Coconut

Coconut

Other names:NIYOG, BUKO, COCO, LUBI (cebuano) The local names for coconut (niu in Polynesia and Melanesia, niyog in the Philippines and Guam) are derived from the Malay word nyiur or nyior. This is often cited as proof that the species originated in the Malay-Indonesian region.

Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestrywww.traditionaltree.org

April 2006

Coconuts are the fruit of the coconut palm, botanically known as cocos nucifera, with nucifera meaning "nut-bearing."

In Sanskrit, the coconut palm is known as kalpa vriksha, meaning "tree which gives all that is necessary for living," because nearly all parts of the tree can be used in some manner or another.

Called the "tree of life" in the Philippines, all parts of the palm has uses -nothing is wasted even at the end of its fruit bearing years.

The coconut's name is a bit of a misnomer, since it is botanically classified as a drupe and not a nut. It is the largest seed known.

Coconuts © 2007 Peggy Trowbridge Filippone, licensed to About.com, Inc

coco da Bahia, coco da India, coqueiro de Bahia (Portuguese)coco, coco de agua, cocotero, palma de coco, palmera de coco(Spanish)coco, cocos, cocospalm, klapperboom (Dutch)coco, cocotier, cocoyer, coq au lait, noix de coco (French)Kokospalme (German)kelapa, nyior (Malaysia/Indonesia)niyog (Philippines, Tagalog)

Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestrywww.traditionaltree.org

April 2006

COCONUT

Other scientific names Common names

Cocos mamillaris Coco (Span.) Lubi (C.Bis., P. Bis.)

Coconut (Engl.) Oñgot (Ibn.)

Gira-gira (Sbl.) Ponlaing (Sub.)

I-ing (It.) Punlaing (Yak.)

Iniug (Ibn.) Uñgut (Pamp.)

Lobi (S.L. Bis.) http://www.stuartxchange.com/index.html

Ranking:

The Philippines is only second only to Indonesia as the world's top

producer of coconut products.

Annual domestic coconut trade and production is valued at $800

million or P40 billion.

Specifically, UCAP data showed that the country’s coconut export

earnings as of Jan. 28 dropped by 88% to $18.81 million from $152.24 million

during the same month last year, while volume dipped by 81% to 39,714 metric

tons (MT) from 212,378 MT in the same comparative periods.

o Coconut oil exports were down by 79% to 25,020 MT (accounting for

63% of total coconut product shipments) from 121,766 MT a year

earlier.

o Similarly, copra meal shipments dropped by 70% to 10,750 MT (or

27% of the total) from 36,031 MT.

o Data on shipments of other coconut products like desiccated coconut,

coconut shell charcoal, activated carbon, and oleo chemicals were not

immediately available.

BENJAMIN V. BUCO, JR., Researcher, BusinessWorld02/03/2009

About 1/3 of the country’s arable agricultural land or 3.26 million

hectares is planted to coconut representing sixty eight (68) out of total seventy-

nine (79) provinces and 1,195 out of 1,554 municipalities in the country.

There are 3.5 million coconut farmers and about 25 million people

benefit from the coconut industry (directly & indirectly) and not surprisingly,

Coconut product exports is one of the top 5 dollar earners for the

county (U.S. $760 M p.a.). 45.9 Million annually, Top agriculture export.

National coconut production hit 15.3 million metric tons at P75.7

billion in 2008.-GMANews.TV

The coconut industry contributes about 1.14% of the Gross National

product (GNP).]

The Philippines has 224 coconut accessions listed in the

International Coconut Genetic Resources Database of the International Coconut

Genetic Resources Network.

The Research, Development and Extension Branch of the

Philippine Coconut Authority reported that there are 16 coconut varieties

registered with the Philippine National Seed Industry Council, while there are 15

registered coconut hybrids.

There are two recognized types of coconut varieties: the a) dwarf

and the b) tall variety. (distinguished according to their heights)

From Philippine Coconut Authority Library 2007

AREAS PLANTED TO COCONUT*

3.258 M hectares

27% of total agricultural land 68 out of 79 provinces are coconut areas 1,195 coconut municipalities

NUMBER OF COCONUT TREES*

331 Million bearing tree

NUT PRODUCTION*

14 Billion nuts/year

43 nuts/tree/year (average)

* Source: DA-BAS

COCONUT PRODUCTION

YEAR (A)

COPRA TERMS(Million MT)

NUT EQUIVALENT*

(Billion) GROWTH RATE

1997 2.600 13.627

1998 2.500 13.102 -3.85

1999 1.374 7.201 -45.04

2000 2.572 13.480 87.20

2001 2.868 15.031 11.51

2002 2.315 12.133 -19.28

2003 2.631 13.789 13.65

2004 2.377 12.458 -9.65

2005 2.652 13.899 11.57

2006 2.474 12.966 -6.71

2007 2.352 12.327 -11.31

AVERAGE

2003-2007 2.497 13.088 (4.03)

1998-2007 2.412 12.639 2.81

* computed from (A) at 5,241 nuts = 1 MT copraCOCONUT EXPORTS

YEAR In Million MT(copra terms)

2001 2.449

2002 1.767

2003 2.171

2004 1.792

2005 2.144

2006 2.034

2007 1.608

Source: UCAP

COCONUT DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION

YEAR In Million MT(copra terms)

2001 0.513

2002 0.513

2003 0.506

2004 0.444

2005 0.468

2006 0.600

2007 0.625

Source: UCAP

Largest Coconut production in 2007o Indonesia 29.8%o Philippines 18%o India 17.1%o Sri Lanka 5.0%o Papua New Guinea 2.0%o Others 28.1%

Philippine Local Consumption2007 2008 20092,302 2,538 2,549

In ‘000 MT, copra terms Population of coconut trees by province x1000 trees

1000-2000

o Mindoroo Antiqueo Capizo Ilo-iloo Catanduanes

o Bukidnono Agusan del Suro Surigao del Suro Sultan Kudarato Southern Leyte

2001-3000o Sub Province of Aurorao Romblono Aklano North Cotabato

o Negros Occidentalo Palawano Agusan del Norteo South Cotabato

3001-4000o Lagunao Marinduque

o Albayo Negros Oriental

4001-5000o Batangaso Camarines Suro Cebu

o Boholo Tawi-Tawi

5001-7000o Camarines Norteo Masbateo Eastern Samar

o Lanao del Suro Davao del Norteo Basilan Island

7001-10000o Sorsogono Western Samaro Zamboanga del Norteo Lanao del Norte

o Misamis Orientalo Maguindanaoo Sulu

10000-upo Quezono Northern Samaro Leyteo Surigao del Norte

o Zambaonga del Suro Davao del Suro Davao Oriental

Not much coconuto Kalingao Abrao Ilocos Suro Mountain Provinceo Ifugaoo Bengeuto Tarlaco Nueva Ecijao Pamapangao Bulacano Zambalaeso Bataano Manilao Rizalo Bolilio Islands

o Burias Islands

Philippine Coconut Producing Areas 2008o Luzon 1002 98 3407o Visayas 630 70 2682o Mindanao 1747 171 9231o PHILIPPINES 3380 339 15320

Hectares Bearing Harvest Tress Nuts

Exports of Copra and coconut oil, oil Basis o Philippines 848o Indonesia 649o Malaysia 132o Papua New Guinea 62o Others 227

World Total 1918

Referenceshttp://wwww.agriculture.phhttp://www.pca.da.gov.phhttp://www.ucap.org.phhttp:///pcaagribiz.da.gov.phPhilippine Coconut Authority 2007 Coconut Statistics

Species and Sub-species:

From http://www.neda.gov.ph/Knowledge-Emporium/ 12/2005 -10//2006

Coconut Variety For Commercial Buko ProductionTacunan Green Dwarf (TACD)

Plantation Sites: Rabanuel’s Farm, Tacunan, Davao City

Conservation Sites:(Planted in 1977/1981) PCA Albay, Davao and Zamboanga Research Centers, and Coconut Breeding Trials Unit, PSPC Mambusao, Capiz

Botanical and Morphological Description:

Known to local villagers as “Bilaka” or “Linkuranay”, which means ‘to sit before’. This local phrase fittingly describes the short, early bearing trait of this variety since one needs to bend to be able to harvest the first nuts borne by this variety during the early stages of its growth and development. Unlike most dwarf varieties, this variety has medium to large nuts. It has thick stems with closely spaced leaf scars. Its inflorescence has short and wide peduncle with short spikelets. This variety can be easily recognized through its thick and stubby spathe, which is hollow in the tip. Its nuts exhibit cracks in the stigmatic end while its fronds are born on a spherical crown, with wide leaflets.

Outstanding Characteristics for Commercial Buko Production:

This variety is early bearing with the first bunches often seen with nuts touching the ground during the early bearing years, which could be less than two year in highly suitable conditions. Tacunan palms established in typhoon or cyclone prone areas were

observed to endure strong winds, which could be linked to its thick stem, robustness of the palm, and well-anchored root system. It has an average nut production of 94 nuts/palm/year, with yield potential of 204 nuts, and copra per nut of >250 grams.

Like the Galas green dwarf, coconuts from this variety passed the international standards for young tender coconut. Its buko has an average circumference of 56 cm, with 159 g of meat, 5.1 mm thick and 2.2 lbs firm. It has an average of 478 ml water with 6.30% Total Soluble Solids (TSS) and pH 6.6. It has a medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) content of 71%, 53% of which is Lauric (C12).

PCA 15-9 (TACD x TAGT) Tacunan Green Dwarf x Tagnanan Tall

Seed Production Sites:

New Coconut Seed Production Center (NCSPC), Aroman, Carmen, Cotabato and PCA Research Centers in Davao and Zamboanga

Description of the Coconut Hybrid:

After more than 15 years of research study and field evaluation, fifteen (15) locally developed coconut hybrids and one (1) local tall were selected from the pool of 67 F1 hybrids and cultivars established in 11 genetic trials at the PCA genebank in Zamboanga.

The coconut hybrids generally flower earlier (3-4 years from field planting) and produce nuts one to two years earlier than the local cultivars. Under moderate condition, i.e. 4 to 5 dry months per year, these hybrids have a potential yield of 5 tons copra per hectare.

PCA 15-9 is a cross between Tacunan green dwarf and Tagnanan tall. Nut size is medium to large. Copra per nut is about 286 to 303 grams. It is resistant to bud rot and is relatively tolerant to adverse environment.

Potential Yield and Basic Traits

PCA 15-9 (TACD x TAGT)

AGE (years)First FloweringFirst Nut Harvest

3-3.54

Nut SizeNut ColorNuts/kg of Copra (no)Nuts per Palm (no)Nuts per Hectare (no)

Medium to LargeBrown/Green3.312817,2951

Copra per Nut (g)Copra per Palm (kg)Copra per Hectare (ton)

303396.0

Medium Chain Fatty Acid (%)Lauric (C12:0)

70.3352.30

PCA 15-4 (CATD x TAGT) Catigan Green Dwarf x Tagnanan Tall

Seed Production Sites:New Coconut Seed Production Center (NCSPC), Aroman, Carmen, Cotabato and PCA Zamboanga Research Center, San Ramon, Zamboanga City


After more than 15 years of research study and field evaluation, fifteen (15) locally developed coconut hybrids and one (1) local tall were selected from the pool of 67 hybrids and cultivars established in 11 genetic trials at the PCA-ZRC genebank.


PCA 15-4 is a cross between Catigan green dwarf and Tagnanan tall. It possesses high and stable yield and is moderately resistant to environmental stresses. It has a higher tolerance to bud rot and leaf spot diseases than MAWA.

Potential Yield and Basic Traits

PCA 15-4 (CATD x TAGT)

AGE (years)First FloweringFirst Nut Harvest

3-3.54

Nut SizeNut ColorNuts/kg of Copra (no)Nuts per Palm (no)Nuts per Hectare (no)

MediumBrown/Green3.611918,571

Copra per Nut (g)Copra per Palm (kg)Copra per Hectare (ton)

277335.0

Medium Chain Fatty Acid (%)Lauric (C12:0)

73.1353.66

Galas Green Dwarf (GALD)

Plantation Sites: Galas, Dipolog City

Conservation Sites:(Planted in 1983) PCA Zamboanga Research Center, San Ramon, Zamboanga City & Coconut Breeding Trials Unit, PSPC Mambusao, Capiz.


The palm shows uniformity in nut size, e.g., mostly medium and with thick husk, a spherical and well-balanced crown, a relatively stout stem with a conspicuously tapering base, slow rate of upward growth, and green/yellow peduncle. Its immature fruits are deep green, while the newly opened inflorescences bear yellow flowers. Its fronds are rather short but its leaflets are more and longer if compared with the Kapatagan green dwarf. It has a fairly small bunch, with medium sized nuts tending to crowd one another in a tight cluster. It bears normal inflorescence and exhibits good autogamy. The round fruit exhibits a flat shaped nut inside.


Based on the standards set by C&A Products Co., Ltd., Thailand, the buko from Galas green dwarf passed the international standards for young tender coconut. It has an average circumference of 46 cm, with 137 g of meat, 5.2 mm thick and firmness of 1.9 lbs. It has an average of 318 ml water with 7.30% TSS and pH 5.9.

In the ZRC genebank, this variety produces an average of 70 nuts per palm/year with a potential production of 177. It has a medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) content of 72%, 54% of which is Lauric. Owing to this trait, e.g. 72% MCFA, its food value has also good nutritional properties.

PCA 15-9 (TACD X TAGT) - TACUNAN GREEN DWARF X TAGNANAN TALL


New Coconut Seed Production Center (NCSPC), Aroman, Carmen, Cotabato and PCA Research Centers in Davao and Zamboanga


After more than 15 years of research study and field evaluation, fifteen (15) locally developed coconut hybrids and one (1) local tall were selected from the pool of 67 F1 hybrids and cultivars established in 11 genetic trials at the PCA genebank in Zamboanga.


PCA 15-9 is a cross between Tacunan green dwarf and Tagnanan tall. Nut size is medium to large. Copra per nut is about 286 to 303 grams. It is resistant to bud rot and is relatively tolerant to adverse environment.

COCONUT VARIETY FOR YOUNG TENDER COCONUT PRODUCTION - AROMATIC GREEN DWARF (AROD)

Plantation & Conservation Sites:

(Planted in 1983) PCA Zamboanga Research Center, San Ramon, Zamboanga City & Coconut Breeding Trials Unit, PSPC Mambusao, Capiz

Historical data:

Professor D. G. Cendaña of the UP College of Agriculture in College, Laguna, first introduced the variety into the Philippines in 1956. He planted two seedlings of the variety around the family's residence and these palms started the science of the palms that were established at DRC in 1973. Out of the 85 or so seednuts sown/grown, only 48 palms turned "true to type", e.g. dwarf, small nuts, deep green, narrow-short leaflets, and bears young nuts with uniquely sweet water. These were then the source of AROD palms currently planted at the above named plantation and conservation sites in the Philippines.


Leaves short with wide leaflets; male flowers numerous and small; immature nuts deep green, with sweet meat and water. The palms have short, thin stem, which grows less than 20 cm per year. The fronds are generally short, erect and very deep green with equally short, wide overlapping leaflets. The bunch is borne on a short peduncle with small nuts borne on its short spikelets. The inflorescence of the AROD is also short with the bunch held close to the center of the crown. AROD comes in two forms; one that smells of "pandan" hence it is called "buko pandan" while the other is just basically sweet. The endosperm of the mature nut of the "sweet AROD" is characteristically thin, smooth and endowed with a navel-like protrusion that covers the embryo. AROD is notably late germinating dwarf but bears fruits in 3 years, and with closely spaced leaf scars. In the ZRC genebank, this variety produces an average of 80 nuts/palm/year with a potential production of 166. It has a medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) content of 69%, 52% of which is Lauric. Owing to this trait, e.g. 69% MCFA, its food value has also good nutritional properties.

Economic opportunities:

Through the years, AROD has been known and has become popular for its young tender nuts having sweet water and meat. The development of the variety for this purpose presents tremendous economic opportunities for farmers' whose farms are close to urban centers, transit spots and resort. The variety was registered for buko as its major use with the National Seed Industry Council of the Department of Agriculture in August 2000. Since then, several plantings of AROD have evolved all over the country. The most prominent ones are planted in the provinces of La Union, Quezon, Batangas, Laguna, Palawan, Negros Occidental, Iloilo, Misamis Oriental, Davao, Basilan and Zamboanga.

PCA 15-4 (CATD X TAGT) - CATIGAN GREEN DWARF X TAGNANAN TALL


After more than 15 years of research study and field evaluation, fifteen (15) locally developed coconut hybrids and one (1) local tall were selected from the pool of 67 hybrids and cultivars established in 11 genetic trials at the PCA-ZRC genebank.


PCA 15-4 is a cross between Catigan green dwarf and Tagnanan tall. It possesses high and stable yield and is moderately resistant to environmental stresses. It has a higher tolerance to bud rot and leaf spot diseases than MAWA.


New Coconut Seed Production Center (NCSPC), Aroman, Carmen, Cotabato and PCA Zamboanga Research Center, San Ramon, Zamboanga City

COCONUT VARIETY FOR COMMERCIAL BUKO PRODUCTION - TACUNAN GREEN DWARF (TACD)


Known to local villagers as "Bilaka" or "Linkuranay", which means 'to sit before'. This local phrase fittingly describes the short, early bearing trait of this variety since one needs to bend to be able to harvest the first nuts borne by this variety during the early stages of its growth and development. Unlike most dwarf varieties, this variety has medium to large nuts. It has thick stems with closely spaced leaf scars. Its inflorescence has short and wide peduncle with short spikelets. This variety can be easily recognized through its thick and stubby spathe, which is hollow in the tip. Its nuts exhibit cracks in the stigmatic end while its fronds are born on a spherical crown, with wide leaflets.


This variety is early bearing with the first bunches often seen with nuts touching the ground during the early bearing years, which could be less than two year in highly suitable conditions. Tacunan palms established in typhoon or cyclone prone areas were observed to endure strong winds, which could be linked to its thick stem, robustness of the palm, and well-anchored root system. It has an average nut production of 94 nuts/palm/year, with yield potential of 204 nuts, and copra per nut of >250 grams.

Like the Galas green dwarf, coconuts from this variety passed the international standards for young tender coconut. Its buko has an average circumference of 56 cm, with 159 g of meat, 5.1 mm thick and 2.2 lbs firm. It has an average of 478 ml water with 6.30% Total Soluble Solids (TSS) and pH 6.6. It has a medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) content of 71%, 53% of which is Lauric (C12).

Plantation Sites: Rabanuel's Farm, Tacunan, Davao City

Conservation Sites:(Planted in 1977/1981) PCA Albay, Davao and Zamboanga Research Centers, and Coconut Breeding Trials Unit, PSPC Mambusao, Capiz

COCONUT VARIETY FOR COMMERCIAL BUKO PRODUCTION - GALAS GREEN DWARF (GALD)

Plantation Sites: Galas, Dipolog City

Conservation Sites:(Planted in 1983) PCA Zamboanga Research Center, San Ramon, Zamboanga City & Coconut Breeding Trials Unit, PSPC Mambusao, Capiz


The palm shows uniformity in nut size, e.g., mostly medium and with thick husk, a spherical and well-balanced crown, a relatively stout stem with a conspicuously tapering base, slow rate of upward growth, and green/yellow peduncle. Its immature fruits are deep green, while the newly opened inflorescences bear yellow flowers. Its fronds are rather short but its leaflets are more and longer if compared with the Kapatagan green dwarf. It has a fairly small bunch, with medium sized nuts tending to crowd one another in a tight cluster. It bears normal inflorescence and exhibits good autogamy. The round fruit exhibits a flat shaped nut inside.


Based on the standards set by C&A Products Co., Ltd., Thailand, the buko from Galas green dwarf passed the international standards for young tender coconut. It has an

average circumference of 46 cm, with 137 g of meat, 5.2 mm thick and firmness of 1.9 lbs. It has an average of 318 ml water with 7.30% TSS and pH 5.9.

In the ZRC genebank, this variety produces an average of 70 nuts per palm/year with a potential production of 177. It has a medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) content of 72%, 54% of which is Lauric. Owing to this trait, e.g. 72% MCFA, its food value has also good nutritional properties.

NSIC Registration Number: NSIC 2000 Co 16

Variety Name: West African Tall -WAT

Commercial Name: Coconut

Breeder:

Philippine Coconut Authority Zamboanga Research Center San Ramon, Zamboanga City

BACKGROUND:Parents/Pedigree : VARIETAL CHARACTERISTICS:Yield :Nuts/palm : 68.4 + 19.6Nuts/ha. : 9,227 + 2,641 (Potential = 12,803)Copra/nut (g) : 184.6 + 20.8Copra/palm (kg) : 12.6 + 3.78Copra/ha (t) : 1.69 + 0.52 (Potential = 2.68)Fruiting season : 12 monthsRegularity of bearing : biennialAge–years after planting: 20 yearsHeight (m) : 10.67 + 0.76

FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS:Fruit size : medium to largeFruit weight (g) : 942.6 + 57.3Fruit shape : round (polar) and angled (equatorial)

Edible portion (%) : 43.3 + 1.3Meat : 32.0 + 1.1Water : 11.4 + 0.9 Flesh thickness (cm) : 1.40 + 0.1Nut size : medium to largeNut weight (g) : 568.4 + 37.1Nut shape : ovoid

OTHER FEATURES OF THE VARIETY: Characterized by late germination of nuts. Serves as pollen source palms in the mass production of PCA recommended F1 coconut hybrid, i.e. PCA 15-11.


Variety Name: Rennel Island Tall -RIT


Breeder:



FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS:Fruit size : medium to largeFruit weight (g) : 1,824.9 + 140.6Fruit shape : oblong (polar) and egg (equatorial)Edible portion (%) : 61.0 + 0.9Meat : 33.5 + 0.7Water : 27.6 + 0.8 Flesh thickness (cm) : 1.31 + 0.1Nut size : medium to largeNut weight (g) : 1,393.0 + 101.7 Nut shape : ovoid

OTHER FEATURES OF THE VARIETY: Characterized by moderately high and stable yield. Serves as pollen source palms in the mass production of PCA recommended F1 coconut hybrid, i.e. PCA 15-12.


Variety Name: Tacunan Green Dwarf -TACD


Breeder:



FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS:Fruit size : medium to largeFruit weight (g) : 1,153.3 + 94.7Fruit shape : oblong (polar and equatorial)Edible portion (%) : 49.1 + 1.7Meat : 31.7 + 1.3Water : 17.5 + 1.5 Flesh thickness (cm) : 1.14 + 0.1Nut size : medium to largeNut weight (g) : 751.2 + 63.8Nut shape : ovoid

OTHER FEATURES OF THE VARIETY: This big-seeded dwarf population is characterized by high yielding and early bearing palms. Tacunan green dwarf serves as pollen source palms in the mass production of PCA recommended F1 coconut hybrid, i.e. PCA 15-8, PCA 15-9, PCA 15-1, PCA 15-11 and PCA 15-10, highly tolerant to leaf spot and can withstand strong winds.


Variety Name: PCA 15-8


Breeder:


BACKGROUND:Parents/Pedigree : TACD X BAOT VARIETAL CHARACTERISTICS:YieldNuts/palm : 72 + 32Nuts/ha. : 9,747 + 4282 (Potential = 17,832)Copra/nut (g) : 301 + 30Copra/palm (kg) : 22 + 11Copra/ha (t) : 2.99 + 1.44 (Potential = 5.81)Fruiting season : 12 monthsRegularity of bearing : biennialAge–years after planting: 20 yearsHeight (m) : 7.97 + 1.17

FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS:Fruit size : medium to largeFruit weight (g) : 1,358.8 + 179.0

Fruit shape : round (polar and equatorial)Edible portion (%) : 58.3 + 2.9Meat : 33.8 + 1.7Water : 24.5 + 2.4 Flesh thickness (cm) : 1.24 + 0.1Nut size : medium to largeNut weight (g) : 1,016 + 150.2Nut shape : almost round

OTHER FEATURES OF THE VARIETY: High and stable yield. Moderately resistant to environmental stress, e.g. strong winds. One of the PCA’s recommended F1 coconut hybrids for the National Coconut Planting and Replanting Program.


Variety Name: PCA 15 – 9


Breeder:


BACKGROUND:Parents/Pedigree : TACD x TAGT VARIETAL CHARACTERISTICS:Yield Nuts/palm : 67 + 30Nuts/ha. : 8,978 + 4,049 (Potential = 16,164)Copra/nut (g) : 303 + 36Copra/palm (kg) : 21 + 11Copra/ha (t) : 2.78 + 1.44(Potential = 5.62)Fruiting season : 12 monthsRegularity of bearing : biennialAge–years after planting: 20 yearsHeight (m) : 7.27 + 0.8

FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS:Fruit size : medium to largeFruit weight (g) : 1,434.7 + 184.7Fruit shape : round (polar and equatorial)

Edible portion (%) : 59.6 + 1.7Meat : 34.2 + 1.4Water : 25.4 + 1.2 Flesh thickness (cm) : 1.28 + 0.1Nut size : medium to largeNut weight (g) : 1,092.1 + 144.2Nut shape : almost round

OTHER FEATURES OF THE VARIETY: High and stable yield. Moderately resistant to environmental stress, e.g. strong winds. One of the PCA’s recommended F1 coconut hybrids for the National Coconut Planting and Replanting Program.




Breeder:


BACKGROUND:Parents/Pedigree : TACD x LAGT VARIETAL CHARACTERISTICS:Yield :Nuts/palm : 76 + 36Nuts/ha. : 10,228 + 4,841(Potential = 18,594)Copra/nut (g) : 262 + 29Copra/palm (kg) : 20 + 11Copra/ha (t) : 2.75 + 1.43 (Potential = 5.40)Fruiting season : 12 monthsRegularity of bearing : biennialAge–years after planting: 20 yearsHeight (m) : 7.45 + 0.75


Fruit shape : almost round (polar) and round (equatorial)Edible portion (%) : 56 + 2.2Meat : 33.1 + 1.6Water : 22.9 + 1.5 Flesh thickness (cm) : 1.22 + 0.1Nut size : medium to largeNut weight (g) : 928.5 + 96.6 Nut shape : almost round

OTHER FEATURES OF THE VARIETY: High and stable yield. Moderately resistant to environmental stress, e.g. strong winds. Use of this hybrid in the National Coconut Planting and Replanting Program can provide the industry with valuable and wide genetic base planting materials.




Breeder:


BACKGROUND:Parents/Pedigree : TACD x WAT VARIETAL CHARACTERISTICS:Yield :Nuts/palm : 77.6 + 30.6Nuts/ha. : 11,791 + 4,649 (Potential = 18,131)Copra/nut (g) : 205.4 + 18.5Copra/palm (kg) : 16.7 + 7.0Copra/ha (t) : 2.54 + 1.06 (Potential = 4.29)Fruiting season : 12 monthsRegularity of bearing : biennialAge–years after planting: 18 yearsHeight (m) : 6.76 + 0.85


Fruit shape : oblong (polar) and angled (equatorial)Edible portion (%) : 47.9 + 2.1Meat : 31.5 + 2.4Water : 16.4 + 2.2 Flesh thickness (cm) : 1.24 + 0.1Nut size : medium to largeNut weight (g) : 692.2 + 94.7 Nut shape : almost round





Breeder:


BACKGROUND:Parents/Pedigree : TACD x RIT VARIETAL CHARACTERISTICS:Yield :Nuts/palm : 64.1 + 36.4Nuts/ha. : 9,751 + 5,538 (Potential = 18,552)Copra/nut (g) : 273.1 + 30.3Copra/palm (kg) : 18.2 + 11.7Copra/ha (t) : 2.76 + 1.78 (Potential = 5.67)Fruiting season : 12 monthsRegularity of bearing : biennialAge–years after planting: 18 yearsHeight (m) : 6.70 + 0.84

FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS:Fruit size : medium to largeFruit weight (g) : 1,416.7 + 163.1Fruit shape : oblong (polar) and egg (equatorial)Edible portion (%) : 58.2 + 2.3Meat : 34.8 + 1.9Water : 23.4 + 2.9 Flesh thickness (cm) : 1.27 + 0.1Nut size : medium to largeNut weight (g) : 1,057.3 + 130.9Nut shape : almost round





Breeder:


BACKGROUND:Parents/Pedigree : MRD x LAGT VARIETAL CHARACTERISTICS:Yield :Nuts/palm : 76 + 40Nuts/ha. : 10,218 + 5,453 (Potential = 19,492)Copra/nut (g) : 252 + 33Copra/palm (kg) : 20 + 12Copra/ha (t) : 2.68 + 1.60 (Potential = 5.68)Fruiting season : 12 monthsRegularity of bearing : biennialAge–years after planting: 20 yearsHeight (m) : 7.97 + 0.94


Fruit shape : oblong (polar) and egg (equatorial)Edible portion (%) : 57.7 + 2.0Meat : 34.9 + 1.3Water : 22.8 + 1.6 Flesh thickness (cm) : 1.38 + 0.1Nut size : medium to largeNut weight (g) : 861.7 + 139.2Nut shape : almost round





Breeder:


BACKGROUND:Parents/Pedigree : MRD x BAOT VARIETAL CHARACTERISTICS:Yield :Nuts/palm : 76 + 38Nuts/ha. : 10,290 + 5,150 (Potential = 18,260)Copra/nut (g) : 269 + 33Copra/palm (kg) : 21 + 11Copra/ha (t) : 2.84 + 1.53 (Potential = 5.44)Fruiting season : 12 monthsRegularity of bearing : biennialAge–years after planting: 20 yearsHeight (m) : 9.37 + 1.09

FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS:Fruit size : medium to large

Fruit weight (g) : 1,329.9 + 194.8Fruit shape : oblong (polar) and egg (equatorial)Edible portion (%) : 59.9 + 2.1Meat : 34.5 + 1.7Water : 25.4 + 1.8 Flesh thickness (cm) : 1.30 + 0.1Nut size : medium to largeNut weight (g) : 1,004.5 + 154.2Nut shape : almost round OTHER FEATURES OF THE VARIETY: High and stable yield. Moderately resistant to environmental stress, e.g. strong winds. Use of this hybrid in the National Coconut Planting and Replanting Program can provide the industry with valuable and wide genetic base planting materials.




Breeder:


BACKGROUND:Parents/Pedigree : CATD x BAYT

VARIETAL CHARACTERISTICS:Yield :Nuts/palm : 70.7 + 42.2Nuts/ha. : 10,743 + 6,416 (Potential = 20,629)Copra/nut (g) : 230.5+ 26.7Copra/palm (kg) : 16.9 + 11.5Copra/ha (t) : 2.58 + 1.74 (Potential = 5.22)Fruiting season : 12 monthsRegularity of bearing : biennialAge–years after planting: 18 yearsHeight (m) : 7.71 + 0.83


Fruit shape : oblong/round (polar) and round (equatorial)Edible portion (%) : 57.7 + 2.7Meat : 34.5 + 1.8Water : 23.2 + 3.0 Flesh thickness (cm) : 1.26 + 0.1Nut size : medium to largeNut weight (g) : 940.9 + 137.7Nut shape : almost round


National Seed Industry Council 2000http://bpi.da.gov.ph/NSIC/

six well-studied tall coconut varieties namely, Baybay (BAYT), Rennel (RIT), Bago Oshiro (BAOT), Laguna (LAGT), West African (WAT) and Tagnanan (TAGT)

Table 1. Nomenclature and Description of Some Selected Coconut Varieties.

VARIETY CODE ORIGIN DISTINGUISHING FEATURES

TALL

Baybay BAY Philippines

Copra per nut is quite heavy although nuts do not really look big; very thin husk; homogenous and produces high number of leaves per year; bunches with short peducle and nuts are trapped between leaf axils; stem quite robust and firm; tolerant to FDMT.

San Ramon SNR PhilippinesUsually bears extra large nuts when young needing 3 to 3.5 nuts per kilo copra.

Tagnanan TAG PhilippinesProduces nuts with good fruit corn position; 350 g copra per nut and very homogenous; good GCA with MRD

Laguna LAG PhilippinesProduces a fairly large number of nuts; 190 g copra/nut; hybrid cross with CAT green dwarf good

Agta AGA PhilippinesHusk of nut is streaked, making it look around and tough. Young nuts show black streaks

Macapuno MAC Philippines

A mutant form of the Laguna variety, nuts have soft and jelly-like meat. This character is lethal to the embryo which needs to be grown in artificial medium. Naturally occurring palms grown from normal nuts bear about 25%. MAC nuts may give 100% macapuno nuts.

DWARF

Catigan CAT Philippines

Nuts are medium sized, round with prominent stigmatic tip; copra per nut is about 200 to210g; husk is thick; peduncle and bunch rachis are long; young nuts and petioles are green.

Coconino CNO Philippines

Nuts are very small, oblong and smooth; stem quite thin and high yielder of toddy. Copra per nut seldom exceeds 100g. Coconino is a green dwarf.

Kinabalan KIN PhilippinesGreen dwarf, nuts are extra large, robust stem and copra per nut sometimes exceeds 300g; homogeneous.

Pilipog PIL Philippines

Nuts are green and round; female flowers, tip of roots and base of shoots of newly germinated seedlings are pink; copra per nut is 100g.

Tacunan TAC Philippines

Another green dwarf; spikelets are very short; nuts are medium to large oblong with broad equatorial diameter and pointed stigmatic; and unopened spathes are flat on distal end.

Mangipod MGP Philippines

A green dwarf which retains hundred of ripe nuts on the crown due to drying of nuts on the tree. Highly self-pollinating and shows very strict dwarfism.

Tampakan(South Cotabato)

TMP PhilippinesNuts are long and pointed. Shape of shell and cavity conforms exactly to the shape of inhole nut which has a very thin husk.

Mostly Names of the Coconut are based on the place where it is produced

http://www.agriculture.ph 2009

Other Use:

Products and By-Products

1. Copra – is the dried coconut meat. It is the source where coconut oil is extracted for many uses.

1. Oil – extracted processed/filtered oil obtained from copra. It is mainly used for cooking but also used for many other purposes; moisturizer, liniment for muscles and joints, cosmetics, medicines, soaps and detergents, paints, biofuels, etc.2. Coconut milk – the liquid obtained by pressing grated coconut meat. This is used for cooking. And making home-made coconut oil.3. Latik – heat coagulated content of coconut milk. This is also used for food purposes.4. Dessicated coconut – dried coconut grated meat mainly prepared for food uses.5. Coconut Flour – this is the de-oiled dessicated coconut that is finely grounded. This is used in baking.

2. Coconut Shell – This is the protective covering of the coconut meat and water. This makes a very good source of charcoal. This is a very good fuel for domestic cooking.

1. Activated charcoal – found to possess the ability to adsorb gases and vapors hence finds uses in gas mask, cigarette filters, removal of bad odors from air-conditioning, freezers and refrigerators, and many other adsorption capabilities. Continuing research on this is making advances lately. Activated charcoal are used in filtering water and air.2. Charcoal briquettes – coconut shell charcoal are processed into briquettes so that it is easier to transport. Specifically used in grills.3. Novelty items – local craftsmen make indigenous novelties from shells such as lamps, figurines, picture frames, musical instruments, souvenirs and many more.

3. Coconut Husk – the fibrous outer covering of the nut. This part extends from the nut skin to the shell and varying thickness up to 5 cm.

1. Coco-coir – The hair-like thread extracted from the coconut husk by mechanical method or by the decorticating machine. The resulting products are coco dust and coco coir. Coco coir is used for upholstery, mattress fibers, filter pads, carpets, erosion nets, insulation material, biodegradable pots, orchid and ornamental planting medium, etc.2. Coco dust – Are the medium collected after separating the coir from the husk. It has very good water retention capabilities thus used mainly as potting medium.

4. Coconut Water – the liquid found inside the coconut. It is an excellent and readily available drinking water. The quality of water varies according to the age of the nut. Younger nut water is largely consumed locally as beverage. Water from mature nuts is used as raw material for making nata de coco, vinegar, intravenous fluid, electrolyte, wine and alcohol. Large uses however have not prospered

5. Coconut Sap – a very sweet juice obtained from a young inflourescence. Locally known as Tuba. Toddy in India.

1. Liquor – Coco-sap are left to ferment and made into alcoholic beverages called “Tuba”. In Samar and Leyte province, they add bark from a local tree and ferment to produce “Bahalina”. In Southern Tagalog and Bicol area, coco-sap are distilled and made into a strong alcohol called “Lambanog”.2. Vinegar – Coco sap are also made into vinegar.3. Coco sugar – Coco sap are sometimes cooked to produce sugar. This has been a long practice in some places but not in very large quantities.

References

Banzon, Julian A and Velasco, Jose R. “Coconut” Production and Utilization. Copyright 1982Dar, William D. “Coco-based Farming Systems” State of the Knowledge and Practice 1990Bourgoing, Raymond D “Coconut: A pictorial Technical Guide for Smallholders” Edited by Dante Benigno 1991

Conclusion:

Hence, it is acknowledge and an export material, there is lack of competitiveness among us, even though we have our own distinctive quality of coconuts, we just don’t have the drive, the confidence to make it stand out. And also we lack the R&D to our coconuts.

We should study, develop our coconuts to reach its potential, 100x the export quality. And we should be just THE PRODUCERS of coconuts, we should also be the top coconut products producers/suppliers.

Coconut

Documents

coconut palm

coconut industry

coconut areas

coconut niu

desiccated coconut

coconut accessions

coconut farmers

mt copra coconut exportsyear