Coda

[Academic use only]

CODAComputational Design Affairs


LiTA Laboratory of Innovation and Technology in Architecture

JukbuinCollective events pavillion

Structural Fabric, Bending Active, Thin shell

Jukbuin

In the current challenges of a collapse-risk world, build-ing solutions are called to be more efficient and requir-ing less energy. In this lightweight race, the potential of active-bending structures and the seduction of the slen-derness and rigidity of weaving techniques, triggers the exploration of traditional basketry, through the hope in the scale change of bent interwoven planks, and the trust in engineered wood such as plywood as a high flexible and renewable, thus suitable material.

From recent reviews of historical structures where bend-ing is used as a self forming process (as in wickerwork), we learn to distinguish the behaviour based approach (form out of material organization system elasticity), the geom-etry based approach (form is predefined: active-bending is used as an economic manufacturing technique) and the geometry-behaviour based approach (a more recent combination of both strategies).

Recent capacity of simulation techniques and revisions in active-bending structures have provided a brilliant production of novel lightweight timber structures. Even though those structures share the advantages of self-forming curved elements from straight and planar ele-ments, some of those recent examples seem to lose the efficiency of historical and vernacular active-bending structures, provoking material waste and demand in high technological resources and energy.

[Academic use only]

[Academic use only]

[Academic use only]

Jukbuin

Thin-shell structures are lightweight constructions using shell shapes, deriving its strength from its double cur-vature. Elastic shells incorporate the stiffening effect of the flexible flat thin elements post-deformation preten-sion. Triaxial weaving is part of the traditional craft of basketry: use dated back to around 5,700 BC in Japan. It’s an isotropic behaviour fabric, and geometrically self-stiffened with the interlocking three axes, regularly form-ing triangles. The uniform and non hierarchical structural fabric warrants the continuity through friction, obtaining a mechanical free fixation system. The interwoven system is handeable ( built with hands: neither numerical control, nor energetic forming), easily repairable, and can be dis-mantled.

It’s not the shape that is designed but the behaviour of the building technique. The physical simulation engine Kan-garoo allows to model the behaviour (topologically accu-rated) of the woven fabric. Different meshes and supports are tested to find the final shape.

In the context of the EME3 architectural festival in June 2012 in Barcelona, the research group had the oppor-tunity to build a self-standing structure. For this special circumstances (reduced budget and assembling time ) the behaviour approach is chosen as design system: its advantages in standardizing elements reduce project cost and makes assembling very easy, fast, and specially feasible with non specialist builders. A crew of students helped to weave and erect this uniform and non-hierarchi-cal fabric assimilating the building technique to the bot-tom up organization system: assembling small elements for a collective goal: a social fabric, an agora.

Jukbuin

Colaborators O.Fabrisio, R.Roca, X.Santodomingo, M.Peinado, A.Bernabeu, L.Gonzalez, N.Torres, A.Lazaro, M.NietoPhoto Credit Andrés FlazjserAcademic Support ETSAV, LiTA, BarcelonaTechSponsors UPM (Plywood), Gabarro (logisitcs), LaTiend-aDelCad (grant)Acknowledgments Daniel Piker for the advices and the software Kangaroo, Andrés Flajszer for the credited pho-tos and warm support

StructureWeight 490.15 kgwArea 77 m2Volume 244.8 m3Building time 400 h Waste < 2 %

Material15 UPM Wisa Birch standard boards sawn into 5 cm bat-tens.280 repeated pieces and 30 different pieces (simplified into 4 clusters)257 Kg and 93 m2 covered (2.8 Kg/m2)No screws, no wasteBudget 1500€

[Academic use only] [Academic use only]



AlmondCultural events pavillion

Structural Fabric, Bending Active, geodesic gridshell

Almond

Ametlla Pavillion is the result of an open discussion about the latent university campus potential promoted by the ETSAV student association and is part of the current re-search of CODA team on computational design and light-weight structures.

CODA suggested to build a lightweight shelter hosting different collective events of the active school commu-nity, on a south facing green smoothly sloped hill, recently emerged from the student house building waste, and sid-ing the bar terrace. During the competition phase, Inca-fust (Catalan Timber Institute) offered the team to provide local sawn pine timber and enhance its use. The fact that this material was strictly misused in packaging industry for producing pallets and fruit boxes, triggered the chal-lenge of producing a long-span shelter with non-normal-ized small pieces of planned timber.

Given this restriction, CODA proposed to erect the shel-ter from an actively-bent gridshell made out of elastically deformed planks. In order to bend the planks more easily and with lower curvature radius inside elastic regime, the sponsor provided the material just sawn, as green and wet as possible and with the smaller possible thickness (ca. 15mm).

The strategy was to create a multiple layer gridshell of conjugate geodesics. These curves have the virtue of be-ing able to be built out of flat and straight planks, and have as well the advantage of sharing the normal on every intersection, thus simplifying the resolution of coplanar joints, when crossing stripes.

Almond

Restraint driven designFinal design was only subjected to physical material prop-erties and specific site surveying.Two arbitrarily placed curves were scanned by photo-grammetry, and used as input for the parametric model. Once the timber arrived, experimental bending tests were carried out to introduce minimum curvature radius restric-tions in the parametric definition of the surface.

Plank prefabrication consisted in sorting, continuity mak-ing, and analog digital fabrication. Timber elements were sorted by quality, considering den-sity and number of knots.The best were used for structural use, cutted into specific measures, connected by an overlapping plank, and bored according to specific numbering.

Assembling followed an iterative process of crowd-erect-ing interlocking planks. The overlapping connectors, were intentionally placed to serve as well as vertical connecting elements in the resulting truss, when multiple plank layers were placed. The final section consisted in a upper ten-sion layer and lower compressive layer.

Bending active strategy is used in this case as an efficient way to avoid the energetically consuming and technology dependent steam-forming process of glulam technology. In this case, forming which will be slowly carried out by sun drying, morphing from an elastic bending shell to a rigid compressive shell.

Almond

Authors Gerard Bertomeu, Miriam Cabanas, Xavi Santo-domingo, Enrique Soriano, Pep TornabellCollaborators Quim Escoda, Omar Avellaneda, Natalia Torres, Laia Gonzalez, Andrea Bernabeu, Oia pursals, Tara Gladstone, Viacheslav Muraviev, Toni Quirante, Guillem Ramon, Andreu Carpi, Clara, Miriam, Adil Lazaro, Marti Obiols, Jordi Malet, Gador Luque, Joan En-cuentra, Maria Morillo, Jordi Soler, Andres Flajszer, Joan Saborit, Antigoni GerontaPhoto credit Andres FlajszerSupport DEAV ETSAV BarcelonatechSponsors IncaFust (timber) CeloApolo (metallic connec-tions) Serigrafia Impresuper (Zinc)

Weight 550 kgArea 91.3 m2Volume 204 m3Building time 252 h Waste < 2 %

Material:1,5 m3 of planned pine planks in 1,5x10 cm section pro-vided by IncaFust92 M8 metallic bolts provided by Celo Apolo32 metallic feet with free rotation“calçots” and sausages

[Academic use only]

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AnticyclidTerrace pavillion

Structural Fabric, Bending Active, geodesic gridshell, flat compactability, deployable

Anticyclid

Researchers at CODA, Enrique Soriano and Pep Torna-bell, and Optimism researcher Dani Bas, were invited to organise a blitz digital fabrication workshop in CEU San pablo during a hot summer weekend in Madrid.By serendipity, the model of the previous construction, the Ametlla Pavillion performed a surprising non-inten-tioned planar deployable behaviour. The aim was to seize and study this extraordinary opportunity of developing a simple erecting process, in the emergent research field of hybrid deformation-based deployable structures.

While the geometric strategy was based on the previously developed low-tech geodesic elastic gridshell technique, tested in the Ametlla Pavillion, the erecting strategy was completely opposite, connecting all the assembled planks into a compact planar configuration at ground and ex-panding by pulling the gridshell to its doubly-curved final state.

It’s conjectured that planar compactness of the unde-ployed double-curved gridshell state is dependent on constant gaussian curvature, but it’s still not proven what are the geometrical laws governing the compactibility of the pavillion.

In terms of construction, it was decided to be done in a single plywood gridshell 12mm layer. Plywood offered the advantage of normalized material, speed in manufacturing and assembling since all natural randomness is reduced, and uniform reliability of the section, enabling smaller cur-vature radius.

Anticyclid

Standard plywood boards were cut into straight planks and connected by overlapping. Once assembled, specific total lengths were cut and intersections holes were bored manually in the planks. All planks were then packed and connected at ground but following gridshell topology. Fi-nally a progressive non-mechanically helped expansion process of human-based side pushing and center pulling was carried in order to achieve the final doubly curved shell. Since the structure was symmetrical a simple cable was taking the horizontal reaction, and since the structure was so light no further foundation was needed.

Planar compactness of undeployed double-curved geo-desic gridshells proved to be an interesting feature for low-tech fast erecting gridshell layers. It was also clear that a more in-depth study of the parameters was needed to find feasible ranges. Increasing the thickness of the layer would provide better deployability control by a more transient stiffness of the grid translated in lesser required expanding elements, but would generate more mechani-cal help since weight and rigidity is increased, and lim-its the shape since the minimum radius has increased. Decreasing the thickness result in the opposite, and ulti-mately would require a coupling process of multiple ex-panding layers.

Anticyclid

Authors Dani Bas, Enrique Soriano, Pep TornabellCollaborators Quim Escoda, Omar Avellaneda, Natalia Torres, Laia Gonzalez, Andrea Bernabeu, Oia pursals, Tara Gladstone, Viacheslav Muraviev, Toni Quirante, Guil-lem Ramon, Andreu Carpi, Clara, Miriam, Adil Lazaro, Marti Obiols, Jordi Malet, Gador Luque, Joan Encuentra, Maria Morillo, Jordi Soler, Andres Flajszer, Joan Saborit, Antigoni GerontaSupport CEU San PabloAcknowledgemnts Covadonga Lorenzo, Irene Botas

Weight 210 kgArea 44.8 m2Volume 76.27 m3Building time 160 h Waste 3.7 %

Material:9 standard Birch plywood boards 12mm thick cutted in 110mm planks106 M6 metallic bolts 16 slings “churros” and mignardises

[Academic use only]



HyparDoubly ruled surface

Structural Fabric, Bending Active, geodesic gridshell, numerical manufacturing

Hypar

CODA members, Enrique Soriano and Pep Tornabell, were invited to organise the digital fabrication workshop during Algomad 2013 congress in Barcelona. Since this congress edition was co-organised by Sagrada Familia there was a special motivation to work around the manu-facturing possibilities of Gaudi’s grammar by means of digital design and numerical control. Fabricating doubly ruled surfaces is conveniently related with CODA research goal of finding efficient technologies to fabricate poten-tially efficient doubly-curved shells.

Since we had the opportunity to access to machine digital manufacturing, in order to maximize its use and capacity, we envisioned the task of self-producing all the neces-sary elements for the assembling with a single tool and a single material, and the challenge of minimising the mate-rial used and the cut-out.

Fabricating a discretized doubly curved surface with a cnc can be easily done, with the disturbingly wide spread “waffle” technique, cutting sections in different planes and interlocking assembly. But this technique usually pro-duce a non-wanted large cut-out ratio, and is penalised by the halving of the section of the joinery procedure. Be-ing a doubly ruled surface, it has by definition, two distinct lines that lie on the surface through every one of its points, which can be directly transformed into a very efficient manufacturing, by crossing simple straight (but twisting) bars in planar joints.

Hypar

Nevertheless it was decided instead to build the hyp-ars whith curved trajectories that can be built from bent straight flat planks following geodesic curves on the sur-face as tested in previous geodesic elastic gridshells built by the research team. In fact, it was prefered to tackle the problem choosing the thinnest material, in order to achieve, to a comparable span and stiffness, a lighter so-lution by means of the prestressing effect of actively-bent coupled planks.

Planks and joints were produced from the same board and CNC machining was done with a single tooltip to op-timize milling time. Each hypar is built with two standard plywood boards milled into straight planks. With the same tooltip with eye-lets were bored on it and assembling information (id and joint id) engraved.We proposed a fast assembling timber click joint, milled from the same plywood boards. Several unions with dif-ferent tolerances and sizes were tested at the lab to guar-antee its structural performance and its ease of use.

Presented into the ground, planks were completed by connecting them to its final lenghts. Finished planks were placed topologically in order. Assembling consisted in a continuous process of bending and connecting plywood planks with plywood click joints following eyelets ID’s.

Hypar

Authors Enrique Soriano, Pep TornabellCollaborators Sergio Alvarez, Andrea Conti, Carlos Espi-gares, Bernabé Jordán, Taciana Laredo, Gustavo Nocito, Lucia Olano, Bogdan Radulescu, Israel Tristan, Xavier Viladevall, Miguel Ángel Díaz, Antoni Caminal, Oriol Mo-linas, Beata Szkotak, Marta BordesSupport Algomad, ElisavaSponsors IncaFust (timber) CeloApolo (metallic connec-tions) Serigrafia Impresuper (Zinc)Acknowledgments Ruben Hidalgo (fablab Elisava) Isabel Crespo

Weight 102.81 kgArea 24.2 m2Volume 46 m3Building time 96 h Waste 11 %

Material6 standard Birch plywood boards 9mm thick milled with CNC246 timber “click” unions (milled too from the birch ply-wood boards)3 inox steel cables to hang it moritz & coca de forner

[Academic use only]

[Academic use only]



BigOTime machine

Structural Fabric, Bending Active, geodesic gridshell, anticlastic

BigO

Researchers at CODA, Enrique Soriano and Pep Torna-bell, were invited to participate in the annual hungarian wood festival HelloWood, bringing together young de-signers and architects. For a week and with the help of 8 students they made the project BigO, a toroidal thin shell of wood. The aim was to prove the ease of building an ultra-lightweight doubly curved shell from very simple and inexpensive elements and maintaining a low-tech profile.

The strategy was to make a simple gridshell from flat stripes following two beams of conjugate geodesic curves on the torus. Geodesic curves have the property of shar-ing the normal with the surface, thus having the advantage of being built from straight and flat stripes. Furthermore, intersecting geodesics also share the normal solving the complexity of the connection between the laths to a single plane.

The advantage of this type of shell is the integration of elastic forming process and assembling, in an instanta-neous deformation during the placement of the elements.

100 prefabricated identical parts were assembled by overlapping connecting pieces and manually bored the joint connection holes. Afterwards the pieces were placed in their respective feet and connecting between them pro-gressively as they arose intersections simple metal stud or wooden dowels.

BigO

In this construction, the plank internal stresses deriving from the torsion, due to the geodesic specific path, proved to be crucial for the stability, and particularly convenient during assembly. The torsion, added to the bending due to the initial deformation of the plank, caused pre-stress-es of opposite sign to the stresses to which it would be affected afterwards. These pre-stresses generate a ben-eficial stiffening effect, both in the isolated element during placement and later globally. When all the planks were self-locked, the geometric stiffness of double curvature and the pre-stresses of all the elements conferred a global high stiffening effect contrasted with the thinness of the resistant section.

Based on empirical evidence of bending and torsion ap-plied to the specific material and bonding tests the pa-rameters defining the torus, and finally the geodesic, were adjusted considering the main restriction of the radius of curvature. On the other hand, the experience of exchang-ing construction solutions within the team and with other teams of the festival was highly rewarding. The extraor-dinary good atmosphere in the festival was crucial to the success of the construction.

BigO

Collaborators Peter Krompáczki, Alma Tóth, Dóri Kom-lóssy, Akos Takacs, Paul, Irina , Marta Ventura, Daphne ZografouPhoto credit Somoskoi Gabor, Donat KekesiEvent organizer hellowood.euSponsors Jafholz (wood), Bosch (tooling), Janus (drink)Acknowledgments Orsyola Janota, Peter Pozsar

StructureWeight: 490.15 kgArea: 77 m2Volume: 244.8 m3Building time: 400 h Waste: < 2 %

Material1.5 m3 of planned pine planks in 1x10 cm section pro-vided by Jaf Holz Ungarn Ltd400 pinned connections with metallic bolts and timber dowels50 pseudo-foundations made of 0,5 steel rods and 4x4cm pine sectionsFröccs and Pálinka by Janus winery and pljeskavica

[Academic use only]



torÚScanopy for orbital concerts

Deplyable, Bending Active, Fast assembly, pliable

torÚS

CODA researchers were approached by ÚsBarcelona organizers to design a temporary structure for hosting events during a urban day festival in the city of Barcelona. The restrictions were a very limited budget, and very short time to assemble and disassemble. The research group, interested in the implementation of its research, found the necessary funding by finding a new client and a further use to the convertible structure.

In the search of low ecological footprint, a lightweight and high-performing technology, bending-active ap-proach has been proposed to be appropriate for kinetic and transformable structures. While traditional deployable structures base their transformability on their hinges to-pology, pliable structures are based on the elastic defor-mation of elements. This paper will focus on the feasibility and serviceability of timber pliable bending-active struc-tures by presenting two systems based on rigid couplings of coplanar flat planks. We discuss then their potential in simplifying manufacturing and assembling processes of kinetic systems by the enhancement of the elastic prop-erties of the material, and efficient yet simple fabrication.

torÚS

Standard deployable structures base their transform-ability on hinged mechanisms where serviceability and affordability limits complex kinematics. Elastic kinetic or pliable structures base their transformation on the elastic deformation of their elements as defined in, rather than on the rotation of stiff members around distinct hinges. Such behaviour can be intuitively found by combining and cou-pling elastic elements, or can be easily implemented from flexible deployable systems found in nature.

To simplify logistics and minimize the use of material the arch was redesigned to fit into one single plywood board, by being polygonized. Due to the asymmetrical surface shrinking nature of the torus shape, a half circular hep-tagonal arch was decided for performing an asymmetrical stiffness. An extra chamfer operation is performed into the arch conforming planks to ease angle assembling process, hence producing a small amount of cut-out be-ing less than 5% of the total volume of timber. This could have been avoided by numerical boring of planks thus en-suring angle consistency.

torÚS

Collaborators Quim Escoda, Antonio Quirante, Marc Ser-ra, Martina Fabré, Gador Luque, Yaary Vitti, Joan Saborit.Photo credit Andrés FlajszerEvent organizer USBarcelonaSponsors Celo Apolo, GabarróAcknowledgments Sofistik, retroBcn

StructureWeight: 830 kgArea total: 452 m2Area cover: 317 m2Building time: 120 h Assembling time: 10 h Disassembling time: 3 hWaste: < 4 %

Material65 boards Spruce Plywood striped at 25cm 32 coupled arches64 steel feet30l white lasur

[Academic use only]



mochiTea and meditation temple

Structural Fabric, Bending Active, geodesic gridshell, elastic

mochi

“the perfect mochi will have the perfect balance between viscosity and elasticity”

Matter drvien design. The design explores how material produces form through its topology, joint definition and internal fiber performance. There’s no explicit shape im-position, but rather the opposite, letting the manufactured material to express an active tension structure. In wicker-work techniques, present in product design and nomadic architecture, from ancient and native cultures, throughout the history and continents, shape is made from a a variety of fibrous and bendable materials, that prestress an active structure.

An inert endoskeleton, an ancient carapace, and a gelly soft membrane, are in a sense a spacial way to feel our essential protective original state of life. The pavilion ren-ders the balance between rigid and soft structure to hold social plastic fluid gatherings.

Our recent research is focusing in efficient forming pro-cesses for lightweight pseudo/optimal shapes such as laminar shells. One way of achieving this doubly-curved shape is by bending elastically linear elments and forminggridshells. The approach, called bending-active structures has been historically used in nomadic and primitive societies, is now being reviewed by the scientific commintiy because

mochi

a better understanding and control of the elasticdeformations of structures. In recent experimental struc-tures (photo) we used active bending as an efficient form-ing process in a gridshell of geodesic timber planks. Geo-desic curves over a surface have the property of sharingthe normal with the underlying surface. When 2 geode-sic curves intersect, they share then the normal, and thus they are coplanar. Using this property we were able to create extremely easy coplanar joints for green timberflat bendeable planks.

The design is here implemented with the use of timber squared sections, that allows flexural tension in both flex-ion planes of the section.

A combination of traditional technologies implemented by cutting edge computational design tools and a optimal wood good mood technology. By combining both direc-tions, we can generate a gridshell of slender planks that globally is very stiff.

mochi

Collaborators Aiste Ambrazeviciute, Georgios Anagnos-topoulos, Dóra Karner, Péter Krompáczki, Flóra Perényi, Anna Rizou, Jose Villamizar, Carina ZabiniPhoto credit Tamás Bujnovszky, Géza TalabérEvent organizer hellowood.euSponsors Jafholz (wood), Bosch (tooling), Janus (drink)Acknowledgments Orsyola Janota, Peter Pozsar

StructureWeight: 86.7 kgArea: 13 m2Volume: 32 m3Building time: 215 h Waste: < 1 %

Material0.8 m3 of planned spruce planks in 1x10 cm section pro-vided by Jaf Holz Ungarn Ltd261 pinned connections with metallic boltsSolid recycled timber round OSB baseFröccs and Pálinka by Janus winery.

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focacciaTea and meditation temple


focaccia

The discretization of a smooth doubly-curved surface in geodesic curves is well known in the gridhsell research field, for the simplification of the construction of complex shapes by using flat and straight planks. We present a novel flat and compactable undeployement configuration of the doubly-curved grid of planks.

From flat grid to double curve surfaceThe specific configuration of an oblique set of conjugated straight planks connected by hinges, deforms globally in a set of 3d curves, describing a doubly curved surface. In this surface, these plank curves are aproximating geode-sics, because the physical nature of the plank, allows only torsion and bending in the weak axis of the plank.

Implementation: Garnica Pavilion. Barcelona 2014Aggregation of self-stiffened bending-active deployed saddles for the FAB10 Symposium.

Efficient fabrication: undeploying a plywood boardPlanar compactability is specially construction efficient. In this prototype of an anticlastic shape, a single plywood board is bored and planked and becomes when unfolded a hypar-like shape.

Parallel plank configurations (pq, rs) exhibit planar and flat

focaccia

deployability while specific non parallel planks configura-tion (p’q’, r’s’) renders doubly curved surfaces due to in-compatibility of deformation (Δd3) and the characteristics of the plank elements (weak axis and strong axis of the boards). Plank bending allows the non compatible geo-metric transformation to be deployable.

Depending on the topological aggregation of the simple oblique building block different surface curvatures might be achieved (synclastic and anticlastic).

[Academic use only]

focaccia

Collaborators Arnau Reventòs, Ferran Parcerisa, Marta Besora, Cristian Fernandez, Mikel Rego, Anna Rizou, Hel-ena LlopPhoto credit Andrés Flajszer, Enrique SorianoEvent organizer FAB10Sponsors Garnica (wood), Dogi (textiles), Celo (hardware)Acknowledgments Mariona Belloy

StructureWeight: 75.66 kgArea: 21.6 m2Volume: 75.3 m3Building time: 400 h Waste: < 5 %

Material6 poplar plywood boards milled, provided by Garnica Ply-wood136 pinned connections with metallic bolts6 temporary concrete removable foundations50m2 white Lycra from Dogi textiles

[Academic use only] [Academic use only]



neulaTea and meditation temple


neula

The discretization of a smooth doubly-curved surface in geodesic curves is well known in the gridhsell research field, for the simplification of the construction of complex shapes by using flat and straight planks. We present a novel flat and compactable undeployement configuration of the doubly-curved grid of planks.

During the timber week in barcelona, Gabarró , the main local distributor of timber asked the team to design and build a shelter for the event host at the Prat royal golf course. Extending the research in deployable gridshells the team proposed to the build the largest transportable flat compactable gridshell.

The challenge was the erection process at large scale from flat to doubly curved, and with simple mechanical help. The simple strategy was to pull from a rigid frame with the final positions of four points of the grid. The initial chords connecting the frame to the points were inclined and thus when the frame was pulled helped to open the grid by the tangential component of the force.

neula

In terms of production, the long planks had to be manu-factured from small plywood boards and then connected. The team used 8 boards of 15 mm thickness, processed by cnc planking, boring and letter engraving. The plywood boards used had 2 faces, a complete rough face for con-nections, and a phenolic polished side ensuring friction-less at the hinges. At the golf course very placidly amid grass fields and sounds of birds, the team assembled the planks and build the net. The erection went far smoother than predicted.

neula

Collaborators Peter Krompáczki, Alma Tóth, Dóri Kom-lóssy, Akos Takacs, Paul, Irina , Marta Ventura, Daphne ZografouPhoto credit Somoskoi Gabor, Donat KekesiEvent organizer hellowood.euSponsors Jafholz (wood), Bosch (tooling), Janus (drink)Acknowledgments Orsyola Janota, Peter Pozsar

StructureWeight: 490.15 kgArea: 77 m2Volume: 244.8 m3Building time: 400 h Waste: < 2 %

Material1.5 m3 of planned pine planks in 1x10 cm section pro-vided by Jaf Holz Ungarn Ltd400 pinned connections with metallic bolts and timber dowels50 pseudo-foundations made of 0,5 steel rods and 4x4cm pine sectionsFröccs and Pálinka by Janus winery and pljeskavica

[Academic use only]

[Academic use only]

Coda

Documents

behaviour approach

academic use

isotropic behaviour

design system

approach form

jukbuinthinshell structures

potential of active

interwoven system