1 イギリス文学探訪7 古典主義、Neo-Classicism, 17世紀末から19世紀中頃 • ヨーロッパでギリシャ・ローマ古典古代を理想 と考え • その時代の学芸・文化を模範として仰ぐ傾向 のこと。 • 均整・調和などがその理想とされる。 • 理性と秩序、激しい感情は抑制 イギリスの古典主義 • イギリスでは17世紀後 半に詩人ジョン・ドライ デンJohn Dryden 1631~1700が、フラン スの影響のもとで古典 主義の基礎をきずく • イギリス最初の桂冠詩 人(Poet Laureate:王 室が最高の詩人に与え る称号) John Dryden 1631~1700 • ピューリタン革命の指導者、クロムウェルの死を称 え(Heroic Stanza 1659)を発表 • 王政復古ではチャールズ2世の復位を黄金時代の 到来と歓迎してAstraea Redux(帰ってきた女神 1660)を発表 • この時チャールズ2世がカトリック教徒だったため、 プロテスタントからカトリックに改宗 • 政治的、宗教的変節硬直した精神主義に囚われ ず、平和な時代に誰にも共有出来る文化を創造した かった世俗文化の草分け 風刺詩(Satire)の名手 • Mac Flecknoe 1682は、自分に敵対する二 流詩人Thomas Shadwell(1642-92)をやり玉 に挙げている。 • 個人攻撃はいつしか人間の性質の一つ「愚 鈍=dullness」を一般化して描き出す Mac Flecknoe 1682 • (All human things are subject to decay,) And, when Fate summons, monarchs must obey: This Flecknoe found, who, like Augustus, young Was call'd to empire, and had govern'd long: In prose and verse, was own'd, without dispute Through all the realms of Non- sense, absolute. This aged prince now flourishing in peace, • And blest with issue of a large increase, Worn out with business, did at length debate To settle the succession of the State: And pond'ring which of all his sons was fit To reign, and wage immortal war with wit; Cry'd, 'tis resolv'd; for nature pleads that he Should only rule, who most resembles me: Shadwell alone my perfect image bears,
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イギリス文学探訪7
古典主義、Neo-Classicism,17世紀末から19世紀中頃
• ヨーロッパでギリシャ・ローマ古典古代を理想と考え
• その時代の学芸・文化を模範として仰ぐ傾向のこと。
• 均整・調和などがその理想とされる。
• 理性と秩序、激しい感情は抑制
イギリスの古典主義
• イギリスでは17世紀後
半に詩人ジョン・ドライデンJohn Dryden1631~1700が、フラン
スの影響のもとで古典主義の基礎をきずく
• イギリス最初の桂冠詩人(Poet Laureate:王室が最高の詩人に与える称号)
John Dryden 1631~1700• ピューリタン革命の指導者、クロムウェルの死を称え(Heroic Stanza 1659)を発表
• It happened one day, about noon, going towards my boat, I was exceedingly surprised with the print of a man's naked foot on the shore, which was very plain to be seen on the sand. I stood like one thunderstruck, or as if I had seen an apparition. I listened, I looked round me, but I could hear nothing, nor see anything; I went up to a rising ground to look farther; I went up the shore and down the shore, but it was all one; I could see no other impression but that one. I went to it again to see if there were any more, and to observe if it might not be my fancy; but there was no room for that, for there was exactly the print of a foot - toes, heel, and every part of a foot.
• How it came thither I knew not, nor could I in the least imagine; but after innumerable fluttering thoughts, like a man perfectly confused and out of myself, I came home to my fortification, not feeling, as we say, the ground I went on, but terrified to the last degree, looking behind me at every two or three steps, mistaking every bush and tree, and fancying every stump at a distance to be a man.
• Nor is it possible to describe how many various shapes my affrighted imagination represented things to me in, how many wild ideas were found every moment in my fancy, and what strange, unaccountable whimsies came into my thoughts by the way. When I came to my castle (for so I think I called it ever after this), I fled into it like one pursued. Whether I went over by the ladder, as first contrived, or went in at the hole in the rock, which I had called a door, I cannot remember; no, nor could I remember the next morning, for never frightened hare fled to cover, or fox to earth, with more terror of mind than I to this retreat.
• I slept none that night; the farther I was from the occasion of my fright, the greater my apprehensions were, which is something contrary to the nature of such things, and especially to the usual practice of all creatures in fear; but I was so embarrassed with my own frightful ideas of the thing, that I formed nothing but dismal imaginations to myself, even though I was now a great way off.
• Sometimes I fancied it must be the devil, and reason joined in with me in this supposition, for how should any other thing in human shape come into the place? Where was the vessel that brought them? What marks were there of any other footstep? And how was it possible a man should come there?
• But then, to think that Satan should take human shape upon him in such a place, where there could be no manner of occasion for it, but to leave the print of his foot behind him, and that even for no purpose too, for he could not be sure I should see it - this was an amusement the other way.
• Dear Mother• Well, I can't find my letter, and so I'll try to recollect it all, and
be as brief as I can. All went well enough in the main for some time after my letter but one. At last, I saw some reason to suspect; for he would look upon me, whenever he saw me, in such a manner, as shewed not well; and one day he came to me, as I was in the summer-house in the little garden, at work with my needle, and Mrs. Jervis was just gone from me; and I would have gone out, but he said, No don't go, Pamela; I have something to say to you; and you always fly me when I come near you, as if you were afraid of me. I was much out of countenance, you may well think; but said, at last, It does not become your good servant to stay in your presence, sir, without your business required it; and I hope I shall always know my place. Well, says he, my business does require it sometimes; and I have a mind you should stay to hear what I have to say to you.
• I stood still confounded, and began to tremble, and the more when he took me by the hand; for now no soul was near us. My sister Davers, said he, (and seemed, I thought, to be as much at a loss for words as I,) would have had you live with her; but she would not do for you what I am resolved to do, if you continue faithful and obliging. What say'st thou, my girl? said he, with some eagerness; had'st thou not rather stay with me, than go to my sister Davers? He looked so, as filled me with affrightment; I don't know how; wildly, I thought. I said, when I could speak, Your honour will forgive me; but as you have no lady for me to wait upon, and my good lady has been now dead this twelvemonth, I had rather, if it would not displease you, wait upon Lady Davers, because--
• I was proceeding, and he said, a little hastily--Because you are a little fool, and know not what's good for yourself. I tell you I will make a gentle woman of you, if you be obliging, and don't stand in your own light; and so saying, he put his arm about me, and kissed me! Now, you will say, all his wickedness appeared plainly. I struggled and trembled, and was so benumbed with terror, that I sunk down, not in a fit, and yet not myself; and I found myself in his arms, quite void of strength; and he kissed me two or three times, with frightful eagerness.--At last I burst from him, and was getting out of the summer-house; but he held me back, and shut the door.
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Romantic view in the 19th Century
• Jean-Jaques Rousseau
• Primitive humans, noble savages, were happier than modern individuals.
• William Wordsworth, 1770-1850• “Ode: Intimations of Immortality from
Recollections of Early Childhood”
「子供は大人の父」
• 幼子:「最高の哲人」(‘best Philosopher’, 111)、– 「偉大な預言者」(‘Mighty Prophet’, 115)– 「真理を宿す幼子」(‘On whom those truths do
rest’, 116)
• 幼少時の原体験が記憶に留まり、後年になって回想するとそれが精神力の源となり、その経験を敬愛する
The House at Pooh Corner, An Enchanted Place
• So they went off together. But wherever they go, and whatever happens on them on the way, in that enchanted place on the top of the Forest, a little boy and his Bear will always be playing.
• My heart leaps up when I behold• A Rainbow in the sky:• So was it when my life began;• So is it now I am a Man;• So be it when I shall grow old• Or let me die!• The Child is Father of the Man;• And I could wish my days to be• Bound each to each by natural piety.
• 1776, American Revolution• 1789, French Revolution• Democratic Freedom• Independence• government by the people, for the
people , of the people• Birth of Bourgeoisie & Working classes
Yorkshire Movement , 1780
• a challenge to the oligarchic politics (独裁的政治)of eighteenth-century England. Extraparliamentary reformers (議員でない改革者) wanted not only economic but also parliamentary reforms(経済も議会も改革する), and they opposed aristocratic control(貴族の支配に反対) of them
William Pitt the Younger,1759-1806
• as Prime Minister from 1783 to 1801, and again from 1804 until his death.
Napoleonic Wars
• The Spanish empire collapsedlost all of its colonies in South America
due to nationalist revolutions. • French power rose quickly, conquering
most of Europe by 1806; • collapsed rapidly after the disastrous
invasion of Russia (1812)
Napoleon & Pitt Carve the World
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Admiral Horatio Nelson &Battle of Trafalgar: Britain vs. Spain+France, 1805 Trafalgar Square
From the Battle of Waterloo, 1815, Pax Britannica until WWI
UK Expanded Control over Central & South America
• In the 1820s UK took control Spanish colonies in the area not by political but by economic dominance.
• free-trade Imperialism(自由貿易帝国)
植民地獲得 1921 Lake District & Romantics
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Lake District
Lake Grasmere Beatrix Potter、1866-1943
• Hilltop Farm
National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty
• 歴史的建築物の保護を目的としてイギリスにおいて設立されたボランティア団体。
• 1895年に3人により設立された。
• “The idea of the National Trust is born when Octavia Hill, one of our founders, is asked to help preserve Sayes Court garden in south east London.”
• The moving Moon went up the sky.• And no where did abide:• Softly she was going up,• And a star or two beside ——
• Her beams bemocked the sultry main,• Like April hoar-frost spread;• But where the ship's huge shadow lay,• The charmed water burnt alway• A still and awful red.
• Beyond the shadow of the ship,• I watched the water-snakes:• They moved in tracks of shining white,• And when they reared, the elfish light• Fell off in hoary flakes.
• Within the shadow of the ship• I watched their rich attire:• Blue, glossy green, and velvet black,• They coiled and swam; and every track• Was a flash of golden fire.
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• O happy living things! no tongue• Their beauty might declare:• A spring of love gushed from my heart,• And I blessed them unaware:• Sure my kind saint took pity on me,• And I blessed them unaware.
• The self-same moment I could pray;• And from my neck so free• The Albatross fell off, and sank• Like lead into the sea.
楽を嘗めつくした憂鬱の青年ハロルドが、欧州各地を巡り歩きながら、その土地の歴史や風物などに関して、さまざまな感想を述べたもの。ポルトガル・スペイン・アルバニア・ギリシアなどの旅を描いた第1巻・2巻が1812年に出版され、” One morning I awoke to find myself famous. ”ある朝目覚めたら
有名になっていたという言葉を吐いたと言われているほど、社交界で名を馳せる。
1816年に出た第3巻は、Napoleonが、ウェリントン公爵(Duke of Wellington)率いる英国軍とプロイセンの連合軍に大敗を喫して1年と経たないワーテルロー(Waterloo)の戦場跡を
• 139.• And here the buzz of eager nations ran,• In murmured pity, or loud-roared applause,• As man was slaughtered by his fellow man.• And wherefore slaughtered? wherefore, but because• Such were the bloody Circus' genial laws,• And the imperial pleasure. —— Wherefore not?• What matters where we fall to fill the maws• Of worms —— on battle-plains or listed spot?• Both are but theatres —— where the chief actors rot.
• 141.• He heard it, but he heeded not —— his eyes• Were with his heart —— and that was far away;• He reck'd not of the life he lost nor prize,• But where his rude hut by the Danube lay ——• There were his young barbarians all at play,• There was their Dacian mother —— he, their sire,• Butcher'd to make a Roman holiday ——• All this rush'd with his blood —— Shall he expire• And unavenged? —— Arise! ye Goths, and glut your ire!• (1243-1269)
‘Ode to the West Wind’ (1819)• Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is;• What if my leaves are falling like its own!• The tumult of thy mighty harmonies
• Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone,• Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,• My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!
• Drive my dead thoughts over the universe• Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth!• And, by the incantation of this verse,
• Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth• Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!• Be through my lips to unawakened Earth
• The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,• If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?• (57-70)
• 私を汝の竪琴にしてくれ、今森がそうであるように、
• 私の言の葉が森の枯葉のように落ちるのならどうだろう!
• 汝の力強い音楽の乱調が
• 私からも森からも深い秋の音を奏でさせるだろう、
• 甘美だが悲しみを含んだ調べ。烈々たる精霊よ、
• 私の精神となってくれ!• 汝が私となってくれ、荒ぶる者よ!
• 私の死んだ思想を宇宙へ吹き散らしてくれ
• 新生を早めるように!
• そして、この詩に声の魔術を与えることによって、
• 振り撒け、まだ火が消えていない炉からのように
• 灰と火花を、我が言葉を人類へ!• 私の唇を通してまだ目覚めぬ地球へ
• 予言のトランペットを轟かせてくれ!おお、風よ、
• もし冬が来たら、春はまだ遠いということが
• ありえようか?
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John Keats 1795~1821 ODE ON A GRECIAN URN• Thou still unravished bride of quietness,
Thou foster child of silence and slow time, Sylvan historian, who canst thus express
A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme: What leaf-fringed legend haunts about thy shape
Of deities or mortals, or of both, In Tempe or the dales of Arcady?
What men or gods are these? What maidens loath? What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape?
What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?
• O Attic shape! Fair attitude! with brede Of marble men and maidens overwrought,
With forest branches and the trodden weed; Thou, silent form, dost tease us out of
thought As doth eternity. Cold Pastoral!
When old age shall this generation waste, Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe
Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou say'st, "Beauty is truth, truth beauty"---that is all