COALITION/COMBINED TASK FORCE TRAINING

J371 Training and Readiness Branch

COALITION/COMBINED TASK FORCE TRAINING

Forming the COALITION / COMBINED Task Force (CTF)

MPAT Secretariat

Forming the COALITION/COMBINED Task Force (CTF)

• Purpose: Familiarization with the fundamentals of establishing a COALITION/COMBINED Task Force (CTF)

– Terminology and Design– Command and Control– CTF Headquarters Staff and MNF Force Structure

References• MNF SOP (First Draft)• Joint Pub 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces, 24 Feb 95• JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations,10 Sep 01• JP 3-16, Doctrine for Multinational Operations• JP 3-56 Command and Control Doctrine for Joint Ops, Draft, Apr 97• JP 5-00.2 Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures, 13 Jan 99


Multinational Operations

“ ‘Multinational operations’ is a collective term to

describe military actions conducted by forces of two

or more nations. Such operations are usually undertaken within the

structure of a coalition or alliance” JP 3-16


Key Terminology

• MNF: Multinational Force – “Broad Overarching Term”

– Describes the “broader force” and includes the participating Nation’s and Strategic Planning Headquarters (HQs).

– The entire organization of nations, participating forces, and support based upon “shared interests”.

• Two Types of MNF Operations:

– Coalition: Ad-Hoc / Crisis Based (East Timor)– Combined: Alliance / Treaty Based

(Example: NATO or UNC / CFC - Korea)


Key Terminology (cont)

• CTF: Coalition / Combined Task Force •

– Coalition TF (CTF): Ad-Hoc / Crisis-Oriented

– Combined TF (CTF): Alliance / Treaty-Based (predetermined guidelines and / or contingency plans present)


Strategic Guidance

• Effective Mission Accomplishment by a CTF requires clear and legitimate strategic guidance from a higher headquarters

• Sources of Guidance:

– Multinational Regional Organization guidance based upon alliance / treaty.

– Coalition Multinational Organizational guidance based upon crisis action coordination / collaboration and ad-hoc (non-treaty) actions.

– UN Security Council or General Assembly resolution and

mandate for multinational military operations (UN authorized or UN lead).

– Unilateral Operations by a single country that evolves into a coalition operation or UN operation.


Essential Strategic Guidance

• Essential Strategic Guidance:

Purpose for MNF Action (purpose for CTF activation)

Broad Mission Statement MNF (CTF)

Broad Objectives for MNF (CTF)

Broad Criteria for termination and transition of MNF Opns

Participating Nations and contribution

Lead Nation for effort and MNF SOP that will be used

Agreement on Collective Security Interests Involved

Specific Diplomatic, Economic, Informational, or Military Limitations, Concerns, Sensitivities


“The Realities” Essential Strategic Guidance

• Guidance may be initially incomplete or fragmentary due to the complex and rapidly evolving crisis situation

• Guidance will require ongoing refinements and adjustments as the crisis evolves

• Strategic and CTF commanders / staff need to continually press for updated / refined guidance as required by the situation (never-ending process)


Command Relationships &Control / Coordination Relationships

• Foundation: Two Chains of Command Always Exist

– Within the CTF command, each nations’ forces are commanded by TWO separate chains of command:

#1: The Respective “NATIONAL” Chain of Command

#2: The CTF “MULTINATIONAL” Chain of Command


Command Relationship Terms

• Command and Control Relationships / Concepts:

– Operational Control (OPCON): Command authority to organize and employ forces, assign tasks, designate objectives, and give authoritive direction necessary to accomplish the mission

– Tactical Control (TACON): A more restrictive command authority, limited to the detailed control of movements or maneuvers within a give operational area (AO) necessary to accomplish assigned missions or tasks.

– SUPPORT: Command authority for support relationships to assist in the coordination and direction of MNF logistical planning, coordination, and control / direction


MOOTW / SSC is MOOTW / SSC is most likelymost likely scenario scenario• Short Duration / Small Scale / No-NoticeShort Duration / Small Scale / No-Notice• JointJoint• Multinational / InteragencyMultinational / Interagency

MOOTW / SSC is MOOTW / SSC is most likelymost likely scenario scenario• Short Duration / Small Scale / No-NoticeShort Duration / Small Scale / No-Notice• JointJoint• Multinational / InteragencyMultinational / Interagency

MNF / CTF Missions

NEONEONEONEO PeacePeaceEnforcementEnforcement

PeacePeaceEnforcementEnforcementCMCMCMCM

HA/HA/DisasterDisaster

ReliefRelief

HA/HA/DisasterDisaster

ReliefRelief

PeacePeaceKeepingKeepingPeacePeace

KeepingKeepingSSCSSCSSCSSC MRCMRCMRCMRC


Facts and Decisions Affecting MNF/CTF Structure

Assigned Tasks CTF Mission

Required Capabilities Force Options

Force Options Component Structure

Component Structure C2 Structure

Basing Support Structure

• CTF Staff Structure• MNF Force Structure

Facts Decisions


• COMMON UNDERSTANDINGAll forces should understand the overall aim and the concept for its attainment. Simplicity of plan and organization are essential

• COORDINATED POLICY AND PLANSNations should exchange qualified liaison officers at the earliestopportunity to improve interoperability and mutual understanding

• TRUST AND CONFIDENCECommanders and their representatives must establish and maintain trust and confidence. Plain, objective communicationand common courtesy are essential.

Unified Action in Multinational Ops

Principles of MultinationalUnity of Effort

Coordination and Consensus: Key elements for MNF operationsUnity of Command is desired -- Unity of Effort is required


A MNF/CTFA MNF/CTF that can:that can:

“The” Goal

• Rapidly plan in a complex setting• Develop a plan which supports national and strategic

theater goals• Continuously integrate logistics • Orient on the threat/enemy’s center of gravity• Efficiently execute a plan based on the commander’s

concept• Achieve synergy in the employment of all military and

inter-agency capabilities


Lead Nation Concept

• A Lead Nation is designated by the participating nations within the MNF effort

• Lead Nation is responsible for the strategic consultation / coordination for the MNF effort

– Among nations – With UN channels– With other Non-Governmental or International

Organization (NGO / IO)

• Lead Nation acts as the “single channel” of MNF strategic direction / guidance to military forces within the MNF effort based upon collaboration and agreements with participating nations

• Provides for “unity of effort”

Strategic Guidance OPCON or TACONAnd Support

National Command National Command, Theater

Lead Nation NCA(Nation #1)

(NAT AUTHORITIES)

Supported Strategic Commander

(CDF)

Participating Nation #2

(NAT AUTHORITIES)


(NAT AUTHORITIES)

Supporting Strategic Commander

Supporting Strategic Commander(AFP JCS)

Commander Coalition / Combined

Task Force(CCTF)

Participating US Forces

ParticipatingAS Forces

ParticipatingAFP Forces

Consultation /Coordination

Collaboration/ Support

NationalCommand

Element (NCE)

NationalCommand

Element (NCE)

Lead Nation Command Structure(Provides for Integrated Command and Control – Unity of Command & Effort)

Legend:Strategic Guidance OPCON or TACONAnd Support

National Command National Command,

CoordinationCoordination

CCTF


ParticipatingNation #3

ParticipatingNation #1

Commander


Lead Nation


Nation #1

Supporting Strategic Commander

Consultation / Coordination

Collaboration/ Coordination

Tailored Lead Nation Command Structure(Parallel Command -- Foreign Command of Nation’s Forces is an Issue)

Coalition Coordination Center


CTF Component Structure (Service)

Supported Strategic CmdrSupported Strategic Cmdr

CCTFCCTF

CAFFORCAFFOR CARFORCARFOR

Simplicity in aTime Compressed

Environment

Capabilities or functions

do not overlap

CMARFORCMARFORCNAVFORCNAVFOR CSOTFCSOTF

Lead Nation(NAT AUTH)


Supporting Strategic Commander(s)


Task Force(CCTF)

CAFFORAir

Forces

CARFORArmy

Forces

CNAVFORNavy

Forces

CCC

CSOTF

National Forces

National Forces

National Forces

National Forces

National Forces

National Forces

National Forces

National Forces

CMOTF(Civil Military)

CPOTF(Psychological)

Legend:Strategic GuidanceAnd Support

OPCON or TACON

National Command

Tentative, This componentmay or may not be activated due to nature ofthe crisis.

Coordination, Supportand Consultation

Supporting Nation (s)(NAT AUTH)

Coalition Coordination Center (used in coalitions)

CMARFORMARINEForces

CCC

Lead Nation CTF Component OrganizationService Component & Task Force


CTF Component Structure (Functional)

CINCCINC

CCTFCCTF

Unity of

Effort

Organize by capabilities or functions

CFMCCCFMCC CFACCCFACC CSOTFCSOTFCFLCCCFLCC CCMOTFCCMOTFCPOTFCPOTF

Supported StrategicCommander

Supported StrategicCommander

Legend:

Lead Nation(NAT AUTH)


Supporting Strategic Commander(s)


Task Force(CCTF)

CFACCAir

Component

CFLCCGround

Component

CFMCCMaritime

Component

CCC

CSOTF

National Forces

National Forces

National Forces

National Forces

National Forces

National Forces

National Forces

National Forces

CCMOTFCPOTF

Strategic GuidanceAnd Support

OPCON or TACON

National Command Tentative, This componentmay or may not be activated due to nature ofthe crisis.

Coordination, Supportand Consultation

Supporting Nation)s)(NAT AUTH)

Coalition Coordination Center (used within coalitions)

CCC

Lead Nation CTF Component OrganizationFunctional Component & Task Force


Unity of

Effort

Geographic or

Mission Specific

CTFTRANS

CTFTRANS

CTFMEDCTFMED

TF SecurityTF SecurityTF EngTF Eng

CCTFCCTF

CINCCINCCINCCINCSupported Strategic

CommanderSupported Strategic

Commander

CTF Component Structure (Subordinate TFs & CTFs)

TFWEST

TFWEST

TFEAST

TFEAST


The CTF Staff

• Task Organized to the Specific Mission

• Capable of Rapid Information Processing

• Organized for Efficiency

• Shortened Plan-Decide-Execute Cycle

CTF

Lead Nation NAT AUTHThe Leap to the Operational Level

TACTICAL LEVEL

A formidable challenge,building an operational staff

from single service tactical HQs.A leap from the

“Comfort Zone”

Supported Strategic Cmdr

Supported Strategic Cmdr

CNAVFOR CPOTFCARFOR CAFFORCMARFOR CSOTF

MPAT& MNF

SOP


CTF Staff Process

OperationalLevel Focus

MinimalTime

Philosophy Structure

Procedures

Not BusinessAs Usual

Plans

Pers Log

Intel

Ops

Cellular Staff

Structure Comm

Conducted by a “New” Staff

Crisis Action Planning

Phase I: Situation Development

Phase II: Crisis Assessment

Phase III: COA Development

Phase IV: COA Selection

Phase V: Execution Planning

Phase VI: Execution


Single Service HQ Staff

COMMANDERCOMMANDER

G1G1 G2G2 G6G6G3G3 G5G5G4G4

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

CTFHQ

C1/PersonnelC1/Personnel C2/ IntelC2/ Intel C3/ OpsC3/ Ops C4/ LogC4/ Log C5/ PlansC5/ Plans C6/ CommsC6/ Comms

Lead Nation CTF Headquarters

SOPs CulturalDynamics

InfrastructureDifferences

CommunicationsTTPs Operational

Level focus

Add’l MPAT SMEs:

PSYOP,Civil Affairs,

Legal, Medical,Pol-Mil, etc.

LNOs from Supporting Commands

MPAT

Forming the CTF Staff (MNF Ops)


CTF Staff Structure

CCTFCCTF

C1C1 C2C2 C6C6C3C3 C5C5C4C4

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

LIAISON

• Command Group

• Battle Staff

• Integrated Staff Cells

• Routine Support

• Liaison

How Does It Work?

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF


Command Group

• Decision Makers– Intent– Guidance– CCIR

CCTFCCTF


FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

LIAISON


Battle Staff

• Chief of Staff Direction

• Staff Cognizance over Integrated Cells

• Represents all Key Battlefield Operating Systems

• Deals with Processed Data

CCTFCCTF


FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

LIAISON

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF


Integrated Staff Cells

• Cross Functional Representation

• LNO Representation

• Information Management

• Battle Rhythm

• Plans Handover

CCTFCCTF


FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

COALITION / COMBINED PLANNING GROUP (CPG)

INFORMATION OPERATIONS CELL

COALITION / COMBINED OPERATIONS CENTER (COC)

FORCES DEPLOYMENT / TPFDD WORKING GROUP

LIAISON


Routine Staff Support

• More Closely Aligned with Normal Staff Organization

• Representatives on Integrated Cell

• More meetings than Bodies: Battle Rhythm

• Linkage to staffs higher and lower

CCTFCCTF


FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

LIAISON

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

Liaison

• Liaison supporting, higher and lower staffs

• Liaisons to CTF staff become key members of Integrated Cells

• More meetings than Bodies: Battle Rhythm

• Rank/Experience critical: Must be able to speak for the commander

CCTFCCTF


FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

LIAISON

“They are crucial to success, and you have to pick your best people. They have to have the moxie to stand up in front of a two or four star general, and brief him on what their commander is thinking, their unit’s capabilities, and make their recommendations.”

“They are crucial to success, and you have to pick your best people. They have to have the moxie to stand up in front of a two or four star general, and brief him on what their commander is thinking, their unit’s capabilities, and make their recommendations.”

LTG Stiner, USACdr, JTF South, Operation Just Cause

FUNCTIONAL

STAFF

Standardized CTF HQs

MNF REL = MULTINATIONAL FORCE RELEASABLE LIAISON & COORD =


Task Force(CCTF)

DCCTF

Personal StaffCivil-MilitaryOperations

Center(CMOC)

Coalition / Combined Logistics Coordination Center(CLCC) Secret – MNF REL

CTF PLANNING PROCESS(PLANS, FOPS, AND COPS)

Red Area “ Shared Top Level Classification Info Area

Special Access

Ops(SOF)

Classification:Secret – MNF REL

Classification:Case by Case

Multinational and CTF Media Support Staffs (Coalition / Combined Media Pools)

COS

C1PERS

C2INTEL

C3OPNS

C4LOG

C5PLANS

C6COMMS

C7CIV-MIL

CoalitionCoordination

Center(CCC)

12

Command GroupPrioritize/Task CTF Planning Efforts & Provide Direction/Guidance

CTF: 0-96 Hrs

Issues Orders, Drafts Pertinent Messages Monitor, Assess, Direct & Control

Execution. Maintain SA.

CAP Products

CTF: 168 Hrs / Next PhaseTransition,

or Termination

Initial & Campaign PlanFollow-on

Phase - Plans

What’s Next?

CTF: 96-168 Hrs

Refines, Adjusts & Modifies

OPORDs-OPLANs (Based upon Current

Situation)

“Hand-Off”of Plan

• OPORD-OPLANS / Campaign Plan• Sequel plans for future phases

–Concept of operations–Draft Cmdr’s Intent

• Initial Cmdr’s guidance• Wargaming results• Pol-Mil Issues

• Branch plans with triggers• Draft Commander’s Intent• Commanders Estimate• Orders (WARNO, FRAGO, Etc.)• Recommend CCIR, ROE• CCIR & ROE

• Situational Awareness (SA / COP)• Monitor Plan Execution • Briefings • SITREP/ near-term FRAGOs• Message Release• Track Actions / Suspenses

CAP Products

“Hand-Off”of Plan

C3 Future Operations(FOPS)

C3 Current Operations

(COPS)

C5 Future Plans

(PLANS)

CollaborationTools

CTF Battle Staff

CAP Phase VI ExecutionPlans and Operations Synchronization

Coalition/Combined Planning Group (CPG)

C-4StaffC-4Staff

C-5StaffC-5Staff

C-6Staff

PAStaffPAStaff

SJAStaffSJAStaff

MedicalStaff

MedicalStaff

JTFCompJTF

Comp

C-3StaffC-3Staff

C-2StaffC-2Staff

C-1StaffC-1Staff

C-3

Rep

s

C-5 Reps

C-6 Reps

C-4 Reps

PA

RepsSJA

Rep

s

Med Reps

LNOs

C-2 R

epsC-1 Reps

Deployment CellIO

Cel

l IM C

ell

Orders Cell

CPG


Lesson Learned:• Clearly define command relationships between components (especially “supported” and supporting relationships)

Summary: Lessons Learned- Forming

Lesson Learned:• Augmentation “cells” (i.e. MPAT) clearly provide a “jump start” to the processes of forming and planning during a crisis.

Lesson Learned:• Keep the number of cells/boards/agencies/centers to a minimum, but if the function is required, forming them is usually beneficial.


Lessons Learned - Planning

Lesson Learned:• “Master the mechanics & techniques; understand the art and profession; and be smart enough to know when to deviate from it.” GEN Zinni, CINCCENT

Lesson Learned:“Leaders should use the military decision-making processto expedite or facilitate planning, but should not let it hinder their efforts to understand the complex issues that lay beneath the operation’s surface.”

LTC D. Scalard, Military Review, 1998


Lessons Learned - Deploying

Lesson Learned:A CCTF should almost daily ask the following question: “What are we doing to ensure that CTF personnel & their equipment arrive at the PODs at approximately the same time?”

Lesson Learned:CCTFs must balance combat vs. support forces in the deployment process. When inadequate support forces are deployed, backlogs of personnel & equipment at the PODs will occur (I.e., adequate JRSOI is on-hand).


Lessons Learned - Employing

• Deter…• Fight to win...

Lesson Learned:A CCTF should always seek to gain & maintain the initiative -- this applies not only to conventional combat operations, but to the information domain as well.

Lesson Learned:There is no replacement for the application of overwhelming force at the proper time & place. Seek or create enemy weakness and attack it quickly, decisively, and relentlessly.

Lesson Learned:Keep your logisticians abreast of the operational situation -- only with full situational awareness can they anticipate future requirements as operations unfold.

Lesson Learned:Always maintain a reserve ready for immediate employment to reinforce success, capitalize on unanticipated opportunities, or to address unforseen exigencies.


Lessons Learned - Transition

Lesson Learned:Transition may occur between the CTF with a UN command, with another military command with host nation forces, or to civilian control. Regardless, the command must prepare for and coordinate the transition to ensure an orderly change of authority and responsibility.


Lessons Learned - Redeploying

Lesson Learned:Redeployment is essentially the reverse of deployment. Redeployment can begin at any point during CTF operations and planning for it should begin as soon as possible.


Multinational Force SOP“A Journey Starts with a first step”

• MNF SOP – “ A Step in the Right Direction”– A “Guide” for Operational Start Points and CTF procedures

• Not prescriptive, binding, or directive

– Focus on Operational Level – CTF HQs and Command

– Purpose:

• Speed of Initial Response

• Interoperability

• Overall Mission Effectiveness

– Is a Multinational Product

• 28 Nations -- Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT)

Questions??




Forming the COALITION / COMBINED Task Force (CTF)

MPAT Secretariat

COALITION/COMBINED TASK FORCE TRAINING

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refined guidance

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