Climatology

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SHORT NOTES ON

CLIMATOLOGY

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Scientific study of climate is called climatology.

The purpose of studying climatology is to achieve maximum human comfort both indoor as well as outdoors by utilizing maximum natural energy and resources.

The earth receives almost all its thermal energy from sun in the form of radiations and sun’s rays is the most dominating factor.

Heat received at a given point on earth depends on angle of incidence, atmospheric conditions (haze, clear sky), length of the day.

Hot and Dry Climate


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Areas which have a hot and dry climate are usually desert areas.

In areas with hot and dry climate we should build houses with high ceilings.

We should have closely placed buildings with narrow lanes.

We should use stone for the exteriors as well as for the flooring as it is a thermally insulating material.


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Windows should be very small and high up on the wall.

If we have big windows we should have wooden shutters.

Hot and Humid Climate


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In areas which have a hot and humid climate we should use timber or locally grown palm as a material for building houses.

The houses should be built on stilts.

The roof of the house should be sloping.

We can have steps reaching the water.

We should have broad eaves.

Warm Humid


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Areas which have a warm humid climate, continuous ventilation is the primary requirement for comfort.

The temperature is generally moderate but due to predominance of humidity the conditions are sweaty.

The planning of houses should be open in nature.

Clustering of houses should be avoided.


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Sufficient free open space should be left around the building for circulation of air.

Outdoor spaces should have a shade.

Composite Climate


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Areas having a composite climate have extreme heat as well as cold. Example- Delhi.

A small enclosed deck on the northern side of the building can be used in summers as well as winters.

Deciduous trees, creepers and vines will provide shade when needed and will also allow the sun rays to penetrate inside in the cool season when they lose their foliage.

Influence of Building shape on Wind Pattern


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Every building creates a wind protected area and will deflect the wind direction. This is called the wind shade

This is also important for the neighboring buildings.

Wider the building larger is the wind shade.

Wind Shade

Orientation of the Roof


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To keep the roof cool, it should be sloped towards the prevailing breeze and any obstruction which would prevent the wind flow along the roof should be avoided.

Thermal Environment of a Building


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Shape of a building. Example: Igloo

Fenestration (size, position and orientation of a building)

Solar control (insulation + thermal storage) Ventilation

Directions


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South orientation

East orientation

South-east orientation

South-west orientation

West orientation

North orientation

South Orientation


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Sunlight will occur from late morning to early afternoon.

In summers the sun will appear high up in the sky and in winters it will appear low.

South orientation is best to obtain maximum sunlight during the day.

The hot summer sun can be easily controlled by properly designed overhangs and the low angle of the sun during the winter month will enable the rays to penetrate deep within the room.

East Orientation


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Sunlight will occur only during the morning hours.

During the summer months as the sun rises in the east, the early morning hours will have sunlight.

The heat will not be generally intense.

During the winter months, the sun will rise more towards the south-east, thus providing a short period of sunlight.

South-East Orientation


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Sunlight will occur from early morning to late morning or possibly till noon.

At mid morning, the sun will be reasonably high in the sky and will provide moderately intense sunlight.

South-West Orientation


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Sunlight occurs from early afternoon to late afternoon.

Sun will be reasonably high in the sky and the sun rays will be much more intense than the morning sun.

We should have thicker walls, small windows, non utility rooms like toilets, store, dressing room, overhead tanks.

West Orientation


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Sunlight will be present from mid afternoon to late afternoon.

During summer months the west sun is very intense.

North Orientation


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There is no direct sunlight in the north direction.

Bedroom


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The best direction for a bedroom is south-east.

The bedroom can also be in the east direction.


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North-east direction is an alternate choice.

West direction should be avoided as the room will get heated up during late afternoons and evenings

Living Room


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It should be in the south-east, south-west or in the west direction.

Dining Room


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If it is in the east direction, there will be sunlight during breakfast.

If it is in the south-west or west direction one can see the sunset and the room will have sunlight during the evening.

Kitchen


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It can be in the east direction.

It can also be in the south, south-east, south west direction.

Multipurpose Area


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It can be in the south, south-east, south-west direction.

Points To Remember


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North-East should have underground tanks.

South-East should have the kitchen.

21st March and 23rd September are two equinox days.

Tilt of the Earth’s axis is 23o.