coca cola

Coca-Cola 1

Coca-Cola

Coca-Cola

Type Soft drink

Manufacturer The Coca-Cola Company

Country of origin United States

Introduced 1886

Color Caramel E-150d

Flavor Cola, Cola Cherry, Cola Vanilla, Cola Green Tea, Cola Lemon, Cola Lemon Lime, Cola Lime, Cola Orange and ColaRaspberry.

Variants See Brand portfolio section below

Related products PepsiRC ColaCola TurkaZam Zam ColaMecca-ColaVirgin ColaParsi ColaQibla ColaEvoca ColaCorsica ColaBreizh ColaAfri Cola

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The Las Vegas Strip World of Coca-Colamuseum in 2003

Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants, andvending machines in more than 200 countries.[1] It is produced by TheCoca-Cola Company of Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred tosimply as Coke (a registered trademark of The Coca-Cola Company inthe United States since March 27, 1944). Originally intended as apatent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century by JohnPemberton, Coca-Cola was bought out by businessman Asa GriggsCandler, whose marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of theworld soft-drink market throughout the 20th century.

The company produces concentrate, which is then sold to licensedCoca-Cola bottlers throughout the world. The bottlers, who holdterritorially exclusive contracts with the company, produce finishedproduct in cans and bottles from the concentrate in combination withfiltered water and sweeteners. The bottlers then sell, distribute andmerchandise Coca-Cola to retail stores and vending machines. Suchbottlers include Coca-Cola Enterprises, which is the largest singleCoca-Cola bottler in North America and western Europe. TheCoca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains to majorrestaurants and food service distributors.

The Coca-Cola Company has, on occasion, introduced other cola drinks under the Coke brand name. The mostcommon of these is Diet Coke, with others including Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola, Diet Coke Caffeine-Free, Coca-ColaCherry, Coca-Cola Zero, Coca-Cola Vanilla, and special editions with lemon, lime or coffee.

Based on Interbrand's best global brand 2011, Coca-Cola was the world's most valuable brand.[2]

History

Old German Coca-Cola bottle opener

The prototype Coca-Cola recipe was formulated at the Eagle Drug andChemical Company, a drugstore in Columbus, Georgia by JohnPemberton, originally as a coca wine called Pemberton's French WineCoca.[4] [5] [6] He may have been inspired by the formidable success ofVin Mariani, a European coca wine.[7]

In 1886, when Atlanta and Fulton County passed prohibitionlegislation, Pemberton responded by developing Coca-Cola, essentiallya non-alcoholic version of French Wine Coca.[8] The first sales were atJacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, on May 8, 1886.[9] It wasinitially sold as a patent medicine for five cents[10] a glass at soda

fountains, which were popular in the United States at the time due to the belief that carbonated water was good forthe health.[11] Pemberton claimed Coca-Cola cured many diseases, including morphine addiction, dyspepsia,neurasthenia, headache, and impotence. Pemberton ran the first

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Believed to be the first coupon ever, this ticket for a free glass ofCoca-Cola was first distributed in 1888 to help promote the drink. By

1913, the company had redeemed 8.5 million tickets.[3]

This Coca-Cola advertisement from 1943 is stilldisplayed in the small city of Minden, Louisiana.

advertisement for the beverage on May 29 of the sameyear in the Atlanta Journal.[12]

By 1888, three versions of Coca-Cola — sold by threeseparate businesses — were on the market. Asa GriggsCandler acquired a stake in Pemberton's company in1887 and incorporated it as the Coca Cola Company in1888.[13] The same year, Pemberton sold the rights asecond time to four more businessmen: J.C. Mayfield,A.O. Murphey, C.O. Mullahy and E.H. Bloodworth.Meanwhile, Pemberton's son Charley Pemberton beganselling his own version of the product.[14]

John Pemberton declared that the name "Coca-Cola"belonged to Charley, but the other two manufacturerscould continue to use the formula. So, in the summer of1888, Candler sold his beverage under the names YumYum and Koke. After both failed to catch on, Candlerset out to establish a legal claim to Coca-Cola in late1888, in order to force his two competitors out of thebusiness. Candler purchased exclusive rights to theformula from John Pemberton, Margaret Dozier andWoolfolk Walker. However, in 1914, Dozier cameforward to claim her signature on the bill of sale hadbeen forged, and subsequent analysis has indicatedJohn Pemberton's signature was most likely a forgery as well.[15]

In 1892 Candler incorporated a second company, The Coca-Cola Company (the current corporation), and in 1910Candler had the earliest records of the company burned, further obscuring its legal origins. By the time of its 50thanniversary, the drink had reached the status of a national icon in the USA. In 1935, it was certified kosher by RabbiTobias Geffen, after the company made minor changes in the sourcing of some ingredients.[16]

Coca-Cola was sold in bottles for the first time on March 12, 1894. The first outdoor wall advertisement was paintedin the same year as well in Cartersville, Georgia.[17] Cans of Coke first appeared in 1955.[18] The first bottling ofCoca-Cola occurred in Vicksburg, Mississippi, at the Biedenharn Candy Company in 1891. Its proprietor was JosephA. Biedenharn. The original bottles were Biedenharn bottles, very different from the much later hobble-skirt designthat is now so familiar. Asa Candler was tentative about bottling the drink, but two entrepreneurs from Chattanooga,Tennessee, Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead, proposed the idea and were so persuasive that Candlersigned a contract giving them control of the procedure for only one dollar. Candler never collected his dollar, but in1899 Chattanooga became the site of the first Coca-Cola bottling company.[19] The loosely termed contract proved tobe problematic for the company for decades to come. Legal matters were not helped by the decision of the bottlers tosubcontract to other companies, effectively becoming parent bottlers.[20]

Coke concentrate, or Coke syrup, was and is sold separately at pharmacies in small quantities, as an over-the-counterremedy for nausea or mildly upset stomach.

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New Coke

Coca-Cola sign in Colorado City, Texas

Advertising promoting flavor change

On April 23, 1985, Coca-Cola, amid much publicity, attempted tochange the formula of the drink with "New Coke". Follow-up tastetests revealed that most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke toboth Coke and Pepsi, but Coca-Cola management was unprepared forthe public's nostalgia for the old drink, leading to a backlash. Thecompany gave in to protests and returned to a variation of the oldformula, under the name Coca-Cola Classic on July 10, 1985.

21st century

On July 5, 2005, it was revealed that Coca-Cola would resumeoperations in Iraq for the first time since the Arab League boycottedthe company in 1968.[21]

In April 2007, in Canada, the name "Coca-Cola Classic" was changedback to "Coca-Cola." The word "Classic" was truncated because "NewCoke" was no longer in production, eliminating the need todifferentiate between the two.[22] The formula remained unchanged.

In January 2009, Coca-Cola stopped printing the word "Classic" on thelabels of 16-US-fluid-ounce (470 ml) bottles sold in parts of thesoutheastern United States.[23] The change is part of a larger strategy torejuvenate the product's image.[23] The word "Classic" was removedfrom all Coca-Cola products by 2011.

In November 2009, due to a dispute over wholesale prices ofCoca-Cola products, Costco stopped restocking its shelves with Cokeand Diet Coke, However, some Costco locations (like the ones inTucson, Arizona sell imported Coca Cola from Mexico. [24]

Coca-Cola introduced the 7.5-ounce mini-can in 2009, and onSeptember 22, 2011, the company announced price reductions, asking retailers to sell eight-packs for $2.99. Thatsame day, Coca-Cola announced the 12.5-ounce bottle, to sell for 89 cents. A 16-ounce bottle has sold well at 99cents since being introduced, but the price was going up to $1.19.[25]

Use of stimulants in formulaWhen launched Coca-Cola's two key ingredients were cocaine (benzoylmethyl ecgonine) and caffeine. The cocainewas derived from the coca leaf and the caffeine from kola nut, leading to the name Coca-Cola (the "K" in Kola wasreplaced with a "C" for marketing purposes).[26] [27]

Coca — cocainePemberton called for five ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup, a significant dose; in 1891, Candler claimed hisformula (altered extensively from Pemberton's original) contained only a tenth of this amount. Coca-Cola did oncecontain an estimated nine milligrams of cocaine per glass, but in 1903 it was removed.[28] Coca-Cola still containscoca flavoring.After 1904, instead of using fresh leaves, Coca-Cola started using "spent" leaves — the leftovers of thecocaine-extraction process with cocaine trace levels left over at a molecular level.[29] To this day, Coca-Cola uses asan ingredient a cocaine-free coca leaf extract prepared at a Stepan Company plant in Maywood, New Jersey.

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In the United States, the Stepan Company is the only manufacturing plant authorized by the Federal Government toimport and process the coca plant,[30] which it obtains mainly from Peru and, to a lesser extent, Bolivia. Besidesproducing the coca flavoring agent for Coca-Cola, the Stepan Company extracts cocaine from the coca leaves, whichit sells to Mallinckrodt, a St. Louis, Missouri pharmaceutical manufacturer that is the only company in the UnitedStates licensed to purify cocaine for medicinal use.[31]

Kola nuts — caffeineKola nuts act as a flavoring and the source of caffeine in Coca-Cola. In Britain, for example, the ingredient labelstates "Flavourings (Including Caffeine)."[32] Kola nuts contain about 2 percent to 3.5 percent caffeine, are of bitterflavor and are commonly used in cola soft drinks. In 1911, the U.S. government initiated United States v. FortyBarrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, hoping to force Coca-Cola to remove caffeine from its formula. The casewas decided in favor of Coca-Cola. Subsequently, in 1912 the U.S. Pure Food and Drug Act was amended, addingcaffeine to the list of "habit-forming" and "deleterious" substances which must be listed on a product's label.Coca-Cola contains 46 mg of caffeine per 12 fluid ounces (12.9 mg per 100 ml).[33]

Production

Coca-Cola 375 mL cans - 24 pack (AU)

Ingredients

• Carbonated water• Sugar (sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup depending on country of

origin)• Caffeine• Phosphoric acid• Caramel color (E150d)• Natural flavorings[34]

A can of Coke (12 fl ounces/355 ml) has 39 grams of carbohydrates(all from sugar, approximately 10 teaspoons),[35] 50 mg of sodium,0 grams fat, 0 grams potassium, and 140 calories.[36]

Formula of natural flavorings

The exact formula of Coca-Cola's natural flavorings (but not its otheringredients which are listed on the side of the bottle or can) is a tradesecret. The original copy of the formula is held in SunTrust Bank's main vault in Atlanta. Its predecessor, the TrustCompany, was the underwriter for the Coca-Cola Company's initial public offering in 1919. A popular myth statesthat only two executives have access to the formula, with each executive having only half the formula.[37] The truthis that while Coca-Cola does have a rule restricting access to only two executives, each knows the entire formula andothers, in addition to the prescribed duo, have known the formulation process.[38]

On February 11, 2011 Ira Glass revealed on his PRI radio show, This American Life, that the secret formula toCoca-Cola had been uncovered in a 1979 newspaper. The formula found basically matched the formula found inPemberton's diary.[39] [40] [41] [42]

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Franchised production modelThe actual production and distribution of Coca-Cola follows a franchising model. The Coca-Cola Company onlyproduces a syrup concentrate, which it sells to bottlers throughout the world, who hold Coca-Cola franchises for oneor more geographical areas. The bottlers produce the final drink by mixing the syrup with filtered water andsweeteners, and then carbonate it before putting it in cans and bottles, which the bottlers then sell and distribute toretail stores, vending machines, restaurants and food service distributors.[43]

The Coca-Cola Company owns minority shares in some of its largest franchises, like Coca-Cola Enterprises,Coca-Cola Amatil, Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company (CCHBC) and Coca-Cola FEMSA, but fully independentbottlers produce almost half of the volume sold in the world. Independent bottlers are allowed to sweeten the drinkaccording to local tastes.[44]

The bottling plant in Skopje, Macedonia, received the 2009 award for "Best Bottling Company".[45]

Brand portfolioThis is a list of variants of Coca-Cola introduced around the world. In addition to the caffeine free version of theoriginal, additional fruit flavors have been included over the years. Not included here are versions of Diet Coke andCoca-Cola Zero; variant versions of those no-calorie colas can be found at their respective articles.

Name Launched

Discontinued Notes Picture

Coca-Cola 1886 The original version of Coca-Cola.

Caffeine-FreeCoca-Cola

1983 The caffeine free version of Coca-Cola.

Coca-Cola Cherry 1985 Was available in Canada starting in 1996. Called "Cherry Coca-Cola (CherryCoke)" in North America until 2006.

NewCoke/"Coca-ColaII"

1985 2002 Still available in Yap and American Samoa

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Coca-Cola withLemon

2001 2005 Available in: American Samoa, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, China, Denmark,Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Finland, France, Germany, HongKong, Iceland, Korea, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Mongolia,Netherlands, Norway, Réunion, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan,Tunisia, United Kingdom, United States, and West Bank-Gaza

|Coca-Cola Vanilla 2002;

20072005 Available in: Austria, Australia, China, Germany, Hong Kong, New Zealand,

Malaysia, Sweden, United Kingdom and United States. It was reintroduced inJune 2007 by popular demand.

]Coca-Cola withLime

2005 Available in Belgium, Netherlands, Singapore, Canada, the United Kingdom,and the United States.

Coca-ColaRaspberry

June 2005 End of 2005 Was only available in New Zealand. Currently available in the United Statesin Coca-Cola Freestyle fountain since 2009.

Coca-Cola BlackCherry Vanilla

2006 Middle of2007

Was replaced by Vanilla Coke in June 2007

Coca-Cola Blāk 2006 Beginning of2008

Only available in the United States, France, Canada, Czech Republic, Bosniaand Herzegovina, Bulgaria and Lithuania

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Coca-Cola Citra 2006 Only available in Bosnia and Herzegovina, New Zealand and Japan.

Coca-Cola Orange 2007 Was available in the United Kingdom and Gibraltar for a limited time. InGermany, Austria and Switzerland it's sold unter the label Mezzo Mix.Currently available in Coca-Cola Freestyle fountain outlets in the UnitedStates since 2009.

Logo design

Detail on Elmira Coca-Cola BottlingPlant, Elmira, New York

The famous Coca-Cola logo was created by John Pemberton's bookkeeper, FrankMason Robinson, in 1885.[46] Robinson came up with the name and chose thelogo's distinctive cursive script. The typeface used, known as Spencerian script,was developed in the mid 19th century and was the dominant form of formalhandwriting in the United States during that period.

Robinson also played a significant role in early Coca-Cola advertising. Hispromotional suggestions to Pemberton included giving away thousands of freedrink coupons and plastering the city of Atlanta with publicity banners andstreetcar signs.[47]

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Contour bottle design

Earl R. Dean's original 1915 conceptdrawing of the contour Coca-Cola bottle.

The equally famous Coca-Cola bottle, called the "contour bottle" within thecompany, but known to some as the "hobble skirt" bottle, was created bybottle designer Earl R. Dean. In 1915, the Coca-Cola Company launched acompetition among its bottle suppliers to create a new bottle for theirbeverage that would distinguish it from other beverage bottles, "a bottlewhich a person could recognize even if they felt it in the dark, and so shapedthat, even if broken, a person could tell at a glance what it was."[48]

Chapman J. Root, president of the Root Glass Company of Terre Haute,Indiana, turned the project over to members of his supervisory staff, includingcompany auditor T. Clyde Edwards, plant superintendent AlexanderSamuelsson, and Earl R. Dean, bottle designer and supervisor of the bottlemolding room. Root and his subordinates decided to base the bottle's designon one of the soda's two ingredients, the coca leaf or the kola nut, but wereunaware of what either ingredient looked like. Dean and Edwards went to theEmeline Fairbanks Memorial Library and were unable to find any informationabout coca or kola. Instead, Dean was inspired by a picture of thegourd-shaped cocoa pod in the Encyclopedia Britannica. Dean made a roughsketch of the pod and returned to the plant to show Root. He explained toRoot how he could transform the shape of the pod into a bottle. Root gaveDean his approval.[48]

Faced with the upcoming scheduled maintenance of the mold-makingmachinery, over the next 24 hours Dean sketched out a concept drawing which was approved by Root the nextmorning. Dean then proceeded to create a bottle mold and produced a small number of bottles before theglass-molding machinery was turned off.[49]

Chapman Root approved the prototype bottle and a design patent was issued on the bottle in November, 1915. Theprototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its base, making it unstable onconveyor belts. Dean resolved this issue by decreasing the bottle's middle diameter. During the 1916 bottler'sconvention, Dean's contour bottle was chosen over other entries and was on the market the same year. By 1920, thecontour bottle became the standard for the Coca-Cola Company. Today, the contour Coca-Cola bottle is one of themost recognized packages on the planet..."even in the dark!".[50]

As a reward for his efforts, Dean was offered a choice between a $500 bonus or a lifetime job at the Root GlassCompany. He chose the lifetime job and kept it until the Owens-Illinois Glass Company bought out the Root GlassCompany in the mid-1930s. Dean went on to work in other Midwestern glass factories.

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The prototype never made it toproduction since its middle diameter waslarger than its base, making it unstable

on conveyor belts.

Designer label for 2 litre Coca-Cola bottle

Although endorsed by some, this version of events is not consideredauthoritative by many who consider it implausible. One alternativedepiction has Raymond Loewy as the inventor of the unique design,but, while Loewy did serve as a designer of Coke cans and bottles inlater years, he was in the French Army the year the bottle was inventedand did not emigrate to the United States until 1919. Others haveattributed inspiration for the design not to the cocoa pod, but to aVictorian hooped dress.[51]

In 1944, Associate Justice Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court ofCalifornia took advantage of a case involving a waitress injured by anexploding Coca-Cola bottle to articulate the doctrine of strict liabilityfor defective products. Traynor's concurring opinion in Escola v.Coca-Cola Bottling Co. is widely recognized as a landmark case inU.S. law today.[52]

In 1997, Coca-Cola also introduced a "contour can," similar in shape toits famous bottle, on a few test markets, including Terre Haute,Indiana.[53] The new can has never been widely released.

A new slim and tall can began to appear in Australia as of December20, 2006; it cost AU$1.95. The cans have a distinct resemblance toenergy drink cans. The cans were commissioned by Domino's Pizzaand are available exclusively at their restaurants.

In January 2007, Coca-Cola Canada changed "Coca-Cola Classic"labeling, removing the "Classic" designation, leaving only"Coca-Cola." Coca-Cola stated this is merely a name change and theproduct remains the same. The cans still bear the "Classic" logo in theUnited States.

In 2007, Coca-Cola introduced an aluminum can designed to look like the original glass Coca-Cola bottles.In 2007, the company's logo on cans and bottles changed. The cans and bottles retained the red color and familiartypeface, but the design was simplified, leaving only the logo and a plain white swirl (the "dynamic ribbon").In 2008, in some parts of the world, the plastic bottles for all Coke varieties (including the larger 1.5- and 2-literbottles) was changed to include a new plastic screw cap and a slightly taller contoured bottle shape, designed toevoke the old glass bottles.[54]

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200 mL "stubby" bottle availablethroughout China

Designer bottles

Karl Lagerfeld is the latest designer to have created a collection of aluminumbottles for Coca-Cola. Lagerfeld is not the first fashion designer to create aspecial version of the famous Coca-Cola Contour bottle. A number of otherlimited edition bottles by fashion designers for Coca Cola Light soda have beencreated in the last few years.

In 2009, in Italy, Coca-Cola Light had a Tribute to Fashion to celebrate 100 yearsof the recognizable contour bottle. Well known Italian designers Alberta Ferretti,Blumarine, Etro, Fendi, Marni, Missoni, Moschino, and Versace each designedlimited edition bottles.[55]

Local competitors

Pepsi is usually second to Coke in sales, but outsells Coca-Cola in some markets.Around the world, some local brands compete with Coke. In South and CentralAmerica Kola Real, known as Big Cola in Mexico, is a fast-growing competitorto Coca-Cola.[56] On the French island of Corsica, Corsica Cola, made bybrewers of the local Pietra beer, is a growing competitor to Coca-Cola. In theFrench region of Brittany, Breizh Cola is available. In Peru, Inca Kola outsells Coca-Cola, which led The Coca-ColaCompany to purchase the brand in 1999. In Sweden, Julmust outsells Coca-Cola during the Christmas season.[57] InScotland, the locally produced Irn-Bru was more popular than Coca-Cola until 2005, when Coca-Cola and Diet Cokebegan to outpace its sales.[58] In India, Coca-Cola ranked third behind the leader, Pepsi-Cola, and local drink ThumsUp. The Coca-Cola Company purchased Thums Up in 1993.[59] As of 2004, Coca-Cola held a 60.9% market-sharein India.[60] Tropicola, a domestic drink, is served in Cuba instead of Coca-Cola, due to a United States embargo.French brand Mecca Cola and British brand Qibla Cola, popular in the Middle East, are competitors to Coca-Cola. InTurkey, Cola Turka is a major competitor to Coca-Cola. In Iran and many countries of Middle East, Zam Zam Colaand Parsi Cola are major competitors to Coca-Cola. In some parts of China Future cola is a competitor. In Slovenia,the locally produced Cockta is a major competitor to Coca-Cola, as is the inexpensive Mercator Cola, which is soldonly in the country's biggest supermarket chain, Mercator. In Israel, RC Cola is an inexpensive competitor. ClassikoCola, made by Tiko Group, the largest manufacturing company in Madagascar, is a serious competitor to Coca-Colain many regions. Laranjada is the top-selling soft drink on the Portuguese island of Madeira. Coca-Cola has statedthat Pepsi was not its main rival in the UK, but rather Robinsons drinks.

AdvertisingCoca-Cola's advertising has significantly affected American culture, and it is frequently credited with inventing themodern image of Santa Claus as an old man in a red-and-white suit. Although the company did start using thered-and-white Santa image in the 1930s, with its winter advertising campaigns illustrated by Haddon Sundblom, themotif was already common.[61] [62] Coca-Cola was not even the first soft drink company to use the modern image ofSanta Claus in its advertising: White Rock Beverages used Santa in advertisements for its ginger ale in 1923, afterfirst using him to sell mineral water in 1915.[63] [64] Before Santa Claus, Coca-Cola relied on images of smartlydressed young women to sell its beverages. Coca-Cola's first such advertisement appeared in 1895, featuring theyoung Bostonian actress Hilda Clark as its spokeswoman.

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An 1890s advertisement showing model HildaClark in formal 19th century attire. The ad is

titled Drink Coca-Cola 5¢. (US)

1941 saw the first use of the nickname "Coke" as an official trademarkfor the product, with a series of advertisements informing consumersthat "Coke means Coca-Cola".[65] In 1971 a song from a Coca-Colacommercial called "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing", produced byBilly Davis, became a hit single.

Coca-Cola sales booth on the Cape Verde islandof Fogo in 2004.

Coke's advertising is pervasive, as one of Woodruff's stated goals wasto ensure that everyone on Earth drank Coca-Cola as their preferredbeverage. This is especially true in southern areas of the United States,such as Atlanta, where Coke was born.

Coca-Cola signboard in Lahore, Pakistan.

Some of the memorable Coca-Cola television commercials between1960 through 1986 were written and produced by former Atlanta radioveteran Don Naylor (WGST 1936–1950, WAGA 1951–1959) duringhis career as a producer for the McCann Erickson advertising agency.Many of these early television commercials for Coca-Cola featuredmovie stars, sports heroes and popular singers.

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Coca-Cola ghost sign in Fort Dodge, Iowa. Noteolder Coca-Cola ghosts behind Borax and

telephone ads.

During the 1980s, Pepsi-Cola ran a series of television advertisementsshowing people participating in taste tests demonstrating that,according to the commercials, "fifty percent of the participants whosaid they preferred Coke actually chose the Pepsi." Statisticians werequick to point out the problematic nature of a 50/50 result: most likely,all the taste tests really showed was that in blind tests, most peoplesimply cannot tell the difference between Pepsi and Coke. Coca-Colaran ads to combat Pepsi's ads in an incident sometimes referred to asthe cola wars; one of Coke's ads compared the so-called Pepsichallenge to two chimpanzees deciding which tennis ball was furrier.Thereafter, Coca-Cola regained its leadership in the market.

Selena was a spokesperson for Coca-Cola from 1989 till the time ofher death. She filmed three commercials for the company. In 1994, to commemorate her five years with thecompany, Coca-Cola issued special Selena coke bottles.[66]

The Coca-Cola Company purchased Columbia Pictures in 1982, and began inserting Coke-product images in manyof its films. After a few early successes during Coca-Cola's ownership, Columbia began to under-perform, and thestudio was sold to Sony in 1989.

Coca-Cola has gone through a number of different advertising slogans in its long history, including "The pause thatrefreshes," "I'd like to buy the world a Coke," and "Coke is it" (see Coca-Cola slogans).In 2006, Coca-Cola introduced My Coke Rewards, a customer loyalty campaign where consumers earn points byentering codes from specially marked packages of Coca-Cola products into a website. These points can be redeemedfor various prizes or sweepstakes entries.[67]

Holiday campaigns

Coca-Cola Christmas truck inDresden, Germany.

The "Holidays are coming!" advertisement features a train of red delivery trucks,emblazoned with the Coca-Cola name and decorated with Christmas lights,driving through a snowy landscape and causing everything that they pass to lightup and people to watch as they pass through.[68]

The advertisement fell into disuse in 2001, as the Coca-Cola companyrestructured its advertising campaigns so that advertising around the world wasproduced locally in each country, rather than centrally in the company'sheadquarters in Atlanta, Georgia.[69] However, in 2007, the company broughtback the campaign after, according to the company, many consumers telephonedits information center saying that they considered it to mark the beginning ofChristmas.[68] The advertisement was created by U.S. advertising agency Doner,and has been part of the company's global advertising campaign for manyyears.[70]

Keith Law, a producer and writer of commercials for Belfast CityBeat, was notconvinced by Coca-Cola's reintroduction of the advertisement in 2007, saying that "I don't think there's anythingChristmassy about HGVs and the commercial is too generic."[71]

In 2001, singer Melanie Thornton recorded the campaign's advertising jingle as a single, Wonderful Dream(Holidays are Coming), which entered the pop-music charts in Germany at no. 9.[72] [73] In 2005, Coca-Colaexpanded the advertising campaign to radio, employing several variations of the jingle.[74]

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Sports sponsorshipCoca-Cola was the first commercial sponsor of the Olympic games, at the 1928 games in Amsterdam, and has beenan Olympics sponsor ever since.[75] This corporate sponsorship included the 1996 Summer Olympics hosted inAtlanta, which allowed Coca-Cola to spotlight its hometown. Most recently, Coca-Cola has released localizedcommercials for the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver; one Canadian commercial referred to Canada's hockey heritageand was modified after Canada won the gold medal game on February 28, 2010 by changing the ending line of thecommercial to say "Now they know whose game they're playing".[76]

Since 1978, Coca-Cola has sponsored each FIFA World Cup, and other competitions organised by FIFA. In fact, oneFIFA tournament trophy, the FIFA World Youth Championship from Tunisia in 1977 to Malaysia in 1997, wascalled "FIFA  — Coca Cola Cup".[77] In addition, Coca-Cola sponsors the annual Coca-Cola 600 and Coke Zero 400for the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina and DaytonaInternational Speedway in Daytona, Florida.Coca-Cola has a long history of sports marketing relationships, which over the years have included Major LeagueBaseball, the National Football League, National Basketball Association and the National Hockey League, as well aswith many teams within those leagues. Perhaps most notably, Coca-Cola has had a longtime relationship with theNFL's Pittsburgh Steelers, due in part to the now-famous 1979 television commercial featuring "Mean Joe" Greene,leading to the two opening the Coca-Cola Great Hall at Heinz Field in 2001 and a more recent Coca-Cola Zerocommercial featuring Troy Polamalu.Coca-Cola is the official soft drink of many collegiate football teams throughout the nation, partly due to Coca-Colaproviding those schools with upgraded athletic facilities in exchange for Coca-Cola's sponsorship. This is especiallyprevalent at the high school level, which is more dependent on such contracts due to tighter budgets.Coca-Cola was one of the official sponsors of the 1996 Cricket World Cup held on the Indian subcontinent. CocaCola is also one of the associate sponsor of Delhi Daredevils in Indian Premier League.In England, Coca-Cola is the main sponsor of The Football League, a name given to the three professional divisionsbelow the Premier League in football (soccer). It is also responsible for the renaming of these divisions  — until theadvent of Coca-Cola sponsorship, they were referred to as Divisions One, Two and Three. Since 2004, the divisionshave been known as The Championship (equiv. of Division 1), League One (equiv. of Div. 2) and League 2 (equiv.of Division 3). This renaming has caused unrest amongst some fans, who see it as farcical that the third tier ofEnglish Football is now called "League One." In 2005, Coca-Cola launched a competition for the 72 clubs of thefootball league  — it was called "Win a Player". This allowed fans to place 1 vote per day for their beloved club,with 1 entry being chosen at random earning £250,000 for the club; this was repeated in 2006. The "Win A Player"competition was very controversial, as at the end of the 2 competitions, Leeds United AFC had the most votes bymore than double, yet they did not win any money to spend on a new player for the club. In 2007, the competitionchanged to "Buy a Player". This competition allowed fans to buy a bottle of Coca-Cola Zero or Coca-Cola andsubmit the code on the wrapper on the Coca-Cola website {www.coca-colafootball.co.uk}. This code could then earnanything from 50p to £100,000 for a club of their choice. This competition was favored over the old "Win A Player"competition, as it allowed all clubs to win some money.Introduced March 1, 2010, in Canada, to celebrate the 2010 Olympics, Coca Cola will sell gold colored cans in packsof 12 355 mL each, in select stores.[78]

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In mass mediaCoca-Cola has been prominently featured in countless films and television programs. It was a major plot element infilms such as One, Two, Three, The Coca-Cola Kid, and The Gods Must Be Crazy. It provides a setting for comicalcorporate shenanigans in the novel Syrup by Maxx Barry. And in music, in the Beatles' song, "Come Together", thelyrics said, "He shoot Coca-Cola, he say...".

Health effectsSince studies indicate "soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in [the] American diet",[79] mostnutritionists advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly toyoung children whose soft drink consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet. Studies haveshown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of calcium, magnesium, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, and vitaminA.[80] The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of caffeine, which can cause physical dependence.[81] A linkhas been shown between long-term regular cola intake and osteoporosis in older women (but not men).[82] This wasthought to be due to the presence of phosphoric acid, and the risk was found to be same for caffeinated andnoncaffeinated colas, as well as the same for diet and sugared colas.A common criticism of Coke based on its allegedly toxic acidity levels has been found to be baseless by researchers;lawsuits based on these notions have been dismissed by several American courts for this reason. Although numerouscourt cases have been filed against The Coca-Cola Company since the 1920s, alleging that the acidity of the drink isdangerous, no evidence corroborating this claim has been found. Under normal conditions, scientific evidenceindicates Coca-Cola's acidity causes no immediate harm.[83]

Since 1980 in the U.S., Coke has been made with high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as an ingredient. Originally itwas used in combination with more expensive cane-sugar, but by late 1984 the formulation was sweetened entirelywith HFCS. Some nutritionists caution against consumption of HFCS because it may aggravate obesity and type-2diabetes more than cane sugar.[84] Also, a 2009 study found that almost half of tested samples of commercial HFCScontained mercury, a toxic substance.[85]

In India, there is a major controversy whether there are pesticides and other harmful chemicals in bottled products,including Coca-Cola. In 2003 the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a non-governmental organization inNew Delhi, said aerated waters produced by soft drinks manufacturers in India, including multinational giantsPepsiCo and Coca-Cola, contained toxins including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyrifos  — pesticides that cancontribute to cancer and a breakdown of the immune system. CSE found that the Indian produced Pepsi's soft drinkproducts had 36 times the level of pesticide residues permitted under European Union regulations; Coca-Cola's softdrink was found to have 30 times the permitted amount. CSE said it had tested the same products sold in the U.S.and found no such residues.[86] After the pesticide allegations were made in 2003, Coca-Cola sales in India declinedby 15 percent. In 2004 an Indian parliamentary committee backed up CSE's findings and a government-appointedcommittee was tasked with developing the world's first pesticide standards for soft drinks. The Coca-Cola Companyhas responded that its plants filter water to remove potential contaminants and that its products are tested forpesticides and must meet minimum health standards before they are distributed.[87] In the Indian state of Kerala saleand production of Coca-Cola, along with other soft drinks, was initially banned after the allegations, until the HighCourt in Kerala overturned ruled that only the federal government can ban food products. Coca-Cola has also beenaccused of excessive water usage in India.[88]

The 2008 Ig Nobel Prize (a parody of the Nobel Prizes) in Chemistry was awarded to Sheree Umpierre, Joseph Hill,and Deborah Anderson, for discovering that Coca-Cola is an effective spermicide,[89] and to C.Y. Hong, C.C. Shieh,P. Wu, and B.N. Chiang for proving it is not.[90] [91]

Coca-Cola 16

CriticismCoca-Cola has been criticized for alleged adverse health effects, its aggressive marketing to children, exploitativelabor practices, high levels of pesticides in its products, building plants in Nazi Germany which employed slavelabor, environmental destruction, monopolistic business practices, and hiring paramilitary units to murder tradeunion leaders. In October 2009, in an effort to improve their image, Coca-Cola partnered with the AmericanAcademy of Family Physicians, providing a $500,000 grant to help promote healthy-lifestyle education; thepartnership spawned sharp criticism of both Coca-Cola and the AAFP by physicians and nutritionists.[92]

Use as political and corporate symbol

Coca-Cola advertising in High Atlas mountainsof Morocco

Coke dispenser flown aboard the Space Shuttle in1996 (US)

The Coca-Cola drink has a high degree of identification with theUnited States, being considered by some an "American Brand" or as anitem representing America.The identification with the spread of American culture has led to thepun "Coca-Colanization".[62] [93]

The drink is also often a metonym for the Coca-Cola Company.There are some consumer boycotts of Coca-Cola in Arab countries dueto Coke's early investment in Israel during the Arab League boycott ofIsrael (its competitor Pepsi stayed out of Israel).[94]

Mecca Cola and Pepsi have been successful alternatives in the MiddleEast.

A Coca-Cola fountain dispenser (officially a Fluids GenericBioprocessing Apparatus-2 or FGBA-2) was developed for use on theSpace Shuttle as a test bed to determine if carbonated beverages can beproduced from separately stored carbon dioxide, water and flavoredsyrups and determine if the resulting fluids can be made available forconsumption without bubble nucleation and resulting foam formation.

The unit flew in 1996 aboard STS-77 and held 1.65 liters each ofCoca-Cola and Diet Coke.[95]

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2006. Archived (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5QDrj7tMe) 10 July 2007 at WebCite[87] Coca-Cola website (2006). "The Coca-Cola Company addresses allegations made about our business in India" (http:/ / www. coca-colaindia.

com/ faqs/ myths-facts. asp). Retrieved June 12, 2006. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ 20051210084839/ http:/ / www. coca-colaindia.com/ faqs/ myths-facts. asp) December 10, 2005 at the Wayback Machine

[88] "Coca-Cola and Water – An Unsustainable Relationship" (http:/ / www. commondreams. org/ views06/ 0307-30. htm). Commondreams.org.2006-03-07. . Retrieved 2011-03-13.

[89] Umpierre, Sheree; Hill, Joseph; Anderson, Deborah (November 21, 1985). "Correspondence: Effect of 'Coke' on sperm motility" (http:/ /content. nejm. org/ cgi/ content/ citation/ 313/ 21/ 1351). NEJM (Massachusetts Medical Society) 313 (21): p. 1351. . Retrieved 2008-10-03.

[90] Hong, C.Y.; Shieh, C.C.; Wu, P.; Chiang, B.N. (September 1987). "The spermicidal potency of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola." (http:/ / www.ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 3679247). Human Toxicology (Macmillan Publishers, Scientific and Medical Division) 6 (5): pp. 395–6.doi:10.1177/096032718700600508. . Retrieved 2008-10-03.

[91] Mikkelson, Barbara (March 16, 2007). "Killer Sperm: Coca-Cola Spermicide" (http:/ / www. snopes. com/ cokelore/ sperm. asp). . Retrieved2008-10-03.

[92] "Health Care Renewal: Paging (and Paying) "Dr Coca-Cola"" (http:/ / hcrenewal. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 11/ paging-and-paying-dr-coca-cola.html). Hcrenewal.blogspot.com. 2009-11-09. . Retrieved 2011-03-13.

[93] "Word Spy  — Coca-Colanization" (http:/ / www. wordspy. com/ words/ Coca-Colanization. asp). . Retrieved 2007-01-03.[94] "Boycott Israel Campaign page on Coca-Cola" (http:/ / www. inminds. co. uk/ boycott-coca-cola. html). . Retrieved 2007-08-03.[95] National Aeronautics and Space Administration (http:/ / www. jsc. nasa. gov/ history/ shuttle_pk/ pk/ Flight_077_STS-077_Press_Kit. pdf)

accessdate 2009-06-13

Coca-Cola 20

External links• CocaCola.com (http:/ / www. cocacola. com/ ) Coca-Cola website• Coke.mobi (http:/ / coke. mobi/ ) Coca-Cola mobile website• Kinescope of a live 1954 TV commercial for Coca-Cola (Internet Archive) (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/

Coke_Commercial)• Coca-Cola Advertising History (http:/ / jipemania. com/ coke)• Coca-Cola: Refreshing Memories (http:/ / www. life. com/ gallery/ 60951/ coca-cola-refreshing-memories#index/

0) — slideshow by Life magazine• theContourBottle.com (http:/ / www. thecontourbottle. com/ ) Website dedicated to Earl R. Dean, the designer of

Coca-Cola's contour bottle.• China Advisory: Avoiding the Wax Tadpole – Effective Chinese Language Trademark Strategy (http:/ / www.

troutmansanders. com/ 11-19-2008/ ) Chinese language trademark for Coca-Cola

Article Sources and Contributors 21

Article Sources and ContributorsCoca-Cola  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=454636583  Contributors: "Jerk, Beefy!", (Didie), ***** ****, *drew, 0, 041744, 1001001, 12 Noon, 142.177.93.xxx, 1652186, 21655, 24 biggest fan, 24.93.53.xxx, 2chase2, 2rbl, 3nih, AAA!, ABF, ABoerma, AEMoreira042281, AJ SANDERS, AL3X TH3 GR8, ATER1, Aaron Brenneman, Aaron Schulz, AaronPaige, Aaronproot, Aazn, Abacussavage, Abigail-II, Abrech, AbsolutDan, Academic Challenger, Acalamari, Accurizer, Acdx, Aceholiday, Acroterion, Adabow, Adam gardener, Adambro, Adamseeley, Adamtw, Adaptive Manipulator, Adashiel, Addihockey10, Addshore, Adhall, Aecis, Afluent Rider, Afroamerikan, Agateller, Agent Smith, Ahen1020, Ahoerstemeier, Ahuxley, Aik Hui, Aillema, AirdishStraus, Aitias, Ajaxkroon, Ajmint, Akaalias, Akamad, Aksi great, Alan Liefting, Alane09, Alansohn, Alantrotter, Alasdair, Alex43223, Alexdarmos2, AlexiusHoratius, Alfio, Alice Mudgarden, Alison, All Poofed Up, Alloy, Allstarecho, Altenmann, AlwaysOnion, Alwaysxbox, Alx 91, Amaraiel, Ambuj.Saxena, Amitch, AmpCoder, Ams80, Amysvoice, Anacrusis, Anastrophe, Anchoress, Andkore, Andonic, AndreasJS, Andres, Andretitus, Andrew Levine, Andrew c, Andrewferrier, Andrewpmk, Andrewrhchen, Andy, Andy Christ, Andy M. Wang, Andymarczak, Andypandy.UK, Angel2001, Angela, Angrynight, Animum, Ankhet, Ann Stouter, Anna Frodesiak, Anonymous Dissident, Antandrus, Anthony, Anthonyd3ca, Antonio Lopez, AntonioMartin, Antonrojo, Anurag online, Approx01, Arad, Architeuthis, Arcidius, Ardric47, Areaseven, Aridsun, ArielGold, Aristotle, Arjun01, Arnemann, Arnesh, Arny, Artacus, Asdf123zxc, Asocall, Asskikr1001, Asterion, Astronaut food, Astrotrain, Atama, Atlant, Atomius, Atomsprengja, Autiger, AutoFire, AutoPork, Autodidactyl, Autopilot, Avastluckyman, Avenged Eightfold, Aye Carumba Fajita Pizza, Aytrus, B Touch, B-don20, B0at, B0sh, B6utle5r, BD2412, BREAD'N'BUTTER19564560981456790134650194, BTLizard, BW, BabuBhatt, Badgernet, Bai brother, Baloon8u, Bamababybutter, Banality, Bantosh, Barista, Baron Talleyrand, Baronnet, Barrel Roll, Barrettmagic, Barretto24, Bart133, Basawala, Baseball Bugs, Basketball31, Batboy611, Batmanheartadamwest, Bawolff, Bbrodie, Bcorr, Bdell555, Beam er, Beano, Bednar365, BenFrantzDale, Benanna, Bender235, Benyl, Betacommand, Bettia, Beve, Bevo, Bggoldie, Bhound89, Big Bird, BigCow, Bigbluefish, Bihco, Billde, Billwhittaker, Billy Hathorn, Bingobangobongoboo, Biologydoctor786, BirdKr, Birdseed, Biso, Bjengles3, Bkonrad, Black Falcon, Blackangel25, Blackjack48, Blake The Third, Blakemo16, BlankVerse, Blchrist, Blehfu, Blenky119, Blopi, Blueboy96, Bluestriker, Bob bobato, BobKawanaka, Bobblewik, Bobbyjoe34, Bobet, Bobo12345, Bobo192, Bobsmith101, Bobz666, Bogdangiusca, Bogey97, Boisemedia, Bonadea, Bongwarrior, Borisborf, Bornintheguz, Boud, Bowersi, Bradeos Graphon, Brain, Brazilfan234, Breenius, Brendand, Bresolver, Brian machines, Brian1979, Bridies, Brim, Brismile, BrokenSegue, Brooker, Brucethemoose, Brunswickian, Brutalest, Bryan Derksen, Bryse, Brz7, Bsod2, Bubba hotep, Bucannon, Buddha24, Bull-Doser, Bumhug1000, Bur, Burntsauce, Burpelson AFB, Busybunni, Buttmonkey34, Bx228, C.Fred, C0lumbus, C477387, C6541, C777, CAIRNSY90, CALR, CD972, CFCF, CMBJ, CP2002, CQJ, CWY2190, Cactus.man, Cacycle, Cag1970, CahalanesDunmanway, Caknuck, CalculatinAvatar, Caldorwards4, Callum85, Calm, Caltas, Cam809, Camembert, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canihaveacookie, Caper13, CapitalQ, Capitalistroadster, Carabinieri, Carbuncle, Carcharoth, Carlroller, Cartoon Boy, Cartrain, Casito, Caspian, Causa sui, Cavenba, Cavie78, Cbm, Cbrown1023, Cburnett, Cdevon2, Centrx, Century0, Cerise, Cf al bs, Chabuk, Chaerani, Chairboy, Chamal N, Chameleon, ChandraMNicol, Charles Gaudette, Charlie Tango, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Cheatx, Cheesefee, Cheltenham, ChicXulub, ChickenMerengo, Choclatetastesgood, Chocolateboy, Chocolatenufi33, Chowbok, Chrgrfn2000, Chris 73, Chris j wood, Chrislk02, Chrystalballs, Chuva, Cindy747246, Clevelandguy, CliffC, Clintonman111, ClockworkLunch, ClockworkSoul, Closedmouth, Club Penguin Advisor, Clutters14, Cmh, Cobi, Cocacolainc, CodeWeasel, Coelacan, Coemgenus, Cokewww, ColdRicePudding, Coldacid, Colden46, Colenso, Colin Keigher, Colinsb182, Collectisama, Coltera, Cometstyles, Commander Zulu, Common Man, CommonsDelinker, Compy90, Comrade Tux, Comrade42, Connorbaron, Conti, Conversion script, Cool1234Man1234, Cool123Man123, Couilles is back, Coycan, Cp111, Cpl Syx, Cranston lamont, Crazysane, CrniBombarder!!!, CrossHouses, CryptoDerk, Cs-wolves, Csdorman, Cshay, Curps, Cwp2112, Cybercobra, CyborgTosser, CycloneGU, Cyfal, Cyktsui, CynicalMe, D, D prime, DHowell, DIETER, DJKingpin, DLoom, DMG413, DVD R W, Dadude3320, Daftpunkboy93, Dahveed323, Dale Arnett, Damian Yerrick, Dan D. 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Schmitt, Hephaestos, Heptor, Hermione1980, Hfastedge, HighFructose, Hilltoppers, Hippietrail, Historianism, Hmains, Hmoul, Hnolson, Hobbes3k, Hohohomerrychristmas, Holothurion, Home Suggestion, Hot & Cold, Howard the Duck, Howcheng, Howls52, Hu, HumanZoom, Hunter85014, HunterX, Huntster, Hurricane111, Hurricanefloyd, Husond, Hut 8.5, Hydrogen Iodide, I love the jags, IAm71.234.176.182AndHaveGottenAroundDragonflySixtyseven'sBlock, IRT.BMT.IND, Iain, Iammaggieryan, Iamunknown, Ian Moody, Ian Rose, Iandrona, Iantresman, Icairns, IceCreamAntisocial, Idespisemoderators, Idleguy, Igfi, Iheartjeffbradyandjimmy, Ikip, Iklikl, Ilikefood, Illuminattile, Iluvnuns, Imdaking, Independent Journalist, Indon, Indosauros, IndulgentReader, Infectbda, Inglis, Ino5hiro, Instinct, Inter, Internets, InvisibleK, Iridescent, IrishTraveller, Iritebs, Isfisk, Isotope23, It Is Me Here, Itub, IveDrunkBrew, Ixfd64, Izmaelt, Izwalito, J Di, J Scott Morrison, J.delanoy, J0hn, JDC808, JDPhD, JFKenn, JForget, JHCC, JHP, JHunterJ, JPCola, JRHorse, JRM, JSpung, Jablair51, Jacek Kendysz, Jackfat, Jackol, Jacksternfeild, Jak3m, Jakaploop, Jake Wasdin, James Somers, James32746, Jamk9, Janadore, Jaranda, Jasonid, Jatkins, Jay, JayJasper, Jaydec, Jayden54, Jaymo, Jayron32, Jbl1975, Jdub2255, Jeff G., Jeffklib, Jeffness, Jeffro77, Jel, Jemangeleschiens, Jennavecia, Jerem43, Jericho4.0, Jetijonez, Jetro, Jgera5, Jh1442, Jh51681, Jhm12345, Jihinotenshi, Jillski, Jimig, Jimp, Jirt, Jizef, Jizzbug, Jj98, Jkatzen, Jkonrath, Jmlk17, JoanneB, JoeBaldwin, Joelr31, Jofan, Joharri, John, John Bahrain, John Fader, John Reaves, John Vandenberg, John of Reading, John254, JohnBrimelow, JohnDoe0007, JohnOwens, Johnbrownsbody, Johnleemk, Johnnylundy, Jojhutton, Jojoquo, Jolomo, Jon Stockton, Jonrev, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joshdawall, Jossi, Joyous!, Jpk, Jrash, Jrtayloriv, Jsonitsac, Jtlang, JuWiki2, Juancarlos2004, JuliaHavey, Juliancolton, Jumbo Juice, Jumbojeepman, Juppiter, Justinc, Justswim77, Jvandyke, K1Bond007, KJK::Hyperion, KJS77, Kacker92, Kadaver1, Kaisershatner, Kaldari, Kanonkas, Karatorgai, Kareeser, Karppinen, Karyasuman, Kaveh, Kay.erickson, Kbrooks, Kc12286, Kchishol1970, Ke4roh, Keegan, Keilana, Kel-nage, Ken Watanabe, Kendrick7, Kennyisinvisible, Kenshinflyer, Kesac, Kevin, Kevin Baas, KevinTR, Kez709, Khan singh, Khatru2, Kickyandfun, Killdevil, Killer01hyun, Kilo-Lima, Kind87me, King Hildebrand, King of Hearts, KingTT, Kingdom Wealthy, Kink boots, Kinkyturnip, Kirils, Kirjtc2, Kisma, Kiyusoma, KnightLago, Knorrepoes, KnowledgeOfSelf, Knuckles sonic8, Koavf, Kollision, Konman72, Kopiaste098, Koshoes, Kothari.sagar, Krawi, Krm500, Kschwerdt514, Kswens, Kswiss94, Ktr101, Kukini, KungFuMonkey, Kungfuadam, Kungming2, Kuratowski's Ghost, Kurrupt3d, Kurt Shaped Box, Kuru, Kurykh, Kwekubo, Kyle xxx86xxx, Kylearsenault, Kyorosuke, KyraVixen, L33matthews, LAAFan, LOL, LOTRrules, Lahiru k, Lajsikonik, Lakers, Lampbane, LancerEvolution ;, Lantianer, Laopoqwe, Lapinmies, Larix, Larsinio, Laser813, Laspakis, Lathanliles, Latics, Laugher001, Laurenw919, Lausey, Law, Lazy8thgrader, Leafyplant, Leben4life, Lee Daniel Crocker, Lehi, Lemonsawdust, Leonard G., Leondegrance, Leopardjferry, Leuqarte, Levin2007, Liastnir, Liberlogos, Liftarn, Lightdarkness, Lightmouse, Lights, Ligulem, LilMane, Limetolime, LindsayH, LinkManDX, Lisatwo, Livajo, Lockeownzj00, Loft, LooieENG, Looper5920, Lord Hawk, Lord Voldemort, LordBleen, LordRatero, Loren, Lrenh, Lucasb612, LuciferBlack, LuciferMorgan, Ludraman, Luftmensch, LuigiManiac, Luk, Luna Santin, Lunkwill, Lupe678, Lupin, Lupo, Luvr.b.o.y1, M0M3NTUM, M10bm2, M4RLO WIKI, MDH 15, MER-C, MFdeS, MONGO, Ma8thew, Mac, MacedonianBoy, Macondude, Madlobster, Magister Mathematicae, Maikel, Majorly, Makemeafriginhotdog, Makgraf, Makron1n, Malcolm Farmer, Male1979, Malerin, Malik Shabazz, Malo, Mandalore3399, Mandel, Manomanoman, Marcisimo, Marcus2, Mareklug, Margrett2, Mark, MarkGallagher, MarkS, MarkSutton, Markus Kuhn, MarnetteD, Marshman, Marskell, Martarius, Marx01, Marysunshine, Master Thief Garrett, Masterjamie, Matt Crypto, Matt Deres, Matt73, MattKingston, Matthew McVickar, MatthewTStone, Matty10209, Maurreen, Mav, Maxim, Maximaximax, Maximus Rex, Maya, Mayurvg, Mbc362, Mboverload, Mdumas43073, Medium dry vodka martini lemon peel shaken not stirred, Meegs, Meeples, Megafonico, Melaen, Melchoir, Meno25, Mercader, Mercy11, Merkboi901, Merovingian, Messy Thinking, MetaManFromTomorrow, Methnor, Metonic, Metzerly, Mhking, Mhocker, Mhoffmeyer, Mhs5392, Micahmn, Michael Greiner, Michael Hardy, Michael Ward, Michael Zimmermann, MichaelBillington, Michaelgy, Michaelisgay, MickWest, Mighty volcano, Mike13409, MikeNCaroline1, Mikieminnow, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mimzy1990, Minesweeper, Mini-Geek, Miquonranger03, Miranda, Mister Alcohol, MisterHand, Mjpieters, Mjroots, Mlouns, Mm40, Mmh1313, Mo0, Modemac, MoeGirl4455, Moeron, Moleman2000, Momma's Little Helper, Montana's Defender, Montrealais, Moocowman12, Moocreature, Moogle001, Moonraker, Moritz, Moron08, Mortus Est, Moscvitch, MosheA, Mostlyharmless, Mpp15, Mr Adequate, Mr. Billion, Mr. Yooper, Mr.man75, MrFish, MrJones, Mrbradford, Mrdehate, Mrmiscellanious, Mrsandrea, Mrschimpf, Mrzaius, Msikma, Muenda, Munkymaze, Muntuwandi, Muse bedri, Musicpvm, Mx3, My100cans, Mycroft7, Myk60640, MykReeve, Mysterious Spy, N shaji, NFAN3, Nahtanoj.17, Nakon, Nard the Bard, Natalie Erin, Natl1, NawlinWiki, Ncmvocalist, Necropedophile, Necrophiliac, Needlenose, Neep, Nehwyn, Neillty, Nengli02, Neonazitanks, NerdyScienceDude, Neurolysis, NewEnglandYankee, Newone, Nfvs, Nhgaudreau, Nibuod, NicDumZ, Nick, Nick C, Nick Levine, Nick onelove, Nickotron3, Nickptar, Night Tracks, Nightkey, Nightscream, Nilfanion, Nilmerg, Nimboullah, Nino Barbieri, Nintendere, Nippymippy, Niteowlneils, Nivix, NjtoTX, Nk, Nmarritz, No1StarWarsfan, NoahElhardt, Noahs ark, Noahudlis, Nomi887, NorthernThunder, Notinasnaid, Nricardo, Nunneria, Nv8200p, Nwa757, Nyenyec, Nyttend, OMGsplosion, Obli, Occono, Oda Mari, Oguz1, OhanaUnited, Oilpanhands, Oknazevad, Olivier, Omicronpersei8, Onco p53, Onorem, Onslaught 789, Oolong224hi, Oompah Loompah, Opaquit, Opelio, Oroso, Orthologist, Oscarthecat, Oskar Sigvardsson, Ospalh, Oswald07, OverSS, OwenX, Oxymoron83, P The D, PAK Man, PHDrillSergeant, PHDsmartypants00, PJBEAR13, PSzalapski, Pabstboy, Palimpeste, Panchhee, Panthri, Pantone288u, Paroxysm, Party, Passmore 313, Patey1354, Patriarch, Patstuart, Paul D. Anderson, Pazzer, Pbroks13, Pdfski, Pengo, Peppery9, Pepsidrinker14, Pernelldh, Peter Fleet, Pgk, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Phil Boswell, Phil Dobson, Phil Sandifer, PhilHibbs, Philbert2.71828, Phileas, Philip Cross, PhilipMW, Philthecow, Philwelch, Phoebex, PhotoBox, Pi, Piano non troppo, Pigman,

Article Sources and Contributors 22

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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Coca-Cola logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coca-Cola_logo.svg  License: Trademarked  Contributors: -File:World-of-coca-cola.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:World-of-coca-cola.jpg  License: Trademarked  Contributors: -File:- Coca-Cola - Old bottle opener -.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:-_Coca-Cola_-_Old_bottle_opener_-.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike2.5  Contributors: User:Nino BarbieriFile:19th century Coca-Cola coupon.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:19th_century_Coca-Cola_coupon.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:w:Coca-ColaCoca-ColaFile:Coca Cola ad ca. 1943 IMG 3744.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coca_Cola_ad_ca._1943_IMG_3744.JPG  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Billy HathornFile:Coca-Cola advertisement in Colorado City, TX IMG 4538.JPG  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coca-Cola_advertisement_in_Colorado_City,_TX_IMG_4538.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: BillyHathornFile:newcoke.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Newcoke.jpg  License: Fair use  Contributors: Cohesion, Cprompt, Daniel Case, Editor182, Good Olfactory,IronGargoyle, Johnleemk, Lydia Pryon, Ricky81682, Rossrs, Stan Shebs, Yamamoto Ichiro, 2 anonymous editsFile:Coca-Cola 24 Can Pack.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coca-Cola_24_Can_Pack.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: -File:Coca cola Bottle.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coca_cola_Bottle.png  License: Fair Use  Contributors: -File:Caffine Free Coke can.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Caffine_Free_Coke_can.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Jetijonez (talk)File:Cola Cherry can.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cola_Cherry_can.jpg  License: Fair Use  Contributors: -File:New pepsi can.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:New_pepsi_can.jpg  License: Fair Use  Contributors: -File:L cola.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:L_cola.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Jetijonez (talk)File:Vanilla cola can.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vanilla_cola_can.png  License: Fair Use  Contributors: -File:Lime cola can.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lime_cola_can.png  License: Fair Use  Contributors: -File:Raspberry Cola can.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Raspberry_Cola_can.jpg  License: Fair Use  Contributors: -File:Black cherry coke can.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Black_cherry_coke_can.png  License: Fair Use  Contributors: -File:Coke Blak bottle.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coke_Blak_bottle.png  License: Fair Use  Contributors: -File:Citra Coca Cola.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citra_Coca_Cola.png  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:Coke Orange bottle.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coke_Orange_bottle.png  License: Fair Use  Contributors: -File:Elmira Coca-Cola Detail.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Elmira_Coca-Cola_Detail.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:LvklockFile:ContourBottleConceptSketch.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ContourBottleConceptSketch.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Earl R. DeanFile:1915 contour Coca-Cola contour bottle prototype.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1915_contour_Coca-Cola_contour_bottle_prototype.png  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: -File:Coca Cola liter bottle label.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coca_Cola_liter_bottle_label.svg  License: Fair Use  Contributors: -File:Coca Cola 200ml Chinese stubby.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coca_Cola_200ml_Chinese_stubby.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnnaFrodesiak (talk)File:Cocacola-5cents-1900 edit1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cocacola-5cents-1900_edit1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Artist not credited.derivative work (restoration): Victorrocha (talk) Cocacola-5cents-1900.jpg: ''

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 23

File:Cabo Verde Fogo CokeBooth.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cabo_Verde_Fogo_CokeBooth.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: TraceyRFile:Cokelahore.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cokelahore.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: MonashFile:Ft Dodge ghost sign.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ft_Dodge_ghost_sign.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: BillWhittaker (talk)File:Weihnachtstruck.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Weihnachtstruck.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Hans-Jürgen Räth AkrisiosFile:Coca-Cola Morocco.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coca-Cola_Morocco.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: -File:NASA FGBA.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NASA_FGBA.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: RadioFan (talk).Original uploader was RadioFan at en.wikipedia

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