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Li ni u
Trong nhng nm gn y cc ngnh khoa hc
c bn v cng ngh c nhng tin b v!t b"c#$h%y&n ngnh thit b' ()t nghim !c th*a h+ng nh,
ng tin b cho -h)- cc kt .% ()t nghim c
tin c"y cao/ gi thnh h0/ th1i gian th2c hin ng3n#
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t8ch h!- cao c9a thit b' ()t nghim#:ic v"n hnh
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=% v4 ng%y&n 5B 5m vic v cC% t0o c9a thit b'#
Dy ()t nghim =inh ho hin !c ;Eng rCt -hF bin
trong tCt c cc vin v -h?ng khm/ 5 thit b' khng
thA thi% trong c"n 5m =ng# Gio trHnh ny ngoi
mIc 8ch c%ng cC- cc kin th7c tr&n c?n h6ng ;Jn
cc th9 tIc v"n hnh/ bo ;a cha thit b' ()t nghim#
Trong .% trHnh bi&n =o0n ti 5i% ch3c ch3n c?n
c thi% =t# PCt mong nh"n !c =2 g- B (y ;2ng
c9a cc thy c/ cc ch%y&n gia/ cc b0n Qng nghi-
v cc Rm hc =inh#
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Di B kin ng g- (in g>i v4 Man Thit M' )t
Ughim N T V Tr1ng KL Th%"t Thit M' N t ,WXYZ [,
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Mc lcMi W_# .%ang -hF k################################################_`hn W#########################################################################_$ =+ 5B th%yt ch%ng v4 my ()t nghim =inh ho# _
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2. Tnh nng tc dng ca my xt nghimsinh ho.....................................................2!
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Bi 12. quang ph !"
#hn 1
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Cnh 1.1. D2n! sn! ca nh sn! n sFc
:)ct nng 5!ng E c9a =ng nh =ng 5 mt
v)ct c -hng v%ng gc v6i -hng tr%y4n =ng/ c
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+=
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t
0
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Trong
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5 b6c =ng c9a nh =ng/ lcX#
1.1.2. nh sng tB?ngUh bc hc URpton 5m mt th8 nghim nh
=a%
qng ;n mt t1 giCy tr3ng 5&n mt a kim 5o0i
tr?n v chia hHnh tr?n thnh nhi4% hHnh .%0t
nh@/ =a% ng 5n 5!t t m% thRo th7 t2 @/ cam/
vng/ 5Ic/ 5am/ chm/ t8m 5&n cc hHnh .%0t nh
hHnh W#_# $ho a .%ay .%anh trIc s/ ban % .%ay
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ch"m thH c?n thCy e m%/ khi .%anh tOc .%ay 9
56n/ ;o hin t!ng 5% nh c9a m3t 5&n cm gic c by
m% ho trn vo nha% v 5c m3t ch cm gic
!c m% tr3ng#
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h@n h/ ca nhi nh sn! n sFc# c m bi7n
thin lin t ngo0i bao gQm cc b6c =ng t* S/WS/m v
vEng tia hQng ngo0i bao gQm cc b6c =ng trong
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Cnh 1.*. MhL i$n tH tr(n! ca vNn! qan! h"c
:Eng nh =ng e m% 5 vEng kh kin/ c b6c
=ng bin thi&n t* ZS nm n eeS nm# Trong th2c
t/ cc ng%Qn =ng tr3ng khng ch c b6c =ng nm
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t> ngo0i# $c nh =ng n =3c c b6c =ng 5n c"n
nha% thH gn nh c cEng mt m% v8 ;I
:Eng m% @ l__eeSnm
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:Eng m% vng leeZenm
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:Eng m% 5am chm lZ_nm
:Eng m% t8m lZSnm
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=ng n =3c gi 5 .%ang -hF# $ 5o0i .%ang
e
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-hF f%ang -hF 5i&n tIc/ .%ang -hF v0ch -ht (0 v
.%ang -hF v0ch hC- thI#
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-ht ra nh =ng### f%ang -hF 5i&n tIc ;o cc chCt
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nng#
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hi c t{ khOi nh@ -ht ra khi nng =ng# f%ang -hF
v0ch ;o cc ng%y&n tO khc nha% 5 khc nha% v4 c
m% =3c 5Jn =O 5!ng v0ch# :8 ;I/ hi natri b' Otnng =} cho .%ang -hF 5 _ v0ch m% vng/ .%ang
-hF c9a hi hir cho v0ch 5 @/ 5am/ chm/
t8m###
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kh8 hay hi hC- thI/ !c gi 5 .%ang -hF hC- thI
c9a kh8 hay hi #
:ic 7ng ;Ing .%ang -hF 5i&n tIc trong ()t
nghim 5 rCt cn thit/ ng%Qn =ng ;Eng trong
-hi c ;i -hF rng A c thA 5c ra !c cc b6c
=ng cn thit trong c mi4n t> ngo0i/ vEng kh
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f%ang -hF v0ch !c 7ng ;Ing trong cc my o
Ot .%ang trong ()t nghim A (c 'nh 'nh
t8nh c9a mt =O chCt trong ;%ng ;'ch# T%y nhi&n/
hin ny -hng -h- ny khng c?n !c ;Eng vH
-h7c t0- v kt .% khng 'nh 5!ng#
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bn c 7ng ;Ing trong cc my ()t nghim =inh ho
hin nay# \A hiA% th&m v4 cC% t0o chi tit c9a t*ng
;Ing cI v cc 5B th%yt 5i&n .%an/ b0n c tham
kho trong cc ti 5i% ch%y&n mn v4 .%ang hc#
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khi c nh =ng chi% t6i# Gng chia 5m 5o0i gng
-h~ng/ gng c% 5Qi/ gng c% 5m# Trong my =inh
ho/ th1ng ;Eng gng c% 5m A t"- tr%ng !c c1ng
nh =ng/ t0o thnh chEm =ng =ong =ong#
$C% t0o c9a gng th1ng gQm 56-
, [6- tr&n cEng 5 th%{ tinh trong =%Ot A nh =ngi .%a# Ugoi ra n c?n c tc ;Ing t0o b4 mt
-h~ng A -h9 56- -hn (0#
, [6- + gia !c -h9 5&n 56- th%{ tinh c tc ;Ing
-hn (0 nh =ng/ 56- ny th1ng 5 b0c hoc
nhm#
Z
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, [6- c%Oi cEng th1ng 5 56- =n bo v cho 56-
-hn (0#
1.2.2. ThE &nhThC% k8nh 5 mt mi tr1ng trong =%Ot gi6i h0n b+i
hai mt c% hoc mt mt -h~ng/ mt mt c%#
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hi tI/ S ta c thC% k8nh -hn kj# Trong my ()t
nghim/ ng1i ta ch => ;Ing thC% k8nh hi tI A t"-
WS
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[6- -hn(0
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Cnh 1.4. O: t2o ca !n!
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tr%ng nh =ng hoc t0o chEm =ng =ong =ong# $hEm
=ng t6i =ong =ong =} hi tI t0i ti&% iAm c9a thC%
k8nh hoc chEm =ng t6i t0i ti&% iAm =} t0o chEm
=ng =ong =ong#
1.2.!. $ng &nh
Ugy nay/ 5ng k8nh khng !c => ;Ing -hFbin trong cc my o m% v .%ang -hF k nhng
v4 mt 5'ch => 50i c B ngha v cEng .%an trng#
[ng k8nh tch nh =ng tr3ng thnh nh =ng n
=3c ;o gc khc (0 c9a cc b6c =ng khi i .%a 5ng
k8nh 5 khng giOng nha%/ n&n % ra c9a 5ng k8nh
=} 5 -hF 5i&n tIc c9a nh =ng tr3ng nh hHnh W##
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Cnh 1.8. PQ tn sFc ca nh sn! trFn!qa lRn! 6nh
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\ rng c9a ;i .%ang -hF th% !c .%a 5ng
k8nh -hI th%c ch9 y% vo nng 5!ng kh%ch tn/
bn chCt c9a 5ng k8nh v gc + nh 5ng k8nh#
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th%{ tinh v c thA cho nh =ng n =3c c b6c
=ng nm trong ;i S , YSSnm# U% -h)- o y&%
c% th2c hin trong vEng c2c t8m thH => ;Ing 5ng
k8nh th0ch anh vH th0ch anh c =2 hC- thI b7c (0
y% trong vEng ny n&n c1ng chEm =ng tOt hn#
1.2.+. 7: lFc DGlatinM 5c 5o0i ny c gi thnh thC-/ c thA t0o ra
hoc tr%y4n ;i b7c (0 rng _Snm# $C% trc c9a
k8nh 5c giOng nh mt chic bnh =an;pich/ k-
gia hai tCm k8nh m@ng 5 mt 56- m@ng gR5atin
nh%m m% =3c mong m%On# ]0n ch c9a cc b 5cgR5atin 5
W#$hng c ;i thng rng 5 ng%y&n nhn gy ra
=2 khng t%yn t8nh cho cc 1ng ch%n
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5m gim nng 5!ng nh =ng i vo b -ht hin
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T%y nhi&n/ cc b k8nh 5c ny 50i th8ch h!- v6i
h% ht cc 7ng ;Ing thng th1ng# \A m bo tCt
c cc b6c =ng nm trong ;i .%ang -hF nhHn thCy
!c/ c thA gh)- nhi4% k8nh 5c GR5atin khc nha%#
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h- gn WSnm/ b 5c 5o0i ny ch hC- thI gn WS
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=ng i t6i cm bin .%ang c c1ng cao hn# o
v"y/ hin nay h% ht cc 5o0i my =inh ho 4% =>
;Ing 5o0i k8nh 5c ny#
$hng !c thit k b+i nhi4% 56- k8nh !c t
rCt gn nha% v khong cch gia cc 56- k8nh bng
WX_ ;i c9a b6c =ng m ta cn 5c ra# Ug%y&n 5B
5c m% c9a 5o0i k8nh ny nh =a% Khi ta cho mt
chEm nh =ng tr3ng i .%a k8nh 5c/ cc tia =ng
i vo k8nh =} tn (0 b+i nhi4% 56- k8nh !c t
cch nha% WX_ / nhng tia =ng no c b6c =ng
khng trEng v6i b6c =ng c9a k8nh 5c tng 7ng thH =}b' trit ti&% v + % ra ta th% !c nh =ng c b6c
=ng tng 7ng#
W
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1.2.#. Cch tH nhiI xJ$ch t> !c cC% t0o ;2a tr&n hin t!ng nhiu% (0#
Khi nh =ng i .%a mt khR h- =} (%Ct hin hin
t!ng nhiu% (0 nh =ng# :Eng nhiu% (0 =} cho -hF c9a
nh =ng chi% t6i#
Dt cch t> nhi4% (0 gQm mt =O 5!ng 56n cc rnh
=ong =ong cch 4% nha% !c kh3c gn nha% tr&ncEng mt b4 mt c bng cao nh th)-/ th%{ tinh
hoc th0ch anh# $ch t> nhiu% (0 iAn hHnh c
W_SS , _SSS v0chXmm/ m"t cng ;y thH
n =3c cng tOt#
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nh hHnh W#Z#
W
nh =ng t6i
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U% chEm =ng kh%ch tn =a% !c hi tI 50i
tr&n mt khR h- thH c thA chn b6c =ng nh =ng
bng cch ;'ch ch%yAn khR h- # $ch t> 5o0i
ny !c gi 5 cch t> -hn (0 th1ng ;Eng A -hn
t8ch vEng t> ngo0i# Trong -hn t8ch nh =ng kh
kin th1ng => ;Ing cch t> tr%y4n c cC% trc nh
hHnh W#WS#
W
Ug%Qn=ng
ThC% k8nh hitI
KhR =ng
KhR =ng
$ch t> trong
=%OtCnh 1.1W. O: trXc ca cch tBtryn
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(c 'nh ra kh@i thnh -hn ;%ng ;'ch# `hng -h-
o m% !c th2c hin bng hai cch c bn
`hng -h- o m% ch9 .%an w f%an =t bng
m3t x
`hng -h- o m% khch .%an w \o m%
.%ang inx
`hng -h- o m% ch9 .%an hin nay khng
c?n !c ;Eng ;o t8nh ch8nh (c ch mang t8nh chCt
tng Oi/ -hI th%c vo ng1i .%an =t# `hng -h-
o m% .%ang in cho kt .% ch8nh (c/ khch
.%an n&n !c 7ng ;Ing -hF bin trong ()t nghim#
1.!.1. KL hE) th nh sng ca dng dMchU% ri mt chEm =ng c c1ng S vo mt
c%v)t 2ng mt ;%ng ;'ch no thH mt -hn r
b' -hn (0 tr&n b4 mt c9a c%v)t/ mt -hn khc a
b' ;%ng ;'ch hC- thI/ -hn c?n 50i ti .%a c%v)t ra
ngoi/ gia cc 0i 5!ng c1ng nh =ng ny c cc
h th7c =a%
Slrat wW,WxTr&n th2c t/ trong mt 5o0i -hn t8ch ta ch =>
;Ing mt 5o0i c%v)t n&n c1ng nh =ng -hn (0 r
5 khng Fi# Dt khc/ b4 mt c%v)t !c 5m rCt
-h~ng v nh =ng chi% vo !c t"- tr%ng gn nh
v%ng gc v6i b4 mt c%v)t n&n r5 rCt nh@# :H v"y
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=ng c c1ng WSS 5%(/ .%a 56- ;%ng ;'ch c chi4%
;y nhCt 'nh/ chEm =ng b' hC- thI mCt i S
ban %# Uh v"y/ chEm =ng 5 ra =a% ;%ng ;'nh
ch c?n 50i S 5%(# Ta ti- tIc cho chEm =ng i .%a
mt 56- ;%ng ;'ch cEng t8nh chCt v chi4% ;y nh 56-
;%ng ;'ch tr6c# da% khi .%a 56- th7 hai ny/ chEm =ng
50i b' hC- thI S c1ng v ;o ch c?n 50i _
5%(#
Gi => c mt 56- mi tr1ng c b4 ;y ( whHnh
W#WWx !c mt chEm =ng n =3c chi% t6i m c1ng
=ng tr6c khi vo mi tr1ng 5 S/ =a% khi i .%a
mi tr1ng c1ng nh =ng 5 (# Tr1ng h!- ny cc
y% tO -hn (0 v khc (0 coi 5 v cEng nh@ v c
thA b@ .%a#
DOi .%an h gia c1ng nh =ng tr6c v =a%
khi i .%a mi tr1ng !c biA% ;iun b+i cng th7cx
x eII = .0 wW,x
Trong 5 h =O hC- thI c9a mi tr1ng/ -hI
th%c vo bn chCt/ m"t mi tr1ng v vo b6c
WZ
S
(
(Cnh 1.1%. PQ h:/ th< nh sn! ca m&itr(n!
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=ng c9a nh =ng chi% t6i# C% tr* cho bit c1ng
nh =ng .%a b4 ;y ( b' gim i#
MiA% th7c tr&n cng 5 biA% th7c biA% ;iun
'nh 5%"t Mo%g%Rr , [ambRrt cho bit .%i 5%"t gim
c1ng nh =ng =a% khi tr%y4n .%a mi tr1ng# Th,
1ng ng1i ta vit 'nh 5%"t Mo%g%Rr ;6i ;0ng =a%KxII = 10.0 wW,x
Trong k 5 h =O t3t/ k l S/ # U%10
10 =
I
IthH
xK
1= # :"y h =O t3t c gi tr' bng ngh'ch o b4
;y m v6i n c1ng nh =ng b' y% i WS 5n#
Ui khc i/ n% 5Cy chi4% ;y hC- thI bng 0i 5!ng
ngh'ch o c9a h =O t3t thH c1ng nh =ng =}
b' gim i WS 5n#
1.!.!. NMnh lt 7ogGB Q $amPGBt O 7GGBKhi nghi&n c7% =2 hC- thI nh =ng c9a ;%ng
;'ch/ MRRr thit 5"- !c mOi 5i&n h gia h =O
t3t K v6i nQng c9a chCt hC- thI nh =ng nh =a%
K l
#$ wW,xTrong
$ nQng chCt tan trong ;%ng ;'ch
h =O khng -hI th%c vo nQng
\'nh 5%"t MRRr cEng tng t2 nh 'nh 5%"t
Mo%g%Rr V [ambRrt# Uhng n% 'nh 5%"t Mo%g%Rr V
[ambRrt kho =t =2 thay Fi hC- thI nh =ng
_S
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v6i ;%ng ;'ch c nQng (c 'nh khi thay Fi
chi4% ;y c9a 56- ;%ng ;'ch hC- thI/ c?n 'nh 5%"t
MRRr 50i kho =t =2 thay Fi hC- thI nh =ng
c9a ;%ng ;'ch v6i =2 thay Fi nQng c9a mt 56-
;%ng ;'ch c chi4% ;y khng Fi# Kt h!- hai 'nh
5%"t ny/ ta c 'nh 5%"t Mo%g%Rr V [ambRrt V MRRr
\ hC- thI c1ng nh =ng c9a mt 56- ;%ng
;'ch -hI th%c vo bn chCt/ nQng v b4 ;y c9a
56- ;%ng ;'ch c nh =ng ri .%a
:4 mt ton hc/ 'nh 5%"t !c biA% ;iun bng
-hng trHnhLC
x II ..
0 10. = wW,x
Trong
$ 5 nQng chCt tan[ chi4% ;y 56- ;%ng ;'ch
h =O t3t khng Fi/ ch -hI th%c vo bn
chCt c9a chCt tan v b6c =ng c9a nh =ng ri vo
;%ng ;'ch#
Trong ()t nghim/ chng ta th1ng => ;Ing mt=O cc thng =O gin ti- t* 'nh 5%"t Mo%g%Rr V
[ambRrt V MRRr
T{ =O gia c1ng chEm =ng =a% khi .%a ;%ng
;'ch (v6i c1ng chEm =ng chi% t6i S!c gi
tr%y4n .%a/ kB hi% 5 T
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0I
IT x=
U% t =a% c%vRt th7 nhCt mt c%vRt th7 hai
giOng c%v)t th7 nhCt v cng ch7a ;%ng ;'ch cnQng nh v"y/ c1ng nh =ng _=a% khi i .%a
c%v)t th7 hai 5
12 TII = hay 022 ITI =
Uh v"y/ nh =ng tr%y4n .%a cc c%vRt t 5i&n
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`h)- o ny 5 3 h:/ th< [ hay gi 5 mt 3
qan! hay s# ws-tica5 Rn=ityx
o
t
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aCLA= w\'nh 5%"t Mo%g%Rr,
[ambRrt, MRRrx
1.;. $% &' quang i/n c
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bin Fi .%ang thnh in gi 5 hin t!ng .%ang
in# :H v"y -hng -h- -hn t8ch thnh -hn
;%ng ;'ch ;2a tr&n nhng 5inh kin ny c?n gi 5 -h,
ng -h- o m% .%ang in#
1.+.1. Ri (ng -ang AinUm WYYe/ nh bc hc ]R(Rr 5m th8 nghim v6i
tCm k}m t8ch in m/ v ng -ht hin ra rng
chi% tia hQ .%ang thH tCm k}m =} b' b6t m i# Khi
thay bng tCm k}m t8ch in ;ng thH in t8ch
tr&n tCm k}m khng Fi# Uhng khi ch3n chEm tia hQ
.%ang bng mt tCm k8nh trong =%Ot c tc ;Ing hC-
thI cc tia t> ngo0i thH tCm k}m khng b' mCt in
t8ch m# $c th8 nghim v6i cc kim 5o0i khc cho kt
.% tng t2 ;Jn t6i kt 5%"n Khi chi% mt chEm
=ng th8ch h!- vo mt kim 5o0i thH 5m cho cc
R5Rctron + mt kim 5o0i b' b"t ra# \ ch8nh 5 hi$n t\
n! qan! i$n#
\A kho =t chi tit hin t!ng .%ang in/ ng1i
ta 5m th8 nghim nh =a%Dt bng zn c chn khng cao w - =%Ct
khong WS,mm]gx trong bng t hai bn c2c kim
5o0i bn c2c ;ng anOt wx v bn c2c m catOt wKx#
Mn c2c m 5m bng kim 5o0i cn nghi&m c7% hi%
7ng .%ang in# Ug%Qn in v in k !c m3c
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nh hHnh v}# Min tr+ P A i4% chnh in -
ng%Qn t vo hai bn c2c / K#
Cnh 1.1*. Th n!hi$m hi$n tn! qan! i$n
$ho nh =ng t> ngo0i chi% vo bn c2c K/ chEm
=ng ny cC- nng 5!ng gi- cho cc R5Rctron b7t kh@i
b4 mt kim 5o0i# 6i tc ng c9a in tr1ng t
gia v K/ cc R5Rtron ny ch%yAn ng v4 -h8a
v ti- tIc i trong m0ch in t0o thnh mt ;?ng
in khng Fi/ c1ng ny !c o bng in k
G# \in - t vo K o bng vn k :#
da% khi 5m th8 nghim v6i cc tr1ng h!- khc
nha%/ ng1i ta thCy rng
, Khi chi% vo catOt mt chEm =ng n =3c thH
trong m0ch (%Ct hin ;?ng in/ y gi 5 ;?ng
.%ang in c chi4% t* anOt =ang catOt#
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, Eng cc b6c =ng khc nha% chi% vo ng1i ta
thCy hin t!ng .%ang in ch =y ra khi cc b6c
=ng ny nh@ hn mt gi tr'S
no wgi 5 gi6i
h0n .%ang inx#
, Thay Fi hi% in th t vo K/ khi
tng thH ;?ng .%ang in cng tng/ nhng n
mt m7c no thH 0t gi tr' bo ho bh# Khi ;E
c tng thH cng khng tng#
1.+.2. Cc AMnh lt -ang Ain
T* cc kt .% th8 nghim + tr&n v4 hin t!ng
.%ang in/ cc nh bc hc nh dto5Rtov/ [Rnar;###
ti- tIc nghi&n c7% v -ht triAn v rt ra 'nh
5%"t gi 5 cc 'nh 5%"t .%ang in#
]Znh lt qan! i$n th nh:t ^ Znh lt v!i_i h2n qan! i$n`
G]'i v_i m@i 6im lo2i ;Nn! lm cat't c m3t b_c
sn! !i_i h2n WVc Znh !"i l !i_i h2n qan! i$n
ca 6im lo2i # hi$n tn! qan! i$n ch s=y ra 6hi
b_c sn! ca nh sn! 6ch thch nhI hoAc bn! !i_ih2n qan! i$n ^W`
:8 ;I gi6i h0n .%ang in c9a mt =O kim 5o0i
M0c _Snm/ Qng SSnm/ k}m Snm/ nhm Snm/
can(i Snm/ ka5i Snm/ (&i Snm# :H v"y/ trong
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()t nghim cn -hi chn 5o0i c % th% .%ang c
gi6i h0n .%ang in 9 56n#
]Znh lt qan! i$n th hai ^ Znh lt v
;n! qan! i$n`
G]'i v_i m3t nh sn! thch h/# c(n! 3 ;n!
qan! i$n bdo ho te l$ thn v_i c(n! 3 ca chNm
sn! 6ch thchJ
\i4% ny !c nh=tanh gii th8ch 5 ;o =O
R5Rctron .%ang in b' b"t ra kh@i mt catt trong
mt n v' th1i gian t{ 5 v6i =O -htn n "-
vo mt catt trong th1i gian # Dt khc =O
-htn ny 50i t{ 5 v6i c1ng chEm =ng chi% t6i#
\y 5 mt t8nh chCt ht =7c .%an trng/ m nh1
A c thA ch t0o !c my o m% .%ang in#Tr&n y 5 hai 'nh 5%"t .%ang in c B
ngha 7ng ;Ing trong my =inh ho/ c?n 'nh 5%"t
th7 ta khng ()t t6i trong ti 5i% ny#
1.+.!. ":t s; linh &in -ang Ain
1.4.*.1. T7 bo qan! i$n
T7 bo qan! i$n Pflfnim ^gD\an! tr`
\y 5 5o0i t bo .%ang in n gin nhCt/
t bo .%ang in ny - 7ng tOt trong vEng
.%ang -hF nhHn thCy !c v khng cn ng%Qn
n%i# $c t bo .%ang in ny ho0t ng ;2a
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thRo hi% 7ng .%ang in trong/ bng cch ch%yAn
Fi cc -htn nh =ng thnh cc in t> trong t
bo/ khi =} (%Ct hin mt in th .%a bn c2c
b+i =2 thay Fi cC% trc in t> trong 56- =R5ini%m#
\% ra c9a t bo t 5 v6i c1ng nh =ng#
T7 bo qan! i$n Pilic
T bo .%ang in ny cng t0o ra in - khi
-htn nh =ng "- vo b4 mt bn ;Jn# Uhng
nh0y c9a 5o0i t bo ny + trong vEng : k)m hn
trong vEng nhHn thCy c9a .%ang -hF#
Min qan! i$n
% iAm c9a -in .%ang in 5 gi thnh thC-
vo c nh0y cao trong vEng c2c t8m w:,5tra
:io5Rtx v nh =ng nhHn thCy !c# $C% trc c9a -in
_e
nh=ng
dR5Rni%m
\ =3t
Cnh 1.14. O: trXc ca t7 bo qan!i$n Pflfnim
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.%ang in gQm mt bng th%{ tinh b&n trong trng
mt 56- v"t 5i% nh0y .%ang wRi hoc Ka5i q(itx#
Trong bng thFi y kh8 v mt anOt !c ;%y trH +
in - cao# `in .%ang in ho0t ng ;2a tr&n
hi% 7ng .%ang in ngoi# Khi -htn nh =ng
"- vo catOt .%ang =} gii -hng cc in t> v
cc in t> ny ch%yAn ng v4 -h8a anOt/ nh v"y
t8n hi% nh =ng !c ch%yAn Fi thnh t8n
hi% in#
]i% =%Ct ch%yAn Fi nh =ng thnh t8n hi%
in c9a -in .%ang in cao hn =o v6i cc t bo
.%ang in# $c -in .%ang in cho -h)- ho0t
ng v6i cc m7c nng 5!ng nh =ng thC- hn vH
th cc b 5c thng ;i thC- hn#
_Y
nh =ng
anOt
$atOt
Cnh 1.15. O: trXc ca /in qan! i$n
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'n! nh0n qan! i$n
Ong nhn .%ang in ch8nh 5 =2 kt h!- c9a
mt -in .%ang in v mt b kh%ch 0i c h =O
kh%ch 0i cao# \ nh0y c thA i4% chnh !c
bng cch i4% chnh in - a vo Ong nhn
.%ang#Ong nhn .%ang in gQm mt catOt .%ang v
mt =O cc bn c2c int# Di 5n mt in t> "-
vo mt bn c2c int thH 50i c vi in t> -ht
ra# Kt .% ny =} !c nhn 5&n gC- nhi4% 5n =o v6i
t8n hi% gOc# :H v"y/ Ong nhn .%ang in ny c
nh0y rCt cao v vH th n !c => ;Ing nhi4%
trong cc my .%ang -hF k#
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Cnh 1.19. O: trXc ca 'n! nh0n qan! i$n
nh =ng
% ra
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1.4.*.%. Mhotoi't
`hotoiOt 5 mt 5o0i 5inh kin .%ang bn ;Jn/
ho0t ng c9a n ;2a tr&n _ hi% 7ng .%ang ;Jn v.%ang in trong# $C% trc v kB hi% c9a -hotoiOt
n gin !c trHnh by nh tr&n hHnh W#We a/b#
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c#;j cch mFc
6i tc ;Ing c9a nng 5!ng nh =ng/ trong mi4n
ch%yAn ti- -,n c9a chCt bn ;Jn nh0y .%ang c thA
(y ra =2 ion ho cc ng%y&n t> c9a chCt c bn v
c9a t0- chCt ;Jn n vic =inh ra cc c- in t>
v 5 trOng# $c in t> v 5 trOng ny t"- tr%ng +
hai % bn ;Jn# U% m0ch ngoi ta nOi hai % bn
;Jn thH =} c ;?ng in ch0y .%a gi 5 ;?ng .%ang
in / hai % -hotoiOt (%Ct hin hi% in th
#
S
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$ hai cch m3c -hotoiOt cch m3c khng
;Eng ng%Qn n%i + m0ch ngoi nh hHnh W#We c/ v c
ng%Qn n%i + m0ch ngoi nh hHnh W#We ;# Khi m3c v6i
ng%Qn n%i mt chi4%/ in - t vo -hi thRo
chi4% -hn c2c ng!c#
\c trng von,am-R c9a -hotoiOt !c trHnh by
tr&n hHnh W#WY#
Cnh 1.1?. ](n! Ac trn! +on\[m/f ca
/hotoi't
Tr&n hHnh v} ta thCy/ c1ng nh =ng ri vo
m0nh thH ;?ng ng!c c9a -hotoiOt cng 56n/ c ngha
5 in tr+ ng!c c9a -hotoiOt cng gim khi chEm
=ng ri cng tng#
\c trng biA% ;iun =2 -hI th%c c9a ;?ng .%ang
in vo c1ng chi% =ng !c trHnh by tr&n
hHnh W#WZ#
W
_
W
Cnh 1.1S. PQ /h< th3c ca ;n! qan! i$n vo c(n!
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d2 -hI th%c ny !c biA% ;iun bng cng th7c
lK#
Trong K!c gi 5 nh0y t8ch -hn c9a-hotoiOt/ Kl X# d2 -hI th%c c9a nh0y vo b6c=ng nh =ng !c gi 5 c trng -hF c9a-hotoiOt.:6i cc b6c =ng khc nha% thH nh0y
c9a -hotoiOtcng khc nha%# \ nh0y c?n !c hiA%5 hi% =%Ct 5!ng t> c9a -hotoiOt/ ]i% =%Ct 5!ng t>!c 'nh ngha 5 =O c- in t> , 5 trOng !c =inhra 7ng v6i mi -hoton t6i#
]i% =%Ct 5!ng t> !c t8nh thRo cng th7c1
=
h
P
q
I optp
Trong / -5 ;?ng .%ang in t0o ra t* vic hC-thI nh =ng c cng =%Ct `o-tt0i b6c =ng wtng 7ngv6i nng 5!ng -hoton hvx# Dt trong cc hng =O nh h,+ng t6i hi% =%Ct 5!ng t> 5 hng =O hC- thI # :H 5mt hm -hI th%c rCt 56n vo b6c =ng m ;i b6c=ng 5 y% tO .%y 'nh gi6i h0n ;?ng .%ang in#\ ;i b6c =ng c3t c!c t0o ra b+i rng vEng
cCm/ v8 ;I b6c =ng c3t khong W#Ym v6i GRmani vc< W#Wm v6i =i5ic# :6i cc b6c =ng ;i hn c/ gi tr'
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c9a .% nh@ A (%Ct hin =2 hC- thI trong# :6i ccb6c =ng ng3n thH gi tr' c9a rCt 56n wWScm,Wx/ vvH v"y vic -ht (0 ch9 y% b+i cc hC- thI gn b4
mt/ ni th1i gian ti h!- rCt ng3n# o / cc h0t;Jn c thA ti h!- tr6c khi chng b' t"- tr%ng t0i 56-ti- gi- -,n#
]Hnh W#_S 5 gin Q iAn hHnh c9a hi% =%Ct5!ng t> thRo b6c =ng c9a mt =O iOt .%ang tOc cao# Ta thCy rng/ trong vEng c2c t8m v vEng khkin/ cc iOt .%ang bn ;Jn kim 5o0i c hi% =%Ct 5,
!ng t> cao/ trong vEng c"n hQng ngo0i/ cc iOt .%ang
=i5ic wc -h9 56- chOng -hn (0x c thA 0t hi% =%Ctt6i WSS t0i vEng b6c =ng S#Y,S#Zm# T0i vEng c b6c=ng W#S,W#m/ cc iOt .%ang GRmani v iOt.%ang nhm ,: w5o0i Gan=x cho hi% =%Ct cao# :6icc b6c =ng ;i hn/ cc iOt .%ang c thA !c 5m50nh wkhong eeKx A tng hi% =%Ct .%ang t>#
Cnh 1.%W. Ci$ s:t ln! tB /h< th3c b_c sn!
ca cc b3 th qan!
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o c cC% t0o n gin/ nh0y cao v k8ch th,
6c nh@ n&n -hotoiOt !c ;Eng nhi4% trong my =inh
ho hin nay/ c bit 5 cc my ()t nghim (ch
tay#
1.4.*.*. Mhototrankito
`hototranito cng 5 mt ;Ing cI .%ang bn
;Jn/ n 5 -hn t> nh0y .%ang c cC% trc nh mt
tranito/ ho0t ng nh mt -hotoiOt nhng c khnng kh%ch 0i ;?ng .%ang in#
nh =ng c thA ri vo M/ $/ hoc c mi4n
t%j v' tr8 c9a c>a =F .%ang# Tng t2 nh tranito/
-hototranito cng c hai 5o0i th%"n -,n,- v ng!c n,-,
n# $C% trc v k8 hi% c9a -hototranito !c trHnhby tr&n hHnh W#_W#
Cnh 1.%1. O: trXc v 6 hi$ ca
/hototrankito
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$ thA m3c -hototranito trong cc = Q o
.%ang nh cc tranito thng th1ng whHnh W#__ ;x
hoc c thA m3c tr+ ti v6i cc c2c M/ M$ hoc $
c?n A trOng mt chn w hHnh W#__# a/b/cx
Cnh 1.%%. P - mFc /hototrankito
] cc 1ng c trng von,am-R c9a
-hototranito!c trHnh by tr&n hHnh W#_#
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Cnh 1.%*. ](n! Ac trn! von\am/f ca/hototrankito
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T ;?ng tOi khi c1ng nh =ng lS
Trong = Q ch%ng/ cl#T h =O kh%ch 0i ;?ng c9a -hototranito
:6i c t8nh nh0y cao/ -hototranitogn nh
!c ;Eng trong tCt c cc my cn c % th%
.%ang/ v ;n thay th -hotoiOt#
2. T=nh n>ng )c 6ng c
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)t nghim =inh ho !c th2c hin v6i nhi4% 5o0i
mJ% bnh -hm nh m%/ n6c tiA%/ -hn/ ;'ch no
t%{/ cc 5o0i ;'ch khc#
)t nghim =inh ho m% 5 cc ()t nghim !c
;Eng -hF bin nhCt hin nay t0i cc bnh vin/ c =+
y t# $ho -h)- (c 'nh 'nh t8nh cc chCt ho hc
trong m%# :H m% !c ;Jn kh3- c thA/ c 5i&n
.%an m"t thit v6i tCt c cc c .%an trong c thA/
vH v"y cng ch'% nh h+ng c9a tCt c cc c .%an
ny# :4 -hng ;in v"t 5B/ m% 5 mt tF ch7c 5@ng
5% ng trong h t%n hon nhng 5%n c =2 trao
Fi m"t thit v6i cc chCt ;'ch gian bo/ 5m nhim
vI v"n ch%yAn cc ng%y&n 5i% ;inh ;
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(c 'nh =O 5!ng/ chCt 5!ng/ k8ch th6c### c9a cc t
bo =} 5 -hn ()t nghim cng th7c m% !c 4
c"- + mt ti 5i% khc#
)t nghim =inh ho n6c tiA% cng 5 mt ()t
nghim th1ng thCy trong cc bnh vin# T%y nhi&n/
ngy nay v6i tin b khoa hc kL th%"t/ ng1i ta
th2c hin -hng -h- =inh ho kh ;Eng .%R th> A
(c 'nh 'nh t8nh hoc bn 'nh 5!ng v6i cc my
()t nghim n6c tiA% hoc t2 =o =nh tr&n bng m%
ch%n cho kt .% nhanh/ c thA th2c hin t0i gia
Hnh ;u ;ng# `hn ny !c trHnh by chi tit
trong -hn ti 5i% my ()t nghim n6c tiA%/ cc b0n
.%an tm c thA c tham kho# :6i nhng chCt
m .%R th> khng gii .%yt !c thH cn -hi ;Engt6i ()t nghim =inh ho + -h?ng th8 nghim/ tCt
nhi&n n% khng c my ()t nghim n6c tiA% thH
b0n vJn c thA ;Eng my ()t nghim =inh ho A
(c 'nh cc chCt trong n6c tiA% mt cch 'nh 5,
!ng/ v i khi n% nghi ng1 kt .% c9a my n6c
tiA%/ b0n c thA kh~ng 'nh 50i nh1 ()t nghim
=inh ho t0i -h?ng th8 nghim#
)t nghim =inh ho -hn c gi tr' chn on
cc bnh 1ng ti&% ho# Uhng hin nay ()t nghim
ny 8t !c ;Eng vH 5B ;o v =inh/ ng1i ta ch th2c
Y
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hin v6i -hn n% ()t nghim v4 t bo/ vi kh%n
hoc kB =inh trEng#
'ch no t%{ 5 56- ;'ch bao .%anh no v t%{
bo v cho h thn kinh tr%ng ng tr6c cc bin
Fi v4 - 52c v cc chCn ng# 'ch no t%{ !c
-hn cch v6i m% b+i mt mng ngn khng cho cc
t bo m% v -hn 56n -rotRin h%yt tng vo ;'ch
no t%{/ trong khi cc -hn t> nh@ tan trong n6c nh
g5%co thH thCm .%a mng# 'ch no t%{ ti- c"n
m"t thit v6i no v t%{ n&n nhng tFn thng c9a
hai c .%an ny 4% c nh h+ng t6i ;'ch# Ughi&n
c7% ;'ch no t%{ c thA chn on mt =O bnh
thn kinh v thRo ;i tin triAn c9a bnh#
$c 5o0i ;'ch khc nh ;'ch m"t/ ;'ch mng-hFi/ ;'ch mng bIng### gi- chn on kh ch8nh
(c cc bnh 5i&n .%an tr2c ti- n cc c .%an
ny#
2.2. M) & )hAng & )0ng ,y -) nghi/, &inh
h0$c my ()t nghim =inh ho hin nay c thA
5m !c rCt nhi4% thng =O/ i4% ny -hI th%c vo
vic ng1i ta nghi&n c7% ra cc ho chCt tng 7ng cho
t*ng thng =O# Trong -h0m vi ti 5i%/ ch (in n&% ra
mt =O cc thng =O trong my ()t nghim =inh ho
m% th1ng g- trong ()t nghim t0i cc bnh vin
Z
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v c B ngha trong chn on cc bnh -hF bin
hin nay# \A tHm hiA% chi tit cc thng =O =inh ho
m% khc/ b0n c tham kho thRo ti 5i% ch%y&n
ngnh y v4 ()t nghim# Khi 5m ()t nghim cn
ch cc kt .% ()t nghim ch 5 khch .%an/ cn
-hn t8ch bin ch7ng cc kt .%/ trnh { 50i vo
my/ nhHn kt .% -hin ;in m ;Jn n kt
5%"n khng ch8nh (c# Di thng =O o !c -hn
nh nhi4% kt .% bnh 5B khc nha%/ cI thA
2.2.1. CBGatinin SCUV$rRatinin 5 =n -hm ch%yAn ho c9a $rRatin,
-ho=-hat/ mt ;0ng ;2 tr nng 5!ng ;Eng cho vic
co c# $rRatinin khng !c c => ;Ing/ vo m% rQi
!c th"n o thi ra ngoi .%a n6c tiA%#
MHnh th1ng/ nQng crRatinin trong h%yt
thanh 5 ,WS %mo5X5 wS/, W/_ mgX;5x
Tng trong
, TFn thng hoc ;"- nt c ;in rng/ vi&m
c###, $c bnh v4 th"n vi&m th"n cC- v mn t8nh/
nhium c th%{ ngn/ b8 i ;o t3c 1ng tit
ni%/ =a% khi c3t b@ th"n#
Gim trong
, d%y gan ;o gim tFng h!- crRatinin/ ng%y&n
5i% t0o n&n crRatin,-ho=-hat#
S
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$rRatinin 5 thnh -hn 0m Fn 'nh nhCt
trong m%/ khng -hI th%c vo ch n %Ong
hoc nhng thay Fi =inh 5B kh3c m ch -hI
th%c vo kh nng o thi c9a th"n n&n hin nay
!c => ;Ing nhi4% A thRo ;i ch7c nng th"n/
.%an trng hn %r
2.2.2. WBotGin to3n )h*n SWXVMHnh th1ng/ -rotRin ton -hn c trong WSSm5
h%yt thanh 5 e/W,Y/ g/ thRo hng =O =inh hc c9a
ng1i :it Uam/ bao gQm /,/g a5b%min v _/,
/ g5ob%min#
Tng trong cc tr1ng h!- mCt n6c 5i&n tIc w nn/ a
chyx/ khi =Ot k)o ;i/ a % t%{#
Gim ;o
, ]C- th% khng 9 -rotRin thi% ;
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2.2.!. YBr& 5 =n -hm thoi ging .%an trng c9a
-rotRin/ !c tFng h!- + gan v !c o thi ch9
y% .%a th"n#
MHnh th1ng/ nQng %r& trong h%yt thanh 5
_/,/e mmo5X5 wW, S mgX;5x#
Tng ;o
, Tng c%ng cC- ch n gi% 0m/ tng
ch%yAn ho 0m trong c thA w=Ot nhium kh%n###x, Gim o thi
Tr6c th"n i 8t w bnh tim/ ( ganx/ mCt n6c
w a chy/ nn nhi4%x
T0i th"n bnh c% th"n/ Ong th"n cC- v mn
t8nhda% th"n t3c 1ng ;Jn n6c tiA% nh trong %ng
th hoc % 5nh t%yn ti4n 5it/ =@i 1ng tit ni%#
Gim ;o
, $h n nghzo 0m
, d%y gan 5m gim tFng h!- %r
2.2.+. CholGstGBol SCRXVMHnh th1ng/ nQng cho5R=tRro5 trong h%yt
thanh 5 /Z,/Z mmo5X5 wWS,WZS mgX;5x
$ho5R=tRro5 tng =a% khi n nhi4% m
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Tng
, Mnh ( va ng m0ch
, Th"n h/ cho5R=tRro5 m% c thA tng WS mmo5X5
, d%y gi-
, :ng ;a ;o t3c m"t/ =@i m"t
, $h7ng bing n ;o thn kinh
, nh h+ng c9a mt =O 5o0i th%Oc#
Gim
, ThiA% ;
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mt =O bnh thn kinh nh vi&m mng no/ ng
kinh/ mCt tr8 =6m/ =a% khi c3t ;0 ;y/ nhium c
cQn Rthy5ic###
2.2.#. 7iliBPilMi5ir%bi5 5 =n -hm thoi ging c9a ch%yAn ho
h%yt =3c tO# $ hai 5o0i bi5ir%bi5
, Mi5ir%bi5 gin ti- hHnh thnh trong h thOng vng
m/ 5 5o0i bi5ir%bi5 cha !c .%a gan A vo cc ,
1ng ;Jn m"t/ khng tan trong n6c n&n khng bi tit
.%a th"n# Mi5ir%bi5 ny c?n gi 5 thnh -hn ch9
y% c9a bi5ir%bi5 ton -hn/ nQng bHnh th1ng
trong h%yt thanh 5 W_ %mo5X5 wS/e mgX;5x#
, Mi5ir%bi5 tr2c ti- hHnh thnh trong gan t* bi5ir%bi5
gin ti-/ bHnh th1ng ch c rCt 8t/ %mo5X5 wS/
mgX;5x
$ hai 5o0i bi5ir%bi5 tr&n kt h!- thnh bi5ir%bi5
ton -hn nQng tr%ng bHnh trong h%yt thanh
5 We %mo5X5 wWmgX;5x
Mi5ir%bi5 ton -hn tng trong cc tr1ng h!- ctan m% w =Ot r)t/ =a% tr%y4n m%x/ khi hC- thI mt
F tI m% 56n/ tFn thng nh% m gan/ th%Oc gy
c cho t bo gan#
Mi5ir%bi5 tr2c ti- tng ;o
, o 7 m"t trong gan vi&m gan ;o vir%= hay ;o
nhium c/ ( gan m"t###
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, o t3c 1ng ;Jn m"t ngoi gan =@i m"t/ h0ch
to chzn )- 1ng ;Jn m"t#
2.2.0. ZmylasGUg%Qn gOc amy5a=R + tIy v t%yn n6c bt/
amy5a=R 5 mRn tham gia .% trHnh ch%yAn ho
cacbon hirat#
MHnh th1ng/ nQng amy5a=a trong h%yt
thanh 5 S,WYS X5
Tng cao trong bnh vi&m tIy cC- t8nh/ nQng
trong m% c thA tng 5&n t6i ,e 5n trong nhng
ngy %/ tng v*a -hi trong vium tIy mn t8nh/
%ng th tIy/ 5o)t ;0 ;y t trng th9ng vo tIy/ vi&m
ti m"t/ .%ai b'/ vi&m t%yn n6c bt#
2.2.@. CBGatinin&inasG SCV$?n c t&n 5 crRatin -ho=-hokina=R w$`Kx# $K 5
mRn (c tc -hn 7ng
$rRatinT` crRatin -ho=-hat`
$ Qng mRn $K,DD c + cc c/ $K,DM c ch9
y% + tim, 5o0i ny th1ng !c ;Eng hn c/ $K,MM cch9 y% + no# MHnh th1ng/ ho0t t8nh $K trong
h%yt tng ch9 y% 5 $K,DD# Tr' =O $K tr%ng bHnh
trong h%yt thanh 5 WZ X[/ tr' =O c9a $K,DM 5
_, tr' =O $K#
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, $K tng khi 5ao ng g3ng =7c/ trong cc bnh v4
c nh vi&m c/ chCn thng c/ nhQi m% c tim
, $K,DM tng trong nhQi m% c tim#
2.2.4. $actat dGhydBogGnasG S $[RV[] 5 mRn cn thit cho =2 ch%yAn ho g5%co
(c tc -hn 7ng
[actat U -yryvat U]_
Tr' =O tr%ng bHnh trong h%yt thanh 5 WSS,_S X5
Thay Fi bnh 5B
, UhQi m% c tim nQng trong m% rCt cao/
gC- t* e,WS 5n tng t* _ n gi1 =a% khi kh+i
-ht bnh v tr+ 50i bHnh th1ng =a% WS,W ngy/
nQng tng =ong =ong v6i m7c tFn thng#
, $c bnh v4 gan tng v*a trong vi&m gan ;o
vir%= cC- t8nh/ ( gan/ ;i cn %ng th + gan/ tng nh
trong cc bnh 1ng m"t#
2.2.1\. Whos)hatG[ mRn A th9y -hn cc R=tR -hot-horic/ rCt
cn A ch%yAn ho -hot-ho/ trong 5m =ng th1ng;Eng _ 5o0i ()t nghim -ho=-hatR a(it v -ho=-hatR
ki4m
`hot-hat a(it w $`x
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$ nhi4% trong cc tF ch7c/ c .%an nh t%yn ti4n
5it/ hQng c%/ tiA% c%/ 5ch/ (ng###Tr' =O tr%ng
bHnh trong h%yt thanh 5 / X5
$` tng trong cc bnh %ng th t%yn ti4n 5it/
c bit khi c ;i cn vo (ng#
`hot-hat ki4m w [`x
]o0t ng trong mi tr1ng -] Z,WS/ ng%Qn gOc ch9
y% + (ng/ mt -hn + gan/ th"n/ 5ch/ ni&m m0c
r%t### Tr' =O bHnh th1ng trong h%yt thanh 5 S,
W_S X5#
Thay Fi bnh 5B
, Tng trong bnh c?i (ng/ nh%yun (ng/ %ng
th (ng###
, Gim trong bnh 5ao -hFi/ ch7ng 5En t%yny&n/ thi% hIt vitamin $/ thi% m%###
2.2.11. TBanBamin[ mRn gi- cho =2 v"n ch%yAn nhng nhm
amin/ t0o n&n mOi 5i&n h gia nhng =2 ch%yAn ho
-rotRin v g5%(it# $ _ 5o0i !c ch B trong 5m =nghin nay nhCt 5
G5%tamo,s(a5o Tranramin w GsT x/ c nhi4% +
tim/ gan rQi n cc c/ th"n/ -hFi# DRn ny c?n
!c gi 5 a=-artat amino tran=Rra=R/ trong 5m
=ng th1ng gi t3t 5 dT#
e
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G5%tamo,`yr%vic Tranramin w G`Tx/ c nhi4%
trong gan# DRn ny c?n !c gi 5 a5anin amino
tran=Rra=R gi t3t 5 [T
Trong h%yt thanh/ _ 5o0i mRn ny c th&m ch
d + % v vit t3t 5 dGsT v dG`T#
Tr' =O tr%ng bHnh trong h%yt thanh 5
, dGsT X5
, dG`T X5
dGsT tng trong nhQi m% c tim cC- t8nh/
vi&m c tim/ vi&m mng ngoi tim/ =%y tim/ trong
nhQi m% c tim cC- t8nh dGsT tng rCt cao#
dG`T tng trong cc bnh v4 gan m"t nh vi&m
gan cC- t8nh v mn t8nh/ ( gan/ %ng th gan/ vi&m
1ng m"t### Trong vi&m gan ;o vir%= cC- t8nh/ dG`Ttng rCt cao/ c khi gC- WS,S 5n hoc hn#
2.2.12. TBiglycGBidGs S WZWVMHnh th1ng nQng trong h%yt thanh 5
_mmo5X5 w We mgX;5x
Tng trong bnh ( va ng m0ch/ c?n tngtrong bnh b)o -hH/ nghin r!%/ i tho 1ng/ =%y
gan/ vi&m tIy/ =%y th"n/ nhium kh%n##
2.2.1!. Zxit Bic S ZYV(it %ric 5 =n -hm thoi ging c9a n%c5R-rotit#
MHnh th1ng nQng trong h%yt thanh 5 _SY,_e
Y
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%mo5X5 thRo hng =O =inh hc ng1i :it Uam/ + n
thC- hn nam mt cht#
Tng trong bnh gt/ trong =Ot cao/ b@ng rng/
mt =O bng v4 th"n nh vi&m th"n,bA th"n/ th"n 7
n6c/ 5ao th"n###
Gim trong mt =O bnh c tFn thng t bo
gan/ mt =O tr1ng h!- tFn thng Ong th"n#
2.7. $% &' h0 &inh 6Cng )0ng ,y &inh h0Uh bit/ ()t nghim =inh ho => ;Ing -hng
-h- o m% .%ang in/ A o hC- thI c9a
cc chCt trong bnh -hm/ ng1i ta khng thA o
tr2c ti- cc chCt vH bn thn cc chCt
trong ;%ng ;'ch 5 trong =%Ot# Dt khc/ trong cc
;%ng ;'ch ()t nghim c rCt nhi4% cc chCt khc
nha% n&n cng kh khn trong vic o 0c v t8nh
ton# :H v"y/ A 5m vic v6i mt 5o0i chCt cn
nghi&n c7% trong ;%ng ;'ch ()t nghim/ ng1i ta =>
;Ing -hng -h- nh ;C% m%# Mng cch => ;Ing
t8ch chCt ho hc c9a cc chCt cn nghi&n c7%/ ng1ita => ;Ing chCt cho tc ;Ing v6i mt chCt hay
mt =O chCt no / trong .% trHnh -hn 7ng/ chCt
=} t0o ra mt =n -hm hC- thI nh =ng + mt b,
6c =ng no 5 m0nh nhCt# d2 hC- thI m0nh hay
y% =} t{ 5 v6i nQng c9a chCt trong ;%ng
;'ch# T* ta c thA t8nh ton ;u ;ng A c !c
Z
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w G[]x t0o thnh G5%tamatR v U/ -hn 7ng
U]XU t0o ra =2 thay Fi t%yn t8nh v4 =2 hC-
thI + b6c =ng Snm/ n t{ 5 v6i nQng %r& trong
;%ng ;'ch#
`hng trHnh -hn 7ng
OHA!Gluta"ateLA!HteOxo#lutaraH
COHOHUre
GL!H
Urease
2
4
22
222222
2
++ ++
+ +
+
+
2.!.+. CholGstGBol SCRXV
`hn 7ng t0o m% c9a cho5R=tRro5 thRo cc -hn 7ng=a%
OHRqeoantipyrinAPhenolOH
OHCholestenOlCholestero
Axit$eolCholesteroOHlesteCholestero
Peroxidase
lOxidaseCholestero
lEsteraseCholesteri
222
222
2
4min42
134
+ ++
+ +
+ +
P. 5 ;%ng ;'ch @/ !c o + b6c =ng Z_ n
Snm
2.!.6. DlcosG SD$YV`hn 7ng t0o m% c9a g5%co=R nh =a%
2222
22
cos
2
4min42
cos
OHRqeoantipyrinAPhenolOH
OHGluconicAxitOeGlu
Peroxidase
eOxidaseGlu
+ ++
+ +
P. 5 ;%ng ;'ch @/ !c o + b6c =ng Z_ n
Snm/ tOt nhCt 5 + SSnm#
2.!.#. 7iliBPil to3n )h*n(8t d%5anic -hn 7ng v6i natri nitrit A t0o
a(8t ;iaotiR; =%5ani5ic# (8t ny -hn 7ng v6i
bi5ir%bi5 ton -hn v6i chCt (c tc ;imRthy5=%5o(i;R
W
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t0o thnh aobi5ir%bi5/ ;%ng ;'ch ny o + b6c =ng
S n S nm/ tOt nhCt + nm#
2.!.0. ZmylasGTrong -hn 7ng/ amy5a=R ng vai tr? (c tc#
TOc -hn 7ng -hI th%c vo nQng amy5a=R c
trong ;%ng ;'ch/ =n -hm t0o ra hC- thI m0nh + b6c
=ng SS,_Snm/ tOt nhCt t0i Snm#
`hng trHnh -hn 7ng
++ + pPGGEthylideneOHpPGEthylidene a"ylase 2252575 2
%Ethyli;fnf\4
%*\/MEthyli;fnf\
*4\/M
GpPOHpPGpPGpPG idaseGlu
1451443222 cos
2 + +++
Trong G g5%co=R
-U` -,nitro-hRno5
2.!.@. CBGatinin&inasG SCV`hng trHnh -hn 7ng c9a $rRatinR -ho=-hatR
nh =a%
++ ++ +
++++
HA!PHPhosphateGluconateA!PPG
A!PPhosphateeGlueGlu!ATPATPCreatineA!PPhosphatCreatine
P!HG
HK
CK
66
6coscos
6
]K hR(okina=R
T` ;Rno=inR tri,`ho=-hatR
G,,`] G5%co=R,,`ho=-hatR ;Rhy;rogRn=R
U` Uicotinami;R a;RninR ;Rn%c5Roti;R -ho=-hatR
_
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`hn 7ng cho U`] v G,,` c tOc tng =2 hC-
thI + ;i b6c =ng Snm w,nmx cho ta
ho0t ng c9a $K trong mJ%#
2.!.4. $actat dGhydBogGnasG S $[RV\o =2 ho0t ng c9a [] thRo -hn 7ng =a%
++ ++ + HA!HPyru%ateA!LactateL L!H
\o [] ;2a vo tOc -hn 7ng tr&n/ [] ng vai
tr? (c tc/ -hn nh .%a =2 hC- thI + b6c =ng ,
nm#
2.!.1\. Whos)hatG(8t -ho=-hatR w$`x
d2 c mt c9a a(8t -ho=-hatR trong h%yt
thanh =} -hn h%{ ,na-hthy5 -ho=-hatR thnh ,
na-htho5 v -ho=-hatR v c# ,na-htho5 ti- tIc
-hn h%{ ;6i (c tc a=t rR; TP cho ;%ng ;'ch m%
vng "m ;n 5&n# \o =2 thay Fi c9a ;%ng ;'ch
ny t0i b6c =ng Snm cho ta ho0t t8nh c9a a(8t
ny#
`ho=-hatR ki4m w [`x
[` c trong ;%ng ;'ch th%{ -hn -,
Uitro-hRny5-ho=-hatR w`U``x/ trong .% trHnh gii
-hng -,nitro-hRno5 v -ho=-hatR/ =2 tng hC- thI +
b6c =ng Snm =} cho chng ta bit ho0t ng c9a
[` trong ;%ng ;'ch#
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`hng trHnh -hn 7ng th%{ -hn nh =a%
PlitrophenopOHPPPALP
+ +2
2.!.11. TBanBamindT wGsTx
`hng trHnh -hn 7ng
A!&alateLA!HteOxaloaceta
Gluta"ateLteOxaloacetaateKeto#lutarAspartateL
&!H
AST
+ +
++
D] 5 Da5atR ;Rhyo/ dT ng vai tr? (c
tc -hn 7ng t0o o(a5oacRtatR/ -hn 7ngo(a5oacRtatR t0o U hC- thI + b6c =ng S cho ta
=2 ho0t ng c9a dT#
[T wGsTx
[T ng vai tr? (c tc cho -hn 7ng t0o
-yr%vatR
Gluta"ateLPyru%ateateKeto#lutarAlanineL ALT + +
`hn 7ng c9a -yr%vatR t0o U hC- thI + b6c =ng
Snm cho ta ho0t ng c9a [T trong ;%ng ;'ch
A!LactateLA!HPyru%ate L!H + +
[] [actatR ;Rhro#
2.!.12. TBiglycGBidGs S WZWVTrig5ycRri;R= trong ;%ng ;'ch b' th%{ -hn ;6i
(c tc 5i-o-rotRin 5i-a=R w[`[x thnh G5ycRro5 v a(it
b)o# G5ycRro5 tc ;Ing v6i T` v6i (c tc G5ycRro5
Kina=R wGKx t0o ra g5ycRro5,,`ho=-hatR G,,`/ G,,`
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b' o(i ho/ ;%ng ;'ch c m% @ nh hC- thI tOt +
b6c =ng S wZS,Snmx#
`hng trHnh -hn 7ng
OHRqolChlorophenpeoantipyrinAOH
OHphosphateceton!ehydroxiaOPG
A!PPGATPGlycerol
Axit'eoGlycerolOHdesTri#lyceri
PO!
GPO
GK
LPL
222
222
2
4min42
3
3
+ ++
+ +
++
++
Trong
G`s G5ycRro5,,`ho=-hatR o(i;a=R
`s `Rro(i;a=R#
2.!.1!. Zxit YBicrica=R ch%yAn a(it %ric c trong ;%ng ;'ch
thnh a55antoin/ carbon ;io(i;R $s_ v hy;rogRn
-Rro(i;R ]_s_# 6i (c tc c9a `s/ `hRno5
;RrivativR/ /,ich5oro,_,]i;ro(y,bRnRnR=%5onica(8t w]Mdx v ,minoanti-yrinR/ ]_s_ cho mt
;%ng ;'ch m% @ nh c thA o + b6c =ng
_Snm/ vic tng hC- thI tng 7ng v6i nQng %ric
c trong ;%ng ;'ch#
`hng trHnh -hn 7ng
OHRq!H$SeoantipyrinAOH
OHCOeAllantoninOOHUric
PO!
Uricase
222
22222
4min42
2
+ ++
++ ++
7. My -) nghi/, &inh h0Ugy nay/ v6i =2 -ht triAn m0nh m} c9a khoa
hc kL th%"t tr&n tCt c cc 5nh v2c/ trong cc
-h?ng ()t nghim/ con ng1i khng -hi t2 5m
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cc ()t nghim na m ;2a vo cc my ()t
nghim# $on ng1i ch -hi 5m mt =O cng vic
nh -ha/ 9 ho chCt nh trong cc my .%ang k/ hoc
ch -ha/ my =} t2 9 v t8nh ton kt .% trong cc
my =inh ho bn t2 ng/ hoc ch 5 thao tc v"n
hnh my c?n cc cng vic ht mJ%/ -ha mJ% v 9
mJ% v t8nh ton ;o my 5m hon ton trong cc
my =inh ho t2 ng# :H v"y/ my =inh ho tr+
thnh mt cng cI 3c 52c trong cc -h?ng ()t
nghim/ gi- cho cng vic ()t nghim tr+ n&n
n gin/ ng1i 5m ()t nghim khng c?n -hi nh6
t*ng ho chCt/ cch -ha ch### $ng vic ch n
gin 5 cho tCt c mJ% vo cc khay ch7a mJ%/ chn
5o0i ()t nghim v nhCn nt cho my t2 o 0c/t8nh ton/ v hiAn th' kt .% c?n h c thA i 5m
cc cng vic khc nh 5Cy mJ% m%/ th2c hin cc
5o0i ()t nghim khc# :H v"y thay bng c -h?ng
()t nghim/ ch cn mt kL th%"t vi&n v6i cc my
()t nghim 5 9#
`hn ny (in gi6i thi% ng%y&n 5B cC% t0o c9a
mt my =inh ho# U3m !c ng%y&n 5B ny/ b0n c
thA hiA% !c ho0t ng c9a mt my =inh ho bCt
kj t* n gin n -h7c t0-/ t* ;u ;ng -hn
t8ch ho0t ng c9a chng#
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7.1. D% E * nguy5n l( h0F) ng c
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c trng c9a ()t nghim / v n =} hC- thI
m0nh nhCt mt ;i b6c =ng tng 7ng/ vH v"y khi o
=2 hC- thI ta ch ;Eng mt b6c =ng c bn# :6i
nhi4% ()t nghim ta =} ;Eng nhi4% b6c =ng khc
nha% v ng%Qn =ng tr3ng =} cC- y 9 cc b6c
=ng ny cho tCt c cc ()t nghim#
Trong th2c t ng1i ta c thA ;u ;ng t0o ra
ng%Qn =ng tr3ng# ]Hnh W#_ minh ha % ra c9a
mt zn t%ng=tRn# $hng ta thCy rng nng 5!ng
gim v4 -h8a tia c2c t8m gn nhng n vJn 9 m0nh
A cC- nng 5!ng cho b -ht hin .%ang + b6c =ng
gn Snm# \A tng c1ng nh =ng n ;i vEng
c2c t8m/ ng1i ta => ;Ing mt zn ha5ogRn t%ng=tRn#
\zn ny gQm mt ;y tc t%ng=tRn t trong v@th0ch anh ch7a ha5ogRn nh iOt ch~ng h0n#
Y
SSS SS SS eS
S
S
WSS
Cnh 1.%4. ] ra ca m3t pn Tn!stfn
M6c =ng wnmx
\%ra
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\zn th%{ ngn 5 mt v8 ;I iAn hHnh c9a zn
-hng in .%a 56- kh8/ n t0o ra =2 -ht (0 m0nh
trong .%ang -hF m% (anh v ;i c2c t8m#
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$# D0ch kh%ych 0i b' h@ng
# $ thA ;o mt trong cc ng%y&n nhn tr&n#
WS# Mng zn ]a5ogRn chy c thA ;o ng%y&n nhn
# Mng ht t%Fi th/ ;o t%Fi th c9a bng khong
_SSS gi1
M# Ug%Qn n%i cho bng b' thC- in -
$# Ug%Qn n%i bng b' .% -
# $% v c% $# $% M v c% $
$u hi )G lng gi
WW# :} = Q khOi v -hn t8ch ho0t ng = Q
khOi my .%ang k e__
W_# TrHnh by .%y trHnh o cc ()t nghim bng
my .%ang k e__ => ;Ing ho chCt c9a hng
iagno=tic%m
W# TrHnh by cc .%i trHnh bo ;
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W# TrHnh by mt =O 5i th1ng g- khi => ;Ing my
.%ang k e__ `hn t8ch ng%y&n nhn v cch
kh3c -hIc 5i
8p n cu hi )Uc nghi/, phn lng gi !i"n
)hVc
Wh*n 1
gQa ch"n c0 tr= l(i Xn! sai
$W# ng $_# ng $# =ai $#
=ai
$# ng
Oh"n c0 tr= l(i Xn! nh:t tron! cc c0 sa
WS
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$# $ $e# $Y#
$Z#
$WS# $ $WW# $W_# M $W# M
$W# $ $W# $ $W# $We#
Wh*n 2.
]nh s' th tQ Xn! cho cc qy trnh sa
$W# W/ / / / / Y/ e/ _
$_# / _/ / W/
Oh"n c0 tr= l(i Xn! nh:t tron! cc c0 sa
$# M $# $#
$# $
$e# $Y# $ $Z#
$WS#
WS
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Ti li$ tham 6h=o
W# Gd# Ug%yun Th KhnhGd# `h0m T> ng
xYt n!hi$m sB ;