CLOSING THE CARBON CYCLE FUELS FROM AIR · CLOSING THE CARBON CYCLE FUELS FROM AIR ... ommon chemist [s misconception: ... water cooling Straw insulated

ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY

28TH /29TH September 2016

CLOSING THE

CARBON CYCLE

FUELS FROM AIR Prof Tony Marmont

FUTURE ENERGY ?

Tony Marmont , My background:-Soft Drink Manufacturer for 60 years (20% share UK market)Bottle manufacturerBottle cap makerPET ManufacturerWind Turbine ManufacturerWind Farm constructorFarmer 40 yearsForestry 40 yearsAviation interests pilot 1943 to date.Honorary degrees at three Universities.Hydrogen research and production 12 years Fuels From Air

West Beacon Energy

FarmOur home

HYDRO

WIND

H2

PV

PV

PUMP

STORE

HEAT

PUMP

CHP

BIOMASS

WATER

COLLECT

Cities in peril as

Andean glaciers melt

Ice sheets expected to

last centuries could

disappear in 25 years,

threatening water supplies

GLACIER RETREAT IN THE HIMALAYAS

View from the top ... Two images of

the Upsala glacier in Argentina show

the retreat of the ice

(top: 1928; bottom: 2004).

Photograph: Greenpeace/Reuters

The Himalayan ice in retreat

Further glacial lake collapse such as BhutanWill lead to terrible loss of life

Climate change?

Larson Ice Sheet Collapses

renewable energy comes of age

AS

“By the time you reach around 30 years old there will be no ice inthe Arctic Ocean

Ice melt will release methane from tundra below ,= DRAMATIC RISE IN TEMPERATURE

See colours re speed of movement, red is a kilometre per year.New ridge splitting the 5.4 million sq mileUnnamed formations up to 800 ft move annuallyIce moves by slipping on ground it rests onLose the ice at the coasts opens the tap

FIRST EVER MAPNEW publishedAugust 2011

renewable energy in the new millennium

Global Temperatures and Disasters

+1.8 DEG IN 1900’S ,

+1.2 2020,+2.5 2050,+4.0 2080,+5.8 2100

, NOW +2 DEG, CRITICAL AT +3 DEG THEN

IRREVERSIBLE.

renewable energy in the new millennium

Prof Chris Rapley, hd of Antarctic Survey , BBC 2 161006, 6 mt rise in sea level with Iceland melt , Antarctic a further 60 mt,= + 200ft

THIS SHOWS A 6 MT RISE

Every 1 cm sea level rise = floods , drought , fire, crops loss = 1 million eco refugees Mohamed Mathir bbc 190608

Steve Atkins, PEResearch EngineerNorthern Arizona UniversityP.O. Box 15600Flagstaff, AZ [email protected](928) 523-5875

From Concept to Realization

How will it be fuelled in 2020 ?

www.fuelsfromair.com

Tony Marmont

CO2 FilterFuel

Reactor

Hydrogen electrolyser

Air CO2

H2

Energy

Ene

rgy

Filt

ere

d

Air

Fuel

Water

Carbon-neutral

replacement

fuel, up to and

including Jet A1

The FFA process

1.1 mwhrs =1 ton per day

Bringing people interested in CO2 utilization together

Pilot plant to produce 5 litresMethanol a day, then a similarpiece of kit below, to convert Methanol to Gasoline.Blue containers areCO2 ,H2 , and pre reactor Stage compressors. White box isH2 electrolyser

CO2 System

35

Methanol loop

36

Catalytic synthesiser for Methanol to Petrol

AFS atmospheric fuel synthesisHYDROGEN CARRIER Output designer liquid fuels

diesel, petrol ,Jet A1, open tech info . and free rawmaterials ,it is carbon neutral, any country can make

Simple process, well tried and tested

anode

cathodemembrane membrane

H2SO4

H2O H+ + OH-

4OH- O2+ 2H2O + 4e

O2

H+

H+

HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O 2H+ + 2e H2

NaHCO3 solution in

Na+

Na+

H2O H+ + OH-

2 H+ H2

Depleted NaHCO3

solution out

NaHCO3 + NaCO3

solution to tower

CO2 H2

OH-+HCO3-

= H20+ CO32-

Product

• Synthetic replacement for fossil fuels.

• Direct substitute for existing liquid transport fuels

• Carbon-neutral

• Can be produced as:– Methanol

– Diesel

– Petrol

– Jet fuel

– Plastics and chemicals to suit market conditions

44

www.afsfuels.com

Market scalability

Time

MARKET SCALEABILITY

We downsized the pilot plant from full scaleto miniature, so we are able to up scale back

FFA business strategy

• Develop and prove technology in demonstrator, – using own renewable energy sources, (completed December

2015).

• Pilot phase– Develop pilot plant and promote concept/develop markets (2014-

20)

– Develop technology for specific licensable opportunities and larger scale plants (2016 – 2020).

• Partner/joint-venture specific opportunities, eg, fuel production projects, portable plants, and commercialise technology via licences and equity (2016 on).

Initial niche markets

1. Operate our own small/medium scale wind farms and fuel synthesis demonstrator plants

(provide fixed direct energy cost for 25 years)

2. Island communities, where fuel is especially scarce or expensive or where renewable energy would otherwise not be considered

3. Capture surplus electricity *(eg, wind farms – solves the battery problem - and ensures optimum price for renewable energy product)

4. Applications, eg, distribution centres, where carbon-neutral and/or energy security adds a premium

* Scottish Enterprise, Paul O’brien,/ National Grid SteveHolliday/ + doubleROC’s

.

Why are FFA hydrocarbons better than other fuels, eg batteries, H2?

Energy densityConventional car carries 500KWhEquiv electric car would need 150KWhBut battery cost now blown out of the water by Elon MuskOnly fuel for Jet Aviation747 carries 50,000 Lrs = 500MWh

Existing infrastructureDrop in replacement

PetrolDeiselJet-AMethanolBasis for sustainable petreochemicals, steel ,

carbon Fibre , aluminium

50AFS- Review

Fossil Oil uses 44 gall water per gallon of Oil

Biofuel uses 100 gall water per gall fuel

FFA uses I gall per gallon fuel , even that is recoverable

Synthetic Fuel Qualities

1. Energy content above conventional diesel/jet fuel

2. Nox reduction potential

3. Sox elimination

4. PM emissions reduction potential

5. Fits into distribution and storage infrastructure

6. Can be considered a high value additive.

7. CO2 neutral

8. Enhances energy security and improves trade balance

.

Andreas Züttel, Switzerland, 10/5/20165

2

DENSITY OF ENERGY CARRIERS from Prof Zuttel’s PRESENTATION

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100Energy density [kWh/kg]

En

erg

y d

en

sit

y [

kW

h/m

3]

Pb-acid

battery

Li-ion

battery

mag. coil

EDLC comp. air

hot

water

biomass

coal

oil

fusion

fission

hydrides

hydrogen

storage

capacitor

hydro-

powerhydrogen

natural gas

flywheel

3

ultimate

battery

52AFS- Review

Hydrogen production by electrolysis

• Current efficiency 70%

• Future efficiency 80%

• Price £300-£800 per KW

•AFS very sensitive to ‘e cost

Future improvements:

* Ultrasound separation of water

• low pressure electrolysis

•Lower operating costs

• Special nanoporous electrodes

• Cheaper construction *

56

High pressure , high costelectrolyser

Ambient pressure electrolysers 1/10th the cost

Courtesy RE Hydrogen

No moving partsAmbient Cleanerand Compressor

Courtesy RE Hydrogen

Fuel synthesis from CO2 and H2

“At Castrol Research labs in Pangbourne in the 1970’s,a Fischer-Tropch plant using a feedstock of CO and H2 went wrong.The CO feed scrubber broke and started feeding CO2 into the process– to our amazement the reaction went forward many times faster”

Common chemist’s misconception: Carbon dioxide is an un-reactive gas and won’t react with hydrogen

The late Prof Reginald Mann

57

Prof Derek PletcherSouthampton Uni Chlor-Alkali plant

Pletcher cell recovery of CO2 from Na2CO3

CO3-- + 2H+ → H2O + CO2

58AFS- Review

Air Capture 0.44 kwhr/l

CO2 release from Na2CO3 4.6 kwhr/l

Electrolysis 14.6 kwhr/l

Gas Compression 1,74 kwhr/l

Fuel Synthesis exothermic

Total energy per litre fuel 21.38 kWhr ( cost 85.5 p litre in energy cost

with WT power at £40 Mwhr)

Energy content of Petrol is 9.7 kwhr/l)

Energy in/ energy out ratio is 21.38/9.7 = 2.2 : 1

FFA

SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS

ELECTROLYSIS

CO2

O2

O2

SUN

ENERGY

ENERGY

n CO2 + (3n+1) H2 CH3-(CH2)n-2- CH3 + 2n H2O

H2O

-(CH2)n-

COMBUSTION

H2

CO2

H2O

H2O

H2O H2 + ½O2

SYNTHESIS

H2 O2

H2O

OH-

e-

e-

Electrolyte

KOH/H2O

H OH-

H2

H2OH2O

O2

O2

H2O

& WIND

143,000 tpd

125 x 125 miles

75 x 75 miles

AS OF SEPT 2016

UK HAS 25% OF ITS

ENERGY MIX FROM

RENEWABLES…….

24 GW FROM WIND

6 GW FROM SOLAR

30 GW

• A synthetic fuel to replace fossil fuels.

• Ensures continued availability of fuel.

• Carbon Neutral.

• Fixed cost for 25 years .

• No conflict in use of land resources.

• Produces diesel, petrol, JetA1, plastics, fertilizers to suit market conditions.

A RAW MATERIAL SUPPLIER OF GREEN CO2 , REPLACE STEEL

ALUMINIUM, GREEN CARBON FIBRE ARCRAFT

What is your part in the fuel synthesis story ?

Fuels From Air – the time is now

FUTURE PROGRESSION PLANS

4 TON A DAY 5,600 LITRES A DAY2,000,000 LITRES A YEAR£10m CAPEX Construction starts 2017

then 2020….

1,000 TON A DAY 500,000,000 LITRES A YEAR£5bn CAPEX

Air Fuel SynthesisRenewable Energy for Liquid Fuels

FUTURE PROGRESSION` PLANS

Anaerobic Farm DigestionCleaning of slurry gas to Methane and

CO2= sale of gas and CO2 for AFS

synthetic Hydrocarbon fuel

PLUS CHAR Permanent fertilizer

TOKAMAK

FUSION AS IN THE SUN “D + T = He + neutron + energy “

DEUTERIUM AND TRITIUM FUSION

H3

HeMOON

ITER PROJECT

FFA

S O … WHEN WE MAKE SYN FUELS FROM AIR …...WE MUST AIM TO TAKE NOTHING FROMTHE EARTH AND RETURN NO WASTE TO IT…..APART FROM THE INTIAL CONSTRUCTION AND CATALYST CHARGING

H3 ON THE MOON ?(Helium 3 is a potential part of a fusion reaction)A non reactive isotope of helium

The Fourth Revolution

The First Revolution was the change from Hunter /Gathererto Farming and Land Management.

The Second Revolution was the Industrial Revolution., and was10,000 years later in the change from individual manufactureto mass production techniques

The Third Revolution was the dot comm. Revolution200 years later in the Computer / Internet revolution , the large

corporations did not want to know it at first, now you cant find a company without a web site.

The Fourth Revolution The Green Revolutionis now under way, only 20 years later, at first the large corporations

did not want to know or be associated with it, now you can’t find a company not rightly or wrongly proclaiming its green products.

It is unstoppable now. Tony Marmont June ‘08

IT STARTED MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO………..

…BY 1930 WHENI WAS BORN, THEREWERE 2.2 BILLION….

BEFORE I DIE THERE WILL BE7.7 BILLION OF US

Global water and air volume. Conceptual computer artwork of the total

volume of water on Earth (above) and of air in the Earth's atmosphere

(below) shown as spheres (blue and pink). The spheres show how finite

water and air supplies are. The water sphere measures 1390 kilometers

across and has a volume of 1.4 billion cubic kilometers. This includes

all the water in the oceans, seas, ice caps, lakes and rivers as well as

ground water, and that in the atmosphere. The air sphere measures

1999 kilometers across and weighs 5140 trillion tonnes. As the

atmosphere extends from Earth it becomes less dense.

Half of the air lies within the first 5 kilometers of the atmosphere

water air

100 BILLION SUNS IN OUR GALAXY, SEVERAL HUNDRED BILLION

GALAXIES IN OUR UNIVERSE

the promise from accelerating expansion, dark matter,

magnetism, gravity !

NO HEATING OR COOLING REQUIREDMINIMUM SPEND ON RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES

NO HEAT LOSS OR HEAT GAIN IN TRIPLE INSULATED HOUSE

STABLE TEMEPERATURE ALLYEAR

Ground source water cooling

Straw insulatedQuadruple glazed

Cooling by ground source

If we are wrong and CC is not

due to mans activities:-

If we are right :-

IT IS A NO BRAINER !!, EVEN FOR THE FLAT EARTH SOCIETY

We will have created a whole new industry and cleaned up the pollution in the Atmosphere

We will permit the continuation of our species on the planet.

MAKE A CHANGE

BUY GREEN

ELECTRICITY AT

HOME AND AT

WORKMerced, Boulder-Colorado, British Columbia, Loughborough, Leicester dmu Nottingham Universities, Natural History & Science Museums London, Environment Agency UK.

‘Treat the earth wellIt was not given to usBy our parents,It was loaned to usBy our children’- Proverb

SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS

ELECTROLYSIS

CO2

O2

O2

SUN

ENERGY

ENERGY

n CO2 + (3n+1) H2 CH3-(CH2)n-2- CH3 + 2n H2O

H2O

-(CH2)n-

COMBUSTION

H2

CO2

H2O

H2O

H2O H2 + ½O2

SYNTHESIS

H2 O2

H2O

OH-

e-

e-

Electrolyte

KOH/H2O

H OH-

H2

H2OH2O

O2

O2

H2O

& WIND

FFA

CO2 FilterFuel

Reactor

Hydrogen electrolyser

Air CO2

H2

Energy

Ene

rgy

Filt

ere

d

Air

Fuel

Water

Carbon-neutral

replacement

fuel, up to and

including Jet A1

The FFA process

1.1 mwhrs =1 ton per day FFA

Andreas Züttel, Switzerland, 10/5/20161

1

DENSITY OF ENERGY CARRIERS from Prof Zuttel’s PRESENTATION

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

En

erg

y d

en

sit

y [

kW

h/m

3]

Energy density [kWh/kg]

Pb-acid

battery

Li-ion

battery

mag. coil

EDLC comp. air

hot

water

biomass

coal

oil

fusion

fission

hydrides

hydrogen

storage

capacitor

hydro-

powerhydrogen

natural gas

flywheel

3

ultimate

battery

115AFS- Review

FFA

Air Capture 0.44 kwhr/l

CO2 release from Na2CO3 4.6 kwhr/l

Electrolysis 14.6 kwhr/l

Gas Compression 1,74 kwhr/l

Fuel Synthesis exothermic

Total energy per litre fuel 21.38 kWhr ( cost 85.5 p litre in energy cost

with WT power at £40 Mwhr)

Energy content of Petrol is 9.7 kwhr/l)

Energy in/ energy out ratio is 21.38/9.7 = 2.2 : 1

FFA

143,000 tpd

125 x 125 miles

75 x 75 miles

FFAArea of sea occupied to supply all of UK OIL needs

Bringing people interested in CO2 utilization together

[email protected]

Simple .well tested design

Schematic of CO2 collection

the CO2 collection tower is built into the sea land container

FFA

anode

cathodemembrane membrane

H2SO4

H2O H+ + OH-

4OH- O2+ 2H2O + 4e

O2

H+

H+

HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O 2H+ + 2e H2

NaHCO3 solution in

Na+

Na+

H2O H+ + OH-

2 H+ H2

Depleted NaHCO3

solution out

NaHCO3 + NaCO3

solution to tower

CO2 H2

OH-+HCO3-

= H20+ CO32-

FFA

LOW VOLTAGE TRI CELL ELECTREOLYSER TO RELEASE CO2 , H2, & OXYGEN

Methanol to GASOLINE Reactor

Compressors and catalytic synthesiser for Methanol