Coatings for toys Transport - Springer LINK

GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS 831

Coatings for toys Under a proposed new EEC directive [122], apart from physical, mechan­ical and flammability constraints, toys will be subject to control of their chemical composition by limiting the bioavailability of a range of heavy metals (on a daily intake basis). The numerical relationship between the acceptable daily intake and the corresponding concentration of the rele­vant components in the coating, is currently under discussion as a topic for a revision of European Standard EN 7l. This will have a knock-on effect on European national legislation once it achieves an adoptable form.

Transport There are separate international recommendations for the transport of dangerous goods multimodally, by sea, by air, by road and by rail. These continue to be developed but there is evidence of increasing harmonisa­tion with UN recommendations [65]. Mostyn has compiled a series of guides [123], bringing together the various route requirements for the main UN classes of dangerous goods.

Light gauge metal packaging, made of steel or tin plate (thickness less than 0.5 mm) is extensively used in the conveyance of printing inks. From 1989 such packaging will be subject to regulations for sea, air, and international road/rail transport and will be required to pass performance tests and bear an official mark as evidence of compliance 1124].

GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACGIH

ACOIN ACTS ADR

CEFIC

CEPE

CIA CIMAH COSHH CPL

ECETOC

ECOIN EINECS EPA FDA

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Australian Core Inventory Advisory Committee on Toxic Substances (to HSE) Accord europeen relatif au transport international des merchandises Dangereuses par Route European Council of Chemical Manufacturers' Federations European Committee of Paint, Printing Ink and Artist's Colour Manufacturers Associations Chemical Industries Association Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (proposals) Classification, Packaging and Labelling of dangerous sub­stances regulations (SI 1984, No. 1244, as amended) European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre European Core Inventory European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances (US) Environmental Protection Agency (US) Federal Drug Administration

832

HASAWA HAZCHEM

HMIS HSC HSE HSW IMDG IMO lATA MSDS NAPIM NFPA NIOSH

NPCA OEL OSHA

OTS PIAC PMA PRA RIDDOR

RTECS SBPIM SI TLV TREMCARD TSCA TWA

HEALTH, SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

See HSW (CIA voluntary scheme for vehicle marking - Dangerous goods) Hazardous Material Identification System Health and Safety Commission Health and Safety Executive Health and Safety at Work, etc Act 1974 International Maritime Dangerous Goods (code) International Maritime Organisation International Air Transport Association Material Safety Data Sheet (US) National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers (US) National Fire Protection Association (US) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (Dept of Health and Human Services) (US) National Paint and Coatings Association Occupational exposure limits (US) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Dept of Labour) (US) Office of Toxic Substances (EPA) Printing Industry Advisory Committee (to HSE) Paintmakers Association (of Great Britain) Paint Research Association (Teddington) Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occur­rences Regulations Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (NIOSH) Society of British Printing Ink Manufacturers Statutory instrument (UK) Threshold limit values (established by ACGIH) Transport Emergency Card (Trademark CEFIC) (US) Toxic Substances Control Act Time-weighted average (applied to OELs)

REFERENCES

1. Lord Robens. Safety and Health at Work: Report of the Committee 1970-1972. Command Publication 5034. HMSO, (July 1972). (ISBN 010 1503407)

2. Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act 1874: Chapter 37. (ISBN 010 543 774 3) 3. Health and Safety Commission. HSC 3: Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act

1974, Advice to employers, Reprinted 1985. (Free) 4. Health and Safety Commission. HSC 2: Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act

1974. The Act outlined. Reprinted 1985. (Free) 5, Control of Pollution Act 1974: Chapter 40, 6. Statutory Instrument 1980, No. 1709. Control of Pollution (Special Waste)

Regulations 1980. (ISBN 0 II 007 709 I) 7. Sale of Goods Act 1979: Chapter 54. 8. Statutory Instrument 1974, No. 1367, The Toys (Safety) Regulations 1974.

ISBN 0110413679. 9. Statutory Instrument 1974, No. 226, The Pencils and Graphic Instruments

REFERENCES 833

(Safety) Regulations 1974. (ISBN 0 II 040 226 X) 10. European Community. Directive 85/374/EEC: On the approximation of the

law, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States con­cerning liability for defective products. Official Journal of the fiuropean Com­munities L210, 29- 3 3. (07.08.85).

II. Department of Trade and Industry. Implementation of EC Directive on Product Liability. An Explanatory and Consultative Note. November 1985.

12. Consumer Protection Bill as amended in Committee (House of Lords 59). 1987. (ISBN 010 405 907 7)

13. Health and Safety Executive. Guidance Note EH 40187.' Occupational t'xposure Limits 1987. (ISBN 0 118839403) (1987).

14. European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre. Technical Report NO.4: The ToxicoloBY of Ethylene Glycol Monoalkyl Fthers and its Relevance to Man. (1982). Report No. 17. The ToxicoloBY of Glycol Fthers and ils relevance 10

Man: (an updating of ECETOC Technical Report No.4). (1985). IS. Health and Safety Executive. Toxicity Review No. 10: Glycol Flhers. (ISBN 0 II

883807 5) (1985). 16. Health and Safety Executive. Guidance Nole EH 44.' Dust in lhe Work Place:

General Principles of Protection. (ISBN 0 II 883 598 X) (1984). 17. Health and Safety Executive. MDHS 14: General methods for the gravi­

metric determination of respirable and total dust. (ISBN 071 760 1420) 18. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold

Limit Values and BioloBical Exposure Indices for 1986-87. (ISBN 0 936 712(94) ( 1986).

19. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist). Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values, 4th ed. (ISBN 0 936 712554) (1986).

20. Statutory Instrument 1983 No. 1649. The Asbestos (Licensing) Regulations. (ISBN 0 II 037 649 8) (1983).

21. Health and Safety Executive. Guidance Note EH 10: Asbestos - Control Umits. measurement of Airborne Dust Concentrations and the Assessmel1l of Control Measures (revised). (ISBN 0 II 883 596 3) (1984).

22. Commission of the European Communities. ConstructinB LINECS. Basic documents: European Core Inventory (ECOIN), vols I-IV. (ISBN 92 825 2454 X) (1981 ).

23. CommIssion of the European Communities. Construction EINECS. Basic Documents: Compendium o(Known Substances, vols I-Ill. (ISBN 92 825 245') 8) (1981 ).

24. Statutory Instrument 1982, No. 1496. The Notification of New Substances Regulations 1982. (ISBN 0 II 027 496 2)

25. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Booklet HS(R) 14. A Guide 10 the Notification of New Substances Regulations 1982. (ISBN 0 II 883 660 9) ( 1982).

26. Health and Safety Commission. Approved Code of Practice No. IO. Methods jLJr the Determination of Toxicity. (ISBN 0 II 883 657 9) (1982).

27. Health and Safety Commission. Approved Code of Practice No.9. Methods for the Determination of Physico-chemical Properties. (ISBN 0 II 883 655 2) (1982).

28. Health and Safety Commission. Approved Code of Praclice N,J. 8. Methods/or the Determination of Ecotoxicity. (ISBN 0 II 883 656 0) (1982).

29. Statutory Instrument 1980, No. 1248. The Control of Lead ilt Work Regula­tions 1980. (ISBN 0 I I 007 248 0)

30. Health and Safety Commission. Approved Code of Practice. Control of Lead al Work, 2nd edn. (ISBN 0 II 883 780 X) (1985).

31. Statutory Instrument 1983, No. 943. The Health and Safety (Emissions into the Atmosphere) Regulations 1983. (ISBN 0 II 036 943 2)

834 HEALTH, SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

32. Health and Safety Executive, Guidance Note EH28: Control of Lead: Air Sampling Techniques and Strategies. (ISBN 0 II 883 393 6) (1981).

33. Fire Precautions Act 1971. Chapter 40. (ISBN 10 544071 X) and Home Office: Guide to the Fire Precautions Act 1971: 2. Factories. (ISBN 011 340441) 1977.

34. Statutory Instrument 1976, No. 2003. Fire Certificates (Special Premises) Regulations 1976. (ISBN 0 II 062 003 8); and Statutory Instrument 1976, No. 2008. The Fire Precautions (Application for Certificate) Regulations 1976. (ISBN 0 II 062 008 9)

35. Home Office: Consultative Document: A Review of the Fire Precautions Act 1971 (ISBN 0 86 252194 7) (July 1985); Fire Safety and Safety of Places of Sport Bill, as amended in Committee Bill No. 107 (ISBN 010 310 7878) (1987).

36. Statutory Instrument 1972, No. 917. The Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulations 1972. (ISBN 011 020917 6)

37. Department of Employment. Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquefied Petroleum Gases: Guide to the Regulations 1973. (ISBN 0 11 360904 3) (1973).

38. Health and Safety Executive. Guidance Note CS 2: The Storage of Highly Flamm­able Liquids. (ISBN 0 11 883027 9) (Jan. 1977).

39. Health and Safety Executive, Guidance Note CS 17: Storage of Packaged Dan­gerous Substances. (ISBN 0 11 883526 2) (Jan. 1986).

40. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Booklet No. HS(G)4. Highly Flammable Liquids in the Paint Industry. (ISBN 0 11 883 219 0) (1978).

41. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Booklet No. HS(G)22. Electrical Apparatus for Use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres. (ISBN 0 1 I 883 746 X) (1984); Health and Safety Booklet No. HS(R) 15 rev. Administrative guidance on the European Community 'Explosive Atmospheres' Directive (76/117/ EEC and 79/196/EEC) and Related Directives, 2nd edn. (ISBN 0 II 8838806) ( 1987).

42. Health and Safety Commission. Consultative Document: Proposed Changes to Section 6 of the Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act 1974. (ISBN 0 7176 02257) (1984).

43. Statutory Instrument 1978, No. 209. Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances Regulations 1978. (ISBN 0 11 083209 4)

44. Statutory Instrument 1984, No. 1244. Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances Regulations 1984. (ISBN 0 II 047244 6)

45. Statutory Instrument 1986, No. 1922. Classification, Packaging and Label­ling of Dangerous Substances (Amendment) Regulations 1986. (ISBN 0 11 067922 9)

46. Health and Safety Commission: Authorised and Approved List: Information Approved for the Classification, Packaging and labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road. (ISBN 0 II 883 712 5) (1984).

47. Health and Safety Commission. Revision No.1 to the Approved List (Information Approved for the Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances). (ISBN 0 II 883888 I) (1986).

48. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Series Booklet HS(R)22. A Guide to the Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances Regulations 1984. (ISBN 0 II 883 794 X) (1985).

49. Health and Safety Commission. Approved Code of Practice: Classification and Labelling of Substances Dangerous for Supply and/or Conveyance by Road. (ISBN 0118837737) (1984).

50. Health and Safety Commission. Packaging of Dangerous Substances for Conveyace by Road. (rev. 1): Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances Regulations 1984 Approved Code of Practice. (ISBN 0 II 883 904 7) (1987).

REFERENCES 835

51. European Community. Proposal for a Council Directive: 85/C211 103 Official Journal of the European Commuities, 22 August 1985, pp. 3-15.

52. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Booklet HS(G)27. Substances for Use at Work: The Provision of Information (ISBN 0 II 883 844 X) (1985).

53. Health and Safety Commission, Printing Industry Advisory Committee. Chemicals in the Printing Industry: The Provision of Health and Safety Information by Manufacturers, Importers and Suppliers of Chemical Products to the Printing Industry. (ISBN 0 I I 883852 0) (1986).

54. For example: Health and Safety Executive. Guidance Note EH I 6: Isocyanates Toxic Hazards and Precautions. (ISBN 011 883 581 5); Guidance Note EH22. Ventilation of Buildings (ISBN 0 II 883 190 G) (1979).; Guidance Notel:H26. Occupational Skin Diseases (ISBN 0 II 833 374 X) (1981).

55. For example: Health and Safety Executive. Toxicity Review NO.2. Formaldehyde. (ISBN 0 II 883 452 5) (1981); Toxicity Review No. 14: Review of the Toxicity ofthc Esters of a-phthalic Acid (Phthalate Esters). (ISBN 0 II 883 8598) (1986).

56. Department of Transport. European agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road. ADR 1985 edn. (ISBN 0 II 55(7353) ( 1986).

57. Chemical Industries Association. CEFIC Tremcards, Reference edn (1979); CEFIC Tremcards, Reference edn Supplement (1982).

58. CEFIC. CEFIC Transport Emer:.qency Cards, Group Text. 1 st edn. (1980). 59, Chemical Industries Association, Tremcard numbers and ADR Appendix B5, A

Guide to Selecting CEFIC Tremcards, 60. Statutory Instrument 1981. No, 1059. The Dangerous Substances (Con­

veyance by Road Tankers and Tank Containers) Regulatiom 1981. (ISBN (110170598)

61. Statutory Instrument 1984, No. 1244. The Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances Regs 1984, (ISBN 0 I 1 047244 6)

62. Statutory Instrument 1978, No, 209. The Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances Regulations 1978, (ISBN 0110832(94)

63, Statutory Instrument 1986, No, 1951, The Road Traffic (Carriage of Danger­ous Substances in Packages etc) Regulations 1986. (ISBN 0 I I 067 951 2); Health and Safety Commission. Approved Code of Pracllcc. Operational Provi­sions of the Road Traffic (Conveyance of Dangerous Substances in Pa(kagcs, etc) Regulations 1986. (ISBN 0 I I 883 898 9) (1987), Health and Safety Executive: llealth and Safety Booklet HS( R)24.· A Guide to the Road Traffic (Dangerous Substances in Packages, etc.) Regulations 1<)86 (ISBN 0 I I 883899 7). (1987).

64, Health and Safety Commission. Consultative Documel1l: Proposals J(lT Dangerous Substances (Conveyance by Road in Packages etc) Regulations 198~ (ISBN 071 760181 I) (1984),

65. United Nation,. Transport of Dangerous Goods: RC(OmJ11C1ldatll'J1S of the COI11-mittel' of Experts 011 the Transport o(Dangerous Goods, 4th rn. cdn. (ISBN 921 139022 2) (1984).

66. International Maritime Organisation. International Maritime Goods Code; Medical First Aid Guide for Use in Accidents Involving Dangerous Goods (1985); Emergency Procedures for Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods. (1985).

67, International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods RequlatioJ1S, 28th cdn. (ISBN 92 9035 072 5) (1987).

68. Health and Safety Commission, Consultative DocumCllI. COl1trol ,If Substances Hazardous 10 Health. Draft Regulations and Draft Approved (,,,it's of Practit'e. (ISBN 0 7176 0215 X) (1984).

69. EEC Council Directive: 80/1107/EEC: On the Protectioll of Workers from

836 HEALTH, SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

the Risk Related to Exposure to Chemical. Physical and Biological Agents at Work.

70. EEC Council Proposal: 86/C 164/04: On the Protection of Workers from the Risks Related to Exposure to Chemical. Physical and Biological Agents at Work (COM(86) 296 final).

71. Statutory Instrument 1984, No. 1902. The Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazard Regulations 1984. (ISBN 0 II 047 902 5)

72. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Series Booklet No. HS(R) 21: A Guide to the Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1984. (ISBN o 11 8837672) (1985).

73. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Booklet No. HS(G)25: The Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1984. (CIMAH): Further Guidance on Emergency Plans. (ISBN 0 II 883831 8) (1985).

74. Statutory Instrument 1982, No. 1357. Notification of Installations Handling Hazardous Substances Regulations 1982. (ISBN 0 II 027 357 5)

75. Health and Safety Commission. Consultative Document: Dangerous Substances (Notification and Marking of Sites) Regulations and Guidance Note. (ISBN 0 11 883486 X) (1985).

76. Chemical Industries Association. Hazard Identification. A Voluntary Scheme for the Marking of Tank Vehicles Carrying Dangerous Substances by Road and Rail, Rev. edn. (1976); Chemical Industries Association. Hazchem Codings, 2nd edn. (1978).

77. Statutory Instrument 1981, No. 917. The Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981. (ISBN 011 016917 4).

78. Statutory Instrument 1985, No. 2023. The Reporting of Injuries Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1985. (ISBN 0 11 058023 0)

79. Health and Safety Executive, Health and Safety series booklet, HS(R)23: A Guide to the Reporting of Injuries and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1985 (RIDDOR). (ISBN 011883858 X) (1986).

80. Health and Safety Executive. HSE 11 (Rev): Reporting an Injury or a Dangerous Occurrence. (1986). (Free)_

81. Health and Safety Executive. HSE 17: Reporting a Case of Disease. (1986). (Free)

82. Department of Employment. Code of Practice: Reducing the Exposure of Employed Persons to Noise. (ISBN 0 II 880340 9) (1972).

83. EEC Council Directive: 86/l18/EEC: On the Protection of Workers from the Risks Related to Exposure to Noise at Work 1986.

84. British Standards Institution. Draft for Development: DD 80. Laboratory Fume Cupboards: Part 1 1982 Safety Requirements and Performance Testing; Part 2 1982 Recommendations for Information to be Exchanged between Purchaser, Vendor and Installer and Recommendations for Installation; Part 3 1982 Re­commendations for Selection, Use and Maintenance.

85. Statutory Instrument 1977, No. 500. The Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations. (ISBN 011 070500 9)

86. Health and Safety Commission. Safety Representatives and Safety Committees. (ISBN 0 II 8803352) (1977)

87. Health and Safety Commission. HSC 9: Time Off for the Training of Safety Representatives. (1978). (Free)

88. Health and Safety Commission. HSC6 (revised): Writing a Safety Policy State­ment: Advice to employers. (1985). (Free)

89. Health and Safety Executive. Effective Policies for Health and Safety. A Review Drawn from Previous Work and Experience of the Accident Prevention Unit of HM Factory Inspectorate. (ISBN 0 11 883254 9) (1980).

90. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Policy Statement. (ISBN 0 11

REFERENCES 837

8838822) (1986). 91. Health and Safety Commission: Printing Industry Advisory Committee.

Health and Safety for Small Firms in the Printing Industry. (ISBN 0 II 8838512) ( 1986).

92. Society of British Printing Ink Manufacturers. Guide to Mataials and Sub· stances for Exclusion from Printing Inks and Varnishes. (February 1986).

93. Statutory Instrument 1980, No. 1838. The Emulsifiers and Stabilisers in Food Regulations 1980. (ISBN 0 II 007838 I)

94. Statutory Instrument 1980, No. 1831. The Antioxidants ill Food (Amend­ment) Regulations 1980. (ISBN 0 II 007831 4)

95. Statutory Instrument 1973, No. 1340. The Colouring Matter in Food Regulations 1973. (ISBN 01103134(2)

96. Statutory Instrument 1967. No. 1582. The Solvents in Food Regulations 1967.

97. Statutory Instrument 1978, No. 1927. The Materials and Articles in Contact with Food Regulations 1978. (ISBN 0 II 084927 2)

98. Editorial. American Ink Maker 58(9),21 (September 1980). 99. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Food and Drug Administration

(published annually). 100. Statutory Instrument 1974, No. 1367. The Toys (Safety) Regulations 1974.

(ISBN 0 II 041 3679) 101. Statutory Instrument 1974, No. 226. The Pencils and Graphic Instruments

(Safety) Regulations 1974. (ISBN 0 II 040 226 X) 102. Health and Safety Commission; Printing Industry Advisory Cummittl'l'.

Safety in the Use of Inks, Varnishes and Lacquers Cured bv U/tra-vi(llet Ugh!. (ISBN 0 II 883678 I) (1983).

103. O'NeilL Leonard A. Health and Safety, Environmental Pollution and the Pail1l Industry, 2nd edn. Paint Research Association, (1981).

104. O'Neill, Leonard A. Health and Safety, Ellvironmel1lal Polluti(l/1 and the Pail1l Industry, Supplement to the 2nd edn of 1981. Paint Research Association ( 1986).

105. O'Neill, Leonard A. Survey o(Hazards, Pollution and Legislation in Ihe Coatings Field. Paint Research Association (Quarterly Bulleton No. I May 1986. No.2 August 1986, NO.3 November 1986, No.4 February 1(87).

106. Toxic Substance Control Act 1976. 107. US Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Toxic Substances; Toxic

Substances Control Act (TSCA) Chemical Substances Inventory, vols 1- Y. (Jan uary 1986).

108. Department of Home Affairs and the Environment. Australian Core InVCl1lorv of Chemical Subslam'cs (ACOIN). Canberra (1984).

109. United Nations Environmental Program. I RPTC Dala Profile Series NO.4. Interional Register o( Potentially Toxic Chemicals Legal File, vob I & I!. (1983).

110. International Labour Office. Occupational Exposure Limits lor Airborne Toxic Substances, 2nd edn. (1980).

I II. US Department of Health and Human Services, National InstitUte lor Occupational Safety and Health. Registry 01 Toxic EficClS of Chemical Substances.

112. (Japanese) Ministry of Labour. Industrial Safety and Hygiene Law, 8 June 1972; Regulation for Prevention of Injury by Specified Chemical Substances, 30 September 1972; Regulation for Prevention of Injury by Specified Powders and Dusts 25 April 1979.

113. (Japanese) Ministry of Labour. Regulation lor Preventioll of Poisoning by Organic Solvents, 30 September 1972.

114. (Japanese) Ministry of International Trade and Industry. Chemical Sub-

838 HEALTH, SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

stances Inspection and Control Law, 16th October 1973. 115. Handbook of Existing and New Chemical Substances, 2nd edn. The Chemical

Daily Co., Tokyo (March 1987). 116. (US) 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910.1200 November 1985. 117. National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers. HMIS: Guidelines for a

Hazardous Materials Identification System for Raw Materials. (December 1984). 118. United Nations: Economic Commission for Europe. Regulations and Legisla­

tion on Food Additives and Chemicals for Food Packaging. ECEICHEMI54. (1984). 119. CEPE Criteria for Evaluation of Coatings in Direct Contact with Food A Summary of

Existing Legislation and Practice in Europe Coatings for Metal Substates. (1985). 120. Nederlandse Vereniging-Federatie voor Kunststoffen. Translation of the

fifth version of the draft packaging and food-utensils regulations (food laws). (1975).

121. Kunststoffe im Lebensmittelkverkehr. Carl Heymans Verlag (1984). 122. European Community: Proposal for a Council Directive on the Approxi­

mation of the laws of the member states concerning the safety of Toys COM(86) 541 final. Official Journal of the European Communities C282 pp. 4-13 (8 November 1986).

123. H. Mostyn Packaging. Dangerous Goods for Transport: General Guide; Guide to Class 3; Guide to Class 6.1; Guide to Class 6.2; Guide to Classes 8 and 9. Aurigny Ltd (1986).

124. PIRA Packaging Division: Light gauge metal packagings for the transport of dangerous goods. Summary report of project 52/SP/28. PK/DEID23. March 1987. (A full report was issued at the same time under the reference PKIDEI 024).

Index

Illustrations are indicated by rderence to a Figure in brackeh. The word bis following a page reference indicates two separate rderences to the

subject on that page. The word passim means that the references arc scattered throughout the pages indicated.

Page numbers in bold indicate that more than a few lines arc devoted to the subject in the text.

Proprietary products are indicated by the symbol * immediately following a name. The absence of such a symbol, however, docs not mean that proprietary rights may not exist in a particular name.

a-k fit test 695 Abbe refractometer 716 (Fig. 14.7) Abel apparatus 721, 722 (Fig. 14.13) Abietic acid 193 Abrasion resistance

of printed metal containers 749-51

of prints 8, 741 Abrasiveness, of gravure inks 739 Abridged spectrophotometers 91 Absorbency, of paper 65 Absorption drying 5 Aceto-acetarylamides III, 113

(Table 4.2) Acetone 234,242,376,391

flammability limits 793 (Table 15.4)

Acetophenone derivatives, as photoinitiators 275,530-1 (Table 10.5)

Achromatic separation, 86-7,87 (Fig. 3.11)

in screen printing 507 Acid anhydrides 267,268-9

(Table 4.19) Acid dyes 172-4,710 Acid process, for refining linseed oil.

185

Acid resistance 709 Acid value

of resins 711-2 of varnishes 716

Acidity see pH Acids 267,268-9 (Table4.19) Acigrai* process 4') ACOIN (Australian Core Inventory)

817 Acrylates 218, 272 - 5 passim

difunctional, as diluellts 541,542 (Table 10.7)

on SBPIM exclusion list 825,826 skin irritation and sellsitisation

from 825 trifunctional, as diluent, 542-4

Acrylic acid 266 Acrylic coated polypropylene films

415,469-70 Acrylic monomers, odour of 264 Acrylic resins 216-8

in flexographic inks 453,464,578 in fluorescent inks 425 in gravure inks 387,408,415 in jet inks 569 in litho inks 331 in metallic inks 423 in overprint varnishes 406-7

840

in screen inks 488, 503 in water based inks 458 reaction with polyamides 210 styrenated 422

Activated charcoal 43 Adams and Nickerson's equation 97 Additive primaries 78-9,80

(Fig. 3.5) Adhesive lamination 394-5,395

(Fig. 7.7),472 testing of prints for 746-7

Adhesion of flexographic inks 446 of screen inks 486-7,511

Adhesive nature of inks 6-7 Adhesive tape test 446 Adhesive tapes, inks for 470 Adhesives, laminating 394-5 Adsorption chromatography 762 Agglomerates, in pigments 594 Aggregates, in pigments 594 Aggregation, of pigment particles 85 Alcohol, in fountain solutions 22 Alcohols, as solvents 231-2,238-9

(Table 4.16), 376 Aldehyde resins 388 Alkali and Works Regulations 1906,

783 Alkali Blue G. 146-7 Alkali refining, of linseed oil 185 Alkali resistance 169

testing for 708-9 Alkalinity, of paper 65 Alkalis, usc in inks 265-7,266

(Table 4.18) in letterpress inks 286

Alkanolamines, as chelating agents 261

Alkyd ratio 332 Alkyd resins 186,202-5,291, 330-3

passim, 349 in litho inks 319, 320 in metal decorating inks 588 in screen inks 490,493,500,505 modified 188, 189

Alumina extender 384 Alumina hydrate 160 Aluminium chclates 342 Aluminium foil see Foil Aluminium linings 345 Aluminium pigments 161-2

in gravure inks 385,424 in rub-removable inks 509

Aluminium silicate 159

American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists 172

American Newspaper Publishers Association 305

INDEX

American Society for Testing Materials, standards 191

Amines, use in photoinitiator systems 275,529,533,535

Amino resins (see also Melamine­formaldehyde resins; Urea­formaldehyde resins) 50 I

identification of 754 Amphoteric surfactants 264 Amyl salicylate, as reodorant 265 Analysis of inks 751-79 Anatase titanium dioxide 157 Aniline black 180 Aniline point 723 Aniline printing 435 Anilox inking 364 Anilox proofers 439,443,739,740

(Fig. 14.19) Anilox rollers 44,436

ceramic 479 in drawdowns 102

Anionic surfactants 263 ANLab equation 97 Anodising, of aluminium based

plates 26 ANPA (American Newspaper

Publishers Association) 305 Anthraquinone scarlet 138 Anthraquinonoid blue 148 Antifoam, anti-foaming agents see

Dcfoaming agents Anti-glare varnishes 577 Anti-mist additives 161,294,304,

326 Antioxidants 261,294

in gravure inks 393 in litho inks 340- I, 359

Anti-pinhole agents, in gravure inks 393

Anti-setoff powders alternatives to 341, 365 avoidance of excess 67,341 calcium carbonate used as 158 cause of reduced gloss 361 polytetrafluoroethylene used

as 251 starches used as 199 used in carton printing 347, 348 used in printing impervious

substrates 349

INDEX

uscd with lettcrprl'~s ink~ 285 bis 302

uscd with litho inks 356 Anti-scttle agents 161 Apparcnt viscosity 669,674,675

(Fig. 13.9) Applicator bars, for liquid inks

testing 729, 730 (Fig. 14.15) Aromatic content, 01 solvents 72 I,

723 Aromatic hydrocarboJh 229- 31 Artificial daylight, for colour

matching 814 Arylide yellows, I I 1-2, I I I

(Table 4.1) Asbestos dust, regulations lor 788 Asphalts 198, 199,351 Asphaltum solution 294, 304 ASTM (American Socil't y for Testing

Materials) standards 19 I Atomic absorption spel'lroscopy 726,

772-774 Attritor mills 634 Auraminl' 175 Australian Core Inventory

(ACOIN) 817 Authorised and Approved List

798-9,805 Autoclave inks 582 Automatic process control see Proccss

control Automation, in ink manufacture 367,

655-6 helped by dcvclopml'nt of granular

pigmcnt forms 366 in a gravure plant h60-664 ncws inks 645 programs for 60h weighing 651

Autoxidation process 261,316-8 Auxochromes 84 AZl'otropes 227 Azo Magenta G 137-8

Back-trapping (see also Trapping) 328,382,693

Bactericides, in gravure inks 376 Baking, to extend life 01 lithographic

pate~ 27 Ball and ring apparatus 713

Fig. 14.6) milb 377,611-2,644

guarding 01 815-6 Ballard skin techniqul', lor gravure

cylinder preparation 40 Banbury mixers 616 Bank note printing 60, 583-4 Barium sulphate, as 100';t" white

object 7(),9() Basic dyl'~ 174-7.71 ()

841

Bauml' scale, lor measuring strength of etch solution,> 41

Bead milb 367,377, hOO. 612, 633-43

guarding 01 816 Beer-Lambert Law 758, 774 Beeswax 255-6 Bl'iistein test lor halogl'1h 754.755 Bl'ntolle* 489 Bentollite 159 Bentonite clay~ 294 Bellz-a-pyrene 298 Ikl1Zidinl'~ I 16 Iknzil kl'tals, as pholOinitiators 275,

280, 528 Bl'llZil, as photoinitiatol 275 Benzimidazolone pigments

brown 154 orange 119 properties oj 170- I (Table 4.8) reds 134-137passim, 139

Benzoic acid 268 Benzoin, as photoinitiator 280 Benzoin l'ther~, as

photoinitiators 280,531 B l' n z() p hell () ne

as aid to reducing viscosity 544 as photoinitiator 275,278,528- 32

passim BHT (butyjated hydroxytoluenl')

261. 340 Bisphelloj A 219,538.755 Bituml'llS 198,199,351 Black-body radiation 71 Black pigml'llts (.1'('(' dls,' Carbon blacks),

154-6 in gravure inb 385 properties oj 167 (Table 4.6)

Black printer 79,86 Blade coated papl'ls \99,400 Blanc fixe 159,28') Blankets, lor litho printing 23,311.

312 (Fig. 6.3),313 cause of slur in litho printing 33

Blankl't-to-blankl't press 25 Bleach resist a nce +8 l )

Bleach technique, lor ,1ssessml'nt oj pigment strength 378.705

842

Bleeding of pigments 398 Blister packs 506 Block wax 254 Blocked catalyst systems 525 Blocked isocyanates 220 Blocking (see also Set -off)

causes of 478 fatty acid amides used to prevent

252 general means of prevention of

230,429 in foil printing 409,410,429 in screen printing 511 plasticisers used to prevent 245 testing for 429,745,746

(Fig. 14.24) waxes used to prevent 249

Bloom, on UV lacquers 275,551 Blowing compounds 580 Blown oils 186 Blue pigments 142-149

in gravure inks 384 in litho inks 330 properties of 166 (Table 4.5)

Blue Wool Scale 169,707 Blushing, in nitrocellulose based

flexographic inks 452 Boa 500 mill 638,641 (Fig. 12.28) Board, flexo printing of 47 Board marking inks 575 Body of litho inks 323 Bodying agents 161, 224 Bodying, of linseed oil 185 Boil-in-the-bag packaging 395,417,

470,747 Boiled oils 185 Boiling range, of solvents 721 BON red pigments 126-31 passim Book printing 308 Bordeaux red pigments 124 Boron trifluoride, as photoinitiator

536 Bottles, printing of 52,499- 502 Bridging agents 192, 292 Bridging solvents see Co-solvents British Resin Manufacturers

Association 192 British Society for Rheology 667 British Standards Institute

proposed method for calculating colour difference 98

specifications for bitumens 199 BS 188: 1977, determination of

viscosity 676,677

INDEX

BS 391: 1962, specification for tung oil 186

BS 458: 1977, specification for xylenes 228

BS 508: 1966, specification for n-butanol 232

BS 658: 1962, determination of distillation range 721

BS 684: Section 2.13: 1981, determination of iodine value 183

BS 805: 1977, specification for toluenes 228,230

BS 950: 1967, artificial daylight for colour matching 814

BS 1733: 1955 (withdrawn), flow cups 677

BS 2000: Part 34: 1983, flash point determination by Pensky-Martens

closed tester 722 BS 2663C: 1961, grey scale 708 BS 2782:Part 1: Method 123B: 1976,

ball and ring method 713 BS 3020: 1959, letterpress process

inks 129 BS 3110: 1959, methods for

measuring the rub resistance of print 287, 742

BS 3483: Part B6: 1982, determination of matter volatile at 105°C 704

BS 3483: Part B7: 1982, determination of oil absorption value 704

BS 3591: 1985, specification for methylated spirits 231

BS 3755: 1964, odour and taint testing 748

BS 4160: 1967, letterpress process inks 297

BS 4321: 1969, methods of test for printing inks 169,707,708,709 his, 741

BS 4666: 1971, litho process inks 95, 129,508

BS 4781: Part 1: 1973, specification for self-adhesive plastic labels 498

BS 6455: 1984, monitoring residual solvent levels in flexible packaging materials 770,771

Bronze blue 145-6 in gravure inks 384,397,410 use of driers with 260

INDEX

Bronze linings, 345 Bronze powers 162

in gravure inks 385,423-4 Brookfield viscometer 379, 717 Brown iron oxides 152- 3 Brown pigments 152-4 Brunner control strips 30 Bubble tubes, for viscosity

measurement 718 Bubbling

ingravure 371 in screen printing 486, 5 I I in UV cured films 536

Buhler mills, 627 (Fig. 12.20),638 his, 639 (Fig. 12.26),661 (Fig. 12.41) 663 (Fig. 12.43)

Bulk value, of pigments 169 Business cards 19 Butanol see n-butyl alcohol 2-butanone see Methyl ethyl ketone Butoxyethanol. exposure limits for

786 (Table 15. I) Butterfly mixers 606,607 (Fig. 12.9).

617 n-butyl acetate 244

exposure limits for 787 (Table 15.2)

n-butyl alcohol 232,238 exposure limits for 787

(Table 15.2) flamability limits 793(Table 15.4)

Butyl Carbitol* 241 Butyl Cellosolve* 241 Butyl Digol* 241 ButylOxitol* 241 Butyl ricinoleate 248 Butyl rubber, in stereos for

flexography 440 Butylaldoxime 261 Butylated hydroxyanisole 261 Butylated hydroxy toluene 261, 340

CAB (cellulose acetate butyrate) 224

Cadmium, usc in inks discontinued 430

Cadmium red 131 Cadmium yellow 116, 383 Calcium carbonate extenders 158,

289 in gravure inks 375,384 in paper coatings 340 in UV curing varnishes 551 exposure limits for. 788 (Table 15.3)

843

Calcium driers 259 Calcium perborate driers 341, 359 Calendered papers 399,402

for postage stamps 421 Canddilla wax 257 Canon bubble-jet 56, 57 (Fig. 2.33) CAP see Cellulose acetate propionate Capillary gas chromatography 766 Capillary viscometers 676 Caprolactam 209 Capsule foil 410 Carbazole violet 150- I Carbitol* 241 Carbon blacks 154- 5

in letterpress inks 290 in news inks 645-7 in UV inks 272 exposure limits for 788 (Table

15.3) Carbon paper inks

lanolin used in 257 nigrosine dyes used in 180 waxes used in 249,253,255,256

Carbon tissue 40 Carbonising inks see Carbon paper inks Carcinogens 175 Carmine FB 121 Carnauba wax 256,257 Carpet tiles 54, 582 Carpets, printing of 181 Carriers, component of toners 59,

563 Carrimed viscometers 681 Carry-over piling )5~

Cartons 35 gravure inks for 407-9 gravure printed 39,44 litho inks for 347-9,742 litho printed 309,329.363.365 pigments for 117.121.122

Casci n in coated papers 66 in water based inks 458

Casson's equation 682- 3 Cast-coated papers 359 Castor oil 187.191-2

usc as plasticisers 248 Catalogue printing 310.402- 3 Catalytic inks (see also Two-pack inks)

for screen printing 488, 50 I. 504 Cathode ray tube 57 Cationic polYIllerisation 536 Cationic suriactants 263 Cavitation mixers 610.648

844

CEO (cohesive energy density) 226 CEI 12/66, letterpress process colours

297 CEI 13-67, litho process colours 95 Cellosolve* 241 Cells

in anilox rollers 45 in gravure cylinders see Gravure cells

Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) 224

Cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) 224,386-7,415,417

in flexographic inks 452 Cellulose ethers see Ethyl cellulose;

Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose Cellulose films 462

gravure inks for 416 flexographic inks for 462 - 5

Cellulose gum 225 Cellulose inks, early type of screen

ink 490 Cellulose nitrate see Nitrocellulose Central impression presses 441 Centrifugal sedimentation, for particle

size measurement 702 Ceramic inks 498, 499 Ceramic rollers, in flexography 45 Ceramic tiles, as standards in

colorimetry 90 Ceresin wax 254 Cerium driers 293 Chain terminators 209 Chalking 295

in litho printing 359 of radiation curing links 731

Channel black 155 Chases

in letterpress forme production 15 in rubber plate making 48

Cheese, resistance of inks to 169,741 Chelating agents

in varnishes 595 use as ink additives 260- 1

Chemical diffusion transfer plates 28 Chemical drying (see also Oxidation

drying; Radiation curing) assisted by infrared

radiation 524- 5 Chemical Industries Association, guide

to Tremcards* 799 Cheques

inks for 156,174,199,233,584 security inks for 172, 215

Chill rollers

in gravure printing 39 in heatset printing 35,356-7

China clay 159 in gravure inks 375,384

China wood oil see Tung oil China, decoration of 53 Chinese blue 145-6 Chinese white 156

INDEX

Chips see Pigment chips; Nitrocellulose chips

Chlorinated para red 121, 290 Chlorinated rubber 212

in gravure inks 388,402,403,419 Chroma, in the Munsell colour system

95,96 (Fig. 3.19) Chromatic adaptation 75 Chromaticity co-ordinates 82,84,95 Chrome scarlet 131 Chrome yellows 115-6,450,513 Chromium antimony titanium buff

rutile 153 Chromium plating, of gravure

cylinders 42 Chromophores 84 Churchill tackmeter 686, 688 CICI (Confederation of Information

Communication Industries 10 CIE colour difference equations 97 CIE (Commission lnternationale de

l'Eclairage) 71, 84 CIE system 79 CIELab equation 97,98 Cigarette cartons, printing of 407,

408,411, 742 Cigarette tip inks see Cork tip inks Citroflex* plasticisers 245 Clamshell, type of platen press 12 Classification, Packaging and Labelling

(CPL) Regulations 791,800,802, 805,807

Clean Air Acts 783 Clean colours 100 Cleveland open cup 722 Close-cut, of distillates, meaning of

228 CMC (sodium carboxymethyl

cellulose) 225 Co-ball mills 638,664 Co-solvency 226 Co-solvents 334,354,357,358,360

in screen inks 488 in varnishes 594

Coated paper 61, 66 scumming with, in offset

INDEX

printing 22 Cobalt driers 258-9,260,293,

335-6 legislation relating to 808

Cobden Chadwick Ltd, novel development ill flexographic press design 48

Cobra mills 638,661. 663 (Fig. 12.43) Coextruded films 413,468-9 Cohesive energy density 226 Cold cut varnishes 597-8 Cold seal packaging 397-8,413,

414,418,455,747-8 adhesives for 387,415,476 inks for 748

Coldset inks (see also News inks) 308, 315,350-1,358

storage 01 648 delivery of 655

Collapsible tubes 588, 590 Collotype printing I I, 60 Colorimeters 89-90,90 (Fig. 3.13) Colorimetric tests, in analysis 754 Colour atlases 95 Colour bars, in litho colour printing

33,33 (Fig. 2.18) Colour blindness 72 Colour change inks see Thermochromic

inks; Sterilisation indicator inks; Invisible inks

Colour charts 94- 5 Colour circle 70,95,100,100

(Fig. 3.22) Colour difference 95-8 Colour filters 89,90 Colour Index

brief description of arrangement in 85

classification used in 173 (Table 4.9)

mentioned 110,163,383 Colour match prediction 91, 94,

102-7 Colour matching (see also Computer

Colour matching) 98-102 Colour measurement 88-94 Colour separations 86,87 (Fig. 3.11)

in litho printing 33 Colour space 95,96 (Fig. 3,19),97

(Fig. 3.20) Colour standards 95 Colour strength 2, 70, 85

acceptdllce of variMiom in, by customer 97

Colour triangle 79,82 (Fig. 3.7) Colour vision 72,74

845

Column chromatography 721, 756 Comics, inks for 175, 815 Commission Internationale de

l'Edairage (CIE) 71,84 Common impression cylinder 14, 15 Common impression press 47,48

(Fig. 2.28) [or web offset 25

Communication, to achieve satisfactory print 67-68

Computer colour matching 91, 94, 102-7

Computers, in ink manufacture see Automation

Conductive inks 514,576 Conductivity, of jet inks 567 Cone and plate visconll'ters 321, 322

(Fig. 6.7),680- L 717 Confederation of In lor mati on

Communication Industries. The 10

Conical Bend Test apparatus 750 Consistency, of litho inks 323 Consumer protection sec Product

liability Contact angle 262,263 (Fig. 4.2),

310,311 (Fig. 6.2) Continuousjet 54,55 (Fig. 2.) I). 567

(Fig. 11.3) Continuous stationery 19,282 Continuous tone illustrations 16 Continuous tone positive 42 Continuous tone wedge 30 Contraves visconll'tl'rs 681 Control of Industrial Major Accident

Hazards Regulatiom 808-9 Control of Pollutioll Act 782-4 Control of Substances Hazardous to

Health (COSHH) 800-2 Control strips, in platemaking 30 Conventional gravure lTlls 6),64

(Figure 2.42) 88 Conveyance labelling 802-4,809 Cooked varnishes 3)2,595-7,714 Copal resins 198 Copper ferrocyanide blue, 148-9 Copper ferrocyanide pink 133 Copper powder 162 Copperplate inks sec Intaglio inks Cork tip inks 407

pigmcnts lor I I';

Corona, in electrophotography 59

846

Corona discharge treatment 466 Corrugated board, flexo printing

of 49,67 Corrugated cases 282,285,296,458 COSHH (Control of Substances

Hazardous to Health) 807-8 Coumarone resins 205 Crabtree-Vickers keyless inking

systems 305 Crazing, in printing of plastics 511 Credit cards 506 Crosfield Electronics Ltd 38,43 Crown closures 586, 587 Crows' feet, in gravure 371 Crystal violet 15 I Curing, definition of 515 Cushion-back, in flexo plate mounting

49 Customs and Excise, Commissioners

of 231 Cutting and creasing 67 Cutting mills, in pigment chip

manufacture 615 Cyclised rubber 213,331, 347,400

in fluorescent inks 425 Cyclohexan~ 232,238 Cyclohexanone 235,242

exposure levels for 808 in screen inks 511

Cyclohexanone oxime, as antioxidant 261

Cylinder press, in screen printing 51, 51 (Fig. 2.30)

Dampening systems see Damping systems

Damping systems, in litho printing 20-22,363

Darocur* photo initiators 280 Daventest dynamic friction tester 745 Daylight see Artificial daylight; North

daylight DBP (dibutyl phthalate) 247 DCHP (dicyclohexyl phthalate) 247 DCa (dehydrated castor oil) 187-8,

191 DDA (Dianol* diacrylate) 273,276 De-aeration, in ink manufacture

606,608 (Fig. 12.10) Dean and Stark apparatus, 719 Decalcomania 499,504-5 DEAP (2, 2-diethoxy acetophenone),

as photoactivator 279 Deep-etch plates 27

INDEX

Deep freeze resistance 244,375,387 testing for 709- 10

Defoaming agents 268-70,456,477, 511

Dehydrated castor oil (DCa) 187-8, 191

De-inking 299 Delta plastic viscosity test 695 Densitometers

for colour control on the press 33, 34

for measurement of colour, 90- I, 92 (Fig. 3.15 and Fig. 3.16)

for measurement of dot gain 30,88 Density, solid

in colour reproduction 31-2 related to reflectance 90

Deodorants 264- 5 Desensitisers, in fountain solutions

21, 22 Design, of print 67,68 Detergent resistance 169,487

testing for 708 Dextrin 199 Di-litho printing 311 Diacetone alcohol 235 DIAF tackmeter 688 Dianisidine orange 118 Dianol* diacrylate (DDA) 274,276 Diarylide orange 118 Diarylide yellows I 12 - 5, 113

(Table 4.3), 114 (Table 4.4) in screen inks 489

Diarylmethylaniline yellow 175 Diazo brown 153 Diazo coatings, for lithographic plates

26 Diazonium salts, as photoinitiators

536 DIBP (diisobutyl phthalate) 247 dibutyl phthalate (DBP) 247 Dichroism 77 Dichromatism 174 Dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) 247 Dielectric loss tangent 521 Diels-Alder reaction 195,269 Diene value 717 Diethanolamine 266 2, 2-diethoxy acetophenone (DEAP),

as photoactivator 279 Diethylene glycol 233,239 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether

241 Diffuse reflectance 70,94, 103

INDEX

Diffusion transfer plates 28 Digol* 239 Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) 247 Diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP) 247,504 Dilatancy 670,672 (fig. 13.6) Diluents

definition of 226 in litho inks 334 in radiation curing inks 274-5,

276-7 (Table 4.2 1),525,540-4 quality control of 725

Dilution-viscosity curves, for flexographic inks 444 (Fig. 8.2)

Dimn acid 210 Dimerised rosin 196 Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) 247 Dimethyl salicylic acid, as laking

agent 175 DIN 16539, standard for litho process

inks 508 Dinitroaniline Red I 17 Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) 247 DIOP (diisooctyl phthalate) 247,504 Dioxazine violet pigments 150- 2 Dioxitol* 241 Dipole moments 521 Dipropylene glycol 233,240 Direct dispersion 641 Direct dyes 710 Direct image plates 29 Dirty colours 100 Dirty working, print fault in

flexography 477 Dispersants (see also Hyperdispersants)

use in gravure inks 393 Disperse dyes 180- 3,580 Dispersers, high speed 619 - 2 I Dispersion forces, ill ,>olvents 226 Dispersion of pigments (see also Milling)

how achieved 593-594 micrographs showing extent of

627,629-31 (Fig. 12.22),702 (Fig. 14.1)

testing lor 287,445, 704, 727 Display advertising 53 Dissolvers, type of mixer 617 Distillates see Petroleum distillates DMP (dimethyl phthalate) 247 DNA Orange 117 Doctor blades

in gravure 35,37-8,40,370 in keyless inking 306 in three-roll mills 625 streaking in gravure caused by

847

63-4 Doctor streaks 63 DOl' (dioctyl phthalate) 247 Dot gain 30- 1,68,88, 326, 359-60

dependence on tack 328 dependence on yield value 692

Dot generation, by clect ronic means 88

Dot size (sec also dot gain) 29- 30 Dot skip see Speckle Double tone inks 172,584 Doubling, ill lithographic printing 33 Doughnut, appearance of prints ill

half-tone gravure 63 Draeger tubes 77<).785-6 Draisal*. grinding medium 642

(Fig. 12.29) Draiswerke bead mil" 635-42 passim Draiswerke GmbH. introduce glass

media for bead mills 634 Draize ratings. of l1lonomers 273.

274,825 Drawdowm 101-2.382

for assessing strength of trial pigments 705

for testing liquid inks 729 Drawn and redrawll (DRD) cans 587 Drawn and wallironl'd (DWI) cans

587-8 Drier absorption, in litho inks 358 Driers (catalysts) 258-60

absorbed by chanllel blacks 155 absorbed by white extenders 160 in boiled linsccd oil 186 in letterpress inks 285.293 in litho inks 335-9 in scrcell inks 49() not needed with iron blue

pigments 146 quality control of 726

Driers (equipment) set' Dryer) Driographic* plates 29 Driography* 364 Drop on demand jet printing see

Impulse jet print ing Dry offset (sec alwl.ettcrset), llsed for

metal decorating 585 Dryers (cquipment)

in flexographic printing 47,441 in gravure printing 39 in heatset prillting 35 in PYdC coating 396 in screcn priming 484

Drying (.ICC als(1 Absorption drying;

848

Oxidation drying; Evaporation drying; Chemical drying; Radiation curing; Heatset drying; Penetration drying; uv curing; Electron beam curing) 5-6, 515-6

of flexographic inks 443-5 of letterpress inks 285-6, 303 of screen inks 484- 5 tests for 321,444,445

Drying oils 183-9 in litho inks 330-4 passim, 335 oxidation of, catalysed by lead

chromes 116 Drying time of inks, tests for 732 - 3 Duct feed, in rotary letterpress 283

design of 694 Duncan Lynch press 105 Duncan's work on K/S values 103 Duplicate plates

in letterpress printing 17-8 rubber plates for flexo 48

Duplicator inks 187,191 Dupont bead mills 634,635 Dusts

exposure limits for 788 (Table 15.3)

hazards of 788,814 Dycril* plates 17 Dye toners 199 Dyes 84, 172-83

in flexographic inks 448-9,456-8 in gravure inks 371, 385 in ink manufacture 616 in jet inks 568 in textile transfer inks 580 testing of 710

Dyno mills 637

Easily dispersible (ED) pigments 114,366,401-2,601

ECGIN (European Core Inventory) 788-9

ED pigments see Easily dispersible pigments

Edible oils, resistance of inks to 169 EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic

acid) 261, 342 EEe legislation 826

food additives 828 labelling 390, 796-7 new substance notification 789 occupational exposure limits 230,

813

pollution control 784 toys safety 820

Effluent 458,782-3 Efflux flow cups see Flow cups

INDEX

EHEC see Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose EINECS (European Inventory of

Existing Chemical Substances) 788-9

Einstein, unit of radiation 518 Elaeostearic acid 183,186 Electro-curtain*, electron beam curing

equipment 558 Electrodeless lamps 555 Electrolytic deposition, in gravure

cylinder preparation 39 Electrolytic etching 43 Electromagnetic radiation 517-9,

519 (Table 10.2) Electron beam curing

radiation sources for 516, 517, 520 equipment design 557,558 mechanism of 532

Electron beam curing inks (see also UV curing inks) 271, 365,525-52

compared with UV curing inks 552 testing of 731 safety in use 825

Electron beam engraving systems 43 Electron microscopy 702,777-8

micrographs 702 (Fig. 14.1), 703 (Fig. 14.2)

Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) 777

Electronic engraving 48,374 (Fig.7.4)

Electrophotography 56-9,58 (Fig. 2.34), 563-6, 564 (Fig. II. I )

print recognition 65 printability 67

Electroplating, in gravure cylinder preparation 39

Electrostatic imaging 563 Electrostatic plates 28 Electrostatically assisted ink transfer

38,67 Electrotype, type of duplicate plate 18 Embossing, characteristic of letterpress

printing 284 Embossment 61 Emulsification, in litho

cause of various printing problems 352-5 passim

control of 332-3 effect of, on flow and tack 695

INDEX

excessive, caused by high pH of fount solutions 22

fundamental to success of litho process 311

importance in small offset 346 influenced by viscosity of inks

312-3,326 problems caused by calcium ions

342 promoted by surfactants 262

Emulsion systems 261 high-solids 266-7

En 71 (European standard on toys safety) 831

Enamels, in ceramic inks 499 Encapsulated perfume inks 265,571 Environmental monitoring 778-9 Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) 826 Eosine 174 Epichlorohydrin 2 19 Epoxide resins see Epoxy resins Epoxyacrylates 272,275,537

in UV curing resists 575 Epoxy-amine systems

in flexographic inks 475 in gravure inks 414

Epoxy ester resins 50 I Epoxy resins 218-20

identification of 755 in combination with reactive

polyamides 210,498,50 I in two-pack inks 469

Esacure EB3*, 280 Escolol 507*,279 Essential oils, as reodorants 265 Ester gum 194 Ester interchange 332, 598 Esters, as solvents 235,243,244 Etching, of letterpress plates 16-7,

17 (Fig. 2.7) of gravure cylinders 40-2

Etch resists, for printed circuit boards 573

Ethanol, exposure limits for, 787 (Table 15.2)

Ethoxyethanol 234, 390, 513 exposure limits for 786 (Table

15.1 ) Ethoxyethyl acetate, exposure limits

for 786 (Table 15.1) Ethoxypropanol acetate 243 Ethoxypropanols 234 Ethyl acetate 235,243,244,376,391

exposure levels for 808 flammability limits 794 (Table

15.4) Ethyl cellulose 222, 382. 386,452

in textile transfer inks 581 Ethyl Oigol* 241 Ethyl glycol 241

849

Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) 223,382,386,400,402

in screen inks 4')0 Ethyl lake red C. orange pigment I I') Ethylene diarnine tetra acetic acid

(EOTA) 261. 342 Ethylene glycol 232,23')

exposure limits lor 787 (Table 15.2),808

Ethylene glycolll1onoethers 240- I Ethylene oxide indicator inks 583 Erucamide 252 Eugenol 261 European Core Inventory (ECOIN)

788-9 European Inventory 01 Existing

Chemical Substances (EINECS) 788-')

European Standard EN 71, safety 0\ toys 831

Evaporation drying ).44 of litho inks 3 I 5

Evaporation rate, 01 solvellts 227. 376.38'),391-2 (Table 7.1)

Exclusion list see uncia Society of British Printing Ink Manufacturers

Expandable inks 580 Explosion limits 792 _. 3 Explosives Act 22 I Exposure limits sec Occupational

exposure limits Extenders 156-61

in f1exographic inks 450 in gravure inks )75,384 in litho inks 330 properties or 168 ilablc 4.7)

Ext rusion coating 3')6.473 Extrusion lamination 3')5-6,3')6

(Fig. 78). 473 Eye 72,76 (Fig.3.2)

Fabric mesh see Meshes Facsimile transmissioll, lise ill

producing laser exposed plates 28-9

Factories Act 1'161 813,814 Falling rod viscometers 681-3

850

diagrams of 682 (Fig. 13.12), 720 (Fig. 14.12)

for determination of apparent viscosity, 684 (Fig. 13.13)

mentioned 287, 321, 717 operating range of 322 (Fig. 6.7)

Falling sphere viscometers 676-7, 717

Fanal* pigments see PMTA pigments Fastness properties 169 Fat dyes 178 Fats, resistance of inks to 169 Fatty acid amides, as waxes 252-1 Fatty acids 183 FDA approval 115,821-2

of materials for cork tip inks 407 of pigments 146,156,159, bis, 160,

161 of plasticisers 245-8 passim

Feathering, fault in screen printing 512

Ferranti-Shirley viscometer 680 Ferric chloride solution 40,42 Fertilizer sacks, pigments for 121, 146 Fibre optics 57 Filling-in 304 Filtration of inks 624,648 Fineness of grind gauge (see also

Fire

Hegmann gauge) 287,445,704, 705 (Fig. 14.4)

legislation 790-2 theory of 792

Fire extinguishers 795-7 Fire retardant additives 252 Fire Precautions Act 790 First Aid Regulations 809-11 Fish oils 188 Fixing, of toners 59 Flame ionisation detector 769 Flame photometric detector 724, 769 Flame-proofing, in ink manufacture

608,610,797 Flame treatment of polyethylene

bottles 777 Flammability limits 793-4 Flammable liquids, definition of 722.

791,806 Flash points, of solvents 227.

391-2 (Table7.1) determination of 721-2

Flat-bed cylinder presses 13. 19.283 inks for 301

Flatting agents 161. 224

INDEX

Flax. as source of linseed oil 184 Flexibility

of metal decorating inks 750 of printed films, test for 743

Flexographic inks 3-4.435-80 formulating principles 447-56 manufacture of 608-16

Flexographic plates 46. 48-9 Flexographic process 44-50,436-7.

436 (Fig. 8.1) for newspaper printing 307 print recognition 61-2.62 (Fig.

2.39) printability in 67

Floating-roll systems, in three-roll mills 633

Flocculation in gravure inks 428 reduction of, by surfactants 263

Flotation, in flexographic inks 455 Flow (see also Viscosity)

at low shear stresses 683 checking of. in trial inks 705 in ideal systems 667-8 measurement of 695-6.728 of letterpress inks 288 of litho inks 323,324 (Fig. 6.8).

360 of screen inks 486. 696 testing of, of finished inks 727

Flow cups 379.442.677-8.717 Flow-out. of gravure inks 390.407 Fluff 66 Fluon* waxes 251 Fluorescence 71

of waxes 250 Fluorescent dyes 174. 175. 176 Fluorescent inks 425.475

for screen printing 506-7 Fluorescent lamps 71. 77 Fluorescent pigments 162-3 Fluorescent yellow 116 Flushed colours 147.361

manufacture of 602-4 Fluxes. in ceramic inks 499 Flying see Misting Foaming (see also Defoaming agents)

268,477 checking for. in water-based inks

735 Fogra control strips 30 Foil

flexographic inks for 457.471 gravure inks for 409- 10

INDEX

Foil boards, inks for 350 Foil laminates, gravure printing of

410-2 Foil prints, testing of 749 Foil washing 221 Folding 39 Food additives, international

legislation on 822 Food and Drugs Act Regulations USA

see FDA approval Food and Drugs Acts (UK) 821 Food contact legislation 819 Food packaging inks

avoidance of retained solvents in 390,454,477

cadmium pigments not permitted in 116

dehydrated castor oil used in 188 distillates suitable for usc in 335 driers suitable for use in 336 for cartons 348, 349 lead chromes unsuitable for 116 polyamides suitable for use in 387

Food wrappers, inks lor 394,405, 474,820-3

Foots, precipitated from linseed oil 184

Ford cups 717 Forme, in letterpress printing 15,

282,283 Fount solutions 20-2,310,313,326

effect on metallic driers 258,259 Fountain roller. in fiexography 45 Fountain solutions see Fount

solutions Four-colour printing see Process

printing Fourier transform infrared

spectroscopy (FTlR) 761 Fragrance. incorporated into inks

265,571 Frame, in screen printing 50 Frame board, used in cigarette carton

printing 422 French chalk 160 Friction, of printed film 744-5 Frits, in ceramic inks 499 Fryma Co-ball mills 638,664 Fugitive inks see under Cheques Fumaric acid 269 Fumaric resins, rosin modified 197 Fume cupboards 813 Fumed silicas 342 Furnace black 155, 385

Galleys, in letterpress forme production I 5

Galvanometer 90

851

Gardner tubes, for colour comparison 715

Gas chromatography 765-72 Gas chromatography/mass

spectroscopy (GC/MS) 769 Gas liquid chromatography (GLC)

445,72 L 765-6, 786 Gas solid chromatography (GSC) 766 Gel permeation chromatography

(GPC) 714,763-5 Gel varnishes 333-4,342 Gelatine coatings 40 Gelation, of polyamide inks 413 Gellants 342 Gelled reducers 343,355 Gelled varnishes 366, 595,691 General Preparations Directive 800 Geometric metamerism 77 Gersthofen waxes 255 Ghost images, in flexography 445,

477,478 Gibbs-I ndophenol test 755 Gilsonite 198, 35 L 385

in gravure inks 388 Glass

decoration of 53, 498- 9 as grinding medium

642 (Fig. 12.29) Glitter effects, in screen printing 510 Gloss 3

assessment 01 729 cause of problems in colour

matching 77 decrease of, through addition of

waxes 249 increase of. by usc of plasticisers

244 imparted by UV cured varnishes

549 of gravure print 378 of inks for DWI cans 588 of litho inks 361 ofpapcr 6')

Gloss inks, for screen printing 492- 3 Glossifilm Ltd, ')26 (Fig. 10.2) Glycerides 183 Glycerine 23 3 -4, 240 Glycerol 267 Glycerol triacrylate 277 Glyccryl propoxy trialTylate (GPTA)

274

852

Glyceryl tri ricinoleates 248 Glyceryl triacetate 248 Glycol ethers 390

exposure limits for 786 (Table 15.1),787

in gravure inks 376,406,415 in screen inks 513

Glycols 232-4,239 in jet inks 568 in letterpress inks 286,290

Gold inks (see also Metallic inks) 345 simulation of 178, 179,420,424

Goss presses 306 GPC (gel permeation

chromatography) 714,763-5 GPTA (glyceryl propoxy

triacrylate) 274 Graco pump 653 Grahamite, type of bitumen 198 Graining, of aluminium based

plates 26 Granular pigments 366 Graphic reproduction 86-8 GRAS, an FDA category 246,823 Gravure cells 40- 3 passim

conventional, 63, 64 (Fig. 2.42), 372 (Fig. 7.2)

diamond shaped, 374 (Fig. 7.4) halftone, 63, 64 (Fig. 2.42) hard dot (direct), 373 (Fig. 7.3)

Gravure cylinder wear, 157,376,377, 379,384

testing of tendency of inks to cause 739

Gravure cylinders 39-42,371 conventional engraving of 372

(Fig. 7.2) direct engraving of 373(Fig.7.3) electronic engraving of 374

(Fig. 7.4) wear of see gravure cylinder wear

Gravure inks 3-4,44,368-434 formulating principles 382-93 manufacture of 608-6 water based 43.1

Gravure process 35-44, 36 (Fig. 2.20),370 (Fig. 7.1)

print recognition 63 printability in 67

Gravure proofing presses 738 (Fig. 14.18)

Gravure screen 40,41 (Fig. 2.22) Grease resistance, of printed films

748

Green pigments 139-42 in gravure inks 384 in litho inks 330 properties of 166 (Table 4.5)

Greetings cards 117, 163 Gretag control strips 30 Grey balance 30, 32,88 Grey scale 708

[NDEX

Grinding media, for bead mills 639, 642 (Fig. 12.29)

Guaiacol 261 Guarding of machinery 814-6 Gum arabic 199, 311

desensitiser for litho plates 21, 22 in water based inks 458

Gum rosin, 193

Haake viscometers 681, 692 Haematite pigments 152 Halftone dots 61, 62 Halftone gravure 42,43,63,64

(Fig. 2.42) Halftone plates, in letterpress printing

16 Halftone screens

for electrostatic plate making 28 for letterpress plate making 16, 19 in lithography 88

Halo, print defect in gravure 369,427 Hand retouching 88 Handling of inks 648-653 Hanging back in the duct 304,

325 (Fig. 6.9), 690 (Fig. 13.17) Hansa yellows III Hard resins 205,291,318,319,330 Hardness testers 749 Hazard labels 798-9 Hazardous Materials Identification

System (HMIS) 828 Hazchem signs 809, 810 HDDA see I ,6-hexanediol diacrylate Headspace analysis 770 Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act,

281, 660, 781-2 Health and safety data sheets 796,

800-2 guidance on, by NAPIM 828 US requirements for 828

Health and Safety Executive guidance on exposure limits 785,

787 guidance on health and safety data

sheets 820 Health and safety legislation 109,

INDEX

30 1,780-832 Heat resistance 8

of metal decorating inks 586, 750 of overprint varnishes 408 of pigments 708 of wallcovering inks 419 testing for 746,750

Heat seal coatings 211,213,214,252 Heat seal lacquers 387 bis Heat sealing, test for 394,446 Heat transfer printing sec under Textile

printing Heatset drying 308, 315, 318 Heatset inks 35,251, 319, 334,

351-2358,367 manufacture of 600

Hegmann gauge 377,382 Heidelberg platen machine Helio-klischograph l'I1graving

374

19 371,

Helio-Klischograph machines 43 Hell, manufacturer of Helio-

Klischograph machines 43 Hexalin 238 n-hexane, exposure limits lor 808 I ,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA)

as diluent in UV curing inks 274 excluded from UV inks in the UK

274,826 Hexone,235,242 Hexylene glycol 233,239 High performance liquid

chromatography (HPLC) 721, 761-3

High speed stirring, for manufacture of gravure inks 377

Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquefield Petroleum Gases Regulations 1972 221,791

Highly flammable liquids, definition oJ 722,792-4

Hildebrand, work on solubility parameters 226

HLB values 264 HMIS (Hazardous Materials

Identification System) 828 Hochstedder, Robert, invl'l1tor of

pigment flushing 602 Hold-out, of litho inks 361 Hostaflon* waxes 251 Hot foil stamping 499 Hot melt inks 249 HPLC (high performance liquid

chromatography) 721, 761- 3

Hue 2,69,84 importance to customer 97 in the Munsell system 95

Humidity effect on ink drying 258,286 effect on lightfastness 707 efiect on paper 66

Hydrocarbon resins 205 in gravure inks 388 in letterpress inks 291 in litho inks 331,332 in news inks 189, 291 micronised, as rheology modifiers

343 modified 366- 7

Hydrocarbon solvents 228-31, 236 (Table 4.16), 376, 391

in liquid toners 565 Hydrocarbon waxes, halogenated

252

853

Hydrogen bonding lotH'S, in solvents 226

Hydroperoxides 316-8,336 Hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB)

264 Hydroquinone 261, 341

as inhibitor in UV systems 275 Hydroxyl value, of resins 712.719 Hygrostability, of paper 65 Hyperconcentrated pigment

dispersions 604 Hyperdispersants 294.402,604-6,

614

IA T A regulations 806 ICS see Instrumental Colour Systems IG* waxes 255 IGT drying time recorder 733 IGT printability tester 10 I, 688, 736,

736 (Fig. 14.16).7'>7 (Fig. 14.17) Iiluminants, standard 71 Image transfer

from blanket to paper 30 from film to plate 29, 30 from plate to blanket 3()

Imaginary primaries 82,83 (Fig. 3.9) IMDG Code 806 Impeller mixers 617,618 (Fig. 12.14)

star type 618, 62() (fig. 12.16) Impervious substrates, litho inks lor

349- 50 Impression roll. it! gravure 38 Impube jet printing 5(), '56

(Fig. 2.32). 56h

854

IMS (industrial methylated spirits) see Methylated spirits

In-line converting 44 In-line flexographic press 47 In-line numbering 55 In-mould labelling 499 Indanthrene violet 384 Indanthrone blue 148 Indicator panels, screen printing 489 Indirect flexo see Keyless inking Induline dyes 179-80,29 I

on SBPIM exclusion list 824 Industrial methylated spirits (IMS) see

Methylated spirits Inflammable see also Flammable Inflammable liquids, as defined in UN

recommendations 806 Infrareddrying 35,60,516,517,

519 (Table 10.2) equipment design 553-4 future of 561 in letterset printing 589 radiation sources 522-4

Infrared spectroscopy 714,715,720, 757-61

Inhibitors, in UV systems 278, 540, 725

Ink duct, controls on 33-4,34 (Fig. 2.19)

Ink film thickness as an aid to print recognition 61,64 compared for all printing processes

484 effect on colour strength 85 effect on hue 77 for rub-removable inks 509 in flexography 439 ingravure 375 in intaglio printing 584 in litho 314 in screen printing 484 in UV curing inks 535

Ink fly see Misting Ink-jet printing 54-6

inks for 566-71 print recognition 64-65 printability in 67

in gravure 692 Ink trough

in flexo printing 45 in gravure printing 37

Inkometers 686,688,689 (Fig. 13.16)

for monitoring ink misting, 734 Institute of Petroleum

IP 34, 35, 36, flash point determination 722

INDEX

IP 128, 156, aromaticity of solvents 723

IP 155, sulphur content of petroleum solvents 724

test methods for mineral oils 191 Institute of Printing, The 10 Instrumental Colour Systems (ICS)

98 typical set of results from ICS

instrument 99 (Fig. 3.21) photograph of ICS instrument

106 (Fig. 3.27) Intaglio inks 670

pigments for 154, 156, 158 Intaglio printing I 1,60,60 (Fig.

2.37),583-4 Integral damping 346 (Fig. 6.10) Intensity of colour see Colour strength Interfacial tension see Surface tension International Agency for Research on

Cancer 298 International Labour Office, review of

occupational exposure limits 827 International Standards Organisation

(ISO) 169 Invert gravure see Halftone gravure Invisible inks 172, 174, 583 Iodine value 183 bis, 184, 716 Ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) 777 IP standards see under Institute of

Petroleum Irgacure* photoinitiators 279- 80

passim Iron blue 145-6 Iron driers 260 Iron oxide pigments 152 - 3, 156 Iron oxide yellows 115

Ink rail feed, in rotary letterpress 299

Ink-squeeze see Squash

283, Ishihara's test for colour blindness 72 ISO (International Standards

Organisation) 169 Ink transfer 691- 2

electrostatically assisted 38 in colour printing 32 in flexography 439

Isocyanates (see also Toluene diisocyanate; MDI) 220

from urethane oils 186 in gravure inks 414

INDEX

Isomerised rubber see Cyclised rubber Isophoronc 23 5, 243

exposure limits for 787 (Table 15.2)

Isophthalic acid 268 Isopropyl acetate 244,376,391 Isopropyl alcohol 23 I - 2, 238, 391

flammability limits 794 (Table 15.4)

J & P Coats, work on colour difference equations 97

Japan wax 257 Jet dryers, in screen printing 484 Jobbing printing 19,282,283 John mills 635 Joyce Loebl disc centrifuge 703

(Fig. 14.3) JPC 79, colour difference cq uation 97

K bars 102 K/Svalues 103-7passiml04

(Fig. 3.25),105 (Fig. 3.26) Kaolin clay 159 Karl Fischer method, for determining

water content 719,723,737 Katharometer detector 723,769 Kauri butanol (KB) value 232,723 Kerosine 229,236 Ketone resins 216, 388,413 Ketone solvents 234- 5,242- 3 Ketoximes, as antioxidants 261 Kettles, tor varnish manufacture 595 Keyless inking 299,305,306 (Fig.

5.1 ) Kinematic viscosity 676 Kitchen towels, printing of 711 Knifcability 301. 323,325 Koenig & Bauer 306 Kraft paper, pigments for 117,118,

120 Kubelka Munk analysis 103

Labels inks for 344-5,388,403-5 printing of 19,285,305,309,329 PVC self-adhesive type sec PVC self-

adhesive labels UV curing inks for 547

Labelling of inks (see also Classification, Packaging and Labelling Regulations) 109,390

legislation for 798-9 Lac see Shellac Lactams 209

855

Laevo-pimaric acid 193, 195 LakeredC 119,127,128,290,384

in gravure inks 410 Laking agents 174, 175, bis, 270, 448 Lambert-Beer equation 535 Laminating adhesives 394- 5 Laminating inks

pigments for I 54 resins for 224

Lamination 67, 365, 394-7 Lamp black 154 Lamps, for UV curing 554-6 Lanolin 257 Laser beams, possible w,e in ink

manufacture 664 Laser engraving 49 Laser exposed plates 28 Laser printers 56 Lasers, light sourccs in

electrophotography 57 Lasergravure* 43 Latex inks 509 Lay

of f1exographic inks 477 of gravure inks 371,375,407,

427-8 of litho print 360

Lead chromates sec Chrome yellows Lead compounds

exposure levels tor 790 in sterilisation indicator inks 582 levels permitted in toys 774,

823-4 lise in inks discoIltiIlucd 281,383,

430,513,790 Lead driers 259,260 Leafing, of metallic powders 345 Leeds University, Department ot

Colour Chemistry 107 Letter headings 19 Letterpress inks 4,282- 307

manufacture of 600-8 UV curing 546-7

Letterpress process 11-20 print recognition 61

Lettcrset printing 62,499, 588-91 UV curing inks tor 547-8

Licanic acid 187 Liebermann-Storch test 754 Lifting of heavy loath, sa!cty in 812 Light-emitting diode array 57,59 Light sources (.IW also Lasers) 71 - 2 Lightfastncss 7-8

of pigments 329,487.706

856

of prints, testing of 706-7 Lighting, in the workplace (see also

Light sources) 814 Lightness, of colour 70 Limed rosin 194 Line casting, for letterpress forme

production 15 Line plates, in letterpress printing 16 Linings 162 Linoleic acid

constituent of dehydrated castor oil 188

constituent of linseed oil 185,316 constituent of soya bean oil 189 peroxide formation from 316-7 volatile by-products from 337-8

Linolenicacid 183,185,316 Linotype* 48 Linseed oil 184-6

drying mechanism of 315-8 epoxidised 538 in letterpress inks 291 in litho inks 331,358 spontaneous combustion of 794

Linting 298, 304, 327 Lipophile 264 Liquid crystal array 57 Liquid crystals, in inks 571 Liquid inks (definition) 3

colour matching 102 Liquid packaging, cartons for 365,

474 Liquid-liquid chromatography (LLC),

762 Liquid-solid chromatography 762 Litho break tester 695 Litho inks 4,34-5,310-67

formulating principles 328-52 formulations 343-52 for process printing 95 manufacture of 600-8 UV curing 545-6 viscosity of 312- 3

Litho plates 25-9,312 gumming up 225 photosensitive coatings for 215 platemaking control 29-30

Litho process 20-35,21 (Fig. 2.9) print recognition 61, 63 (Fig. 2.40) printability in 66

Litho/gravure conversion 374 (Fig. 7.4)

Lithographic varnish 185 Lithography see 'Litho' throughout this

index) Lithol reds 127,384 Lithol rubine 4B 129 Lithopone 156- 7 Livering 116, 156,290 Lottery tickets 506, 509, 510

(Fig. 9.13) Low odour inks 367,375-6 Luminance 84

Macbeth MS 2020 spectrophotometer 93 (Fig. 3.17)

Magazine printing 44,290, 308 Magnesium silicate 160

INDEX

Magnetic iron oxide pigments 156 Magneto-optic array 57 Maintenance strategy, in ink

manufacture 656-60 Make-ready

for letterpress printing 18-9 reduction of, in litho printing 29,

34 Maleic anhydride 269 Maleic resins 195-6,291,292

in jet inks 569 in metal decorating inks 588 rosin modified 388

MaIthas, type of bitumen 198 MAN presses 306 Manganese 2B toners 412 Manganese driers 259,260,293,335 Manila copal 198 Manufacture of inks and varnishes

592-665 Mar-resistance 249,350 Marine oils 188 Marking-off 303 Marks and Spencer, theoretical work

on colour difference 98 Masking 88 Mass spectrometry 769 Masstone 102, 706 Mastermix PMD dispersers 621- 3 Materials and Articles in Contact with

Food Regulations 821 Materials safety data sheets see Health

and safety data sheets Matrix

as material used in rubber plate making 48

for making duplicate plates 17 of dots in ink-jet printing 55

Matting agents 342,375,378

INDEX

Maximum allowable concentrations 788

Maxwell's triangle 79,82 (Fig. 3.7) McDonald's colour difference

equations 97 McLaren, K 84 MOL identification or resins based on

755 Mead Dijit 2800*, ink-jet printer 56 Mechanical engraving 43 MEK sec methyl ethyl ketone Melamine-Iormaldehyde resins

208-9 Melaminc laminatcs, inks for 394,

421-422,433,578 Melting point, of rcsins 713 Membrane switches 506,514,

576-8,577 (Fig. 11.6) Meshes 50,481,482 Metal complex dyes see Solvcnt dyes Metal containers, screcn printing of,

494-5 Metal decorating 585-8 Metal decorating inks 115,585-8

passim antioxidants in 261 driersusedin 259 oils used in 188, 189 ovcrprint varnishes used with 220 pigments tor 122,135 his, 137, 139,

150, 154, 156, 157,588 resins for 202, 2 17, 588 solvents used in 215,244 testing or 749- 51

Metallic effects see Pcariescent materials; Mctallic pigments

Metallic inks 345-6 for carton printing 408-9 for flexography 473-4 tor gravure 422-4 for label printing 405 for screcn printing 509-10

Metallic pigments (sct' also Aluminium pigmcnts; Bronzc powders) 161-2

in UV inks 272 Metallic rcsinatcs see Resinates Metalliscd films, printing of 418,

471-2 Metailised papers 404,409,471-2 Metamerism 72,75-7,98 his, 107 Methacrylic acid 266 Mcthacrylic resins 453,497 MethanoL cxposure limits for

787 (Table 15.2) Methoxyethanol 214, 51 ")

exposurc limits lor 786 (Table 15.1 )

857

Methoxyetilyl acctatc, cxposurc limits for 786 Cfable 15.1 )

Methoxypropanol (MP) 234, 241 exposu re limits lor 786 (Table

15.1 ) Mcthyl catechol 261 Methyl Cellosolvc* 234, 240 Methyl cyciohexJllol 212,219 Methyl cyciohexJnonc 215,243 Mcthylethyl kctonc (MEK)

214-215,242, \76,391 cxposurc limits tm 711.7 (Table

15.2) flammability limits 794 (Table

15.4) solvcnt in jct inks ')611.

Methyl ethyl kctoxill1c )4()

Methyl glycol 24() Methyl iso-butyl kctonc 21'),242 Mcthyl Oxitol* 240 Methyl violet I ')(), 177 Methylated spirits 231, 218

flammability limih 794 (Table 15.4)

Methylated Spirits Rcgulations 1962 231

MG poster papcr 411.8 Micas 161

exposurc limits lor 788 (Table 15.3)

Michler's ketonc 27,), 532 on SBPIM exclusion list 11.26

Micro lines, in platcmaking control 30

Microcomputers, in infrarcd spectroscopy 7')9

Microcrystallinc waxcs 253,254 Microencapsulatcd pcriumcs 26'),

571 Microflow mills 377,644 Micrographs, showing dispersion levels

629-31 (Fig. 12.22) Microniscd hydrocarbon resins 343 Microniscd pigmcnh 1')7 MilTonised waxcs 293. 340, 393

causcofpiling 354 in gravure inks 415 in varnishcs 599

Microsphcrcs, expandable 4") 3 Microwave drying 516,519

858

(Table 10.2),521-2 equipment for 552- 3 future of 561 in screen printing 484

Migration into food of coatings components 821-2 of plasticisers 244- 5

Milk bottle tops, printing of 410 Milling 592,624-4 Milori blue 145-6,158 Mineral oils 189, 229, 291. 292

carcinogenicity of 298 refined 301

Mineral spirit 236 MIR spectroscopy 759 Mirrors, decoration of 498 Misting 303-4,326,692

(Fig. 13.18) 693 caused by cyclised rubber in ink

formulations 213 of DWI can inks 588 of news inks 191, 288, 298 reduction of. by use of waxes 253 reduction of. in keyless inking

systems 307 reduction of. in UV overprint

varnishes 551 testing for 689,733-4

Mixing, 592,610-1 high speed 623-4

Mixing equipment 616-24 guarding of 808

Moire pattern, in gravure 428 Moisture absorption of pigments, test

for 704 Moisture content. of paper 66 Moisture proofing agents 252 Moisture set inks 285 Moisture set vehicles 158, 159 Molybdate orange 131 Mono-component toners 59 Monoazo yellows III Monoethanolamine 266, 294 Monofilament screens 52 Monomers see Diluents Monotype 48 Monotype machines, in letterpress

forme production 15 Montan esters, as waxes 255 Montan wax 254-5,293 Montmorillonite clays 342 Morpholine 266 Mottle 692,692 (Fig. 13.18)

in flexography 477

INDEX

in gravure 63,407 in letterpress 284, 302

Mould, in rubber plate making 48 Moulding powders 207 MP see Methoxypropanol Muller. automatic 10 I Multi-filament screens 52 Multi-metal plates 27 Multiple internal reflection (MIR)

spectroscopy 759 Munsell colour system 95,96

(Fig. 3.19), 100 Murray-Davies equation 30-1,88

N/C see Nitrocellulose Naphthenic solvents 229-30,237 Naphthol red pigments 120-6 passim,

13 1-4 passim, 137,489 NAPIM (National Association of

Printing Ink Manufacturers) 828 National Institute for Occupational

Safety (NIOSH) 827 bis Natural resins 193-9 Natural rubber, in stereos for

flexography 440 Natural waxes 255-7 NEDO Printing Industries Economic

Development Committee 10 Neopentyl glycol 267 Netzsch mills 635 New substances notification 789,826 News inks 297-301,300 (Table 5.2)

manufacture of 641. 645-8 mineral oils in 189-191 pigments for 143 smear test for 287-8 strike-through 288

Newspaper printing by flexo 48, 49- 50 by rotary letterpress 282 plates for 28

Newspaper Society, the 305 Newton, Sir Isaac. understanding of

colour 70,71 Newtonian flow 321,667-8

deviations from 668-75 Nigrosine 180 NIOSH (National Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health) 827 bis

Nitrile rubber, in stereos for flexography 440

Nitro pigment 154 Nitrocellulose 221-2,386

INDEX

identification of by diphenylamine test 754

in flexographic inks 451-2,460 in gravure inks 404,406,412 in screen inks 492 legislation relating to 792

Nitrocellulose chips in flexographic inks 452 in gravure inks 409 manufacture of 614-6 pigments suitable for 125, 128, 129

Nitrocellulose coated films 416,463 Nitrocellulose lacquers I 15 NMR spectroscopy 776 Nobbs, J, critical review of Kubelka­

Munk theory 107 Noise

legislation relating to 783,812-3 reduction 01, in printing plants 813

Non-bottoming 6 L 66 Non-drying oils 189-92 Non-impact printing processes 54-9,

562-71 print recognition 64- 5

Non-ionic surfactants 263 Non-Newtonian flow see

Newtonian flow Non-skinning see Skinning Norrish fragmentation reactions

528-9 North daylight 71 Notation inks, [or printed circuit boards

575-6 Notification of new substances 789,

826 NPIRI Raw Materials Data Handbook

245 Nuclear magnetic resonance

spectroscopy (NMR) 776 Nuvopol EMBO* photoact ivator 279 Nylon, polyamides 209 Nylon films

flexographic inks for 470 gravure inks for 417

Nyloprint* plates 17

Obliterating inks 509- 10 Occupational exposure limits 785-8

cause of virtual elimination of some traditionally used solvents 390

extraction and ventilation used to keep solvent levels below 608

for hydrocarbon solvents 230 proposed legislation concerning

859

807-8 published by International Labour

Office 827 Odour

in polyamide inks 412 of acrylic monomers 217,264,273,

541 of litho inks 336-9,348-9

passim of printing inks 264- 5,812 of UV curing inks 546 testing for 724,748,821

Offset gravure process 389,416 for printing decorative wall panels

421 Offset letterpress sec Letterset Offset printing see Litho process Oil absorption, of pigments 702,704 Oil dyes 178 Oil painting reproductions, printed by

gravure 44 Oils 183-92 Oiticica oil 187 Oleamide 252 Oleic acid 183,186,189 Oligomt'fs, meaning of 540 On-press densitometer 34 Opacity

of drawdowns 102 of inks 2 of paper 65 of pigments 85, 157

Open cup metods, for flash point determinatioll 722

Optical brightening agents 71 Optical properties, of paper 65 Orange chrome 131 Orange-peel effects 550 Orange pigments 117-20

in gravure inks 383 in litho inks 329- 30 properties of 164 (Table 4.5)

Original plates, in letterpress printing 16

Organoleptic, meaning of 822 Ostwald U-tubc viscolllcters 676 OTA 480*, a reactive dilucnt 277 Ottawa sand 633,634,639,642

(Fig. 12.29) Ouricury wax 257 Over-lacquers see Overprint varnishes Over-proof. grades of methylated

spirits 23 I Overlay, in \elterpress make-ready 19

860

Overprint varnishes 349 applied by screen printing 505-6 aqueous 365,460 in conjunction with flexographic

inks 465,475-6 in conjunction with gravure inks

376,384,406-7,408 methods of application, on litho

presses 365 oils used in 189 quickset type 344 resins for 206,211,220,221. 224 reticulation of 360 solvents used in 231 bis, 244 UV curing 365,549-51 waxesusedin 252,256

Oxidation drying 5,34,53,291 catalysts for 258-60 passim, 293 inhibition of, by antioxidants 261 of letterpress inks 285 of litho inks 315-8,319,330,335,

336, 356 Oximes, as antioxidants 340 Oxitol* 241 Oxygen inhibition, in radiation curing

processes 534,535,539 Ozokerite 254 Ozone, from UV radiation 556

Packaged Goods Regulations 805 Packaging, of inks 653- 5 Packing, fault in gravure inks 428,

432 Paddle mixers 616 Page-Pak system 283,299 PAHs (polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons) 298 Palmitic acid 183 Pantone system 95 Paper, dimensional stability of 66

for textile transfer printing 581 Paper bags, inks for 177 Paper chromatography 756 Paper cups, flexographic printing of

476 Paper sacks, inks for 67,458 Paper storage 66 Para red 120 Paraffin oil (kerosene) 229,236 Paraffin wax 254,293,396 Particle size 2,85

measurement of 702 Partition chromatography 765 Pascal second, unit of viscosity 667

INDEX

Paste driers 260 Pastes, pigment 100,101 Pasteurisation, resistance of inks to

751 PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), on

SBPIM exclusion list 825 Pearlescent effects 161, 413,420 Pearlescent inks 425 Pearlised films 377, 413, 468, 469 Pencils and Graphic Instruments

Regulations 784,824 Pendulum hardness tester 750 Penetration drying

of letterpress inks 285,287,291 of litho inks 315

Pensky-Martens apparatus, for flash point determination 721

Pentaerythritol chemical structure of 267 esters of rosin 195

Pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) 542

Peptisers 194 Perborate driers 293 Perfecting 13,15 (Fig.2.5),19,23,24

(Fig.2.11), 25 (Fig. 2.13), 303 Perfumed inks 265,571 Perkin-Elmer

gas chromatograph, 769 (Fig. 14.35) high performance liquid

chromatograph 761 (Fig. 14.31) infrared spectrometer 757

(Fig. 14.27) Perl mill 634, 641 Permanent red pigments 117, 120,

121,123,126,132,384 Peroxides 316-8,336,535

as components of paste driers 260 Perykne Red Y 138 Petrolatum see Petroleum jelly 253,

254 Petroleum Consolidation Act 1928

790,791 Petroleum distillates 228-9

properties tabulated 236-7 (Table 4.16)

in letterpress inks 285,291. 292 in quicksetting inks 318 in litho inks 330- 5 passim in varnishes 596 new grades 367 quality control of 721, 724 flammability limits for

794 (Table 15.4)

INDEX

Petroleum jelly 25),254,294 Petroleum waxes 253 - 5 pH

of fountain solutiolls 22 his orjet inks 568 of paper, dlel! Oil ink drying 258,

286 of water-based inks 7)5

Phenol-forlllaidehyde resins 388 Phenolic resins 199- 202

identification 01 755 in combination with polvJmides

210 in grJvurc inks 40 1,416,419.422 in lllelJI decorJting inks 588 rosin-Illodilied 201-2,291 his

Philips lamps 71 Phosphates, out of fJVOLIr as plasticislTs

247 Phosphorescen t inks ') 7 2 Phosphors 71 Phosphotungstic pigments sec PTMA

pigments Photo-conductive materials, use in

production of electrostatic plates 28

PhotoJctivJtors 279 (Table 4.2») Photoconductive drulll 57 Photocopiers 56 Photodetector 90 Photodirect plates 28 Photoinitiators 275,278 (Table 4.22),

279 (Tables 4.21 and 4.24). ')25 mechanism of action 527 quality control of 725

Photons 5 I 7 PhotopolYIl1l'f plates

lor f1exography 49 lor letterpress 17, 282 for newspaper printing 305 resistance to solvents 440

(Table 8.1). 452 Photosyncrgists 275,529,532,

533 (Table 10.5) quality control 01 725

Phthalate pla,tici'l'r, 247 -8, ')04 Phthalic anhydride 268 PhthalocYillline pigments 140-5 PIAC (Printing Industry Advisory

Committee) 298,82') Pick off

ill Ilcxography 478 in gravure 382 in screen printing ') 12

861

Picking 66 his, 28'),327 Piezo-elcnric crystal 54. 56 Pigment chips (scc ills(l Nitrocellulose

chips) 212. ,\77 ill f1exographic ink, 445 manufacture oj 612-6 resins for 225 testingol 71()

Piglllent flushes sec Fillshed colours Pigment paper 40 Pigment pastes 100, 101 Pigment settling 379,393,7)5 Pigment wetting

by mineral oib 189 by surlactants 262 4 passim

Pigment, 110-72 lor flcxographic ink, 449- 51 lorgravureink... 171, >75,383-85 lor iettcrpres, inks 28()-9 I lor litho inks 328- 3ll. 361> lor process colour, 329 lor screen inks 488- () lor UV curing ink... 544- 5 product ion 01 593 propert ies tabulated 164- 71

(Tables 4.5, 4.6, 47, and 4.8) t('stingol 163,701-10

Piling 314, 34(), 34 J 353-4,364, 688,691

Pimaric acid 193 Pinelle 1Il01l01llerS, alpi1a- alld beta-

206 Pillholing 27(),4J6,477

in screl'1l printillg 48lJ. ') 12 Pink piglllenh J 3() PIRA 10

carton board creelser 742. 744 (Fig. 14.22)

Guide I,l Siandardised l.ili1o,qmpill( CtJ/(lllr Prinlinq 9')

hold ,tandard i;lks lor prOless colou rs 9')

ink drying timc testn 7l2- 3 rotary rub testn 7l 1-42,743

(fig. 14.21) sludy oj 1<lll Illl\1~1I1l'111l'l1t 1>87 - 8

Pitches J ')8, J 99 PlanograplIil printing 20,) 14 Plastic viscosity 669 Plasticiscr blecd, testing lor 709 Plaslicisers 244-9

castor oil J 91 lor ethyl cellulose 22 l in lkxographic illks 455

862

in gravure inks 376,404,406 quality control of 726

Plastics films 44 Plastics substrates, litho inks for 349 Plastisol inks 504, 510 Plastisols 712 Plate scanner, to predict ink demand

across the duct 34 Platen presses 11- 12, 283 Plates see Litho plates; Flexographic

plates; Photopolymer plates; Rubber plates; Wrap-around plates; Zinc plates; Duplicate plates

Plating resists, for printed circuit boards 573

PMD mixers 621- 3 PMT A pigments

bleeding of 412 blue 142-3 green 139-40 in chip production 377 in gravure inks 384,407,412 pink 130 use of driers with 260 violet 149, 150

Point of sale materials 54 Poise, unit of viscosity 668 Polar forces, in solvents 226 Pollution see Control of Pollution Act;

Waste disposal; Noise Poly (amide imide) resins 211-2 Polyamide resins 209-11

alcohol soluble 412 as rheology modifiers 342 - 3 in f1exographic inks 452,466,467,

468 in gravure inks 387,404,412,414,

418 in jet inks 569 in screen inks 50 I

Polycarbonate in membrane switches 576 printing of 514

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), on SBPIM exclusion list 825

Polychromatic pigment mixtures 450 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

298 Polyester acrylates 272,275

as prepolymers in UV curing systems 539

Polyester films f1exographic inks for 470-1 gravure inks for 417

in membrane switches 576 Polyester resins 202

use as plasticisers 248

INDEX

Polyether acrylates, as prepolymers in UV curing 540

Polyl'l her adhesives 395 Polyethylene bottles, screen printing of

487,499-501, 500 (Figs. 9.8, 9.9) Polyethylene coated board 474 Polyethylene sacks 468 Polyethlene waxes 250,293,340,

359 Polyethylene, printing of 387

f1exographic inks for 466-8 gravure inks for 412- 3

Polyimide resins 211 Polyisocyanates 220 Polyol esters, used as plasticisers 248 Polyols 267,542 Polypropylene films (see also

Coextruded films) f1exographic inks for 466- 7 gravure inks for 413-6

Polystyrene resins 205 Polytetrafluorethylene waxes 251,

293,340,359 Polyurethane resins 220-1

identification of 755 in adhesives 394 in gravure inks 412

Polyvinyl acetate resins 214 Polyvinyl alcohol resins 214- 5 Polyvinyl butyral resins 215-6

in f1exographic inks 453 in foil inks 410 in melamine laminate inks 422

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers, screen printing of

501-2 films 470 resins 497 sheet plastic see Polyvinyl chloride

sheet plastic Polyvinyl chloride self-adhesive labels

inks for 496-8 metallic inks for 510 overprint varnishes for 506 production of 496 process inks for 508 UV inks for 547

Polyvinyl chloride sheet plastics cyclohexanone used to promote

adhesion of inks to 511 fluorescent screen inks for 507

INDEX

inks for 495-7 printing of 486

Pope and Gray Litho-Break Tester 736

Porosity, of paper 225 Postage stamps

adhesives for 199 gravure inks for 422 printing 44

Posters cadmium yellow not suitable for

116 fluorescent pigments for 163 pigments for 100,120,329 screen printing of 489,491,506,

508 Potassium dichromate 40 Powder toners 59 Powderless etching 16,17,43 Precipitation drying 285 Predispersed pigments (see also Easily

dispersible pigments) 100, 377, 504

testing of 710 Premixing, in ink manufacture 600,

616 Pre polymers 272- 3,273 (Table

4.20),525,537-40 Presensitised plates 26 Preservatives, in fountain solutions

22 Press cakes, in pigment production

594 Press design

for UV curing 556 litho 362 - 3

Press speeds 320,355,40 1,362 in gravure 389,430

Pressure-sensitive adhesives, screen printing of 496

Primary irritation index, see DraiZl' ratings

Primary particles, in pigments 594 Primers

in extrusion lamination 395 in gravure printing 394

Print recognition 60 of letterpress 283-4

Printability 66-7' Printed circuits

resists for 573-576 screen printing of 487, 573

Printing Industry Advisory Committee (PIAC) 298,825

Process control in ink manufacture 660-4 in litho 29- 34

Process engraving 16 Process inks

cyan pigmCl1ts lor 144, 146 driers used in 260

863

effect of hard resin interactions on 205

lor UV curing 546 in flexography 474 in gravure 378 in letterpress 296-7 in litho 329 in screen printing 507-9 manufacture of 367 magenta pigments lor 122, 129,

130,135 standards for, 95, 297 yellow pigments lor 114

Process printing 79,86,87 (Fig. 3.10).95

Process white 159 Procter and Gamble rub tester 742 Product liability 784- 5 Product resistance sec Grease

resistance; Acid resistance; Alkali resistance; Detergcnt resistance; Fats

Productivity, in litho printing 362-4 Proofing inks 3 I Proofing presses 101

for paper testing 398 Proofs, in litho colour printing 31 Propanol sec Propyl alcohol n-propylacctate 243,244,391,415

flammability limits 794 (Table 15.4)

n-propyl alcohol 231. 238 exposure limits for 787 (Table

15.2) flammability limits 794 (Table

15.4) Propylene glycolethcr solvents 234,

241 Propylene glycol 23 3,239 Priifbau Lithomat tester 101. 105,

695, 737 Prussian blue 145-146 Pseudoplastic flow ('70, I> 7 I

(Figs. 13.4., 135) rTFE see Polytctrafluoroethylcnc

waxes Publicllioll gravure. USA ,tandard for

864

127 Publication printing 398

inks for 398-403 Pumping, of inks 324-5,652-3,

685,696 Purity, of colour see Colour strength PVC films see Polyvinyl chloride films PVC self-adhesive labels see Polyvinyl

chloride self-adhesive labels PVdC coatings 396,747 PVdC coated films, printing of 386

flexographic inks for 452,464-5 gravure inks for 415-6.416,

417 his identification of 755

Pyrazolone orange 118 Pyrocatechol 261

Quality control 286-9 of finished inks 726-40 of raw materials 700-26

Quantacure* photoinitiators 278,279 Quaternary ammonium compounds,

as surfactants 263,264 (Table 4.17)

Quickset drying, of litho inks 318-20,319 (Fig. 6.6)

Quicksetting inks effect of paper characteristics on

trapping of 693 for carton printing 347-9 for letterpress printing of coated

paper 295 for litho printing 330- 5 passim,

343 mineral oils in 189 suitability for different substrates

303 Quicksetting varnishes 291,292,344,

366 Quinacridone pigments 132, 136,

138-9 in screen inks 489

Quinones, as antioxidants 341

R-K coater 105 Radiation curing (see also UV curing;

Electron beam curing) 6, 515-61

compared with other drying processes 515-6

of litho inks 320 pigments for 271-2 raw materials for 271-80 testing of 724- 5

INDEX

Radiofrequency (RF) drying 516, 519 (Table 10.2),521-2

equipment for 552- 3 future of 560

Rafaelite 198 Reactive diluents see Diluents Reactive dyes 710 Recess printing see Intaglio printing Recycling of paper 224 Red pigments 120-39

in litho inks 330 properties of 165-6 (Table 4.5)

Reducer, definition of 226 Redundant inks, to be worked off 107 Redwood viscometers 191 Refined oils 30 I Reflectance 70,90, 94 Reflection densitometers see

Densitometers Reflectors, for UV lamps 556 Reflex Blue 2G 146-7 Refractive index 2,85,715,723-4

for quality control of solvents 724 of gravure vehicles 400

Register 66 in fJexo 47 in gravure 39 in litho colour printing 30,33 in screen mounting 52

Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) 827

Relative density, of solvents 721 Release lacquers 476 Reodorants 264-5 RF drying see Radiofrequency drying Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and

Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 81 I

Residual pitch 199 Residual pitch 199 Residual solvents see Solvent retention Resin-to-oil ratio 332,356 Resinates 193,195(Table4.10),291

in gravure inks 388,400,402 Resins

definition of 192,711 in gravure inks 375 in letterpress inks 291 in litho inks 330-4,366 in screen inks 487 testing of 711-4

Resistance properties of inks and pigments see Lightfastness; Heat resistance; Abrasion resistance;

INDEX

Product resistance; Weathering; Deep freeze resistance; Acid resistance; Wax resistance; Plasticiser bleed

Resista nce properties of pri nt s 740- 2 Resists, for printed circuit boards

573-5 Retained solvents see Solvent retention Retarding solvents, in gravure

369,410,428 Reticulation 270 Retortable pouches 395,417 Retorting process 586 Retrofit units, for keyless inking 305 Reverse angle doctor blades 45,

46 (Fig. 2.26), 479 Reverse printing

in f1exography 461,462 in gravure 394,413,415

Rheograms 669- 73 passim Rheology modifiers 342- 3 Rheology (sec also Viscosity;

Thixotropy; Yield value; Flow; Viscometers). 666-98

of litho inks 32l-6,354-5 Rhodamine dyes 130, 175-6 Ricinoleates, as plasticiscrs 248 Ricinoleic acid 188 Ring and ball apparatus 713

(Fig. 14.6) Risk and safety phrases 805 Rod mills, for gravure ink manufacture

377 Roller coating machine, for production

of wipe-on plates 27 Roller coatings

usc of castor oil in 188 UV curing 274 varnishes for metal signs 493

Roller stripping, fault in litho printing 342,353

Rollers, in printing presses cleaning solvents for 235 manufacture from polyurethanes

220 on a n offset press 2 1 (Fig. 2.'J), 3 I 3 silicone based 207 synthetic 206

Rollers, in three-roll mills see Three-roll mills

Roll-on closures 587 Rosin esters 331, 332 Rosi n soa ps 194 Rosin 193-7

identification of 754 in conjunction with mineral oils

189 modified 385

865

Rotary presses, for letterpress printing 13-5,19

Rotational viscometers 287,678-80 Rotor mixers 610- L 617-8 RTECS (Registry ofToxic Effects 01

Chemical Substances) 827 Rub-removable inks 509- 10 Rub resistance

at test lor drying of litho inks 321 effect of anti-set off powders on

341 improved by usc of waxes 249,

340, 359 of gravure inks 376 of letterpress inks 285,303 of prints on matt coated paper 67 of radiation curing inks 731 ofsCfceninks 512 of UV cured varnishes 551 test for 287-8,742

Rub testing 249 Rubber-based inks 347 Rubber latex, in cold seal adhesives

397 Rubber plates, for flcxo 48-9 Rubber stereos

in flexography 49,439-40,477 in letterpress 282 resistance to solvents 440

(Table 8.1) Rubinc red pigments 126,135-6 Rubproofness, imparted by waxe,

250 Runnability, of paper 65 Rutile pigments 153 Rutile titanium dioxide 1'57,290

Sacks see Paper sacks; Polyethylene sacks

Safety audits 816- 7 Safety committees 817-20 Safety policies 820 Safety representatives 820 Safflower oil 189 SAlB (sucrose acetate iso-butyrate), as

plasticiscr 245 Sale of Goods Act 784 Salicylates, as r('odorants 265 Sampling techniques 700- I Sand mills sec Bead mills

866

Saponification value 718-9 SATRA rub tester 748 Saturation see Colour strength Saw-tooth effect 63 SBP solvents see Special boiling point

solvents SBPIM see Society of British Printing

Ink Manufacturers Scale wax 253-4 Scanners 88 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

778 Scatter, of light by pigment particles

85 Scotch tape test 250,743,751 Scratch resistance 250,340,359

testing for 749 Screen inks 4-5,53,481-514

manufacture of 608 speciality types 571-2 testing of 740 UV curing 548-9

Screen printing 50-54,482 (Fig. 9.1),483 (Figs. 9.2, 9.3)

print recognition 64 Screen rulings see Halftone screens Screening

print defect in flexography 478 print defect in gravure '369,429,

432 Scrubbability test. for wallcovering inks

420 Scuff resistance 249

imparted by UV cured varnishes 551

of carton board 347- 8 testing for 743

Scuffing of gravure print 394 of litho print 340

Scumming 21,22,62,352- 3 in gravure 384,427,739

Second impression set-off 284,303, 307

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) 778

Security inks (see also under Cheques) pigments for 138, 152 polyvinyl alcohol resins in 215

Segregated oils 188 Selenium, as photoconductive drum

57 Self adhesive tape test 410 Semi-drying oils 188-9

INDEX

Serigraphy see Screen printing Set-off (see also Anti-setoff powders;

Blocking) 302 in cold seal packaging 397 in letterset printing 590 in litho printing 319,355-6 in web UV 548 tests for 320 use of waxes to minimise 252,256

Setting time of inks, testing for 733 Settlement. of pigments 339,393,

735 Sextone B* see Methyl cyclohexanone Sextone* see Cyclohexanone Shade cards 70 Sheen cups 717 Sheet plastics see Polyvinyl chloride

sheet plastic Shell cups 717 Shellac Export Promotion Council for

Indian Shellac 198 Shellac wax 257 Shellac 192, 197-8

alternatives to, in letterpress inks 292

cause of packing in gravure inks 388,428

in gravure inks 385,395 in flexographic inks 451 in liquid inks 206 in wash coatings for foil 411

Shore hardness, of rubber rollers 739 Shot mills 603 Show-through 288 Shrink labelling 499 Sienna pigments 152 Signs

metal 493-4 plastic 495-6 printing of 53,487,492

Silica 160, 341 exposure limits for 788

(Table 15.3),808 Silica based pigments 375 Silicone based coatings, in waterless

plates 29,207,364 Silicone defoaming agents 270,489 Silicone resins 207 Silicones, as slip aids 359,393 Siliquarzite*, grinding medium 642

(Fig. 12.29) Silk-screen printing see Screen printing Siloxanes, used as defoaming agents

270

INDEX

Silver inks (see also Metallic inks) 345 Silverson mixers 617 Singlet state, of molecules 528 Skin sensitisation 186, 536, 542,825 Skinning, of litho inks 336, 341, 346 Skins, greaseproof paper circles 101 Skipping see Speckle Slack wax 253 Sliding platen, type of platen press 12 Sling, of inks (see also misting) 288,

734 Slip properties 250,340, 359

of OWL can inks 588 of gravure inks 376,393,394,415 of printed film 744- 5

Slugs, in letterpress type casting 16 Slur

in litho printing 32- 3 in screen printing 486

Slur out, print defect in gravure 369 Small offset

presses 23,346 (Fig. 6.10) inks 346-7

Smoothness, of paper 65, 67 Soap, as surfactant 263 Soap resistance 169

testing for 708 Soaps see Driers Society of British Printing Ink

Manufacturers (SBP1M) action to discontinue usc of lead

compounds 28 L 289-90 approved monomers and diluents

274,4)3 design of safety data sheets 798 excluded acrylates (fulliisl) 817 general exclusion list 274,394,

405,542,590,812,815-6 guide to labelling legislation 797 opinion on inks for children's comics

815 recommendations for food wrapper

inks 812 recommendations for inks for

toys 815 study of tack measurement 687-8

Society of Dyers and Colourists 85, 110,172

Colour Measurement Committee 98

naming of disperse dyes by 180 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

(CMC) 225 Softening point see Melting point

867

Solder resists 574- 5 Solid density see Densit y Solubilising of resins 266 Solubility, of resins, testing 712 Solubility parameters 223,226,389 Solvent dyes 178-80,71 () Solvent fractionation, ill analysis 752,

753 (Fig. 14.26) Solvent power 226 Solvent recovery 39,43 Solvent release 381, 382, 387, 388,

390 Solvent retention

in f1exography 454,477-8 in gravure 38 L 390,414,415,417 quantitative anlaysis of 770- I

Solvents 225-44,236-43 (Table 4. 16)

determinatioll of airborne concentrations of 785-6

disposal of 782- 3 harmful effects of 227-8,230 in flexographic inks 453-5 in gravure inks 375-6,389-93 in jet inks 568 in litho inks 334- ') in screen inks 488 legislation relating to 227,390,

429,610,780-829 passim risk and safety phrases lor 390,

391-2 (Table 7. I), 393 skin complaints from 228, 610 testing of 720-4

Soya bean oil 189,272, B 1,358 epoxidised 246, ') 38

Special boiling point solvents 228, 236

flammability limits 793 (Table 15.4)

Specilic gravity, of solvents 721 Specification of colour 94- 5 Speckle, in gravure 38,42,64,67,

398-9,399 (Fig. 7.10) Spectrophotometers 91, 93

(Fig. 3.17),94,106 for assesslllent of gloss 73 1

Spectrum locus 82,83 (Fig. 3.8) Specular reflectance 70,94 Spermaceti wax 256 Spices, resistancc 01 inks to 169 Spindle oil 189,292 Splicing 39,47 Spongeability test, for gravure inks

419

868

Spot tests, in analysis 754 Spray system, in the gravure inking

system 37 Spraying see Misting Spreading see Contact angle Squash 61 his, 66, 284, 692-3 Squeegee 50,5 L 48 L 482 (Fig. 9.1)

in intaglio printing 60 (Fig. 2.37) Stabilisers

in diluents 725 in gravure inks 376,393

Stability of inks on ageing 732 of inks on the press 691

Stack press 46,47 (Fig. 2.27) Stamp-pad inks 180 Stamping inks 180 Stamps see Postage stamps Stand oil 185 Standard print 169 Standards (see International Standards

Organisation; see also under British Standards Institute; CEI standards; European standards; Institute of Petroleum)

for litho printing 3 I for gravure printing 127, 146

Starch 199,341 Static electricity 655, 793-4

elimination of 608 Stator mixers see Rotor mixers Stearamide 252 Stearates, as plasticisers 248-9 Stearic acid 183 Steel shot, grinding medium 642

(Fig. 12.29) Stefan-Boltzmann laws 522 Steinemann varnishing machine

526 (Fig. 10.2) Stencils 50,481,482

direct photographic 52 indirect 52 manufacture 52-3

Stereos, for newspaper printing 16 Stereotype, type of duplicate plate 17 Sterilisation indicator inks 582- 3 Stock control 107, 648- 52 passim Stoddart solvent 236 Stokes, unit of kinematic viscosity

676 Storage and handling

of flammable liquids 791 of inks 648-53 of varnishes 598-9,611

Stormer viscometers 717 Stouffer control strips 30

INDEX

Stoving, of metal decorating inks 585 Streaking, print defect in gravure

384,393,426-7 Strength of colour see Colour strength Strength, of paper 65 Stress cracking, of PVC bottles 502,

512 Strike-through 288,298,304

in gravure publication printing 400 in jet printing 569

Stringiness, of letterpress inks 252, 728

Stripping, print defect in litho 342, 353

Structuring additives, in screen inks 489

STS mills 637,638 (Fig.12.25), 639 (Fig. 12.26), 640 (Fig. 12.27)

Styrene monomers odour of 264 polymerisation of 206

Styrene-allyl alcohol resins 388 Sublimable dyes 172,181,461 Sublimable pigments 122 Sublistatic printing see under Textile

printing Substance identification numbers

805,806 (Table 15.5) Subtractive primaries 79,81 (Fig.

3.6) Sucrose acetate iso-butyrate (SAIB)

245 Sulphur content, of solvents 724 Sunflower seed oil 189 Supply labelling see under Labelling of

inks Surface Coating Resin Index 192 Surface tension 262,268, 310, 311

of ink-jet inks 55,567 Surfactants 262-4,264

(Table 4.17) added to overprint varnishes 360 cause of foaming 269 in flexographic inks 455 in gravure inks 393,402 use in UV systems 278

Sussmeyer mill 634 Sutherland rub tester 742 Sward rocker hardness tester 749 Sweat-back, of litho inks 356 Synergism

in dispersion see Hyperdispersants

INDEX

in photoinitiation see Photosyncrgists

T -shirts see Textile printing TAA see Titanium acetyl aCt:tonate Tack of inks 5 1,685-9,693-4

measuremmt of 326-7,686-8, 728,729 (Fig. 14.14)

of gravure inks 382,400 of lel1erpress inks 288 of litho inks 326-8,355,357

(Fig. 6.11) reduction of, by extenders 160,

161, 375,400 reduction of, by gelled reducers

343 reduction of, by TPGDA reduction of, by waxes

Taint see Odour Talc 160

exposure limits for 788 (Table 15.3),808

274 253,257

Tanker Regulations 805,806 Tanking, bulk storage and handling 01

inks 648-5} Tannic acid 270

as laking agent 174, 175 substitutes lor 270- I

Tartaric acid salts 342 Tartrazine yellow lake I 15 TBC (tributyl citrate) 245-6 TDI see Toluene di-isocyanate TEA see Triet hanolaminc TEC (triethyl citrate) 245-6 Tcflon* 207,251 Telephone directories, printing of

44 Tension control 39,43 Terephthalic acid 268 Terpenc resins 206 Tt:st mcthods, for icl1crprcss inks

287-9 Testing, of inks and prints (.ICC a/so

Quality control) 699-751 Tex bcad mills 636 Tcxtileprinting 53,181

by sublimation transfer 172, 504-5,580-2

heattrans/cr inks for 122, 181, 182,461

screen inks for 502,514 Texturing vamishers 578 Thermochromic inks 571-2 Thickt:ning Jgents 22 5

in textile transfer inks 581

Thin layer chromatograpln (TI.C) 756

Thioindigo red pigmcllts 152 Thioxanthoncs, as photoinitiatms

275,531 Thixotropy 261,672- 3

of gravure inks 377. 37') 01 litho inks 322- 'i PdS.llll1, n 3

Three-colour printing .I[,t' PJ'()cess printing

869

Three-dimensional ellcciS 433 ThrlT-roll mills 10 l. 367 6() I, 606.

624-33 guarding 01 80')

Threshold Limit Y,i1ut:s (TtYS) sec Occupationall'xlH)SUIT limits

Tin-plait' printing)') Tin printing inks sc,' Mctal del'orating

inks Tinting strt:ngth we Colour strength Tinting, delect in lithography ()2,352 Tintomcter colour cOlllpalators 71 'i Tissucs, printillg 01 71 () Titanalt's 261 Titanium acctyl acetonatc (1AA) 393.

413,414,417 Titaniulll dioxide 8'i. 1'i7

exposure limits lor 80l ill gravure ink<, 375.384 in PCJricsccllt materials 161

TLC .Ice Thin layl'!' lhromatographv 756

TLvs .ICC Thrcshold Lilllit \' alues TMPTA see Trillll'thylol propallc

trianylatl' Tobacco seed oil 189 Tobacco wraps, ink<, 1m )94 Toluenc 228, 130, 237

as solvellt in gravurl' illks 376,40 I cxposurc limih lor 787

(Table I 'i.2), 802 flammabilitv limits 7') 3 (Table

1'i.4) Tolucnl'di-isocyanatl' 186,220, 'i 38

identificatioll of rcsills based Oil

755 Oil SBPIM excill';ioll list 81 h

Toluidine red 111 Toluol 237

mcaning 01 22S Tonl'fpigmel1ts 147,150,155 Toners, lor cicct[opi1o\()graphy ')7,

59,5') (Fig. 1.')6). 563-6 Top tone, 01 inks 70h

870

Toxic Substances Control Act 826-7 Toxicity, test methods for 789 Toys

coatings for 820 inks for 116 bis

Toys (Safety) Regulations, 1974 774, 784,823-4

TPGDA see Tripropylene glycol diacrylate

Transfer inks see under Textile printing Transmission electron microscopy

(TEM) 777-8 Transparency

of inks 2,85 in multicolour printing 329 of pigments 85

Transparent white 160 Transport emergency cards 802-4 Transport of dangerous goods

805-6,831 Trapping, 693

in gravure colour printing 378, 381 in letterpress colour printing 256,

688 in litho colour printing 30, 32, 328,

355 Tremcards* 802-4 Triacetin* 248 Tributyl citrate (TBC) 245-6 L I, I,-trichloroethane 391 Tri-chromatic inks (see also Process

colours) dyes for 181, 182, 183 fluorescent pigments for 163

Tridecanol 334 Triethanolamine (TEA) 266,294

as chelating agent 261 as photoactivator 279

Triethyl citrate (TEC) 245-6 Triethylene glycol 233,240 Trifoil mixers 623 Triglycerides 183 Trigonal* photoinitiators 278,280 Trimellitic anhydride 212 Trimethylol ethane 267 Trimethylol propane triacrylate

(TMPTA) 274,277,543 to be excluded from UV curing inks

817 Trimethylol propane 267 Triple roll mills see Three-roll mills Triple salts (PMTA) 130 Triple state, of molecules 528 Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA)

INDEX

274,276 Tristimulus filters 89,89 (Fig. 3.12) TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act)

826-7 Tubes, printing of 588 Tubs, printing of 588 Tung oiL 186-7

in combination with phenolic resins 199-202 passim

in litho inks 33 L 358 iodine value of 716 polymerisation of 315, 317 speeds drying of letterpress inks

291 Tungsten filament lamps 71,89, 91 Turkey red oil 191 Turner-bar marking

in gravure 381 in web-offset printing 357 - 3 58

Two-component toners 59 Two-pack adhesives 395 Two-pack inks 6, 179,207,21 L 219

as solder resists 575 for screen printing 498, 50 I flexographic, 468, 469, 475 gravure 414

Two-pack lacquers 207 Two-part inks see Two-pack inks Two-pot inks see Two-pack inks Two-roll mills 614-615 Type-matter, for letterpress 12 (Fig.

2.1), IS Typeface 68 Typewriter ribbons, inks for 180, 187,

191

Ugra control strips 30 UK printing industry 10 Ultramarine blue 146 Ultramarine violet 150 Ultrasonics, in ink manufacture 664 Ultraviolet curing inks see under UV

curing Ultraviolet -visible spectroscopy

774-6 Under colour removal 86 Undercutting, of image in platemaking

29 underlay, in letterpress make-ready

19 Undertone, assessment of 706 United Nations, recommendations on

potentially toxic chemicals 826-7 Unsaturated polyesters 272

INDEX

Urea formaldehyde resins 207-8 identification of 754

Urethane acrylates, as prepolYI1lers 273, 538

Urethane oils 186 UV curing

equipment design 554-6 for lelterset printing 589 for metal decorating inl--s '585 future of 560 solder resists 575

UV curing inks 35,54,218,271-80, 525-51

for flexography 549 for gravure 432, 549 for web offset 548 for screen printing 485,513 bis,

548 handling and manufacture 645 safety in use 825-6 testing of 731

UV radiation 516,517,519 (Table 10.2)

Vacuum packaging of inks 653-4 Value, pa rameter in the Munsell colour

system 95,96(Fig.3.19) Vanillin, as reodorant 265 Varnishes (see also Lithographic

varnish; Overprint varnishes; Cooked varnishes)

manufacture of 594-8, 610- 61 I testing of 714-20

Vegetable black 154 Vegetable oils

drying, 183-8,315 non -drying 191 - 2

Ventilation, in the workplace 813-4 Victoria bl ue pigments 142, 148 - 9,

176-7 Vinyl chloride emulsions, in overprint

varnishes 406 Vinyl films 418,470

gravure inks for 418 n-vinyl pyrrolidone, as diluent in UV

curing systems 274,276,541 Vinyl resins 214-6,497

in gravure inks 387,417 in screen inks 488

Vinyl wall coverings 419-20,578 Vinyls, self-adhesive see Polyvinyl

chloride self-adhesive labels Violet pigments 149- 52

properties 01 167 (Table 4.5)

in litho inks 330 in gravure inks 384

Visco-elasticity 674- ') Viscorneters (sec also Falling-rod

viscometers; Cone and plate

871

viscometcrs; Rota t iOlla I viscometcrs; Brookfield viscometers; Stormer viscoll1etcrs; etc.) 32 L 323,675-85,717

Viscosity (sa als(l Apparellt viscosity) control of. in flexographic printing

438,442- 3 control of, in gravure prillting 36,

37,43,381 (Fig. 76).390 influence of temperature on 674 measurement of (5('(' (1/.1('

Viscoll1eters; Flow ClipS) 287. 379,717

ll1odification of, in inb 266-7 of gravure inks 369, 379 of litho inks 321-6, 333 of screell inks 486

Wall covering inks 378, 394, 419-21, 424,578-80

pigmentslOr 151, 153,375 Wash coats scc Primers Waste disposal 4'58, 782- 3 Water based inb

drying of, by microwave and radiofrequency radiation 521-2

for tlcxography 458-6(), '578 for gravure 431- 2 lorjet printing 568 lor screen printing '504, 513 testing 01 73 ') usc of alkalis in 265 UV curing 01 540,560

Water content of oils and varnishes 719 of pigments, determination of 704 of solvents 72 3

Water marking, in litho 353 Water ll1arks, imitation 187, 191 Water reducible inks 286 Water take-up tests 695,736-7 Waterless plates 29,364 Wax lamination 396,41 I Wax pastes, manufacture 01 599 Wax resistance, test lor 709 Waxed paper 62 Waxes 249-58

in flexographic inks 455 in gravure inks 376

872

in litho inks 339-40 in screen inks 490 in varnishes 599-600 quality control of 726 resistance of inks to 169

Waxing, of petroleum distillates 367 Weathering 8-9 Web offset inks see Coldset inks;

Heatset inks Web offset, presses 23,25 Weir system, in the gravure inking

system 37 Weissenberg effect 680 Wet-on-wet printing see Trapping Wetting agents, in flexographic inks

455 White base coats, in gravure 394,411 White pigments 156-61

in litho inks 330 properties of 168 (Table 4.7)

White Reduction test 443 White spirit 229,236

exposure limits for 787 (Table 15.2)

flammability limits 794 (Table 15.4)

Whiting see Calcium carbonate extender

Wicket dryers in metal decorating 585 in screen printing 484

Wi en's law 522 Wifag presses 306 Wijs method for determining iodine

value 716 Wipe-on plates 27 Wood grain laminates, inks for

imitating 153,421,422 Wood rosin 193 Wool grease 257 Worshipful Company of Stationers,

The 10

Wrap-around plates 17 Wrinkle finishes 188

INDEX

Xenon arc source, for lightfastness testing 706

Xenon discharge tube 91 Xerography* 563 Xenotest* 707 (Fig. 14.5) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

(XPS) 777 X-rays 519 Xylene 228,230,237

as solvent in gravure inks 376 exposure limits for 808 flammability limits 794 (Table

15.4) Xylol see Xylene Xyl(J\e 237

Yellow pigments 111-7 in gravure inks 383 in litho inks 329 properties of 164 (Table 4.5)

Yellowing 344 of urethane acrylates 538

Yellowness of vision 74 Yield value 321,326,333

defined 669,678 of oil inks 728

Yoghurt containers, printing of 410, 588

Z-blade mixers 603 (Fig. 12.5),614, 616-7

Zahncups 369,678,717 Ziegler process 251 Zinc soaps 259 Zinc plates, in flexo 48 Zinc sulphide pigments 157-8,384 Zinc white 156 Zirconium driers 260,293