CLUSTERING AS GLOCALIZATION STRATEGY

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CLUSTERING AS GLOCALIZATION

STRATEGY

International Conference on Clusters & Industrial Districts

May 26-27th

, 2016, Valencia (Spain)

Faculty of Economics- University of Valencia

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Title: Clustering as glocalization strategy Edition May 2016 EDITORS: Santi Cantarero Sanz. [email protected] Francisco Puig Blanco. [email protected]

Printed in Valencia (Spain) ISBN: 978-84-608-8523-8

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CLUSTERING-2016

Welcome 5

Committees 7

Doctoral symposium and Torrecid Award 8

General information and internet access 9

Recommendations for presentations and Session Chairs 11

Drinks, coffee breaks and lunch 12

Social Dinner 12

Keynote Speakers 13

Short programme 15

Full programme 16

Parallel sessions: Thursday 21

Parallel sessions: Friday 31

Attendees Clustering 2016 53

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1. Welcome

One more year, it is a pleasure to welcome to all of you to our CLUSTERING event on behalf of the Faculty of Economics of the University of Valencia. This venue, our home, hosts our Annual Meeting of Clusters and Industrial Districts under an International Conference format in this ocassion, which is a great opportunity to share experiences and knowledge at a different level. In addition, the fact that we are hosting you in a faculty that has such a long history and international tradition in studies on territorial activity agglomerations adds potential for this event to be a very fruitful one.

We have organized “CLUSTERING” trying to maintain the same spirit that it has had since its first edition at the UJI of Castellon in 1995. This means the hosting of a scientific meeting that promotes the networking among academics and scholars who study diverse disciplines related to Clusters and Industrial Districts both nationally and internationally. Not only does the name of the event emphasize the importance of the attendance (proximity) but also the collaborative action. Therefore, we look forward to the Conference being a very enriching academic forum that welcomes discussion about the current and emerging topics in the area, from a multidisciplinary approach (Management, Economics, Regional Science, Geography, History, Sociology, International Business).

In this edition, the theme of the conference is CLUSTERING AS GLOCALIZATION STRATEGY. On the one hand, this choice is inspired in the fact that some local contexts such as clusters are becoming an important source of competitive advantage in the current globalized world. This is perceptible when one analyzes growth and survival indicators, among others. And, on the other hand, it reflects the geostrategic and socio-economic interest that this phenomenon has, which is increasingly evident in the investment decisions of companies, in the agenda of politicians and in the influential international institutions.

This year the program will be a two-day event between May 26th and 27th. During the first day, we will enjoy the Welcoming ceremony, the Doctoral Symposium, some Parallel Sessions and a couple of Roundtables. In the welcoming ceremony, the background of the conference, the current situation and challenges will be presented, and we will also have the opportunity to listen to Mr. Tomás Iriondo (General Director of GAIA-Basque Country), who will discuss interesting findings on cooperation, strategy and competitiveness. The Doctoral Symposium will be a single session during which 4 selected students and recognized experts in the area of Clusters and Industrial Districts will discuss the selected Ph.D. projects (presentation-discussion-reply). The parallel sessions will present finished or in-progress papers and the Round Table will be a session in which managers and entrepreneurs will discuss the importance of local context in today´s globalized scenario. In another simulatenous session, editors of prestigious journals will provide guidance on how to disseminate and publish our research.

During the second day, (Friday 27th) the event includes a Plenary session, Parallel sessions and a Roundtable. The Plenary session will be lectured by Glòria Prats

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(General Manager of Catalunya Clusters), who will present their experience about the Dinamization of Clusters and its positive effect on job creation. During the 6 different tracks of Parallel Sessions, researchers will present and discuss their work; and the Roundtable will include a discussion about the current teaching and research challenges of clustering. The conference will conclude with a closing ceremony in which the main ideas and conclusions of the event will be summarized.

This year, we especially welcome the large number of researchers from Latin America - Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica and Ecuador-, that for the first time attend the event. They all make an enormous effort to come and we wish the conference meets all their expectations and continues to create the atmosphere that fosters the transfer of knowledge and collaboration among all its participants.

Finally, I want to express my gratitude to a few people without whom this event would have been impossible. First of all, I will like to give thanks to Jose Enrique Clar and the support of the company TORRECID, to the Faculty of Economics and especially to Fina Atienza. I also want to acknowledge the contribution of Victor Vergara (Awezoom Studios). I cannot forget the help of my research colleagues from the GESTOR research group (Organizational Geostrategy: Clusters and Competitiveness), and the support of Isabel Díez, Jose A. Belso, Ángeles Montoro and Xavi Molina.

Francisco Puig Blanco.

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2. COMMITTEES

Organizing Committee.

Chair: Francisco Puig Blanco (University of Valencia) Members: Emilio Camarena Gil (University of Valencia) Santiago Cantarero Sanz (University of València) Miguel González-Loureiro (University of Vigo) Marcelo Royo-Vela (University of València) Berrbizne Urzelai Lopez de Aberasturi (University of Mondragon).

Scientific Committee. Chair Xavier Molina-Morales (University Jaume I, Castellón). Members

Jose A. Belso, Miguel Hernandez University, Alicante (Spain) Fiorenza Belussi, University of Padua (Italy) Rafael Boix Domenech, University of Valencia (Spain) Joan Crespo (Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands) Isabel Díez-Vial, Complutense University of Madrid (Spain) Ignacio Fernández de Lucio, INGENIO-UPV (Spain) Pedro Garcia-Villaverde, University of Castilla-La Mancha, (Spain) Pervez N. Ghauri (Birmingham Business School, UK) Miguel-Gonzalez-Loureiro, University of Vigo (Spain) Jose L. Hervas-Oliver, Polytechnic University of Valencia (Spain) Anoop Madhok, York University of Toronto (Canada) Teresa Martínez-Fernandez University Jaume I (Castellon, Spain) Maria R. de‐ Miguel‐ Molina, Polytechnic University of Valencia (Spain) Xavier Molina-Morales, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon (Spain). M. Ángeles Montoro, Complutense University of Madrid (Spain) Naresh N. Pandit, Norwich Business Schoool, (UK) Gloria Parra, University of Castilla-La Mancha, (Spain) Francisco Puig, University of Valencia (Spain) Roberta Rabellotti, University of Padua (Italy) Marcelo Royo‐ Vela, University of Valencia (Spain) Fabio Sforzi, Università degli studi di Parma (Italy) Jérome Vicente, University of Toulouse (France) Josep. A. Ybarra, University of Alicante (Spain)

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3. Doctoral Symposium and Torrecid Award

Doctoral Symposium

The Doctoral Symposium welcomes professors and doctoral students working on subjects related to Clusters and Industrial Districts that want to listen to what other colleagues present so as to discuss their ongoing research projects.

The objectives of the symposium are: a) to encourage doctoral students in their research and training b) improve the quality of the research proposals that are presented. Other elements such as the networking opportunities of the event should also be considered.

For this we have organized an exclusive session where students and recognized experts in the area of Clusters and Industrial Districts will discuss (presentation-discussion-reply) on different aspects such as the theoretical framework, methodology or expected contributions of their future thesis.

TORRECID award for best proposal

Among the different thesis proposals presented in CLUSTERING the experts and panel will select the winner of the TORRECID scholarship.

Such recognition and prize will be of € 500 for the doctoral student.

Panel of the board

Isabel Díez.Vial (U. Complutense de Madrid)

Ángel Belzunegui (U. Rovira i Virgili)

Enrique Claver (U. Alicante)

Pedro García-Villaverde (U. Castilla La Mancha)

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4. General information and Internet Access The Faculty of Economics is located in the Campus of Tarongers (Valencia). It is located in the northeast of the city and has access to both by public and private transport.

How to reach the Campus by public transport: Bus, line 9, 18, 29, 30, 40, 41 and 71 (www.emtvalencia.es/ciudadano/index.php) Metro and tram line 4 and 6 (www.metrovalencia.es/page.php)

The sessions will take place in the Hall, which is located on the ground floor, and in the Halls I. Villalonga and Sanchez Ayuso (both located on the first floor).

http://www.emtvalencia.es/ciudadano/index.php

http://www.metrovalencia.es/page.php

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Internet Access Free internet access is available in the rooms Sanchez Ayuso and Villalonga.

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5. Recommendations for Presentations and Session Chairs

The three rooms where the communications are presented and discussed are equipped with computers that read PowerPoint files as well as projectors and screens.

It is recommended to bring the presentation in a USB and download it into the computer 10 minutes before the start of the session.

Presentations of the parallel sessions should not be longer than 10- 12 minutes so as to have time for debate, to raise questions and provide answers.

Session Chairs should be in the room the 10 minutes before the session starts so as to ensure all presentations have been downloaded into the computer.

The main responsibility of the session Chair is to assure that the session takes place tidily, providing enough time for all communications to be presented and discussed.

It is at the discretion of the Session Chair, after being agreed with the speakers, if discussions will be held after each presentation or at the end of all of them.

As a suggestion for the Seesion Chair, 60% of the time should be given to the presentation and 40% to the debate and discussion.

* Important: Given the attendance of non-Spanish speakers, it is suggested that the slides are prepared in English, and the presenter should adapt the speech to the audience´s language. The organization will try to complete the sessions considering the similarity of the subjects and language.

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6. Drinks, coffee breaks and lunch To speed up the performance of the sessions, a bar service and restaurant will be available for attendees, which will include coffee, pastries and drinks, as well as the lunch for free for the two days of the conference during both days (Thursday and Friday). That service will be loated in different areas of the Faculty Hall (see further details in the full programme)

Due to logistics reasons, please inform us about your attendance to the lunch at the moment when you receive your credentials.

7. Social dinner

We have organized a social dinner at the Moonlight Restaurant http://restauranteluzdeluna.com/ on Thursday 26th at 20:30 pm.

In light of our agenda and the pleasant environment where the restaurant is located, we strongly suggest you go to there by feet, and share a walk with colleagues from the Faculty right after the end of the session on Thursday.

The dinner is included in the registration fee so it is free for the speakers and attendees of the conference. The menú includes Spanish tapas as appetizer (esgarrat con mojama), then one starter (grilled scallops in a bed of crispy spawn and bittersweet sauce), one main dish (millefeuille of beef sirloin and mixgrill of vegetables with a fine sauce of plums) and one dessert (delicias Moonlight with fresh fruit), coffee and drinks.

Should you have any kind of food intolerance, please inform Ms. Berrbizne Urzelai ([email protected])

http://restauranteluzdeluna.com/

mailto:[email protected]

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8. Keynote Speakers

Tomás Iriondo:

General Director of GAIA, Cluster EICT (Electronic, IT and Communication Technologies - www.gaia.es), with 250 technology-based companies that develop solutions for business and public sectors, researching and developing innovative activities such as Information Systems, Electronic Equipment, Embedded Systems and Telecommunications Applications for Smart Cities, Smart Grid, Industry 4.0, Health 4.0, etc.

Among the most frequent professional activities we can find: sectorial strategic plans, technological projects, internationalization activities, technical seminars and conferences.

Tomas is an analyst of EICT in relationship with authorities and demanding sectors and and expert on methodologies and collaborative modles that aim stable business partnerships searching for the the improvement of the competitiveness of companies and sectors.

Glòria Prats:

Chemical Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (EUITIB-UPC) and Executive MBA from the University of Barcelona. Director of Catalunya Clusters y Dinamització de Clusters – ACCIO. Glòria has 17 years of experience in private companies working in the fields of Chemistry, Electronics and Industrial Water Treatment. During the last 5 years she has served as a Quality and Environment Director in the private sector. She has working experience in interdepartmental coordination and in the design and implementation of process related to total quality management at different levels of the company.

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From 2000 she has occupied several positions around the Catalunian Public Administration in the Department of Industry. First, she began her activity in the Catalunian Quality Centre (managing projects on the implementation of quality systems in companies) until she later moved to serve in the Agency for Competitiveness for the Catalunian company - ACCIO, where he has developed her career in the field of business information. This service aims to provide companies with information on business creation, available public funding at a regional, national or European level as well as any information related to the programs implemented by the organization. In the Sectorial Policy Unit participating in the design of sectorial strategic plans that aim to increase the competitiveness of Catalunian companies.

Since 2005 she has worked for the Clusters Unit of ACCIO as Head of Catalunya Clusters. She manages multidisciplinary workteams of clusters. From this unit the Catalunya Clusters Program is managed, promoted by the Government of the Generalitat. This programme aims to systematize and rationalize the actions of the Generalitat de Catalunya about Clusters. Currently the Cluster Revitalisation team is composed of 7 people working with 30 Clusters.

Speakers

Roundtable with managers: “La dimensión global de los entornos locales” (Spanish)

•Antonio Collado – Departamento de Calidad, FORD España.

•Tomás Iriondo – Director General de GAIA, Cluster TEIC.

•Pepe Serna - Secretario General de ATEVAL, Asociación de Empresarios Textiles.

•Antonio Galvañ (Cátedra del Calzado, U. Miguel Hernández).

Moderator: Jose A. Belso (U. de Alicante, España).

Roundtable with academics: “Notes and reflections on research in Clustering” (English) •Silvia Sedita, University of Padua (Italy).

•Fiorenza Belussi, University of Padua (Italy).

•Angeles Montoro, Universidad Complutense (España).

•Xavier Molina-Morales (modera), Universidad Jaume I, (España).

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9. Short program

THURSDAY 26TH MAY (HALL F. ECONOMIA)

08.00-09.00 Registration.

09.00-10.30 Welcome and Opening session.

Coffee Break (10.30-11.00)

11.00 - 13.15 Doctoral symposium.

Almuerzo (13.15-15.00)

ROOMS: IGNASI VILLALONGA AND SÁNCHEZ AYUSO (1ER PISO)

15.00-17.00 Parallel sessions 1st and 2nd.


17.30-19.00 Roundtable with managers and editors.

20:30 SOCIAL DINNER (RESTAURANT

LUZ DE LUNA)

VIERNES 29 DE MAYO

ROOMS: IGNASI VILLALONGA AND SÁNCHEZ (1ER PISO)

08.00-09.00 Registration.

09.00-10.30 Parallel sessions 3rd and 4th.


10.45-12.15 Parallel sessions 5th and 6th

Coffee Break (Area of Hall Faculty of Economics) (12.15-12.30)

HALL F. ECONOMIA

12.30-13.15 Conferencia Plenaria

Lunch (13.30-15.15)

ROOMS: IGNASI VILLALONGA AND SÁNCHEZ

15.15-16.30 Parallel sessions 7th and 8th

Coffee Break (Hall Faculty of Economics) (16.30-16.45)

16.45-18.00 Roundtable with academics (Hall Faculty of Economics)

18.00 Conclusions and closing

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10. Full Program

THURSDAY 26TH MAY, HALL (FACULTY OF ECONOMICS) 08:00-09.00 Registration

HALL (FACULTY OF ECONOMICS)

09.00-10:30 Welcoming and Opening session

a) Francisco Puig Blanco (Departament of Business Management, U. Valencia) b) José M. Pastor Monsálvez (Deputy Dean -Facultat d’Economia, U. Valencia) c) Authority-1 d) Authority-2

Opening Conference: “GAIA, a model of Collaborative Innovation Cluster” (Spanish) Lectured by Tomás Iriondo (General Director of GAIA, Cluster TEIC.

10:30-11.00 Coffee Break

11.00-13.15 Doctoral symposium (11.00-13.00)

Ph.D. Projects: 1. Isaac Matías (UJI, Castellón): “Capital social y estrategias ambientales: recursos empresariales que garantizan éxito a las empresas que exploran el turismo ecológico”. 2. Jessica Ricarte (U. València): “Business Transfers como estrategia para la creación de empresas recuperadas gestionadas por sus trabajadores”. 3. Emilio Camarena (U. València): “Expansión internacional y rendimiento de la filial. El efecto del clustering”. 4. José Quesada-Vázquez (U. Jaén): “Implementation challenges in cluster policy making: the role of policy entrepreneurs”.

Panel of experts:

Isabel Díez-Vial (U. Complutense de Madrid)

Ángel Belzunegui (U. Rovira i Virgili)

Enrique Claver (U. Alicante)

Pedro Garcia-Villaverde (U. Castilla La Mancha) Chaired by: Isabel Díez-Vial (U. Complutense de Madrid)

13:15-15:00 Lunch

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THURSDAY 26TH MAY, IGNASI VILLALONGA AND SALA SÁNCHEZ A. ROOMS (1ST FLOOR)

Parallel sessions (15:00-17:00)

SÁNCHEZ AYUSO ROOM IGNASI VILLALONGA ROOM

Time Parallel session 1st Parallel session 2nd

15:00-15:20 Networking en Silicon Valley, la aglomeración tecnológica por excelencia (March y Yagüe)

Dragon Dance: joining steps, gaining success (Urzelai y Puig)

15:20-15:40

Patrones de relaciones y estrategia de conocimiento en los clusters de turismo cultural (Martínez-Pérez, Elche, Garcia-Villaverde)

Locations decisions … (Claver-Cortes, Marco-Lajara, Manresa-Marhuenda, García-Lillo, Seva-Larrosa)

15:40-16:10 La importancia del factor institucional …. (Miralles, Belzunegui, Pastor)

Enclave assembly: Case Study of the Caribbean and Central America (Mathews)

16:10-16:30

Configuraciones relacionales ...(Rubio-Fernández, Ruiz-Ortega, Parra-Requena, García-Villaverde )

Social, structural bonding and innovation in strategic partnerships (Boari, Molina-Morales, Pressuti)

16:30-16:50 Clusters de competitividad turística de Ecuador (Meza, Oliveiro, Meza)

Modera: Marcelo Royo (U. de Valencia) Chair: Laura Sabbado (University of Rennes)

17:00-17:30 Coffee Break


SÁNCHEZ AYUSO ROOM IGNASI VILLALONGA ROOM 17:30-19:00

Roundtable with managers -Pepe Serna (Asociación de Empresarios Textiles), -Antonio Galvañ (Cátedra del Calzado, UMH), -Antonio Collado (Ford-España-), -Tomás Iriondo (Cluster EICT, GAIA) Modera: Jose A. Belso (U. Alicante)

Meet the editors

-Investigaciones Regionales/Journal of Regional Research. -Estrategias/Journal of Management and Accounting Studies. -Operation Research Perspectives. -Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa.

Modera: Miguel Gonzalez-Loureiro(U. Vigo)

20:30 Social Dinner (Rte. Luz de Luna, around Malvarrosa Beach)

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FRIDAY 27TH MAY, IGNASI VILLALONGA AND SALA SÁNCHEZ A. ROOMS (1ST FLOOR) 08:00-09:00 Registration

Parallel sessions (09:00-10.30)


Time Parallel session 3rd Parallel session 4th

09:00-09:20 Space and time clustering of mortality in … (Carracedo, Debón, Iftimi, Montes)

Clustering and networking (Osarenkhoe, Fjellström)

09:20-09:40

Using a spatial scan test to explore the clustering of technology firms in the Greater (Lopez y Paez)

Research evolution in science parks an incubators (Diaz-Vial, Montoro-Sanchez)

09:40-10:00

Sobre clusters y distritos (Marco-Lajara, Claver-Cortes, García-Lillo, Úbeda-García, Seva-Larrosa)

United we stand, divide we fall? (Hoffman, Belussi, Martinez-Fernandez, Reyes)

10:00-10:20 Cluster de la ostra del pacífico … (Salinas, Zamora, Villavicencio)

Of poles, deserts and oases: Historical overview of regional (Diez y Sanchis)

Modera: Encarnación Manresa (U of Alicante) Chair: Silvia Sedita (U. of Padova)

10.30-10.45 Coffee Break



Time Parallel session 5th Parallel session 6th

10:45-11:05

Factores determinantes del desempeño del clúster (Martínez, Rodríguez, López, Hernández)

Factors Mediating Foreign R&D Spillovers: A Multidimensional Approach (Añon, Manjón-Antolín))

11:05-11:25

Análisis de la infraestructura de centros de acopio (González)

Professional Education as catalyzer of local development (Dias-Leite, Molina-Morales, Reys-Junior)

11:25-11:45 Factores que generan el éxito en relaciones de cooperación (Pérez)

Identification of inter-regional spatial agglomeration (Majewska,Truskolaski)

11:45-12:05

¿Son más competitivos los hoteles que conforman un clúster ? (Rodríguez, González-Loureiro, Puig)

Subsidiary upgrading and Regional innovation (Quesada-Vazquez, Rodriguez-Cohard)

Modera: Teresa Martínez-Fernández (U. Jaume I of Castellón)

Chair: Luis Martínez-Cháfer (U. Jaume I of Castellón)

Coffee Break

HALL (FACULTY OF ECONOMICS)

12:30 13.15

Conferencia plenaria -Conferencia Plenaria: “Política de clusters: Clusterizando desde la Administración Pública” (Spanish and english) Speaker: Glòria Prats (Gerente de Catalunya Clusters).

13:30-15:15 Lunch

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FRIDAY 27TH MAY, IGNASI VILLALONGA AND SALA SÁNCHEZ A. ROOMS (1ST FLOOR)


SALA SÁNCHEZ AYUSO SALA IGNASI VILLALONGA

Time Parallel session 7th Parallel session 8th

15:15-15:35 Synergistic effects and the co-existence of networks … (Belso)

Technology transfer and SME: the case of Mont Blanc Industries (Sabbado)

15:35-15:55 La capacidad distintiva de los agrocentros de exportación (Mendoza)

Measuring the intersection of localization and multinationals (Hervás-Oliver et al)

15:55-16:15 La internacionalización de la universidad de Guayaquil (Briones)

Clustering and the performance of the subsiary (Camarena, Cantarero, Puig)

Modera: Mónica González (U. Guayaquil) Chair: Daniella Fjellström (U. of Gävle)

16:30-16:45 Coffee Break

HALL (FACULTY OF ECONOMICS) 16:45-18:00 Roundtable with academics

“Notes and reflections on research in Clustering” (English)c

Speakers •Silvia Sedita, University of Padua (Italy). •Fiorenza Belussi, University of Padua (Italy). •Angeles Montoro, University Complutense of Madrid (Spain). Chair: Xavier Molina-Morales, University Jaume I of Castellón (Spain).

18:00 Conclusions and closing

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11. Parallel sessions, THURSDAY

SÁNCHEZ AYUSO ROOM

Parallel Session #1. Thursday 15.00 – 17.00

NETWORKING EN SILICON VALLEY, LA AGLOMERACIÓN TECNOLÓGICA POR EXCELENCIA

Isidre March

Departamento de Dirección de Empresas. Juan José Renau Univesitat de València (España)

Rosa María Yagüe Perales Departamento Economía Aplicada Universitat de València (España)

Resumen: Los años pasan pero Silicon Valley (SV) sigue asentado en la cima del universo emprendedor y tecnológico mundial como sinónimo del sueño perfecto de todo emprendedor ambicioso, innovador y apasionado. SV, o mejor dicho, la Bay Area de San Francisco, es la aglomeración tecnológica por excelencia, pues al menos 15 de las top 20 compañías tecnológicas mundiales han nacido y están radicadas en este pequeño ecosistema de apenas 50 x 20 kilómetros. Es también el mayor polo de atracción de talento tecnológico y emprendedor a escala mundial. Esta comunicación se fundamenta en un amplio estudio empírico sobre el terreno, en el marco de una estancia en UC Berkeley, acometido en 2014 a un total de más de 70 agentes, la mayoría emprendedores españoles, fundadores todos ellos de compañías start-ups ubicadas en SV. La comunicación tratará de desvelar los rasgos distintivos y el funcionamiento de uno de los activos más destacados y valiosos del SV, sus redes o “networking”. Ser capaz de construir un buen “red de contactos” en un plazo razonable es un requisito fundamental para tener opciones en un entorno tan complejo, exigente y dinámico como SV. La facilidad del networking está sobrevalorada por los emprendedores extranjeros cuando llegan a SV y no tardan en comprobar y reconocer que tan esencial meta resulta mucho más laboriosa en tiempo y dedicación de lo que habían pronosticado. El estudio descubrirá las características más típicas e idiosincráticas que hacen de la aglomeración tecnológica del SV un entorno único e inimitable, en gran medida por su networking, aparte de por su enorme potencial inversor. El estudio analizará de forma descriptiva los siguientes aspectos clave del networking en SV: . Eventos: el entorno de la Bay Area resulta verdaderamente acogedor y estimulante para los emprendedores, independientemente de su origen, por la proliferación de eventos abiertos y gratuitos.

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. Networks superficiales versus “core”: En SV hay distintas categorías o niveles de redes, y sólo unas pocas son auténticas redes “core”. Para quien está conectado con ese “core”, los “players” principales están a 1 o 2 pasos. . Perseverancia: Generar una red de contactos potente y valiosa en SV no es algo fácil de conseguir en absoluto. Se requiere persistencia y paciencia. . Código ético e “intros”: Las “intros” son muy valoradas en el ecosistema SV y la forma de gestionarlas y tratarlas ha de ser la correcta si no se quiere caer en errores graves y poner en aprietos al contacto americano. . Construir conexiones: Reglas de oro para construir conexiones un emprendedor extranjero por sí mismo. El estudio concluye que el emprendedor extranjero que aterriza en SV debe tomar conciencia ante todo de que construir una red potente requiere esfuerzo, tiempo y dedicación y también una estrategia eficaz y bien estudiada.

PATRONES DE RELACIONES Y ESTRATEGIA DE CONOCIMIENTO EN LOS CLUSTERS DE TURISMO CULTURAL

Ángela Martínez Pérez,

Dioni Elche Departamento de Administración de Empresas, Universidad de

Castilla-La Mancha(Cuenca) España Pedro M. García Villaverde

Departamento de Administración de Empresas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha(Albacete) España.

Resumen: En el contexto actual, caracterizado por un elevado grado de incertidumbre, el conocimiento se ha convertido en un recurso estratégico básico para la empresa que le permite conseguir ventajas competitivas duraderas. Por ello, las empresas, para poder tener éxito, deben elegir una estrategia de conocimiento acorde con su base de conocimiento y las condiciones específicas del entorno. El contexto de los clusters adquiere relevancia, ya que se ha puesto de manifiesto que la localización geográfica favorece el intercambio de conocimiento entre los diversos agentes que operan en el cluster. Frente a aquellos estudios que se centran en el conocimiento compartido dentro de las fronteras del cluster, recientemente se ha destacado la importancia que tiene para la empresa el conocimiento adquirido del exterior, caracterizado por un alto grado de novedad y escasa redundancia. Desde este enfoque, la explotación del conocimiento existente dentro del cluster y la exploración de nuevo conocimiento externo definen la estrategia de conocimiento de la empresa. Así, podemos hablar de una estrategia de equilibrio puntual, donde predomina bien la explotación o bien la exploración; o de una estrategia en ambidextrismo, donde las empresas son capaces de combinar de forma simultánea la explotación y la exploración de conocimiento. En este contexto cobra especial relevancia el capital social, puesto que se ha demostrado que las empresas del cluster obtienen diferentes beneficios en

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términos de conocimiento dependiendo de los patrones de relaciones que establecen con otros agentes. Desde esta perspectiva se asume que los flujos de conocimiento que proceden de los contactos más cercanos, generadores de bonding capital, o más lejanos, generadores de bridging capital, son diferentes. Así, los tipos de relaciones que establecen las empresas del cluster influirán en la estrategia de conocimiento llevada a cabo por las mismas. Diversos estudios coinciden en que las relaciones internas favorecen la explotación de conocimiento existente en el cluster y las relaciones con el exterior beneficiarán la exploración de nuevo conocimiento ajeno al cluster. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo consiste en identificar la estrategia de conocimiento seguida por las empresas de los clusters en función de sus patrones de relaciones internas y externas al cluster. En este trabajo nos centramos en los clusters de turismo cultural. Realizamos un estudio empírico sobre una muestra de 215 empresas turísticas localizadas en las Ciudades Patrimonio de la Humanidad de España. A partir de un análisis de conglomerados, los resultados indican que aquellas empresas que poseen elevados niveles de bonding y bridging capital desarrollan actividades tanto de explotación como de exploración de conocimiento a través de una estrategia ambidiestra. Por el contrario, las empresas que se encuentran aisladas, sin apenas establecer vínculos con otros agentes internos o externos al cluster, desarrollan escasas actividades de explotación y exploración, mostrando bajos niveles de ambidextrismo. La estrategia de equilibrio puntual parece llevarse a cabo por aquellas empresas en las que predominan las relaciones internas o las relaciones externas al cluster. Los resultados del trabajo nos permiten extraer recomendaciones para las empresas de los clusters de turismo cultural y sugerir nuevas líneas de investigación a desarrollar en futuras investigaciones.

LA IMPORTANCIA DEL FACTOR INSTITUCIONAL Y TERRITORIAL EN LA INNOVACIÓN: EL CASO

DE LA INDUSTRIA DE COMPONENTES DEL SECTOR CALZADO

Ángel Belzunegui Eraso Universidad Roivra i Virgili (Tarragona)

Miguel Ángel Miralles Universidad de Alicante (España)

Maite Pastor Gosálbez Universidad cardenal Herrera -CEU

Resumen:

El tejido industrial de la provincia de Alicante ha sido y es un escenario de aglomeraciones de empresas denominadas entre otras formas como sistemas productivos locales, distritos industriales, clústeres. Estos sistemas empresariales se enfrentan a transformaciones tecnológicas, productivas y a mercados globalizados que plantean retos a su competitividad. En nuestro estudio analizamos los procesos de transformación que han protagonizado las empresas del sector calzado y de componentes ante el reciente contexto económico. Mostramos como las empresas han seguido distintas alternativas destacando las estrategias de innovación,

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internacionalización, diversificación hacia distintos sectores productivos, y especialización en segmentos del mercado. Constatamos que frente a la deslocalización de la producción del sector calzado que ha afectado tanto a las empresas finales de productos como a las empresas de componentes que abastecen a las mismas, factores como la localización, el capital social, la innovación y la difusión de conocimientos a través de redes tanto formales como informales, siguen siendo determinantes para adaptarse a nuevos escenarios. Analizamos también el papel que juega el Sistema Regional de Innovación Valenciano (Cámara de Comercio, institutos tecnológicos, universidades, políticas de fomento de la innovación,…) en estos procesos de transformación.

CONFIGURACIONES RELACIONALES Y COMPETITIVIDAD EN LOS DISTRITOS INDUSTRIALES

Raquel Rubio-Fernández María José Ruiz-Ortega Gloria Parra-Requena

Pedro M. García-Villaverde Departamento de Administración de Empresas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza de la Universidad 1, 02071 Albacete,

España. Resumen:

En las últimas décadas en el desarrollo de la literatura sobre aglomeraciones territoriales han convivido los estudios que han identificado diferentes tipos de distritos industrials/clusters (Arikan y Schilling, 2011) con otros centrados en la heterogeneidad de las relaciones, los recursos, las estrategias y los resultados de las empresas pertenecientes a los distritos industriales (Molina- Morales y Martínez-Fernández, 2009). La mayor parte de estos últimos se han centrado en la modelización de los intercambios de conocimiento de las empresas de los distritos industriales (Arikan y Knoben, 2014) y el análisis de la influencia de determinados factores relacionales sobre el conocimiento, el comportamiento y los resultados empresariales (Inkpen y Tsang, 2005; Molina-Morales, García-Villaverde y Parra-Requena, 2014; Expósito-Langa, Tomás-Miquel y Molina-Morales, 2015). Otros trabajos, se han centrado en determinados roles, como los gatekeepers o los líderes (Morrison, 1998; Albino, Garavelli y Schiuma, 1998) y sólo algunos trabajos han explorado los diferentes tipos relacionales que desempeñan las empresas pertenecientes a los distritos (Giuliani y Bell, 2005). El enfoque configuracional plantea que determinados elementos organizativos y estratégicos de las empresas tienden a agruparse para formar configuraciones, cuya coherencia interna y adaptación al contexto inciden en su competitividad (Miller, 1996; Desarbo, Di Benedetto, Song y Sinha, 2005). Son escasos los trabajos que, desde este enfoque, han incorporado factores relacionales para la definición de configuraciones (Knoben y Oerlemans, 2012). El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar, desde una perspectiva inductiva, las configuraciones relacionales que conviven en los distritos industriales y estudiar las diferencias de competitividad entre las mismas.

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El estudio empírico se ha realizado sobre una muestra de 165 empresas localizadas en los clusters de una industria madura y tradicional, como es la industria del calzado en España. A partir de diversos factores relacionales, identificamos, mediante un análisis de conglomerados, seís configuraciones de empresas, que desarrollan roles relacionales diferentes. El estudio de las configuraciones relacionales nos permite establecer similitudes relevantes con tipologías planteadas en trabajos previos (Giuliani and Bell, 2005; Knoben y Oerlemans, 2012). Posteriomente, analizamos las diferencias de competitividad, en términos de acceso a conocimiento, innovación y resultados, entre determinadas configuraciones en función de la combinación y coherencia de sus relaciones interorganizativas y sus capacidades relacionales. Identificamos tres configuraciones relacionales competitivas –conectadas externamente, arraigadas internamente y gatekeepers-. También detectamos tres configuraciones relacionales escásamente competitivas –aisladas, dependientes de las instituciones e indefinidas-. Comprobamos que todas las configuraciones relacionales conviven en la mayoría de los distritos industriales analizados. Concluimos que, frente a la identificación de un determinado rol de éxito en los distritos industriales, encontramos diversas configuraciones relacionales que permiten a las empresas de los distritos industriales ser competitivas. Pese al enfoque inductivo y exploratorio del estudio, los resultados obtenidos pueden abrir diversas oportunidades para el desarrollo de nuevos trabajos que profundicen en las configuraciones detectadas y sus implicaciones.

CLUSTERS DE COMPETITIVIDAD TURÍSTICA DEL ECUADOR: CASO CLUSTER DEL LITORAL

Meza Clark Teresa

Olivero Arias Meza Clark Jorge

Universidad de Guayaquil- Ecuador Resumen: El Sector Turístico en el Ecuador se ha convertido, en los últimos años, en uno de los sectores de actividad fundamentales para el desarrollo socioeconómico y ha influido, de forma determinante, en los cambios sociales, económicos y culturales que se están produciendo en la sociedad ecuatoriana. El Ecuador tiene una imagen turística definida, las Islas Galápagos, cuyo posicionamiento en el mercado externo es sólido pero se restringe al producto y al entorno concreto de la oferta de las islas. Sin considerar el resto del País, es por esto que el Ministerio de Turismo con el apoyo de la Organización Mundial de Turismo y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, creó el Plan de Competitividad Turística del Ecuador en el que se establecieron las pautas indispensables para el desarrollo sostenible de la actividad. El Gobierno Nacional expidió el Decreto No. 1424 en abril del 2001, estableció las políticas de estado para el sector y declaró como prioridad nacional el desarrollo de esta actividad.

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El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el Caso del Cluster del Litoral creado en el Plan de Competitividad Turística, sobre la base de un previo análisis de los principales productos susceptibles de generar demanda por parte de los mercados internacionales, siendo los principales criterios de definición el uso actual o potencial de turismo urbano, del turismo de naturaleza y del turismo cultural, con sus diferentes subproductos y modalidades de manejo. La metodología que se usará para analizar el Cluster del Litoral es del diamante de competitividad de Porter, permitirá tener una visión más clara del entorno competitivo del Cluster. En el diamante de Porter evaluará los principales elementos del entorno que da lugar a la posición competitiva del sector. Al aplicar esta metodología al Cluster es posible indicar el nivel de competitividad del mismo. Se enunciarán diferentes elementos que constituyen la base de la competitividad del turismo receptivo en el País. Cada uno de los aspectos señalados será objeto de explicación amplia en el estudio, de tal forma que pueda formarse una idea clara del estado actual del turismo receptivo en el Cluster.

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IGNASI VILLALONGA ROOM

Parallel Session #2. Thursday 15.00 – 17.00

DRAGON DANCE: JOINING STEPS, GAINING SUCCESS

Berrbizne Urzelai Advanced Management Strategies

Mondragon University (Spain) Francisco Puig

Department of Management University of Valencia (Spain)

Abstract: Studies on agglomeration economies are well established (Chang and Park 2005; McCann and Folta 2008; Shaver and Flyer 2000) but the phenomenon of country-of-origin agglomeration has aroused attention of scholars in the field of international business entry in recent years, especially at the host-country-level. In this paper we explore the externalities of country-of-origin foreign direct investment agglomeration and its impact on the entry decision and reduction of liabilities in Asian markets. The paper adopts a qualitative methodological approach to analyze small and medium sized subsidiaries in China. Evidence suggest that depending on factors such as time of entry, activity or co-location the subsidiaries differ in terms of the reasons to enter in China, to establish their operations in or outside a compatriot cluster, their current performance, as well as the advantages that they obtain from being clustered or isolated. Legitimacy and reputation, the acquisition of local market knowledge and social value of networking are especially relevant externalities for the firms. We found the role and leadership of network facilitators are crucial for the entry decision and functioning of the firms within the cluster as they act as umbrella structures in the host country. Our work contributes to the agglomeration and network theories on international business by analyzing the formation and influence of country-of-origin clusters at the host country level. From a practical point of view this research could help business practitioners to take decisions regarding the location mode and the management of their strategic network resources through country-of-origin clusters to reduce risks, gain legitimacy, share knowledge and thus be more successful on their international development in Asian markets.

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LOCATION DECISIONS AND AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES: DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN COMPANIES

Claver-Cortés, E Marco-Lajara, B

Manresa-Marhuenda, E García-Lillo, F

Seva-Larrosa, P. Department of Management, University of Alicante, Spain

Abstract: The internatiowever the results around this relationship are inconclusive because many studies have been conducted from different perspectives. One of these perspectives suggests that the location in agglomerations allows EMNs benefit from potential knowledge spillovers encouraging innovation and local adaptation. But this co-location increases the risk of imitation by domestic companies. On the other hand, the acquisition by each firm of the external knowledge generated with the

concentration depends on its internal capabilities, particularly its absorptive capability. The aim of this work is to analyse localization decisions of MNEs trying to clarify the following issues: Are MNEs more likely to be located in agglomerations? Who benefits most –in terms of innovation– from the geographical proximity, domestic or foreign companies? What is the role of absorptive capability? The analysis is done with a sample of firms and with data from a survey conducted in 2013 by the PITEC. Results show the differences between foreign and local companies in the use of external knowledge.

ENCLAVE ASSEMBLY: CASE STUDY OF THE CARIBBEAN AND CENTRAL AMERICA Dale T. Mathews

Graduate School of Business Administration University of Puerto Rico

Abstract: This paper proposes an empirical (descriptive) contribution relating to economic enclaves and uneven regional development in Central America and parts of the insular Caribbean. The focus will be on special economic zones known as “zonas francas” involved in the assembly of clothing. These activities will be shown to be closely linked with US commercial policies, since the latter has historically been the primary destination for exports from the region. To this effect, the history of US preferential access programs followed by free trade agreements will be outlined and shown to encourage the location of specific types of activity in the region as well as conditioning the development or non-development of value chains associated with these. Particular emphasis will be on how provisions within such programs and agreements have discouraged inputs from non-US locations, while at the same time purporting to increase the competitiveness in the American market of many US-based [and presumably US-owned] firms. Trade data of the clothing sector will be provided as an

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approximation of the impact of this US-influenced export model on the countries of Central America and the Caribbean.

SOCIAL, STRUCTURAL BONDING AND INNOVATION IN STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION

Cristina Boari

Università di Bologna (Italy) F. Xavier Molina-Morales

Universitat Jaume I de Castelló (Spain) Manuela Pressuti

Università di Bologna (Italy) Abstract: Over the last decades, buyer and seller relationships have become an integral part of business strategies and they have been consistently encouraged as successful business practices worldwide. Authors have developed well-supported theoretical models defining variables that influence success or failure in a relationship (Wilson, 1995). In a relatively long time has been observed an explosion of literature on interfirm collaborations particularly of research focusing on relational dynamics between collaborating firms (Mayer et al. 1995; Ring, 1996). However, in spite of the proliferation these conceptual process models, they do not integrate the existing knowledge about the variables that make for a successful relationship, and consequently much less empirical evidences on the relationships development can be found. We agree that the main research questions about the nature of the key relational variables can be considered the factors that facilitate their formation, and performance implications. In this line, previous findings indicated that governance mechanisms in relationships based on relational bonds such shared values, trust or commitment are more likely to be successful compared with relationships that lack in these relational aspects (Sarkar et al., 1995). We understand bonding as the dimension of a business relationship that results in two parties (customer and supplier) acting in a unified manner toward a desired goal (Callaghan et al., 1995). In the context of this research we distinguish between social and structural bonds. Social bonds refer to “the degree to which certain ties link and hold a buyer and seller together closely in a personal (emotional sense). Such ties consist of many aspects including familiarity, friendship, social support, staying in touch, self-disclosure, or any interpersonal interaction” Han (1991, p.61). On the other hand, structural bonds are considered to be the highest level of bonding within relationship because the fact that companies can strength their relationships with customers by adding structural bridges in addition to the other categories of bonds. (Berry, 1995; Campbell et al. 2006). In order to cover the above research gap we address the question of the impact of bonding factors on the implications of the customer-business relationships. Particularly we are interesting in the firms’ relationships with their key customers, since they are considered as crucial for innovation (Von Hippel, 1977). Going further,

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we aim to avoid a direct and simplistic vision adding knowledge acquisition as a moderation factor of the causal relations between involved factors. The process by which firms obtain knowledge has become as a key element to the success of firms (Weber and Weber, 2007). Particularly our research aim is to study the direct/indirect effects of structural and social bonding on innovation by including the mediator role of knowledge acquisition. The field setting of this research consists of a geographical cluster of small and medium-sized high-tech firms located in one of the most important areas in central Italy, the Tiburtina Valley, there the focus is on vertical strategic partnerships between high-tech companies and their key customers. Apart from the novelty of capturing all these elements in a same framework, the expected results will contribute to a better understanding inside vertical strategic partnerships of the importance of social and structural bonding in fostering both knowledge acquisition and knowledge exploitation. In addition, they will contribute to evaluate the mediator role of knowledge acquisition in the relationship between social/structural bonding and a firm’s innovative performance.

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12. Parallel sessions, FRIDAY

SÁNCHEZ AYUSO ROOM

Parallel session #3. Friday, 9.00 – 10.30

SPACE AND TIME CLUSTERING OF MORTALITY IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 1990-2009

Patricia Carracedo

Centro de Gestión de Calidad y del Cambio, Universitat Politècnica de València Ana María Debón

Centro de Gestión de Calidad y del Cambio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Adina Iftimi

Departament d'Estadística i I.O. Universitat de València. Valencia. Spain Francisco Montes

Departament d'Estadística i I.O. Universitat de València. Valencia. Spain Abstract

In general, all the countries of the European Union have suffered a decrease in mortality during the last century, but nevertheless there are still significant differences in the levels of mortality between countries of Eastern and countries of Western Europe. It is well known that Eastern European countries have a mortality rate higher than the Western European countries, there is ample literature about this. In addition, the gap between the mortality of Eastern and Western Europe countries is growing.

The main objective of this study is to present a spatial-temporal methodology to test significant clusters (groups) of European countries with different behaviour. The spatial- temporal methodology takes into account two factors: the neighborhood relationships among them and the evolution of the phenomenon along time. In this study, we have applied statistical techniques such as Global Moran's index, and Local Moran's index and Spatial Markov. To quantify the phenomenon such as mortality in Europe we have used the Comparative Mortality Figure (CMF) to properly the available data from each countries. The indirect method of standardization produces the CMF ratio.

The method was applied to 26 European countries (Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and Ukraine) over the time period 1990-2009, for the age ranges from 0 to 110+ for both men and women, separately. To study the behaviour for important age ranges, we have considered the same three age ranges that the International Monetary Fund considers for calculation of the dependency ratio. These three age ranges are: people between 0 and 14 years of age (g1), people between 15 and 64 years of age (g2) and people between 65 and 110+ years of age (g3). The statistical analysis was performed using the R statistical software.

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The results of this study confirm the space-time structure of the mortality data. Depending on the year, age group and gender considered, the countries that make up the different clusters vary, but principally, we have detected two significant clusters, especially for ages 65 or over: the first cluster is composed of Eastern European countries and the second cluster is formed by Western countries. In addition, we have observed that in Eastern countries that mortality is increasing in the course of time, especially for adult men (people between 15 and 64 years of age) from countries of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine), while the rest of the countries do not form a cluster.

Finally, this results are important for financial markets and, especially, for actuaries when designing annuities and life insurance. In the scope of public policies, this helps policymakers and analysts to assess the benefits for different demographic groups in public programmes (Social Security and Health Care).

USING A SPATIAL SCAN TEST TO EXPLORE THE CLUSTERING OF TECHNOLOGY FIRMS IN THE GREATER TORONTO AREA.

Fernando López Hernández

Universidad Politécnica de Caratagena (España) Antonio Páez

School os Geagraphy and Earth Sciences. McMaster University (Canada)

Abstract: Numerous researches have studied the topic of industrial agglomeration processes, and in particular geographical clustering of firms by sectors. These studies have used different indicators useful to assess a sector’s degree of geographic concentration, or characterise the nature of the physical scale on which this agglomeration occurs. However, less work has been conducted to identify at the sub-regional level significant concentrations of activity. The objective of this paper is to contribute to this discussion, proposing two methods based on the spatial scan statistic to explore the spatial distribution of firms. These statistics enable us identify and delimit clusters, as well as to determine the intensity and statistical significance of each cluster. The results of the exploratory analysis, an application to high-tech and knowledge-intensive firms in Toronto, provide evidence of the existence of industrial clusters in the region and their most likely locations.

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SOBRE CLUSTERS Y DISTRITOS INDUSTRIALES: UNA REVISIÓN DE LA LITERATURA UTILIZANDO MÉTODOS BIBLIOMÉTRICOS, 2000-2015

Bartolomé Marco-Lajara

Enrique Claver-Cortés Francisco García-Lillo

Mercedes Úbeda- García Pedro Seva-Larrosa

Dpto. Organización de Empresas, Facultad de CC. Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de Alicante,

Alicante (España) Resumen: El presente trabajo de investigación muestra los resultados de un análisis de la literatura existente sobre uno de los ‘tópicos’ que más interés suscita actualmente entre estudiosos e investigadores en los campos, entre otros, de la Dirección Estratégica de la Empresa y la Nueva Geografía Económica: el de los clusters o agrupamientos industriales de empresas. En concreto, a fin de tratar de identificar y visualizar la estructura intelectual o base de conocimiento de la investigación desarrollada sobre el mencionado tópico, fueron analizados un total de 1,344 artículos de investigación publicados en diferentes revistas o journals en las áreas de economía, management, business, planificación y desarrollo, estudios urbanos y geografía durante el período comprendido entre los años 2000–2015. La metodología utilizada se halla fundamentada en el uso de técnicas bibliométricas –en particular, de los análisis de citación y cocitación de autores (ACA)– y el análisis de redes sociales. En cuanto a los resultados alcanzados, una de las principales conclusiones que cabe extraer de nuestro estudio es el firme apoyo que tales resultados parecen ofrecer respecto a los obtenidos en otros estudios de ‘contenido’ o revisiones de la literatura de corte o naturaleza más cualitativa –por ejemplo el de Martínez- Fernández, Capó-Vicedo y Vallet-Bellmunt, 2012– en los que también se analizan aquellas áreas de investigación que han recibido una mayor atención por parte de los investigadores en los últimos años. Así ocurre, por ejemplo, con el resurgimiento –de la mano de geógrafos económicos y planifi- cadores urbanos– del interés por las regiones vinculado a la idea de que el contexto territorial consti- tuye un componente fundamental de la capacidad competitiva de las empresas en la nueva econo- mía globalizada del conocimiento; o con la necesidad de abrir los territorios y conectarlos con cadenas de valor globales (GVC) con el propósito de adquirir diferentes fuentes de conocimiento, renovar los actores, abrir las redes y rejuvenecer los territorios; áreas de interés que dan idea de cómo ha ido creciendo y madurando el dominio o campo científico de la investigación sobre clusters y distritos industriales.

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CLÚSTER DE LA OSTRA DEL PACÍFICO PARA LA INTEGRACIÓN DE LA MATRIZ PRODUCTIVA ECUATORIANA

Silvia Salinas Falquez Fabricio Andrade Zamora

Nathaly Villavicencio Morejón Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas. Universidad de Guayaquil, Ecuador

Resumen: Por décadas los productos no tradicionales de exportación han sido desarrollados en el Ecuador desde diferentes formas de producción como el campo, la acuicultura, la industria, es así como se alinean a la consistencia de considerar luego en tradicionales, y lo podemos ver en productos como el banano, el camarón, el cacao y las rosas, que ya son considerados parte de la cultura exportadora ecuatoriana. Sin mencionar la dependencia del petróleo, pues no es tema para un verdadero clúster de estudio de un país, ya que se considera un producto no renovable. Por ello, en esta investigación se ha desarrollado el modelo de clúster de la Ostra del Pacífico, producto que ha sido liderado en Suramérica por los productores chilenos y en el mundo por los taiwaneses que aún con lo desarrollado de su producción de siembra intensiva no logran cubrir la demanda de los Estados Unidos que refleja una insatisfacción del 30% anual en este producto. Una vez que se identificaron los miembros de las industrias de los países desarrollados, se manifiesta un sistema de benchmarking aplicado en Ecuador, pero a comunas desarrolladoras que ahora capturan las ostras en las rocas que están cerca de las playas en especial de General Villlamil y de Chulluype, pero de forma artesanal y no sustentable para esas poblaciones. Se logró conectar los vínculos entre varios actores, pero a través de un modelo económico de emprendimiento llamado mitosis, en donde el estado participa en una forma activa en el desarrollo de nuevas líneas de producción de bienes que se desean multiplicar en varios productores que logren desarrollar un mercado oferente. Estos actores fueron, el Ministerio de la Producción, del Ministerio de Agricultura, Instituto para la promoción de exportaciones (Proecuador), Cámara Nacional de Acuacultura (CNA) considerando que en el clúster se desarrolla la oportunidad que tienen los camaroneros de usar sus piscinas, el laboratorio de producción de semilla de Ostras del Pacífico Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas (Cenaim), comuneros que desarrollan sus actividades en las zonas costeras como lo es Chulluype, trabajadores de la madera balsa de Esmeraldas, productores de plástico del Guayas, comerciantes de mariscos del sector de Santa Elena, empacadoras de alimentos marinos de Guayaquil, Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado de Santa Elena y líneas aéreas. Se desarrolló el modelo de clúster utilizando la cadena de valor de la industria y relacionándola, con el rescate de saberes ancestrales, la innovación social y el emprendedorismo, para propiciar que se multipliquen los emprendimientos a través de la observación de otros emprendedores en los resultados exitosos y deseen integrarse al mismo negocio, haciéndolo crecer de tal manera que se convierta en un producto tradicional, basado en la matriz productiva y el desarrollo social, económico, sustentable y sostenible de sus pueblos, que al poseer conocimientos ancestrales en la captura de la ostra, lideren la alternativa propuesta y que su desarrollo llegue a las

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poblaciones de El Oro, Manabí, Guayas, Esmeraldas y por supuesto Santa Elena, que es en donde se ha realizado el proceso de investigación.



CLUSTERING AND NETWORKING AS A SINE QUA NON FOR SMEs AND REGIONAL INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

Professor Aihie Osarenkhoe (PhD)

Dr. Daniella Fjellström (PhD) University of Gävle, Department of Business & Economic Studies, Gävle (Sweden)

ABSTRACT: Extant literature gives the impression that formulation of a firm´s strategic intent is a unilateral process solely confined to a single firm (Driffield and Love, 2007; Dunning, 2000). This study is a response to calls made in Osarenkhoe and Hyder (2015), Osarenkhoe (2010) and Awuah et al (2011) to expand inter-firm relationships study beyond the narrow dyadic relationship focus and not solely conceptualise collaborations as one of companies´ strategic intent to implement mechanistic growth strategy. This study aims to highlight the importance of interaction within and between society’s stakeholders and how different forms of clustering/networking can contribute to long-term value creation that strengthens the competitiveness of companies at the domestic level as well as in international contexts. To address the overarching objective, the following research question is formulated: How are the collaborative networks of private and public partnership organised to enhance competitiveness for all stakeholders in the cluster? In other words, what are the success factors when value is created jointly in interactive innovation processes that are aimed at reconciling widely varying institutional logics that drive academic institutions, private, public partnership? Globalization process and benefits from global market opportunities, have given rise to two main challenges currently being faced by SMEs: first, to transform themselves and increase their individual competitiveness (Fassoula, 2006 cited in Karaev et al. 2007), and second, due to their limited size to take advantage of synergy effects created by entering into cooperative relations with other SMEs and related partner institutions. We suggest cluster as a tool for meeting their challenges, as there is mounting evidence that clustering and networking help SMEs to raise their competitiveness (Venkataramanaiah and Parashar, 2007). However, while networking is viewed as vital for enterprises of all sizes (Curran et al.1993), clusters alone cannot solve the complex problems and constraints encountered by SMEs and break the vicious circle of SMEs competitiveness (Dasanayaka and Sardana, 2010). Clusters, unlike networks, are not based on membership.

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Theoretical lens builds on clustering as an interactive learning process, and happens in the interaction between actors as open innovation postulates (Chesbrough, 2003). Thus innovation is born out of reshuffling resources inside and outside of the firm and considers the mutual value creation between the involved parties. In-depth interviews (Yin, 2003) facilitated the mapping of the salient features of specific clusters and strategic networks in Sweden. Findings show that there are a number of examples of strategic collaborations between companies, academia and public institutions both at local and regional levels. The prevailing collaborative arrangements together contribute to strengthening and reinforcing the conditions for competitiveness and growth. This study reinforces the notion that a firm does not act alone in relation to other actors in a market. Through interactions, the various actors build knowledge about mutual trust, which leads to a strong commitment. Network relationships are critical avenues for the acquisition of resources and knowledge necessary for foreign development of firms. The relationships of firm in a domestic network can be used as bridges to other networks in other countries.

RESEARCH EVOLUTION IN SCIENCE PARKS AND INCUBATORS: FOUNDATIONS AND NEW TRENDS

Isabel Diez-Vial

Angeles Montoro-Sanchez Complutense University of Madrid

Abstract: Economist, regional scientists and management researchers have long been concerned with the contribution of science parks and incubators to the performance of the firms and their survival chances. The increased engagement in science parks and incubators is revealed in the fast-growing number of scientific publications referring to their benefits as well as the many special issues in high impact journals devoted entirely to it [Technovation, 2016, forthcoming; Journal of Business Venturing, 2005, vol. 20 (2); Research Policy, 1998, vol. 26 (9)]. Part of the demand for this academic research line is driven by governments, which have been increasingly active in promoting conductive conditions to regional economic progress. Parks and incubators favor this local development by the establishment of localized mechanisms of shared resources and knowledge development. But parks and incubators serve many other masters with different interests and expectations. Universities expect parks and incubators to enable them to commercialize their technologies and to create a proper environment where new academic spin-off firms can boost. Entrepreneurs and high technology based companies demand prestigious locations, access to support services provided by the park/incubator staff, and experience and technical knowledge locally available by the network of neighboring firms. The fast growing number of publications on parks and incubators in the last 20 years, along with the considerable theoretical variety within this body of literature –Economic geography, Strategy, Networks, entrepreneurship, etc. – make it difficult to

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keep track of how this research field evolves. Qualitative review and assessments of the extant literature offer some useful orientation in this regard but they tend to focus on a specific approach such as incubators and entrepreneurship, policy implication of science parks, the role of the university, among others. In a similar way, empirical studies evaluating the benefits of parks and incubators have tended to play attention to a specific aspect, being difficult to extract concluding results. We consider that undertaking a longitudinal approach that incorporate these different theoretical perspectives and their interactions across time, would provide a useful analytical framework useful to understand the benefits of parks/incubators. The variety of perspectives provides enriching frameworks built on different units of analysis, researcher objectives, and methodological differences, but it becomes difficult to obtain an overview of the different theoretical bases that build existing research and, based on that, being able to identify which are the new directions for further research. In this paper we aim to address both issues by engaging in a quantitative review of the existing literature on parks and incubators. In particular, we firstly identify the foundations of parks and incubation research from a longitudinal perspective, taking into account the interactions that exist between different research lines not only in the same period but across time. Secondly, we identify areas for future research tightly connected to the theoretical foundations already identified. To this end, we apply two bibliometric techniques— co-citation analysis and bibliographic coupling—that enable us to assess the thematic similarity between scientific publications based on overlaps in their referencing patterns.

UNITED WE STAND, DIVIDED WE FALL? CLUSTERED FIRMS' RELATIONSHIPS AFTER THE 2008 CRISIS

V.E. Hoffmann

University of Brasília (Brazil) F. Belussi

University of Padua (Italy) M.T. Martínez-Fernández University Jaume I (Spain)

E. Reyes Jr. University of Brasília (Brazil)

Abstract Research on clusters or industrial districts, with various schools of thought, focuses on the relationships between clustered firms. We observed that the territory can produce sources of advantage for firms, but also disadvantages. The aim of this work is to determine what happened in the Spanish ceramic tile industrial district firms relationships after the 2008 crisis with a exploratory and qualitative approach. The analysis has been performed in three of the dimensions in which these connections can take place: cooperation, knowledge transfer and supporting institutions, along with innovation as a measure of performance. In order to examine these shifts, members of the firms and institutions in the cluster were interviewed, resulting in eight propositions for changes that may take place when the competition is intensified within a cluster which demand future researches.

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OF POLES, DESERTS AND OASES: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF REGIONAL DYNAMICS IN FRANCE

Alfonso Díez Minguela

Economic-History. U. València (Spain) Mª Teresa Sanchis Llopis

Universitat de València (Españ) Abstract:

This paper explores the evolution of regional income inequality in France 1861-2012. For this, we gather data on population; Gross Domestic Product (GDP); Gross Value Added (GVA) and labour force by major economic activity; for several census years by département (NUTS3). In the late nineteenth century Île-de-France and Nord-Pas-de-Calais were the principal «pôles de croissance». Northern France became a cluster based mainly on extractive and manufacturing industries, and services (i.e. Public administration), centralised in the ville de Paris. Eventually, regional disparities declined, mostly as a result of technological catch-up and inter-regional migrations. But, the ascent of Paris and the spatial concentration of economic activity around the capital-city, opened up a debate: “Paris et le désert française” (Gravier, 1947). Structural change and regional policies, introduced during the 1960s, stimulated further convergence within France. Yet, this process waned at the turn of the millennium. Urban sprawls have benefited from the presence of agglomeration economies, particularly given the growing relevance of knowledge-based activities. Nowadays, Paris, Lyon, Marseille and Toulouse are, among others, oases of production and consumption. Having said that, our study aims to shed further light on the evolution of regional disparities and spatial concentration.

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Sánchez Ayuso Room


FACTORES DETERMINANTES DEL DESEMPEÑO DEL CLÚSTER: CASO APLICADO AL SECTOR DE MUEBLES DE LA CIUDAD DE BARRANQUILLA, COLOMBIA

Bernal Martínez Gutiérrez Rony Rodríguez Barquero

Jael López Jiménez Pedro Hernández Malpica

Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Resumen: Este trabajo estima la influencia de algunos factores determinantes de éxito sobre el desempeño de un clúster o conglomerado de empresas, la cual se enmarcó en el intercambio académico entre el Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica y la Universidad de la Costa, Colombia como proyecto final de graduación a nivel de grado de la estudiante Jael López. Este trabajo tuvo como propósito conocer mejor los clúster como instrumento estratégico para el desarrollo económico local, y específicamente se enfocó en identificar un grupo de factores clave que según la literatura pueden influir en el desempeño de éstos y contrastar empíricamente, hasta qué punto el desempeño del clúster de muebles de la ciudad de Barranquilla es influido por esos mismos factores. Esta investigación inició con una revisión de la literatura sobre clúster y sus factores de éxito, se elaboró un cuestionario que fue aplicado a 54 empresas pertenecientes al clúster de muebles según las bases de datos suministrados por la Cámara de Comercio de Barranquilla, Colombia Inn. Los datos fueron procesaron y analizados respectivamente, obteniendo como resultado que los factores: calidad, localización, buenas prácticas, cooperación empresarial y la existencia de un entorno local positivo, tienen una relación alta y positiva con el desempeño. Finalmente se proponen una serie de recomendaciones con el fin de que se pueda mejorar el desarrollo del clúster analizado en particular y de iniciativas similares en general.

ANÁLISIS DE LA INFRAESTRUCTURA DE CENTROS DE ACOPIO DE CACAO COMO

MODELOS LOGÍSTICOS DE PRODUCTOS DE EXPORTACIÓN

Mónica González Vásquez Ariel Boloña

Vanesa Rodríguez Universidad de Guayaquil

Resumen: En las provincias de Los Ríos y Guayas del Ecuador, se encuentran algunos Centros de Acopio para la comercialización local e internacional de cacao. Considerando el presente análisis los siguientes: Apovinces y UNOCACE.

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Mediante la técnica de observación, visitas personales y conversaciones con la Directiva Administrativa de estos Centros de Acopio. Poseen Estructuras o Bodegas con señalización áreas para: oficina administrativa, proceso fermentación, secado y almacenamiento temporal de grano y productos semi-elaborados a base de cacao fino de Aroma; con certificaciones: Orgánica y Comercio Justo; área de secado con equipo y tendales; tierra para semilleros y siembra de nuevas variedades de cacao, aplicación de proyectos de biodiversidad. Apovinces es una asociación de primer orden, agrupa cuatrocientos setenta socios aproximadamente, se encuentra localizada en la entrada de la ciudad de Vínces, Provincia de los Ríos, comparte sus instalaciones con la Facultad de Desarrollo de la Universidad de Guayaquil; en la cual sus bodegas se encuentran distribuidas, la mayor parte para almacenamiento, área de fermentación, secado artificial y natural, clasificadora de grano, en la oficina administrativa poseen una vitrina para la venta a sus socios de productos semi-elaborados concentrados en un 100%, 75% y 65% a base de cacao fino de aroma con azúcar, además personal asignado para el control de calidad en cada fase. La Organización de la Unión Nacional de agricultores de cacao fino de aroma – UNOCACE, es una asociación de segundo orden, agrupan once asociaciones, aproximadamente novecientos setenta y un socios; su Centro de Acopio se encuentra localizada en el kilómetro diez vía Durán- Boliche, Recinto el Deseo, Provincia del Guayas; distribuido con bodegas, áreas de: recepción, fermentación, secado artificial y natural, oficina control de calidad y personal asignado en cada fase, clasificación y almacenamiento. Bodegas con temperatura especial para productos semi-elaborados a base de cacao fino de aroma como: Polvo, Licor o pasta, Manteca; Cubiertas con concentración del 100%, 75% de cacao fino de aroma y 25% de panela orgánica. Anotándose que cada asociación tiene su centro de acopio. Los socios de: Apovinces y UNOCACE cosechan su cacao, retiran de la mazorca las pepas con mucílago, lo colocan en sacos negros y lo trasportan a los cajones fermentadores. Durante dos a tres días dependiendo el clima, lo mueven con una pala de madera, realizan sus controles de calidad, lo retiran de los cajones de madera de pechiche o laurel, y lo colocan en el tendal para el secado natural; o utilizan una secadora. Cuando el secado del grano se encuentra con la humedad deseada, las personas encargadas de control de calidad toman muestras para sus registros y trazabilidad, y su aprobación para el almacenamiento temporal. Confirmado la venta por el comprador internacional, es colocado en contenedores, gestión aduanera respectiva. Los productos son exportados hacia mercados internacionales como: Suiza, España, Estados Unidos, Canadá, Argentina. El cacao de la variedad arriba de coloración amarilla, es considerado que es el mejor por lo que tiene buen sabor y aroma, para la elaboración de bombones y otros bocaditos.

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FACTORES QUE GENERAN EL ÉXITO EN RELACIONES DE COOPERACIÓN, MEDIANTE LA MEDICIÓN DEL LOGRO DE OBJETIVOS Y LA SATISFACCIÓN DEL ACUERDO

REALIZADO ENTRE EMPRESA Y UNIVERSIDAD. Aimée Pérez Esparza

Universidad de Guadalajara (México) Resumen: El presente escrito aborda un análisis sobre los factores que generan el éxito en acuerdos de cooperación entre empresas y universidades, con la finalidad de aportar estrategias que fomenten la vinculación entre éstas mediante la trasferencia de conocimiento. Siendo el objetivo de este trabajo identificar las razones que motivan a las universidades a emprender un acuerdo de cooperación con empresas, para la transferencia de conocimiento. La metodología utilizada es el estudio de casos múltiples, que analiza a la Universidad de Guadalajara por medio de tres de sus Centros Universitarios temáticos (negocios, ingenierías y agropecuarias), y su nivel de vinculación con las empresas que coopera. Los resultados permiten identificar las razones que tiene la universidad para ingresar y permanecer en el acuerdo de cooperación, además de medir el rendimiento de éste a través del logro de objetivos individuales y globales del socio, incluyendo el grado de satisfacción adquirido con base en los resultados obtenidos por la universidad. Generando así estrategias que sirvan como guía para futuras vinculaciones entre empresa y universidad.

¿SON MÁS COMPETITIVOS LOS HOTELES QUE CONFORMAN UN CLÚSTER?

EVIDENCIA DESDE EL SECTOR HOTELERO COLOMBIANO Orietha E. Rodriguez

Universidad ICESI, Cali (Colombia) Miguel González-Loureiro

Universidad de Vigo (España) Francisco Puig

Universidad de Valencia (España) Resumen: El principal objetivo es estudiar el impacto que tienen la cooperación competitiva entre hoteles (clustering) y las innovaciones organizativas implementadas sobre la competitividad hotelera en destinos turísticos emergentes. Tradicionalmente, el estudio del efecto del clustering ha estado restringido esencialmente a destinos en economías desarrolladas, por lo que resulta un ámbito geográfico de especial interés para entender las dinámicas de los clúster. Se encuestó a una muestra de 134 hoteles en Colombia como destino emergente representativo de segunda generación (CIVET- Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egipto, Turquía y Sudáfrica). Los resultados revelan que el clustering tiene un impacto positivo sobre la competitividad económica. Además, casi todos los factores de implantación de innovaciones organizativas tienen un impacto positivo sobre dicha competitividad. Se observa también que las innovaciones relacionadas con el factor de flexibilidad tienen un mayor impacto sobre la competitividad de hoteles que no están en un cluster respecto a hoteles de un cluster, mientras no hay un efecto interactivo en el resto de factores de innovación con el cluster. En destinos emergentes, los gestores hoteleros deben considerar la participación activa en clúster hoteleros para mejorar la competitividad, especialmente

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la basada en innovación. Los decisores de políticas públicas deben enfatizar en mayor medida el trabajo cooperativo mediante el clustering.



FACTORS MEDIATING FOREIGN R&D SPILLOVERS: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH

Dolores Añón Higón

Department of Applied Economics II and ERICES, Universitat de València (España)

Miguel Manjón Antolín

Department of Economics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (España)

Abstract:

Research and development (R&D) activities are an important source of productivity gains. However, these gains may arise not only from the R&D activities performed by the firm but also from those performed by other firms. This is the case of R&D spillovers, which have been a major topic in the literature. While a significant body of the empirical evidence establishes the importance of these spillovers (Hall et al. 2010), there remains a lasting challenge in how to measure them. The standard approach has been to construct a measure of external knowledge using the weighted sum of the R&D from other firms and then include this variable as an additional input into the production function. The question, of course, is what weighting should be used to construct such measure. In order to account for the knowledge flows between the R&D performer and the

potential recipient firm, different weighting factors have been considered. Examples

include trade transactions, capital transactions, collaborations, positions in fields of

research, and positions in the geographical space. These weights are usually based on

measures of “proximity” or “distance” and represent, ultimately, the channels of

knowledge transfer. However, previous studies typically focus on a single mediating

factor to construct the weights. In fact, studies that handle more than one measure of

distance using the knowledge production function framework are scarce (e.g.,

Orlando, 2004; Lychagin et al., 2016).

In this paper we propose using a smooth continuous function of all the mediating

factors to construct the weights. Particularly, we use a linear combination of variables

that proxy for the distance between the R&D performer and the potential recipient

firm (mediating factors) as arguments of an appropriate specification of the weighting

function. Thus, this can be seen as a parametric counterpart of the semi-parametric

approach followed by Lychagin et al. (2016).

To illustrate our approach, we focus on intra-industry R&D spillovers from FDI. This is

an issue that, with the increasing levels of globalisation, has attracted the attention of

both scholars and policy makers. Yet the empirical evidence has provided mixed

results. In this paper, we investigate whether the R&D conducted by foreign firms

leads to productivity gains in the UK manufacturing and service (domestic) firms during

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the period 2002 to 2009. To this end, we use a GMM framework to jointly estimate the

parameters of a production and the impact of the within-industry foreign R&D

spillovers on the TFP of domestic firms. Also, since our interest lies in studying “pure"

R&D spillovers and we aim to follow “a more multidimensional approach to cross-

national distance” (Berry et al. 2010), we propose a new measure of withinindustry

foreign R&D spillovers that accounts for the cross-national distances between the

foreign and host country in a series of mediating factors using a smooth function of the

(differences between) home and host countries' characteristics.

Especially, we analyse the relevance of geographical, cultural and administrative

distances as factors mediating R&D spillovers. The tenet is that the larger the distance

between the country of origin of the foreign affiliate and that of the domestic firm

along different dimensions, the lower the ability of the domestic firm to tap into the

knowledge spill out by the foreign affiliate. Our results seem to confirm this tenet, but

only with respect to the geographical and administrative distances. The cultural

distance between the country of origin of the foreign affiliate and the UK, on the other

hand, does not seem to make any difference in the impact that the R&D conducted by

foreign firms has on the productivity of UK firms.

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AS CATALYZER OF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF COOPERATION NETWORKS IN CLUSTERS

Dias Leite, Eduardo

Universitat Jaume I; (España) Molina Morales, F. Xavier.

Universitat Jaume I; (España) Reys Júnior, Edgar.

Universidade De Brasília (Brasil). Abstract: Professional training, with knowledge spreading, promotes the fruitful actions for local development within the context of networks among organizations or clusters that constitute an organizational form able to be identified in several productive and innovative sectors. In the training for human resources, diverse educational and training actors seek to connect knowledge offer to local economical need. This article aims to describe the professional education in Brazil, in the scope of networks present in clusters which cooperate for local development, based on the main Brazilian economical activities, with a focus on the Federal District. For the development of this research, concerning the methodological aspects, the research was descriptive and for data collection documentary and bibliographic resources were used, on the basis of an analysis on the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio, from IBGE, with the aid of SPSS program. The results highlight the main activities that need labor force in the Federal District and compare with what is really being offered in Brazil, whose service sector shows higher relevance.

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IDENTIFICATION OF INTER-REGIONAL SPATIAL AGGLOMERATION IN TOURISM BASED ON SPATIAL STATISTICS AND GIS-ORIENTED FUZZY METHOD OF CLUSTERING –

EXAMPLE OF POLAND AND SPAIN

Justyna Majewska Szymon Truskolaski

Poznan University of Economics and Business al. Niepodleglosci Poland

Abstract: Spatial concentration of economic activity ie. aglomeration phenomenon as well as the effects of spatial proximity (agglomeration externalities) spread beyond the borders of the territorial units (eg. districts, provinces) forming – often disregarded in research – spatial dependency in neighbouring regions (Majewska 2015). The interdependent neighbouring regions can profit from agglomeration economies and this is one of the most prominent features of the contemporary economic geography (Krugman 1991, Prager and Thisse 2012). However, agglomeration phenomenon and its effects are usually identified on the basis of statistical data collected within administrative boundaries (intra-regional) – which is insufficient due to omission of spatial interdependency of neighboring regions and may produce biased results. This is of crucial importance in tourism which is very susceptible to concentration regarding both supply and demand sides. Thus, we use the spatial statistics of autocorrelation (local Moran’s Ii statistic)

within the modified cluster-mapping procedure in order to identify and measure inter-regional spatial agglomeration phenomenon in tourism. In doing this, we identify geographic spillovers (Yang and Fik 2014; Yang and Wong 2012) with regards to enterprises registered in economic activity database in section I (accommodation and food services) in a given region. We use geostatistical information (GPS coordinates) and fuzzy set method (Arefiev et al. 2015) in clustering procedure in order to increase the accuracy of the results in measuring the neighborhood (distances between centers of tourism agglomerations). Thus, the goal of the paper is to measure and identify inter-regional agglomeration phenomenon in tourism in Poland and Spain. We compare the occurrence, strength, and scope of the agglomeration phenomenon in tourism of different types in Polish and Spanish regions but first we assess the usefulness of the proposed clustering procedure. We employ the explorative spatial data analysis (ESDA) applying spatial statistics of autocorrelation under the so-called Local Indicators of Spatial Association (Anselin 1995). We use the data (the number of tourism establishments) by Polish Central Statistical Office at NUTS-4 level and similar data for Spain at NUTS-3 level by Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Additionally we use the full database on individual tourism enterprises. The database consists of addresses of 131 338 firms including: 34 563 in division 55 (accommodation) and 96 775 in division 56 (food service activities) geocoded with a dedicated software tool. In the study we test spatial autocorrelation of neighboring regions. The proposed methodology based on GPS coordinates of tourism enterprises and fuzzy sets allows us to model agglomeration processes in tourism more precisely and to

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identify spillover effects in neighboring regions as indicators of inter-regional clusters in tourism. We observe the difference in strength and scope of the agglomeration phenomenon in tourism of different types in Polish and Spanish regions. The results may be beneficial in optimization of localization decisions and geomarketing of enterprises as well as planning and management of tourism flows and tourism destinations.

SUBSIDIARY UPGRADING AND REGIONAL INNOVATION POLICIES: “THE CASE OF THE ANDALUSIAN PLASTIC INNOVATION CENTRE (ANDALTEC)”

José Quesada-Vázquez

Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Cohard Department of Economics, University of Jaen. (Spain)

Abstract In the last decades Regional Development Agencies (RDA’s) have implemented a large number of policy initiatives aimed at upgrading the operations of the subsidiaries located in their territories. Such activities include technology transfer between research infrastructures universities and industry, local sourcing and training programmes, financial assistance, corporate lobbying and more recently, as a result of increasing foreign ownership observed in productive agglomerations, cluster-oriented programmes. The rationale behind these interventions rest on the belief that the potential contribution to local development of MNE’s ( Multinational enterprises) affiliates is largely a function of its scope and competencies and mainly achieved when they are deeply embedded internally in their corporate network and externally into the host milieu. The abundance and prevalence of these initiatives and policies implemented contrast however sharply with the lack of qualitative knowledge on their contribution in supporting subsidiaries development. In fact, there are increasing concerns about the limited capacity of Regional Governments to effectively influence MNE’s overall strategy since the main decision-making arrangements occur beyond the confines of the RDA-subsidiary relationship. Aiming at contributing to this debate, the paper explores the impact of Regional innovation policies, specifically cluster policies, in the upgrading of subsidiaries located in peripheral regions. To this end, it analyses and describes the emergence and development of the Andalusian plastic innovation centre (ANDALTEC). This research institute was created in 2005 by Regional government to support the technological development of firms located in a FDI-generated cluster. In particular, it seeks to answer two related questions: How do MNE’s subsidiaries forge local embedded ties with research infrastructures in the pursuit of new competences? And how such linkages impact on intra-competition with sister companies for mandates? To build this case study we have conducted 22 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with the key actors involved in the creation of the technology centre: subsidiary managers, regional and local government officials, cluster firms, sectorial organizations, trade unions and university representatives. Through this narrative we

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shall witness how subsidiary managers, as policy entrepreneurs, enrol, mobilize and translate local actors’ interests to promote on to the political agenda the creation of the innovation centre. The control over this asset and the alliance with the local university have allowed the subsidiary to upgrade by attracting added value activities and increasing knowledge intensive investments from headquarters. In fact, the subsidiary has become an obligatory point of passage by controlling critical knowledge on which the rest of the MNE is dependent. The case also highlights how policy making engages and affects small and large firms in mglomeration is such that strategic decision-making powers lie solely with the MNE and local firms are a means to an end, rather than a resource whose potential contributions to regional innovation need to be fostered.

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Sánchez Ayuso Room


Synergistic effects and the co-existence of networks in clusters.

José Antonio Belso-Martínez (Universidad Miguel Hernandez)

Abstract

Networked systems like clusters are characterized by the coexistence of relational architectures with ties and nodes of different nature. While recent research has analysed how a set of structural features shape the dynamics and effects of one cluster network, the outstanding question is to what extent such features and outcomes are influenced by the concomitance of distinct content-related. This paper integrates both network and evolutionary economic geography perspectives to develop and test a model that links innovation performance with the benefits that stem from technical and business relations. Data collected in a biotech cluster in the Valencia region (Spain) demonstrate the changing effect of cross-network and overlap network synergies as a function of knowledge shared. Findings extend the theoretical understanding of how knowledge diffuses in clusters and provide valuable insights for both practitioners and policy makers.

LA CAPACIDAD DISTINTIVA DE LOS AGROCENTROS DEL CLÚSTER DE EXPORTACIÓN

DE FRUTAS Y HORTALIZAS EN LA CUENCA BAJA DEL GOLFO DE GUAYAQUIL

Henry Emilio Mendoza Avilés Roberto González González

Facultad Ciencias Administrativa, Universidad de Guayaquil (Ecuador) Resumen: La inocuidad alimentaria es un reto tanto para las cadenas de suministro agroindustriales ecuatorianas como para la de otros países vías de desarrollo exportador al mercado de alimentos saludables. Las fundamentales limitaciones se centran en la capacidad de innovación de las cadenas de valor corriente arriba y la carencia de coordinación corriente abajo. Recientemente han surgido nuevas tecnologías para mejorar la gestión de los productos agrícolas para los ámbitos de la red primaria, secundaria y terciaria. El Agro-centro es una tecnología apropiada que ha sido desarrollada en Holanda con el enfoque de agricultura urbana y generalizada por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura en varios países bajo la denominación de Agropark. Además existen similares emprendimiento con determinadas particularidades en países europeos entre otros. La diferencia básica en México, Centroamérica y Ecuador es un marcado interés a los servicios de transporte y logística. El Ecuador tiene ubicado al Agro-centro en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, aunque es reconocida su gestión como poco explorada debido a que hasta el momento carecen de atractivo las propuestas existentes para los inversionistas, y más aún algunos usuarios no la consideran como una alternativa viable. En correspondencia a las situaciones presentadas, se tiene la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo mejorar la efectividad de la gestión de las cadenas de suministro del clúster de

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exportación de frutas y hortalizas en la cuenca baja del golfo de Guayaquil en concordancia con las políticas públicas intersectoriales del Ecuador y los estándares de inocuidad alimentaria del mercado internacional? De hecho, la meta está en un modelo heurístico para la gestión de proyectos de Agro-centros, a partir de la mejora efectiva de las cadenas de suministro seleccionadas. La base teórica se sustenta en la identificación de los principios para gestión de los Agro centros a partir del análisis de referencias de los casos exitosos y fallidos en diferentes contextos y la reflexión de lo consultado en el Ecuador, particularmente en los ecosistemas productivos objetos de estudio. La construcción del modelo de gestión se concibe en tres momentos articulados entre sí a partir de la experiencia de usuarios, innovadores e inversionistas, sobre la base de la creación de la comunidad de práctica. Los principales resultados son: la fiabilidad de las cadenas suministro de productos agrícolas, la generalización de las experiencias prácticas para la reutilización de los desechos agrícolas, la generación de economías de escala, el acceso directo de los micro, pequeños y medianos productores a la oferta de servicios de valor agregado de los productos agrícolas, la promoción de la cartera de nuevos productos e insumos que resulten en nuevas oportunidades de mercado y mayor acceso a la financiación en asociatividad y las competencias de investigación del estudiante de ingeniería en comercio exterior para el diseño, ejecución y aplicación de proyectos de desarrollo local bajo el enfoque de cadena de suministro de productos agrícolas orientadas al mercado internacional.

LA INTERNACIONALIZACIÓN DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL: ANÁLISIS TRANSDISCIPLINAR Y MULTIDISCIPLINAR

Víctor Hugo Briones Kusactay.

Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas Universidad de Guayaquil (Ecuador)

Margarita Ávila Pita Universidad de Guayaquil (Ecuador)

RESUMEN El presente artículo busca analizar la nueva tendencia en los ejes transdisciplinares y multidisciplinares que tiene la Internacionalización en la Universidad de Guayaquil, según (UNESCO, 1995) Internacionalización de la Universidad es una idea que nace en “La Conferencia Mundial UNESCO” que puso en perspectiva el panorama de cambios y la nueva dinámica de la Educación Superior para una nueva excelencia de la sociedad, recogiendo la realidad proveniente de conceptos como desarrollo sostenible en contextos de índole nacional e internacional. La internacionalización permite a las universidades elevar los niveles educativos mediante estrategias como la Cooperación Internacional, para disminuir la brecha con los países desarrollados y mejorar la preparación de los docentes y estudiantes en producción del conocimiento y tecnologías avanzadas. (Landinelli, 2010)

De acuerdo con (Fernández, 2010) La Internacionalización se resume en cuatro grandes motivos: económico-financiero, culturales, políticos y académicos. En Europa los procesos de internacionalización de la educación superior tienen un origen o

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motivación eminentemente política y económica (Hernández, 2010), en América Latina la Internacionalización de la educación superior responde a los procesos de globalización generados a partir de los acuerdos de integración regional (Didou, 2007)

Las tendencias que hemos mencionado anteriormente no son fácilmente diferenciables si se analiza la internacionalización desde el ámbito educativo, donde según (Fernández, 2010) existen tres tipos de internacionalización educativa: movilidad física de los estudiantes al país donde recibirán la educación; movilidad ficticia donde los estudiantes obtienen la titulación en su propio país, la cual es reconocida por una universidad extranjera en virtud a los convenios bilaterales existentes; y, finalmente, la movilidad virtual o educación a distancia (Quezada & Bratos Martin, 2012). La Cooperación Universitaria sensu strictu (interuniversitaria), la cooperación universitaria para el desarrollo y la ampliación o proyección internacional de la oferta académica y de investigación de las universidades, las cooperaciones dan a los estudiantes y docentes realizar investigaciones internacionales y las posibilidades de viajar a otros países con los recursos financiados por la Universidad y así potenciar las capacidades de los estudiantes y docentes en Investigaciones de campo sin limitarlos por el hecho de tener que viajar. (Rocío Cárdenas Rodríguez, 2015)

La Universidad de Guayaquil cuenta con el Departamento de Internacionalización el cual está enfocado en crear nuevos convenios a nivel Internacional con Universidades de prestigio para que los docentes y estudiantes tengan la posibilidad de movilización pero he aquí que este es uno de los factores críticos que no permiten que se desarrolle el Departamento de Internacionalización el al tener que financiar e invertir en los estudiantes y docentes debido a factores ajenos a la academia. Los aprendizajes y experiencias de los docentes y estudiantes, deben de regresar a esta emblemática Alma Mater. Para el Análisis de la Internacionalización de la Universidad de Guayaquil, se usara la escala de Licker para encuestar a las Autoridades y Decanos y así evaluar la situación problématica. Se realizará el análisis metodológico bajo la teoría de Kruskas Wallis. De aquí que el análisis demuestra resultados concordantes con las máximas autoridades, evidenciando razones por las que no se materializan Convenios Específicos de Movilidad e Intercambios estudiantiles.

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TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND SME: THE CASE OF MONT BLANC INDUSTRIES

Laura Sabbado da Rosa CREM – Centre de Recherche en Economie et en Gestion

University of Rennes 1 – France Abstract: For several years, large companies are recognized as the main innovation source. However, SMEs are responsible for an important innovation part, proportionally to their size and research and development investment (Acs, Audretsch & Lehmann, 2013). Despite these challenges, SMEs can be as competitive and innovative as large firms, as it has already been pointed out by Alfred Marshall in the traditional English textile industry. Finally, which strategies SMEs can adopt to innovate? Collaborative strategies represent a main advantage in the search for innovation, in particular for SME. These would tend to take advantage more of externalities emanating from their close environment (Acs et al, 1994), like network companies, universities, and public organizations. The organization in network, for the large and small companies, is an allowing strategy for "the pursuit of common objectives among which contributions and benefits are shared by the peers" (Gulati, Wohlgezogen and Zhelvazkov, 202:533). Generally, partners pursue joint actions, resulting in the production of innovation (patents, certificates, processes improvement), as well as the combination of their efforts for problems resolution. The institutionalization of the processes of collaborative innovation through the pool of projects and the shared resources between the members would seem to be a solution to the major difficulties by SMEs, which is the lack of resources and a critical size for innovating. In order to do this, I was interested to study a particular type of innovative cluster in France, the competitiveness pole. Poles of competitiveness are a part of a government policy for supporting companies and territories to better place France in the international economic competition. The aim of this work is to identify collaborative strategies for SME inserted in a competitive pole. The study of collaborative practices for innovating is essential to understand SME innovation inside a cluster (Bahlmann and Huysman, 2008). This article analyzes the effects of the pole of competitiveness Mont Blanc Industries on the local implication of the SME in the innovative projects of partnership developed by the pole. The results allow us to identify three partnership strategies adopted in the region in study: the collaboration with partners situated nearby, with partners situated outside of the site and with rival companies.

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MEASURING THE INTERSECTION OF LOCALIZATION AND MULTINATIONALS: EXPLORING ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS INTERTWINED

(DIS-) CONNECTION

Jose Luis Hervas-Oliver Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (Spain)

Gregorio Gonzalez Universitat de Valencia (Spain)

Fiorenza Belussi Padova University (Italy)

Abstract: Despite referring to both localization and multinationals, the literature on economic geography (EG) and international business (IB) remains fragmented in isolated compartments, assuming different views and assumptions on the same phenomenon. In an attempt to integrate those disconnected strands, this study takes stock and analyzes the distance between localization (EG) and MNEs (IB) developed in those perspectives, evaluating also their overlap and potential cross-fertilization using objective and quantitative bibliometric analysis. Results from an empirical bibliometric analysis show the foundations, seminal studies and bridging ties grounding the intellectual structure of the conversation across a diverse set of intertwined perspectives, shedding light on that debate and contributing to integrate the conversation.

CLUSTERING AND THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SUBSIDIARY

Emilio Camarena Santiago Cantarero

Francisco Puig Dep. de Dirección de Empresas “Juan J. Renau”

Universitat de València, Valencia (España). Abstract:

As a result of the unstoppable increase of the markets’ globalization, the internationalization strategy has gained a place in every firm agenda. This decision has an strategic relevance for the firm, because implies a strong resources’ commitment, but also for the host country, for it means an important investment and a foreseable job creation. Management literature has found a relation between the control mode of the affiliate (partial or whole ownership) with the affiliate’s location. Several studies have asssociated the strategic motivation with the multinational firm performance (financial perormance, survival,etc). Simultaneously, other branches of the literature have found evidence that many multinational firms tend to agglomerate geographically, forming clusters (industrial clusters, compatriot clusters, etc).

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Nevertheless, studies that at the same time analyze the effect of this location strategy in the affiliate performance are scarce. Taking this into account, the objective of this study is to analyze the cluster effect on the financial performance of the subsidiary, controlling with the control mode, the industry of the affiliate and the home country. Due to methodological reasons, the study will be performed on a sample of foreign affiliates incorporated in Spain, and we will use the Orbis database. Contributions will be relevant for the academia and the practitioners, as well as for the policy makers in charge of attracting foreign investment.

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13. Delegates CLUSTERING-2016 (1/2) APELLIDOS NOMBRE ORGANIZACIÓN País

Alberton Anete UNIVALI Brazil

Añón Higón María Dolores U. de València Spain

Belso Martínez Jose Antonio U. Miguel Hernández Spain

Belussi Fiorenza University of Padua Italy

Belzunegui Ángel U. Rovira i Virgili Spain

Briones Victor U. de Guayaquil Ecuador

Camarena Gil Emilio U. de València Spain

Cantarero Sanz Santiago U. de València Spain

Carracedo Patricia U. Politécnica de Valencia Spain

Clar Jose E. TORRECID, SA Spain

Claver Cortés Enrique U. de Alicante Spain

Collado Antonio FORD Spain

Dias Leite Eduardo U. Jaume I de Castelló Spain

Díez Minguela Alfonso U. de València Spain

Díez Vial Isabel U. Complutense de Madrid Spain

Fjellström Daniella University of Gävle Sweden

Galvañ Antonio Cátedra del Calzado-UMH Spain

Garcia-Villaverde Pedro U. de Castilla-La Mancha Spain

González Vásquez Mónica U. de Guayaquil Ecuador

González-Loureiro Miguel U. de Vigo Spain

Guerrero Maritza Instituto Tecnológico Costa Rica

Hervás Oliver Jose Luis U. Politécnica de Valencia Spain

Hoffmann Valmir University of Brasilia Brazil

Iriondo Astigarraga Tomás Cluster GAIA Spain

Lopez Hernandez Fernando U. Politécnica de Cartagena Spain

Majewska Justyna Poznan University Poland

Manresa Marhuenda Encarnación U. de Alicante Spain

March Isidre U. de València Spain

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13. Delegates CLUSTERING-2016 (2/2) APELLIDOS NOMBRE ORGANIZACIÓN País

Marco Lajara Bartolomé U. de Alicante Spain

Martínez Gutiérrez Bernald Instituto Tecnológico Costa Rica

Martínez-Cháfer Luis U. Jaume I de Castelló Spain

Martínez-Fernández Teresa U. Jaume I de Castelló Spain

Martínez-Pérez Ángela U. de Castilla-La Mancha Spain

Mathews Dale U. of Puerto Rico, San Juan Puerto Rico

Mendoza Henry U. de Guayaquil Ecuador

Miralles Miguel A. U. Miguel Hernández Spain

Molina-Morales, Xavier U. Jaume I de Castelló Spain

Montoro Sanchez Maria Angeles U. Complutense de Madrid Spain

Olivero Arias Edison U. de Guayaquil Ecuador

Osarenkhoe Aihie University of Gävle Sweden

Parra-Requena Gloria U. de Castilla-La Mancha Spain

Pastor Gosalbez Maria Teresa U. Cardenal Herrera, Elche Spain

Pérez Esparza Aimée U. de Guadalajara México

Prats Glòria Catalunya Clusters Spain

Puig Blanco Francisco U. de València Spain

Quesada-Vázquez, José U. de Jaén Spain

Reig Ernest U. de València Spain

Rodríguez Orietha U. ICESI Colombia

Royo Vela Marcelo U. de València Spain

Rubio-Fernández Raquel U. de Castilla-La Mancha Spain

Ruiz Rubéz U. Politécnica de Valencia Spain

Ruiz-Ortega Maria José U. de Castilla-La Mancha Spain

Sabbado da Rossa Laura University of Rennes 1 France

Salinas Silvia U. de Guayaquil Ecuador

Sanchis Llopis María Teresa U. de València Spain

Sedita Silvia University of Padova Italy

Serna Pepe ATEVAL Spain

Seva Larrosa Pedro U. de Alicante Spain

Truskolaski Szymon Poznan University Poland

Urzelai López de Aberasturi Berrbizne U. de Mondragón Spain

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NOTES

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NOTES

CLUSTERING AS GLOCALIZATION STRATEGY

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