Clud (close) exclude, included, preclude CLUD means close. To exclude is to close out; to be included is to be admitted; and to preclude something that.

clud (close) exclude, included, preclude

• CLUD means close.

• To exclude is to close out; to be included is to be admitted; and to preclude something that might happen means to stop it, to close the possibility before it happens!

• Spanish…includido

se (apart) separate, secede, sedition

• SE means apart.

• To separate is to put something apart; to secede is to go apart, as the South did in the Civil War; and sedition is exciting people to rebel against the government!

• Spanish…sedición

plu (more) plus, pluralism, nonplused

• PLU means more.

• A plus is an addition of more; pluralism is the belief in a society of many different groups; and to be nonplused is to be overwhelmingly confused, feeling like “No more, tell me no more!”

• Spanish…pluralismo

germ (vital) germ, germinate, germane

• GERM means vital.

• A germ is a tiny living organism; to germinate is to become vital and grow; and a germane idea is one that is vital to the conversation.

• Spanish…germinar

FUS (pour) transfusion, infusion, fusillade

• FUS means pour.

• In a transfusion, blood pours from one person to another; in an infusion of ideas, the ideas pour in from elsewhere; and when warships unleash a fusillade, there is a great outpouring of gunfire.

• Spanish…fusilería

Advanced Word: PrecludeThe verb preclude (pree-KLOOD) from the Latin praecludere, contains the stem pre (before) and clud (close) and refers to heading off something in advance, closing it off as a possibility, before it even happens. In 1911 in her novel Ethan Frome, Edith Wharton wrote that “for the moment his sense of relief was so great as to preclude all other feelings.”

Caesar’s English II Lesson XIII

Stem meaning example

clud close exclude, concludese apart separate, secedeplu more plus, pluralgerm vital germinate, germanefus pour transfuse, profuse

PRECLUDE : AVOID ::

a. secede : withdraw

b. seed : germinate

c. exclude : include

d. blood : transfusion

PRECLUDE : AVOID ::

a. secede : withdraw

b. seed : germinate

c. exclude : include

d. blood : transfusion

GUNS : FUSILLADE ::

a. separate : unify

b. germane : relevant

c. exclude : barriers

d. tubes : transfusion

GUNS : FUSILLADE ::

a. separate : unify

b. germane : relevant

c. exclude : barriers

d. tubes : transfusion

Find the best opposite.

NONPLUSED

a. germane

b. lucid

c. infused

d. precluded

Find the best opposite.

NONPLUSED

a. germane

b. lucid

c. infused

d. precluded

SEDITION

a. exclusion

b. patriotism

c. germination

d. treachery

SEDITION

a. exclusion

b. patriotism

c. germination

d. treachery

After the insurrection, new ideas began to ___________.

a. fusillade

b. secede

c. germinate

d. include

After the insurrection, new ideas began to ___________.

a. fusillade

b. secede

c. germinate

d. include

No province was permitted to ____________ from the empire.

a. renovate

b. preclude

c. germinate

d. secede

No province was permitted to ____________ from the empire.

a. renovate

b. preclude

c. germinate

d. secede

In the panic of the barbarian assault, the legion commander was __________.

a. nonplused

b. separate

c. germane

d. transfused

In the panic of the barbarian assault, the legion commander was __________.

a. nonplused

b. separate

c. germane

d. transfused

The Grammar of Vocabulary: nonplused, an adjective.

When the generals refused, Caesar was completely nonplused.

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Caesar’s Classic Words Challenge

From Herman Melville’s Billy Budd

Nothing especially __________ to the story occurred.

a. separateb. precludedc. germaned. nonplused

Caesar’s Classic Words Challenge

From Herman Melville’s Billy Budd

Nothing especially __________ to the story occurred.

a. separateb. precludedc. germaned. nonplused

From Edith Wharton’s Ethan Frome

His sense of relief was so great as to _________ all other feelings.

a. separateb. transfusec. germinated. preclude

From Edith Wharton’s Ethan Frome

His sense of relief was so great as to _________ all other feelings.

a. separateb. transfusec. germinated. preclude

From Herman Melville’s Billy Budd

He was ____________, evincing a confusion.

a. germane

b. nonplused

c. included

d. pluralistic

From Herman Melville’s Billy Budd

He was ____________, evincing a confusion.

a. germane

b. nonplused

c. included

d. pluralistic