

n=2201. .686 .468 263.616*** 263.616*** .647 .6842. .698 .484 .017 140.683*** 9.874** .174 .1323.

.706 .494 .01197.864***

6.755* -.035 -.107

n=3431. .648 .420 123.847*** 123.847*** .729 .6512. .673 .453 .033 70.525*** 10.397** .211 .183

4-4-12

132

4-4-10

37.2%

26.5%

57.0% 40.4%

64.3% 60.7%

133

4- 4-12

R

R2

R2F F

F

B

n=3061. .515 .265 63.853*** 63.853*** .454 .4652. .562 .315 .050 40.531*** 12.911*** -.259 -.2653. .577 .333 .018 29.143*** 4.674* -.064 -.1714. .595 .354 .020 23.795*** 5.502* .145 .1515. .610 .372 .018 20.456*** 4.943* -.127 -.135n=1661. .635 .404 .404 73.108*** 73.108*** .674 .6402. .685 .469 .065 47.189*** 13.087*** .324 .2943. .725 .526 .057 39.183*** 12.780** -.308 -.2444. .742 .550 .024 32.108*** 5.686* .236 .2005.65-69

.755 .570 .02027.589***

4.830* .058 .154

n=2261. .779 .607 .607 260.499*** 260.499*** .806 .7672. .787 .619 .012 136.379*** 5.430* -.161 -.1433.65-69

.795 .631 .01295.321***

5.652* .052 .121

4. .802 .643 .012 74.849*** 5.585* .149 .111

Path analysis with latent variablePA-LV

measurement modelstructural model

unobserved variables

observed variables

2009

134

2011

X1

X2

Y1

4-5-1 AMOS

135

2009 4-5-1

4-5-1 PA-LV

4-5-1

PA-LV 4-5-2

19 120.558 p=.000.080=6.345>5Cn=1756.000

2009

136

4-5-1

2 p>.05 120.558

p=.000

137

4-5-2 PA-LV

M.I.modification indicese4e5e3err1

e4e8e7e6M.I. 48.04318.18715.981 12.585

e4e5M.I. 48.043

e4 e5

48.043

SEM

e7e6M.I.

12.585

.027.027

138

MIe4e8MIMI=15.981

15.981.033

.033

p=.010.05

4-5-2 18.609

p=.232>.05

1.241200

4-5-3

4-5-3 e3 err1-.34-.34

R.52

-.34

139

4-5-2

2 p>.05 18.609

p=.232>.05

df=15

RMR 0.05 .006

RMSEA 0.08

140

4-5-3

141

34

()5(65)

67

8

9

4-6-1 7

4-6-1

1n=222 .145* .124 .160* .157*n=445 .099* .049 .060 .083

2n=181 -.362*** -.184* -.112 -.261**n=362 -.277*** -.200*** -.225*** -.286**

3n=218 .344*** .343*** .348*** .380**n=446 .147** .154** .135** .172**

4n=218 .219** .207** .148* .212**n=443 .025 .014 -.030 .004

5n=220 .160* .198** .174** .194**n=440 .057 .079 .094* .090

6n=220 .104 .207** .324*** .226**n=444 .117* .104* .111* .131**

7n=220 .095 .110 .183** .140*n=444 .137** .182** .199** .203**

*p

142

4-6-1

.145 .099 p.05

-.362

-.277.000

65

65

65

.219.001

143

-.34

& 2015

(Musick &Wilson, 2003)

(Albert et al.,

1995)2009

144

C5-1

4-6-1

path

analysis with observed variables PA-OVPA-LV

2009

4-6-2 4-6-2

26 367.320

p=.000.080RMR=.288>.050AGFI=.832

145

4-6-1

4-6-2

146

4-6-2

2 p>.05 367.320p=.000

147

.492

e4e5M.I.

e4 e5

51.752.080

.080

SEMe5e9M.I.

23.998

e3err1M.I.e3err1

21.811

4-5-4 4-5-6

p=.000

148

.06.11

MI 168.222 Par Change.263

-.34

.51 4-6-3

4-6-4

4-6-4

4-6-5

149

4-6-6 26 171.037

p=.000.90AGFI=.910>.90

nFIRFIIFI

M.I.

M.I.e4e5e3err1e2e5e4e8

e1e9M.I. 47.99821.20719.20615.640 14.561

e4 e8

SEMe4e5

e3err1e2e5e1e9

e4 e5 47.998

.076

e3err1M.I.e3err1

21.207e2e5

M.I.

19.206e1e9M.I.

4-6-5

p=.000

150

4-6-5

4-6-6

151

4-6-3,

p=.030

152

4-6-3

2 p>.05 171.037;p=.000.0001df=20

RMR 0.05 .046 .010RMSEA 0.08

153

69865-69

73.84

5~1 1-2

3.839

3.8371 3.638

3.8100 3.7775

3.7152 3.5878

3.5516

154

65-6970-7475-7980-8485-8990

65-69

70-79 80

155

156

()

4-5-3

2010

157

19.0% 2005

28% 21.6%

46.6%2013 2010

29.1% 24.1%

40.7%2017

28.3%

16.7%

20092013

2013 65

2013 65

43.9%36.2%19.6%

16.8%

2008

M=3.837

158

Maslow1954

Subrahmanyan & Gomez-Arias, 2008

2009

Strawbridge2002 867 65-99

Depp Jeste2006 60

(2004

2009

(

)(2006

55

159

450

2008

65-84

85Roos

Havens1991 10 65-74

75-84

2004 2310 70

2017

65-69

2011

(Broyles 2005;Maricet et al. 2011nolan 2010; nygren et al. 2005)Jeste

2013

(Leppert et al.

160

2005; Yi & Ke2010) Gooding2012

80-84

80-84

8585-89 90 80-84

90

85-89 90 85

-89Depp Jeste2006 Resnick

2010Resnick 2015 Jeste

2013

Helmuth2003

Montross2006 205

,

201720162004

2006

55-59 70

2006

2011 20092011 20022005

2008

161

2009

2009

2005

Roos &Havens, 1991; 2005)

(20062007)

(

200420062007)

20142011

162

2004

2017

Chou Chi2002

Rowe Kahn1998 70-79

Rowe Kahn1997

2004Albert et al., 1995; Depp

& Jeste, 2006

Rowe Kahn1997

163

(2012

1952

()

1~1.5

5000 2

1~1.52 1~1.5

Depp Jeste2006

(2004

200620082008

20102007

1~1.5

5000

1

~1.5

Wagnild, 2003; Depp & Jeste, 2006netuveli, Wiggins, Montgomery,

Hildon, & Blane, 2008

164

20142011

Faigin &

Pargament, 201120142011

2008

Hardy et al. , 2004; nygren et al., 2005;

Caltabiano & Caltabiano, 2006; Mehta et al., 2008; Lamond et al., 2008; Jeste et

al. , 2013; Bauer et al. , 2016Wagnild2003

Chen & Short, 200820102010

165

Jeste et

al. , 2013Resnick et al. , 2015 & 2015

199220082012

20122008

2014

& 2015

(Brummett, Babyak, Gronbtek, & Barefoot, 2011; Dai, Zhang,

& Li, 2013; Ostir, Ottenbacher, & Markides, 2004)BakerCross Wooten(2003)

(Baker, Cross, & Parker, 20032014

Positive PsychologyHill

2005Arajo Ribeiro Pal(2017)

166

Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Greene & Ephress,

199120022007)

Wooten, 2013

2012

Greene & Ephress1991

Germain&Gitterman19952012

Egeland, Carlson &Sroufe, 1993; Kaplan,

1995

Gitterman & German,

20082002201220132008

167

McGoldrick & Carter, 1998

4-7-1 4-7-2

4-7-1 4-7-2 65-80

3.6-3.9 3.5-3.9

3.0 4.5

DeMuth2005

2-4-2

Erikson, 1963

DeMuth

2005

80

168

80

2011

( Field & Millsap, 1991)

( Field &

Millsap19912011)

2011

2004; 2004Zhou & Qian

2007

Lyyra, Trmkangas,, Read,

Rantanen, & Berg, 2006

2011

1952

169

1978

40

DeMuth2005

170

171

65 930

875 94.09% 698 75.05%

5-1-1

G5

G4

G3G4

G5G4

G2G4

5000G1

172

1~1.5G3

5000

G1 1~1.5G3

2G5 1~1.5G3

G2G4

G3

G1G2G4

G3G2G4

G3

5-1-1

> > > > G3>G4

G5>G4G2>G4 G5>G4

* * G1>G3G5>G3

G1>G3

> > > > G1>G3

G2>G3G4>G3

G2>G3G4>G3

G2>G3G4>G3

ANOVA

5-1-2

173

G3

G5G4

G5

G1G4G2

G4G5

G4G2G1

G3G1G5

G1G2

G4G3G4

G5G4

2G5

1~1.5G3

5000G1 1~1.5

G3 2G5

1~1.5G3 2G5

1~1.5G3 5000G1

1~1.5G3

174

G2G4

G3

G2G4G3

5- 1-2

> > > G5>G1

G5>G4G2>G4G5>G4

G2>G1G3>G1G5>G1

G2>G4G3>G4G5>G4

G3>G4G5>G4

* * G1>G3

G5>G3G5>G3 * G1>G3 G5>G3

> > > > > G2>G3

G4>G3G2>G3G4>G3

ANOVA

175

65-69

70-79

80

80

44.1%

53.6%

176

5- 1-3

177

70

70 70

80

80

178

2014

:

2015

2011

2016

179

2016

Lyyra

Willis2002

180

2014

181

65

65

65

65

Alzheimers diseaseHelmuth2003

182

Zhang,

Zhang, Cheng, Huang, Li, Wang, & Su, 2017)

183

65

65

184

185

2013: 2005-2010169-77

(2016)

20(1)163-205

(2016):

(8)1-16

(2015)

35(19)5599-5601

(2007):

2015()2015(20):9-10

(2010)

(1)100-107

20124125-131

2014

2012

1996

(01):64-69

20162016

http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/

2017

2016 12

http://www.moh.gov.cn/bgt/2016dseq/201704/c99275ae2fb94e429d624861a625

b486.shtml

2016

http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2010/content_1555960.htm

20162015

http://www.mca.gov.cn/article/sj/tjgb/201607/20160700001136.shtml

2016-07-11

2011 2010

http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm

20054120-133

186

2002G.H. Elder

2007

261130-133

2011

2649-19

WHO2017World report on

ageing and health

http://www.who.int/ageing/publications/world-report-2015/zh/

WHO20162015 World

Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision

https://documents.un.org/prod/ods.nsf/xpSearchResultsM.xsp

2010

132234-251

2012

26167-71

2008195394-400

2010-

2009AMOS

2010

2013