Cloning Ppt

REPRODUCTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC CLONING

Paul Kubler, Emily Kontra, Emily Turturici

Cloning Terms

Oocyteunfertilized egg

Zygote-recently fertilize, first stage of an individual

DifferentiationCells specialize and always remain the same kindKeeps cells from becoming a blob of unspecialized turns zygotes into animals

Nuclear transfer 2 step process

Nucleus removed to create enucleated oocyte which will not divide or differentiate new nucleus put into the enucleated oocyte New cells act like zygotes by dividing and differentiating just like a normal embryo

Cell cycleCell divides into two daughter cells which both live, eat, grow, copy their genetic materialDivide again producing two more daughter cellsHappens again and again

QuiescentCell which has left the cycle( has stopped dividing)M ay return to the cycle later or remain forever

Tissue cultureArtificial situation used to grow large number of cells in bottlesAllows scientists to fiddle and alter characteristics

DNA Cloning

Circa 1970’s and common in biology labs today DNA from one organism transferred to a self

replicating element, DNA can be bred in a foreign host cell

Scientists multiply genes and other pieces of chromosomes for identical material for further study

advances in stem cell research allow scientists to regenerate virtually any tissue in the body (Sorry, you’re soul just died) 

(Human Genome Project)

Related Technologies Gene therapy

Virus vectors that carry corrected copies of faulty genes introduced into host organism cells to treat certain genetic conditions

Genetically Modified Foods and Oraganisms Genes from different organisms that

improve taste and nutritional value or provide resistance to particular types of disease can be used to genetically engineer food crops

Genome sequencing Fragments of chromosomal DNA

must be inserted into different cloning vectors to generate fragments of an appropriate size for sequencing.

(Human Genome Project)

Genome Sequencing

Cloning Process

Cloning-an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material (Human Genome Project)

Bacteria most often used as the host cells for recombinant DNA molecules, but yeast and mammalian cells also are used

DNA fragment with gene of interest isolated from the chromosomal DNA and united with a plasmid

Chromosomal DNA fragment joined with its cloning vector (recombinant DNA molecule)

Then able to be reproduced along with the host cell DNA

(Human Genome Project)

Reproductive Cloning

Animal with same nuclear DNA as existing or previously existing animal created Dolly the sheep

Not an identical clone of the donor animal Same nuclear DNA as donor Some genetic materials come from the mitochondria in the

cytoplasm of the enucleated egg Expensive and ineffective, likely to remain so for the

foreseeable future (Don’t Clone Humans) With improvement:

Clones can be used to study human disease Efficient ways to reproduce specially qualified animals can be reliably

developed Repopulate endangered animals or animals that are difficult to breed 

(Human Genome Project)

The Reproductive Cloning Process

Known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) Genetic material from donor adult cell

transferred from nucleus to egg with removed nucleus

Reconstructed egg with donor cell DNA treated with chemicals or electric current to stimulate cell division

Cloned embryo transferred to uterus of host to continue development until birth

(Human Genome Project)

Creation of Dolly the Sheep Scottish Blackface ewe ooctye

removed from nucleus Nucleus from quiescent mammary

cell injected into enucleated ooctye Tiny electric pulse used to fuse

enucleated ooctye cytoplasm with the new nucleus and kick start cells into dividing

New fused cell transferred into the reproductive chamber of a blackface ewe

Process repeated 276 time After 148 days, Dolly was born Since birth, successful cloning has

been reported in mice, cattle, goats, and pigs

(The Cloning of Dolly)

Therapeutic Cloning

Also called "embryo cloning” Produces human embryos for research in

human development and disease treatment animal genes have been added to certain embryos

to increase their physical endurance or resistance to disease (Sorry, you’re soul just died)

Not meant to clone human beings Someday will produce whole organs from single

cell or healthy cells to replace damaged in degenerative diseases (Sorry, you’re soul just died)

Therapeutic Cloning Process

Stem cells can be used to generate virtually any type of specialized cell in the human body

Stem cells extracted from blastocyst Extraction process destroys the embryo Researchers hope stem cells can one day

serve as replacements cells for organ transplant and to treat: heart disease, Alzheimer's, cancer, and other diseases

Results have limited success

Powerpoint Citations

Stem cell picture- http://hsb.iitm.ac.in/~jm/ARCHIVES/July-Aug05/articles_files/stem_files/stem_html_m778e4c94.jpg

Organ picture- http://www.pycomall.com/images/P/organ.jpg

Cloning terms- http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/labpics/Acute%20Lymphocytic%20Leukemia%2060x.jpg

Scientist-http://blog.lib.umn.edu/zerot001/architecture/scientist.gif

DNA- http://puesoccurrences.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/dna_500.jpg

Pamphlet Citations

http://robby.nstemp.com/about.htmlhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/whyclone/http://www.shiftwits.com/pros-and-cons-of-human-cloning/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/pros-and-cons-of-cloning.htmlhttp://www.clonesafety.org/cloning/facts/process/

Pamphlet Picture Citations

http://sirenschronicles.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/49dossier97.jpghttp://clonning.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/human_cloning.jpghttp://www.clonesafety.org/cloning/facts/process/http://www.millerandlevine.com/cloning/dolly-fig-13-13.jpghttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_QqyrPAPvIxc/SbX6VyeQvCI/AAAAAAAAApQ/x3ASqpziMfk/s320/human_cloning.png&imgrefurl=http://www.rightklik.net/2009/03/stem-cell-research-and-cloning.html&usg=__g5ftIE2gm6okZbPE4MWufuKdGZ4=&h=266&w=253&sz=141&hl=en&start=156&sig2=MQEoR4BatJBPR5Obw6Tk5w&um=1&tbnid=-IY_BLmAZYYahM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=107&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcloning%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN%26start%3D140%26um%3D1&ei=_RDdSsjmIJWkMKubjfMN&safe=activehttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/_rk6VXqa3IMU/SROFUYqjJ_I/AAAAAAAAAQo/yGqnSQEsr1w/s400/dolly+the+sheep.jpghttp://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/06/0604_decade_of_disappointments/image/cloning_getty.jpghttp://clonning.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/human_cloning.jpghttp://www.cairns.com.au/images/uploadedfiles/editorial/pictures/2008/05/30/tropical-fruit.jpg