Cloning. What is cloning? Duplicating biological material –Natural clones exist!! Identical twins –Asexual reproduction Three types: 1.Recombinant.

CloningCloning

What is cloning?What is cloning? Duplicating Duplicating

biological materialbiological material– Natural clones exist!! Natural clones exist!!

Identical twins Identical twins– Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction

Three types:Three types:1.1. Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA

technology/DNA technology/DNA cloningcloning

2. Reproductive2. Reproductive

3. Therapeutic3. Therapeutic

1. Recombinant DNA Technology 1. Recombinant DNA Technology (DNA Cloning) (DNA Cloning)

Putting DNA for a Putting DNA for a gene we want into gene we want into a vectora vector

In use since In use since 1970’s, commonly 1970’s, commonly used todayused today

Used to study gene Used to study gene functionsfunctions– Ex. Human Genome Ex. Human Genome

ProjectProject

2. Reproductive Cloning2. Reproductive Cloning

Create an animal Create an animal that has the same that has the same nuclear DNA as nuclear DNA as another currently another currently or previously or previously existing animal existing animal

MisconceptionMisconception

Disturbing!Disturbing!

CLONINGCLONINGProduces identical twins Produces identical twins

(of different ages!)(of different ages!)

First First mammalmammal cloned was “Dolly” the cloned was “Dolly” the sheep. sheep.

19971997

Took 277 tries to get Dolly Took 277 tries to get Dolly

(.41% success rate)(.41% success rate)

     Celebrity Sheep Has Died at Age 6

Dolly, the first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA, was put down by lethal injection Feb. 14, 2003. Prior to her death, Dolly had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis. Although most sheep live to be 11 to 12 years of age, postmortem examination of Dolly seemed to indicate that, other than her cancer and arthritis, she appeared to be quite normal. The unnamed sheep from which Dolly was cloned had died several years prior to her creation. Dolly was a mother to six lambs, bred the old-fashioned way.

Step 1Step 1Remove an egg from an animalRemove an egg from an animal

Step 2Step 2

2.2. Put the egg in Put the egg in nutrient agar nutrient agar

Step 3Step 33.3. EnucleationEnucleation

Remove nucleus from the eggRemove nucleus from the egg

Remember: the nucleus contains half the animals DNA - now it has no Remember: the nucleus contains half the animals DNA - now it has no DNADNA

Step 4Step 44.4. Remove regular body cell Remove regular body cell

from the animal that you from the animal that you want to clonewant to clone

Remember:Remember: Body cells have Body cells have the total number of the total number of chromosomes in themchromosomes in them

Grow in minimal mediaGrow in minimal media(this will stop cell division) (this will stop cell division)

and is also thought to and is also thought to dedifferentiate the cell)dedifferentiate the cell)

Step 5Step 5

5. Enucleation5. Enucleation

Remove the nucleus from the Remove the nucleus from the body cellbody cell

Step 6Step 66. Put the nucleus from the body cell 6. Put the nucleus from the body cell

into the “empty” egg cell.into the “empty” egg cell.

Can you find the nucleus in each picture?

Step 7Step 7

7. Shock the egg with 7. Shock the egg with electricity in order electricity in order make it growmake it grow

(This simulates an (This simulates an electric current electric current that is caused by that is caused by diffusing ions diffusing ions when the sperm when the sperm and egg meet and egg meet naturally) naturally)

Step 8Step 8

8. Put the growing 8. Put the growing embryo into a embryo into a surrogate and let it surrogate and let it growgrow

The female is The female is pregnant and pregnant and gives birth to the gives birth to the baby clonebaby clone

(approx 20% chance (approx 20% chance that she will that she will become pregnant)become pregnant)

Baby CloneBaby Clone

Baby and the surrogate Clones

History of reproductive cloningHistory of reproductive cloning

20022002

First cloned catFirst cloned catRainbow(adult clone)

CopyCat(baby clone)

CopyCat and Surrogate Mom

20042004SAN FRANCISCO - The first cloned-to-order pet sold in the SAN FRANCISCO - The first cloned-to-order pet sold in the

United States is named Little Nicky, a 9-week-old kitten United States is named Little Nicky, a 9-week-old kitten delivered to a Texas woman saddened by the loss of a cat delivered to a Texas woman saddened by the loss of a cat

she had owned for 17 years.she had owned for 17 years.The kitten cost its owner $50,000 and was cloned from a The kitten cost its owner $50,000 and was cloned from a

beloved cat, named Nicky, that died last year. Nicky’s beloved cat, named Nicky, that died last year. Nicky’s owner banked the cat’s DNA, which was used owner banked the cat’s DNA, which was used

to create the clone.to create the clone.

Aug 2003 – first horse cloned in Italy.Aug 2003 – first horse cloned in Italy.

FIRST TIME FIRST TIME DONOR AND DONOR AND SURROGATE MOM SURROGATE MOM WAS THE SAME WAS THE SAME

She gave birth to her twin.

2005- South Korea2005- South KoreaThe group worked for nearly three years, seven days a The group worked for nearly three years, seven days a

week, 365 days a year and used 1,095 eggs from 122 dogs week, 365 days a year and used 1,095 eggs from 122 dogs before finally succeeding with the birth of a cloned male before finally succeeding with the birth of a cloned male

Afghan hound. The surrogate mother was a yellow Afghan hound. The surrogate mother was a yellow Labrador retriever.Labrador retriever.

Scientists have made a clone of Scientists have made a clone of the clone…the clone…

They have produced 9 successful They have produced 9 successful (healthy) generations of cloned (healthy) generations of cloned micemice

Clone your pet over and over!

HUMAN CLONING?HUMAN CLONING?

Feb 12, 2004 – Feb 12, 2004 –

First human embryo First human embryo cloned in Korea!!! cloned in Korea!!! (.41% success rate)(.41% success rate)

SEOUL, South Korea

researchers reported they have created human embryos through cloning

HUMAN CLONING?HUMAN CLONING?

The embryos were The embryos were destroyed for stem destroyed for stem cellscells

Most states have laws Most states have laws against reproductive against reproductive cloning, including cloning, including 250,000 fine and a 250,000 fine and a class C felonyclass C felony Second Degree Sexual

Assault | Kidnapping | Arson | Robbery | Human Reproductive Cloning

3. Therapeutic Cloning3. Therapeutic Cloning ““embryo cloning” – embryo cloning” –

produce human produce human embryos for embryos for research purposesresearch purposes

Harvest stem cells Harvest stem cells to treat human to treat human diseasesdiseases– Ex. Replacement Ex. Replacement

organs for organs for transplants, cancer, transplants, cancer, Alzheimer’s, spinal Alzheimer’s, spinal cord injuriescord injuries