Cloud computing

Cloud Computing: Concepts and Overview

Leaving Others Behind!

THE CLOUD BUZZ

The Internet Industry Is on a Cloud – Whatever That May Mean

•Wall Street Journal, March 26, 2009, A1

The U.S. Federal Government cloud computing market enters into double-digit growth phase – at about 16% CAGR over the period 2013-2018, with annual federal cloud computing market to hit $10 billion landmark by 2018.

“Cloud Computing 'Something We Absolutely Have to Do‘”

• John Garing, CIO, DISA

Worldwide Cloud Computing market is continuing to grow at a rapid rate and it is expected to cross US$ 25 Billion by the end of 2013

•Marketresearch.com

History of Computing

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Ref: IT Workshop on Cloud Computing

Computing History: Closer Look

• It provides computation, software, data access, and storage services as a utility over a network (typically the Internet)– Do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and

configuration of the system that delivers the services

• Parallel to the electricity grid– The end-users consume power without needing to understand the

component devices or infrastructure required to provide the service

• Computing as a utility is a dream that dates from the beginning of the computing industry itself.– A way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without

investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software.

– Cloud computing encompasses any subscription-based or pay-peruse service that, in real time over the Internet, extends IT's existing capabilities.

What is Cloud Computing?

From http://geekandpoke.typepad.com

The savior?

• A style of computing where massively scalable (and elastic) IT-related capabilities are provided “as a service” to external customers using Internet technologies.

What’s new? (Gartner’s Insight)

What’s new?

Acquisition Model: Based on purchasing of services

Business Model: Based on pay for use

Access Model: Over the Internet to ANY device

Technical Model: Scalable, elastic, dynamic, multi-tenant, & sharable

• Cloud computing providers deliver applications via the internet, which are accessed from a web browser, while the business software and data are stored on servers at a remote location.

• The legacy applications– Delivered via a screen-sharing technology, while the

computing resources are consolidated at a remote data center location

– Or the entire business application is coded using webbased technologies such as AJAX.

CLOUD DELIVERY

• The real paradigm shift is in the way in which systems aredeployed– The long-held dream of utility computing become possible

with a pay-as-you-go, infinitely scalable, universally availablesystem.

– You can start very small and become big very fast.

• Cloud computing is revolutionary, even if the technologyit is built on is evolutionary.

• Not all applications benefit from deployment in thecloud.– Issues with latency, transaction control, and in particular

security and regulatory compliance are of particular concern.

CLOUD COMPUTING: A PARADIGM SHIFT

Hype Cycle

MASTERING THE HYPE CYCLE: How to Choose the Right Innovation at the Right Time, Jackie Fenn and Mark Raskinohttp://www.gartner.com/it/products/research/media_products/book/

Gartner Hype Cycle: 2011

Gartner Hype Cycle: 2012

• Cloud computing has "moved noticeably along the Hype Cycle since 2011”.

• 2012: – Hybrid Cloud Computing has just entered the Peak of Inflated

Expectations; – Private Cloud Computing has just left the Peak of Inflated

Expectations; – Cloud Computing has just entered the Trough of

Disillusionment.

• Cloud computing, together with big data and in-memory database management systems, are the tipping point technologies that will make this scenario accessible to enterprises, governments and consumers.

Cloud in the Cycle: From 2011 to 2012

The Beginning of Cloud Computing

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Ref: Wipro Chennai 2011

Adopted from Krutz & Vines (2010)

ORIGINS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

A short history

The story:

http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-11-12/jeff-bezos-risky-bet

Amazon Story: A risky bet

At 2 a.m. on Aug. 24, a new venture called Elastic Compute Cloud quietly launched in test mode. Its service: cheap, raw computing power that could be tapped on demand over the Internet just like electricity. In less than five hours, hundreds of programmers, hoping to use the service

One desperate latecomer instant-messaged a $10,000 offer for a slot to a lucky winner, who declined to give it up. "It's really cool," enthuses entrepreneur Luke Matkins, who will run his soon-to-launch music site on the service.

• Went from centralized mainframes to distributed desktops and now is going back to another centralized model: Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing: A circle

Disruptive Technologies & Internet

A closer look: Cloud Computing

What is Cloud Computing?

”Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction”

NIST Definition

Five Characteristics: NIST

• On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.

• Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).

• Resource pooling. The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, and network bandwidth.

• Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.

• Measured service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.

(Provided by NIST)

Five Cloud Characteristics

Four perspectives, Four attributes

• The four dimensions are:– Physical location of the data:

Internal / External

– Ownership: Proprietary/Open

– Security boundary: Perimeterised / Deperimiterised

– Sourcing: Insourced or Outsourced

THE CLOUD CUBE MODEL

The Cloud Cube Model is meant to show that the traditional notion of a network boundary being the network's firewall no longer applies in cloud computing

-JERICHO FORUM

• On-demand self-service:.• Broad network access• Resource pooling: • Quality of Service: The Quality of Service (QoS) is something that you

can obtain under contract from your vendor.• Reliability: The scale of cloud computing networks and their ability to

provide load balancing and failover makes them highly reliable, of ten much more reliable than what you can achieve in a single organization.

• Rapid elasticity• Measured service• Lower costs: Because cloud networks operate at higher efficiencies and

with greater utilization, Significant cost reductions are often encountered.

• Ease of utilization: Depending upon the type of service being offered, you may find that you do not require hardware or software licenses to implement your service.

BENEFITS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

• Not customizable

• Less features: ERP Applications deployed on-premises still have many more features than their cloud counterparts

• Latency: All cloud computing applications suffer from the inherent latency that is intrinsic in their WAN connectivity.

• Data Transfer Issues: While cloud computing applications excel at large-scale processing tasks, if your applications needs large amounts of data transfer, cloud computing may not be the best model for you.

• Additionally, cloud computing is a stateless system, as is the Internet in general.

– That lack of state allows messages to travel over different routes and for data to arrive out of sequence, and many other characteristics allow the communication to succeed even when the medium is faulty.

– Therefore, to impose transactional coherency upon the system, additional overhead in the form of service brokers, transaction managers, and other middleware must be added to the system. This can introduce a very large performance hit into some applications.

Demerits: Cloud Computing

• Concerns of privacy and security. When your data travels over and rests on systems that are no longer under your control, you have increased risk due to the interception and malfeasance of others. You can't count on a cloud provider maintaining your privacy in the face of government actions.– In the United States, an example is the National Security Agency's

program that ran millions of phone calls from AT&T and Verizon through a data analyzer to extract the phone calls that matched its security criteria. VoIP is one of the services that is heavily deployed on cloud computing systems.

– Another example is the case of Google's service in China, which had been subject to a filter that removed content to which the Chinese government objected. After five years of operation, and after Google detected that Chinese hackers were accessing Gmail accounts of Chinese citizens, Google moved their servers for Google.ch to Hong Kong.

• Regulatory compliance Issues• Reliability

Demerits: Cloud Computing (Contd.)

• Messaging and team collaboration applications• Cross enterprise integration projects• Infrastructure consolidation, server, and desktop virtualization

efforts• Web 2.0 and social strategy companies• Web content delivery services• Data analytics and computation• Mobility applications for the enterprise• CRM applications• Experimental deployments, test bed labs, and development

efforts• Backup and archival storage

• By: Jitendra Pal Thethi, a Principle Architect for Infosys' Microsoft Technology Group

Top 10 Business Types for Cloud

• Virtualization– A layer mapping its visible interface and resources onto the interface and resources

of the underlying layer or system on which it is implemented– Purposes

• Abstraction – to simplify the use of the underlying resource (e.g., by removing details of the resource’s structure)

• Replication – to create multiple instances of the resource (e.g., to simplify management or allocation)

• Isolation – to separate the uses which clients make of the underlying resources (e.g., to improve security)

• Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)– A virtualization system that partitions a single physical “machine” into multiple

virtual machines.– Terminology

• Host – the machine and/or software on which the VMM is implemented• Guest – the OS which executes under the control of the VMM

Virtualization

• Server consolidation– Run a web server and a mail server on the same physical server

• Easier development– Develop critical operating system components (file system, disk

driver) without affecting computer stability

• QA– Testing a network product (e.g., a firewall) may require tens of

computers– Try testing thoroughly a product at each pre-release milestone…

and have a straight face when your boss shows you the electricity bill

• Cloud computing– The modern buzz-word– Amazon sells computing power– You pay for e.g., 2 CPU cores for 3 hours plus 10GB of network

traffic

Uses of Virtualization (by IBM)

Cloud Computing: Service & Deployment Models

• Two distinct sets of models:– Deployment models (location and management of the

cloud's infrastructure)

– Service models that you can access on a cloud computing platform.

Cloud Computing: Service & Deployment models

• A cloud is defined as the combination of the infrastructure of a datacenter with the ability to provision hardware and software.

• A service that concentrates on hardware follows the Infrastructure as a Ser vice ( IaaS) mode– Amazon EC2, Eucalyptus, GoGrid, FlexiScale, Linode, RackSpace,

Terremark

• When the service requires the client to use a complete hardware/software/application stack, it is using the most refined and restrictive service model , called the Plat form as a Service (PaaS) model.– Force.com, GoGrid Cloud Center, Google AppEngine, Windows

Azure Platform

• When you add a software stack, such as an operating system and applications to the service, the model shifts to the Software as a Service (SaaS) model .– GoogleApps, Oracle On Demand, SalesForce.com, SQLAzure

Cloud: Service Models

• Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email), or a program interface. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.

• Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).

Service Models by NIST

• Private cloud. The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a single organization comprising multiple consumers (e.g., business units). It may be owned, managed, and operated by the organization, a third party, or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises.

• Community cloud. The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a specific community of consumers from organizations that have shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more of the organizations in the community, a third party, or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises.

• Public cloud. The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by the general public. It may be owned, managed, and operated by a business, academic, or government organization, or some combination of them. It exists on the premises of the cloud provider.

• Hybrid cloud. The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities, but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds).

NIST DEPLOYMENT MODELS

Deployment Models

thanks