CO2 Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Is it Relevant for …e33e64e4b544c13e3cb1-4df26492c00c768d9a31ff7724520508.r96.cf1... · Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Is it Relevant for India?

CO2 Capture and Sequestration (CCS)

Is it Relevant for India?

Anand B. Rao

Associate Professor

Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA),

Department of Energy Science & Engineering,

and Inter-Disciplinary Program in Climate Studies

Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai, INDIA

[email protected]

CCJ Conference: Carbon Capture, Storage and Reuse in India

IIT Bombay, 30/09/2016

mailto:[email protected]

Outline

Energy Scenario – India & the World

Potential Impacts of CCS

Performance, cost, environmental emissions using IECM

Major Concerns/ Issues regarding CCS

Technical, socio-economic, legal, regulatory, strategic

Relevance of CCS

Potential, current status

Response to Climate Change

Strategic Response to Climate Change

Mitigation

Prevention Abatement

Geo-engineering

Adaptation

Electricity Generation by Source (2013)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

China USA India Rest of Asia

tri

llio

n k

Wh

Coal Oil Gas Biofuels Waste Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Solar PV Solar Thermal Wind Tidal Others

(Source: Key World Energy Statistics 2014, International Energy Agency )

3,030

780

3,780

12,990

920

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

World India China USA Rest of Asia

Per Capita Electricity Consumption (2013)

(kWh/person/year)

India ≠ China

Chikkatur, 2008

Annual Emissions (2015)

Anand B. Rao, CTARA, IIT-Bombay, 24/06/2016

Electricity Access

in (Rural) India

Status of Electricity Access in Rural India

(Source: http://www.trendsindia.org/) 10

Hegde, 2015

Hegde, 2015

Dealing with Energy Poverty in India

Issues with the Rural Electrification:

Access: Poor access and consumption with high inequity

Availability

Reliability

Quality

Affordability

Challenges before the Power Sector:

Capacity: Weak infrastructure (electricity, railways etc.)

Not rich in resources: hydrocarbons, land, water, capital

Efficiency: Need to improve; Poor environmental management

Cost: Need to minimize the cost of power generation

Potential Impacts of CCS

ASSESSMENT TOOL:

IECM-CS MODEL

Overall Modeling Framework for

Carbon Management Options

Power

Generation

Environmental

Controls

CO2 Product

transport &

Storage/disposal

CO2

Capture

Criteria &

Hazardous

Pollutants

Deep Saline Reservoirs

Oil and Gas Wells

Deep Coal Seams

Air or

Pure O2

Coal or

Natural Gas

Simple Cycles

Combined Cycles Commercial

Advanced

Impacts of CCS: Using IECM-CS Model

To estimate the impact of

CCS on the performance

and economics of a power

plant

Performance (Energy Penalty)

Cost (Capex, COE, $/tCO2 av.)

Environmental Emissions

Available at:

www.iecm-online.com

Widely used

http://www.iecm-online.com/



Anand B. Rao, CTARA, IIT-Bombay

IECM-cs Software Package

Fuel Properties

Heating Value

Composition

Delivered Cost

Plant Design

Furnace Type

Emission Controls

Solid Waste Mgmt

Chemical Inputs

Cost Data

O&M Costs

Capital Costs

Financial Factors

Power

Plant

Model

Graphical

User

Interface

Session

& Fuel

Databases

Plant & Process

Performance

Environmental

Emissions

Plant & Process

Costs


IECM-cs Model: Salient Features

Estimation of the performance and costs is directly linked

Multi-pollutant interactions taken into account

Capable of probabilistic analysis

User-friendly graphical interface

Transparent (model inputs and default assumptions)

Provides consistent basis to compare various technology options


IECM interface

IECM-cs Model User Interface

Energy Penalty

CCS energy penalty as the increase in energy input per unit of product output due to CCS

EP = (ηref / ηccs ) – 1

As per the IPCC Special Report on CCS, the energy penalty in case of various types of plants: PC = 27% (22-29%)

IGCC = 16% (12-22%)

Oxyfuel = 25% (15-43%)

NGCC = 15% (14-16%)

(IPCC, 2005)

Cost of CCS

Bulk of the cost: Capture (and compression)

Potential revenue: EOR/ ECBM (early adopters)

(IPCC, 2005)

$28-111/tCO2

$1.7-14.8/tCO2

$7-13/tCO2

Rubin et al. (2015)

Cost Comparison

(IPCC, 2005)

Concerns / Issues

regarding CCS

Major Concerns or Issues

Technical: Feasibility; Scale-up; Experience

Economic: Expensive; Need for incentives; Viability?

Social: Public acceptance?

Health/Safety: Risk of slow/ accidental leakage

Environmental: Local AQ trade-offs; Continued

dependence on fossil fuels?

Legal: Property rights; Long-term liability

Regulatory: Uncertainty; Need for regulatory framework

Strategic: Delay in real action; Diversion of funds/

efforts; CCS under CDM?

NRCCC, 05/03/2010 Anand B. Rao, CTARA, IIT Bombay

Maturity of CCS Technology

Nature Climate Change 5, 498–500 (2015) doi:10.1038/nclimate2627













CCS Risks

Local Global

Surface release

Suffocation

Ecosystem

impacts (tree roots,

ground animals)

CO2 in subsurface

Metals mobilisation

Other contaminant

mobilisation

Quantity-based

Ground heave

Induced seismicity

Displacement of

groundwater

resources

Damage to

hydrocarbon

production

Surface

release

CO2 back to

the atmosphere

Source: Wilson and Keith (2002)

Local EHS regulatory issues

International issue

(UNFCCC/Kyoto)









Environmental Impacts

Fuel and reagent consumption ↑

Solid wastes and byproducts ↑

Emission rates of certain pollutants may ↑

Possible

CO2

emissions












Is it worth trying? Can it be made worthwhile?

Relevance of CCS

IS IT RELEVANT FOR INDIA?

India and Climate Change

Not a major contributor to the problem (cause); Potential to be part of the solution (mitigation)

Hansen, 2006

India and Climate Change

Not a major contributor to the problem (cause); Potential to be part of the solution (mitigation)

Likely to face disproportionate impacts (extreme events, agriculture, sea-level rise, water availability....)

Vulnerability issues; Need for adaptation and mitigation

Relevance of CCS

Carbon Management Options: Improvements in conversion and generation efficiency

Use of low-C or non-C fuels or energy sources

CO2 Capture and sequestration (CCS)

A Bridging Technology: May allow us to continue the use of conventional fossil fuels without

worrying about the greenhouse effect

CCS as a Carbon Management Option:

How much can we store?

At what cost?

Is the technology ready?

CCS as a Carbon Management Tool

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

2005 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095

Em

iss

ion

s (

MtC

O2 p

er

ye

ar)

Conservation

and Energy

Efficiency

Renewable

Energy

Nuclear

Coal to Gas

Substitution

CCS

Allowable

Emissions for

WRE 550

Emissions to the atmosphere

MiniCAM

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

2005 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095

Conservation and

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Nuclear

Coal to Gas

Substitution

CCSEmissions to the atmosphere

MESSAGE

(IPCC, 2007)

Critical share

Global Cost Curve for GHG Abatement Measures

beyond “Business As Usual”

Ref: Enkvist et al., McKinsey & Company, 2007 (page 38)

Marginal cost of avoiding emissions of 1 ton CO2eq in each abatement demand scenario

Coal: Backbone of India’s Energy Infrastructure

Indian Scenario

In 2014 India’s CO2 emissions totalled 1,931 Mt (BP, 2014);

~ 60% from large (>0.1 Mt) stationary sources.

(Holloway for IEAGHG R&D Programme, 2008)

India CO2 Emissions by Storage Reservoir Type

and Distance to Large Stationary CO2 Sources

CO2 Reservoir Type <100 km

(Mt)

<20 km

(Mt)

Oil and Gas Fields 77 6

Deep Saline Aquifers 106 41

Coal Fields 305 95

Total for All Reservoir Types 488 142

CCS in India

CCS = Capture + Compression + Transport + Storage + Monitoring?

US/EU: Need to first resolve the issues related to technical feasibility, economic viability, future liability and public acceptance

Need for detailed assessment of CCS potential in India CO2 sequestration in SW India

[NGRI, PNNL, NTPC]

UCG (+ CCS?) projects in RJ, OR [GAIL, ONGC, IITB, IITM, BHEL]

Methods for storing CO2 in deep underground geological formations

SRCCS Figure TS-7

Conclusion

CCS is a potential mitigation option, but it needs to

overcome several barriers/challenges

The key challenges are: technical feasibility &

scaleup, economic viability and public acceptance

Our priorities as a developing country: Enhancing

capacity; Improving energy efficiency; Reducing

Costs (NOT CCS!!)

RD&D in CCS: Flexibility of future policy options; A

low-cost insurance policy against future

uncertainty (Shackley & Verma, 2008)

Please remember..

We have not inherited this earth

from our ancestors….

We have only borrowed it

from our future generations!

References

[1] https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects/large-scale-ccs-projects#map

[2] http://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/index.html

[3] http://www.saskpower.com/about-us/media-information/news-releases/ccs-performance-data-exceeding-expectations-at-world-first-

boundary-dam-power-station-unit-3/

[4] http://saskpowerccs.com/ccs-projects/boundary-dam-carbon-capture-project/

[5] http://www.afr.com/business/energy/saskpowers-mike-monea-on-carbon-capture-and-storage-20150519-gh4q8d

[6] Lincoln L. Davies, Kirsten Uchitel, John Ruple, Understanding barriers to commercial-scale carbon capture and sequestration in the

United States: An empirical assessment, Energy Policy, April 2013

[7] Samuela Bassi, Rodney Boyd, Simon Buckle, Paul Fennell, Bridging the gap: improving the economic and policy framework for carbon

capture and storage in the European Union, June 2015

[8] Tim Dixona, Sean T. McCoyb, Ian Havercroft, Legal and Regulatory Developments on CCS International Journal of Green house gas

control, May 2015

[9] Bart W. Terwel, Fieke Harinck, Naomi Ellemers, Dancker D.L. Daamen, Going beyond the properties of CO2 capture and storage (CCS)

technology: How trust in stakeholders affects public acceptance of CCS, International Journal of Greenhouse gas control, October 2010

[10] SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 364, Public Awareness and Acceptance of CO2 capture and storage, 2011

[11] Cancelled and Inactive Projects, March 2016, https://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/index_cancelled.html

[12] http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/electricity_generation.cfm

[13] IEA Report on “Potential for biomass and carbon dioxide capture and storage”, 06, 2011,

http://www.ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/2011-06.pdf

[14] Biomass with CO2 Capture and Storage (Bio-CCS) - The way forward for Europe, European Technology Platform for Zero Emission

Fossil Fuel Power Plants, Published 20-06-12.

[15] European Commission Energy Roadmap 2050, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0885&rid=1

[16] Global Status of BECCS Projects 2010, Global CCS Institute, Biorecro, Published: 01 Nov 2010

[17] ILLINOIS INDUSTRIAL CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE PROJECT, project overview, lessons, & future plans, 2012,

https://www.netl.doe.gov/File%20Library/Events/2012/CO2%20Capture%20Meeting/S-McDonald-ADM-Illinois-CCS.pdf

CO2 Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Is it Relevant for …e33e64e4b544c13e3cb1-4df26492c00c768d9a31ff7724520508.r96.cf1... · Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Is it Relevant for India?

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