Coal Conversion in a Fluidized Bed Direct Carbon Fuel Cell 1,2 Turgut M. Gür 1 Direct Carbon Technologies, LLC, Palo Alto, CA 94301 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Direct Carbon Technologies (DCT) is developing its proprietary fluidized bed direct carbon fuel cell (FB-DCFC) technology to commercialization. DCT has already demonstrated efficient conversion of coal, carbon and biomass into electricity in its proprietary FB-DCFC [1-4]. “Direct” implies to conversion in a single process chamber. FB-DCFC’s Advantages • Flexibility to employ a wide range of solid fuels • Consumes no water • No nitrogen enters process stream • Produces capture-ready CO 2 • High conversion efficiency • Less coal or biomass per unit of electricity generated • Produces less CO 2 per unit of electricity generated • No or minimal NO x emissions Boudouard reaction in coal bed C (s) + CO 2(g) = 2CO (g) On SOFC anode 2CO (g) + 2O o x (YSZ) = 2CO 2(g) + 2V o ¨ (YSZ) + 4e' (electrode) Net Bed-side C + 2O o x (YSZ) = CO 2(g) + 2V o ¨ (YSZ) + 4e' (electrode) On SOFC Cathode O 2(g) + 2V o ¨ (YSZ) + 4e' (electrode) = 2O o x (YSZ) OVERALL Cell Reaction OVERALL Cell Reaction C (s) + O 2(g) = CO 2(g) Operating Principle of FB-DCFC (Current Understanding) References: 1. A. C. Lee, S. Li, R. E. Mitchell, T. M. Gür, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 11(2), B20 (2008) 2. S. Li, A. C. Lee, R. E. Mitchell, T. M. Gür, Solid State Ionics 179, 1549 (2008) 3. A. C. Lee, R. E. Mitchell, T. M. Gür, AIChE Journal 55(4), 983 (2009) 4. A. C. Lee, R. E. Mitchell, T. M. Gür, J. Power Sources (in print) FB-DCFC on Activated Carbon at 850 o C FB-DCFC on Alaska Coal Char at 850 o C Solid fuels converted in FB-DCFC Coal Lower Kittanning, PA Coal Pittsburgh #8, PA Coal Waterfall Seam, Kenai-Cook Inlet County, AK Synthetic carbon Osaka Gas Activated carbon Fisher Activated carbon (biomass derived) Biomass Almond shells ACKNOWLEDGMENT: This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory under Award Number DE-NT0004395. Technical guidance provided by W. Surdoval and Dr. P. Tortora of DOE-NETL is greatly appreciated. Partial financial support from Direct Carbon Technologies is greatly appreciated. The author also wishes to acknowledge the contributions of the following people at different stages of this work: Prof. Reginald Mitchell and Andrew Lee (Stanford University), Dr. Siwen Li (DCT), Prof. Anil Virkar (University of Utah), and Mike Homel and Erin Sorge (MSRI). Disclaimer: “This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.” Oxygen mass balance FB-DCFC Stability Testing at 850 o C on Gasified Coal Total power ~ 4W Power density = 450 mW/cm 2 Total power ~10.8W
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Coal Conversion in a Fluidized Bed Direct Carbon Fuel Cell
1,2 Turgut M. Gür
1 Direct Carbon Technologies, LLC, Palo Alto, CA 943012 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
Direct Carbon Technologies (DCT) is developing itsproprietary fluidized bed direct carbon fuel cell
(FB-DCFC) technology to commercialization.
DCT has already demonstrated efficientconversion of coal, carbon and biomass intoelectricity in its proprietary FB-DCFC [1-4].
“Direct” implies to conversion in a single process chamber.
FB-DCFC’s Advantages
• Flexibility to employ a wide range of solid fuels• Consumes no water• No nitrogen enters process stream• Produces capture-ready CO2
• High conversion efficiency• Less coal or biomass per unit of electricity
generated• Produces less CO2 per unit of electricity
generated• No or minimal NOx emissions
Boudouard reaction in coal bed
C(s) + CO2(g) = 2CO(g)
On SOFC anode
2CO(g) + 2Oox
(YSZ) = 2CO2(g) + 2Vo¨(YSZ) + 4e'(electrode)
Net Bed-side
C + 2Oox
(YSZ) = CO2(g) + 2Vo¨(YSZ) + 4e'(electrode)
On SOFC Cathode
O2(g) + 2Vo¨(YSZ) + 4e'(electrode) = 2Oo
x(YSZ)
OVERALL Cell ReactionOVERALL Cell Reaction
C(s) + O2(g) = CO2(g)
Operating Principle of FB-DCFC(Current Understanding)
References:1. A. C. Lee, S. Li, R. E. Mitchell, T. M. Gür, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 11(2), B20 (2008)2. S. Li, A. C. Lee, R. E. Mitchell, T. M. Gür, Solid State Ionics 179, 1549 (2008)3. A. C. Lee, R. E. Mitchell, T. M. Gür, AIChE Journal 55(4), 983 (2009)4. A. C. Lee, R. E. Mitchell, T. M. Gür, J. Power Sources (in print)
FB-DCFC on Activated Carbon at 850 oC
FB-DCFC on Alaska Coal Char at 850 oC
Solid fuels converted in FB-DCFC
Coal Lower Kittanning, PACoal Pittsburgh #8, PACoal Waterfall Seam, Kenai-Cook Inlet County, AKSynthetic carbon Osaka GasActivated carbon FisherActivated carbon (biomass derived)Biomass Almond shells
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory under Award Number DE-NT0004395.Technical guidance provided by W. Surdoval and Dr. P. Tortora of DOE-NETL is greatly appreciated. Partial financial support from Direct Carbon Technologies is greatlyappreciated. The author also wishes to acknowledge the contributions of the following people at different stages of this work: Prof. Reginald Mitchell and Andrew Lee (StanfordUniversity), Dr. Siwen Li (DCT), Prof. Anil Virkar (University of Utah), and Mike Homel and Erin Sorge (MSRI).
Disclaimer: “Th is report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of theiremployees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed,or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does notnecessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarilystate or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.”
Oxygen mass balance
FB-DCFC Stability Testing at 850 oC on Gasified Coal
Total power ~ 4W
Power density = 450 mW/cm2
Total power ~10.8W
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