Climate Smart Agriculture and Agribusiness Development in ...

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Climate Smart Agricultureand Agribusiness

Development in NigeriaProceedings of the 54th Annual Conference of the

Agricultural Society of Nigeria (ASN)

31st January – 4th February 2021. Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

AE-FUNAI 2021

Editors:Ogunji, J.O., Osakwe, I.I., Onyeneke, R.U.,

Iheanacho, S.C., Amadi, M.U.

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Copyright © 2021 Agricultural Society of NigeriaISBN 0300.368XPublishers of the Nigerian Agricultural Journal

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be stored in a retrievalsystem or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic,magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, withoutprior permission from the Society, except for the purpose of private study,research criticism or review.

Correct Citation:

Ogunji, J.O., I.I. Osakwe, R.U. Onyeneke, S.C. Iheanacho & M.U. Amadi(2021). (eds) Climate Smart Agriculture and Agribusiness Development inNigeria. Proceedings of the 54th Annual Conference of the Agricultural Societyof Nigeria held at Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, Ebonyi State,Nigeria 31st January – 4th February, 2021

DisclaimerThe articles in this proceeding, including the opinions and recommendationspresented are the sole responsibility of the named authors. The AgriculturalSociety of Nigeria (ASN) and the Department of Agriculture, Alex EkwuemeFederal University Ndufu-Alike (AE-FUNAI) which acts as a convener, bear noresponsibility for the content of the articles, the opinions or recommendationsof the authors in this document.

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LIST OF ARTICLESKeynote Address PaperFood System Approach to Research, Extension and AgribusinessLinkages in Nigeria: Policy and Institutional Lessons.Suresh Chandra Babu 24

SUB-THEME A: AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, POLICY ANDEXTENSION

A1. The need for sustainable agricultural mechanization in developing countries: anoverview. Ugama .G.N; Garuba. H.S; Ugoani. A; Okeke. G.C and Arab 37

A2. The Roles of Legumes in Maintaining Food Security in Nigeria. O.M. Agbogidi,O.W. Egbokudu, C.S. Odume and E.O. Ifoghere 41

A3. Commercial Banks’ Credit to Agricultural Sector and Economic Growth inNigeria, 1981 to 2016. A.I. Onwusika and E.C. Ogbanje 48

A4. Effects of Agricultural Commercialization on Poverty Status of Maize FarmHouseholds in Niger State, Nigeria. Adamu, Zubairu Kuta 55

A5. Local rice production trends and consumption factors in Benue State, Nigeria(1980-2016) Dauda, S.N.; .Opaluwa, D.; .Abubakar, H.N.; Hadiza, A.B.; Ochen,B.A.; Lukman Bello, O.; Isaac, Y.; Yunusa Jibrin, B. and Garba, A. 64

A6. Costs and Benefits Analysis of Maize Production in Giwa Local GovernmentArea of Kaduna-State, Nigeria. Makama, S.A., Fatimah A. M., M.A. Isah, D.Baba, B.D. Magaji and I.J. Sambo. 74

A7. Economic Profitability of Rice Production Systems in Kebbi State, Nigeria. B.A.Sule, A. A. A. Coker, L. Tanko, and E. S. Yisa. 83

SUB-THEME B: AGROFORESTRY AND WILDLIFE

B1. The Impact of Human Activities on biodiversity Conservation in a TropicalEcosystems in Nigeria. Agbeja, A.O., Olaitan, A.O., and Olaifa. K.A. 91

B2. The Potential of Agro-forestry practices in sustainable environmentalmanagement system. Olaitan, A.O., Agbeja. A.O., Odewale M.A. and Fawole, A.O. 99

B3. Agricultural And Forestry Research Funding In Nigeria: A Review. OkonkwoC.V, Adejoba O.R, Mustafa M.O And Olowoyo F.B. 107

B4. Assessment of Waste associated with Timber Flitching in Bodija Plank Market,Ibadan, Nigeria. Aghimien, E.V., Akinkuoroye, O.H., Fakolade A.N. 113

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C1. Rice Farmers’ Vulnerability to Climate Variability in the North CentralNigeria: A Vulnerability Composite Index Approach. B. A. Ocheni, M.A. Ndanitsha, K. M. Baba, M. A. Ojo. 146

C2. Mitigating Strategies to Climate Change by Potato Farmers in BokkosLocal Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria. Mitu, S. B., Amah, N. E.,Paul, A. H. 154

C3. Climate variability and its impact on the yield of cassava and yam: Acase of Benue state, Nigeria. J. O. Nwaekpe, C. Kalu, B. C. Okoye, H. N.Anyaegbunam and G. N. Asumugha. 161

C4. Climate smart agricultural techniques and the need for proper post-harvest management in the face of changing weather condition. OsujiE.E., F.C., Anosike R.U., and A., Tim-Ashama. 168

C5. Utilization of Indigenous Knowledge Practices for Climate ChangeManagement by Farmers in Cross River State Nigeria. F. O. Idiku, G. F.Elemi and F. O.Assam. 175

C6. Climate-smart agriculture and effects on production efficiency of maizefarmers in Kano and Nasarawa States, Nigeria. R. G. Isonguyo, D. B.Zaknayiba and M. O. Kehinde. 182

C7. Carbon farming: Growing food, absorbing carbon, combating climatechange. Adeyemi T.O.A, N. Akimien, E.P Chukwudebe, A.J Osibor andA.N Fakolade. 191

C8. Level of Awareness and Climate-Smart Agricultural Technologies usedby Rice Farmers in South-east, Nigeria. Onyekwe Chris N., OsuaforOgonna O., Ude Kingsley D. and Onwuemelie Chioma P. 199

C9. Role of Agroforestry in Food Security and Climate Change Mitigation.Adeyemi T.O.A, A.S. Fadoyin, E.A Owoeye, O.A Sangotoyinbo and C.Mangodo. 207

B5. A Review of Agroforestry Technologies Practiced by Nigerian Farmers and theirAdoption Constraints. N. Fakolade, T.O.A Adeyemi, I. Agboje, A.S Fadoyin1andAkhidenoL. O 119

B6. Ecological Distribution and Nutritional Values of Garcinia Kola in West Africa.R.A, Ugwu, O.R, Adejoba, C.O, Ezekwe, O.O, Ovuike and V.E, Edohoeket. 126

B7. Investigation of rubber-based agroforestry system and its impact on smallholderlivelihood in Edo State, Nigeria. Okwu-Abolo C., F.E. Balogun, G.O. Ibe. 131

B8. Prospects of Forest Conservation in Environmental Sustainability Practise inNigeria. Mangodo, C., Adeyemi T.O.A., Fadoyin A.S., Owoeye E.A andSangotoyinbo O.A. 139

SUB-THEME C: CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGROMETEOROLOGY

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C10. The Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Crop Production in EnuguState, Nigeria: Examining the Profitability Climate Adaptation Strategies.Okwo, Clementina, Okpukpara Benjamin, Okpukpara Obianuju,Ukwuaba, Ikenna and Ejiofor Omeje. 213

C11. Use of sustainable production practices for climate change adaptation by ricefarmers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. C.E Nwobodo, E.C. Eresama and C.D.Okoronkwo. 224

C12. Trends of Sector Specific Vulnerability to Climate Change in Nigeria.Amadi, M.U., Onyeneke, R.U., Emenekwe, C.C. and Iheanacho, S.C. 232

C13. Role Of Extension Personnel In Mitigation And Adaptation MeasuresAgainst Climate Variability In South East Nigeria. Ogbonna N.O., S.OEbewore and F.A Urhibo. 241

C14. 2019 Extended Rainfall and the Consequences on Harvested crops: Thecase of Samaru, Northern Nigeria. Yamusa, A.M. and R. Ya’u. 247

SUB-THEME D: CROP PRODUCTION, IMPROVEMENT, PROTECTION, DISEASES;AGRONOMY AND CROP GENETICS

D1.

D2.

Soil Properties and Yield Response of Okra grown in animal wasteamended soil. Unagwu B.O., Ayogu, R.U., Ebidao N.E., Nwosu, O.C.Survey on fungal diseases associated with onion (Allium cepa L.) during2014 irrigation season at University of Maiduguri Students’ Research andDemonstration Farm. Emeka, C.P.O. and Sharah, H.A.

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264D3. Comparative Effect of horse Dung and Pig dung on the growth of

Moringa oliefera (lam) seedlings. Adedokun S.A., D.O. Adebayo , F.T .Adelusi and A.O Agbeja. 272

D4.

D5.

Assessment of Farmers’ Perceptions of pro-Vitamin A Cassava (yellowroots) in Abia State, Nigeria. Nwakor F.N, Amadi, G and Agoh Emilia.Effect of Row Spacing on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of fourVarieties of Maize (Zea mays l.), in Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria.Jandong E.A., B.D., Usman and Y.A., Garjila.

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283D6. Influence of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on the growth of Gmelina

arborea Robx seedlings. Adedokun S.A., D.O. Adebayo , F.T . Adelusiand A.A. Onifade. 290

D7. Influence of Fertilizer Application Methods on the Growth and YieldPerformance of Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum (L) Mill). AdedokunS.A., F.T . Adelusi , R . Akanni –John and C. I Ihediuche. 296

D8. Determining the optimal hierarchical clustering algorithm on diseases ofcassava (Manihot esculenta). Nnabue I., C.O. Nwadili, E.C.Kelechukwu, J.E. Obidiegwu. 302

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D9. Studies on Fruit Characteristics and Seedlings Emergence Among SomeAccessions of Dacryodes edulis from Some Selected States of SouthEastern Nigeria. Nwachukwu, J.Q .Koyejo, A.O and Dan,P.H. 306

D10. Yield response of Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas (L.) Lam) to differenttillage practices in Ishiagu, Southeastern Nigeria. Balogun R.B., E. C.Umeokechukwu, M. O. Mustafa, F. B. Olowoyo, and I. B. Nsien. 313

D11. The effects of Potassium fertilizer on potassium uptake and performanceof maize on soils of Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. Njoku N.R. 320

D12. Effect of Cow Dung Manure on the Performance of Sweet basil (Ocimumbasilicum L) in Jalingo, Nigeria. Garjila Y.A., E. A. Jandong, A.E.Angyu, A.D. Manthy, and R. John. 328

D13. Response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to weed control treatmentsusing dimethametryn in Anyigba, Kogi State. Agahiu A.E. 335

D14. Growth potential of Moringa oleifera under different sowing media as ameans of forest regeneration. Ojedokun R.O.; O.A. Fawole; I.A.Oluwaponle; S.E. Edet. 340

D15. Propagation and Socio-economic Potentials of Morinda citrifolia L(Noni); Miracle Non- Timber Forest Products. Asinwa I.O., F, Kazeem-Ibrahim., F. B, Adesokan., A. A, Olatunji and A. O., Onifade. 347

D16. Growth and Yield Assessments of two Varieties of Groundnut (Arachishypogeal) Intercropped with Maize (Zea mays L). Fawole O.A.; M. O.Smart; R. O Ojedokun; L. O. Asabia and H.O Shaib-Rahim. 353

D17. Evaluation of watering volume and frequencies on Parkia biglobosaseedlings. Iroko O.A., I.T, Adeniji, O.C, Jegede, F. Kazeem-Ibrahim andM.A., Odewale. 360

D18. Response of African Eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon L.) Cultivars toDifferent Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates in the Southern Guinea Savannah.Ahmed, A. Abdullahi., Mohammed, S. Gwam, Aliyu, Mairo and AuduLeah. 365

D19. Pro Vitamin A Cassava as Engine for Nutrition and Food Security inNigeria. Chimaroke C.O., Nwakor, G.N., Mbanasor, E.O and I NIgbojioun. 372

D20. Response of pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) transplanted at differentseedling ages to periods of weed interference. Osunleti S.O., S.T.O.Lagoke and P.M. Olorunmaiye. 379

D21. Root Nodules Activity, Growth and Yield of Cowpea as influenced byNPK and Poultry Manure application. Azu D.E.O., O.U. Nwanja,A.F.Osisi and Onyegbule,U.O. 386

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D22. Antifungal potential of some plant extracts on anthracnose disease ofLeucaena leucocephala. Osunlaja O.A., J.O. Nwogwugwu1, A.D.Oladipo1, D.O. Alade2 and B.O. Abimbola. 393

D23. Feed Intake and Growth Performance of Growing Kano Brown BucksSupplemented with Urea or Poultry Litter Treated Maize Cob Diet.GarbaY., A. Musa and A.T. Khalee. 399

D24. Assessment of Farmers’ Perception of the Effects of Oil Spillage on Rootand Tuber Crops Production in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Olaniyi A.I., I.N.Nwokocha, H.N Anyaegbunam and F.N Nwakor. 406

D25. Evaluation of water use efficiency on the growth and yield of tomato(Lyconpersicon esculentum) under greenhouse condition. Bolaji O.W.,Adedapo J.O., Awobona T.A., Ijah A.A., Ogunsanwo J.A., EmmanuelJ.O., Akanni John R. and Zakka E.J. 414

D26. A comparative study of Post-harvest physiological deterioration oftwenty-four cassava genotypes. Nnabue I., E.C. Kelechukwu, C.O.Nwadili, J.E. Obidiegwu. 422

D27. Assessment of fungi associated with postharvest loss of ginger (Zingiberofficinale) at 12th month after storage. Amajor E.E. and J.U. Amajor. 427

D28. Trends, Growth and Instability of Millet Production in India. Isah M.A.,M. Goni and S. A. Makama. 433

D29. Effect of NPK fertilizer level and stake length on the vegetative growthof trifoliate yam (Dioscorea dumentorum) in Umudike. Akinbo O.K. 439

D30. Flowering and Fruiting Studies in Hausa Potato (Solenostemonrotundifolius) on the Jos Plateau of Nigeria. Amadi, C. O. Olojede, O. A.Kallastone N. and Amadi, G. 446

D31. Effects of improved giant elephant plantain adoption on productivity andincome of small- scale farmers in Umuahia agricultural zone of AbiaState. Chrysantus C. Konye. 451

D32. Effects of different methods of fungicide (Ridomil) application on thegrowth and yield parameters of Xanthosoma cocoyam (NXs001). DuruF.N., E. C. Offor, C. C. Nwokocha and C. Cyprian 460

D33. Evaluation of Selected Pre-Release Water Yam (Dioscoreae alata)Genotypes in On-Farm trials for Disease Resistance and AgronomicPerformance in some Nigeria Agro-ecozones. Nwadili, C. O., Obidiegwu,J. E., Ikoro, A. A., Okereke, N. R., Aduo, B. C. and Udeagbara, A. I. 468

D34. Evaluation of Water Yam (Dioscorea alata) Mapping Populations forResistance to Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides(Penz And Sacc) Using Detached Leaf Assay. Nwadili C.O., Aduo. B.C.and Aroh, K 476

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and M2V2 generations of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). I. E.,Orji , M. J., Eka, P. I., Okocha and J. C. Harriman. 549

D45. Effects of organic manure and NPK fertilizer on the yield andperformance of sweet potato varieties (Ipomoea batatas(L)Lam inNyanya, FCT, Abuja. T.O Sijuwola, A. Saidu, P.A Tsado, I.NOnyekwere. 556

D46. Evaluation of three contrasting organic materials on soil chemicalproperties and maize dry matter yields. I. A. Nweke, C. Anochie, A. C.Igwe, E. U. Chime. 565

D35. On farm evaluation of pre-released water yam (Dioscorea alata)genotypes for farmer preferred sensory and tuber qualities. Okereke,N.R., Obidiegwu, J. E., .Nwadili, C. O, and Udeagbara, A.I. 483

D36. Effect of Intra-row Spacing and Phosphorus Rate on Growth and Yield ofGroundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Katsina State, Nigeria. Musa M.,Williams D., Tadda S.A., and Joshua O.O. 490

D37. Influence of Nitrogen and Poultry Manure Application on theProductivity of Celosia (Celosia argentea L.). Williams, D. And Adesoji,A.G. 497

D38. Effects of Collection Time on Phytochemical Screening and AntibacterialActivities of Chromolaena odorata Leaf Extracts. Ogunjinmi, O.E.,Olunloyo, O.O., Olowofela, A.C., Shaib-Rahim, H.O. and Tanimojo, M. 505

D39. Enhancing Natural Rubber Production through Adoption of ImprovedTechnologies by Small-holder Rubber Farmers in Edo South SensationalDistrict for Edo State of Nigeria. Imarhiagbe P., F. G. Otene and V.Wuranti, B.O Asemota. 511

D40. Effect of Intercropping Ginger and Short-Duration Legumes on Yield andSoil Properties in Gwagwalada, FCT, Abuja. Ezelobe C.A., P.O.Anyaegbu, T. O. Sijuwola. 518

D41. Effects of Indole Butyric Acid (Iba) on the Growth of Bambusa VulgarisSchrad Ex Wandl Stem Cuttings. Aghimien, E.V., Akinkuoroye, O.H.,Mangodo, C. 528

D42. Effect of Poultry Manure, Agrosorb and Watering Regime on the Growthof Treculia Africana (Decne) Seedlings. Aghimien, E.V., Akinkuoroye,O.H., Mangodo, C. 534

D43. Performance of Vegetable Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) asInfluenced by Time and Rate of Poultry Manure Application in Semi-Arid Environment. Lukman, M. A. and Adesoji, A. G. 539

D44. Influence of induced mutagenesis on storage root formation in the M1V1

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D47. Effect of N-Fertilizer Placement on Nutrient Use Efficiency of IrrigatedRice (Oryza Sativa L.) Variety at Talata Mafara, Sudan Savanna ofNigeria. M. Yahqub and I.S. Ahmadu. 572

D48. Antimicrobial Activity of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) leaf extracts againstsome pathogenic Microorganisms. Iwoh, E. F., Onyegbula, O. D.,

578Osodeke, S. C and Nwaneri, J. A.D49. Evaluation of effectiveness of different pre-treatment techniques for

breaking seed dormancy in senna alata l. I.T. Adeniji, O.C. Jegede, I. S.Odeleye, F.B. Adesokan and J.O. Ishola. 586

SUB-THEME E: FOOD PROCESSING, PRESERVATION, BIOTECHNOLOGY ANDTECHNOLOGY

E1. Preservation of African Breadfruit (Treculia africana) Among FarmHouseholds in Imo State, Nigeria. Emodi, A. I., Elenwa, C.O. andNwokolo, C.I. 594

E2. Evaluation of Improved Sweet Potato Breeding Varieties withMarketable Root Attributes. Nwankwo, I.I.M., Okonkwo, G.U. andAkinbo O.K. 601

E3. Analysis of the Factors Influencing Household Oil Palm Consumption inNgor-Okpala Local Government Area of Imo State. Okere R.A., C. U.Okoye, A. A. Enete, O. G. Oti, C. L. Okwor and R. A. Abu. 608

E4. Appraisal of Consumer’s Response to Value Added Selected Non-TimberForest Products (NTFPs) produced in Forestry Research Institute ofNigeria (FRIN) among Female Respondents in Ibadan North East LocalGovernment Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Ajayi O.B., A.B. Awe., I.T.Ademola and O.A. Ayoola. 617

E5. Effect of different storage media on the postharvest preservation andquality of plantain (Musa AAB) fruits. Oyewumi R.V., F. B, Musa, D.A,Adenuga and K. I, Bada. 625

E6. Effect of Metal ion Concentration on Adsorption of Arsenic, Lead andCadmium from Water Using Agricultural waste. Ochuba C.O. 632

E7. Studies on the Removal of Toxic Elements from Water Using anAgricultural Waste: The Effect of pH. Ochuba C.O. 638

E8. Investigation of the Proximate Composition of Flours from some selectedYam Cultivars Fortified with Moringa oleifera seed meal. N.A. Kanu,M.O. Eke, J. S. Alakali, A. T. Girgih, and J.A Bosha. 644

E9. Effect of processing on the anti-nutritional composition of cassava rootsand dried chips. N.O., Nwohu and V.N., Ezebuiro. 651

E10. Isolation of microorganisms with amylolytic activity from agro-industrialwastes. Okunwaye, T., Uadia, P.O., Okogbenin, O.B., Obibuzor, J.U.,Okogbenin, E.A., Onyia , D.C., Idabie, E.and Asiriuwa, N.U. 659

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Nnadi, F, N. 729F3. Assessment of Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Non-Timber Forest

Products (NTFPS) Among Rural Dwellers In Edo State. Fadoyin A.S.,Sangotoyinbo O.A., Mangodo C., Owoeye E.A. and Adeyemi, T.O.A. 744

F4. Effect of Field Trips on Agripreneurship Knowledge and SkillsDevelopment among Students in Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria: A Studyof Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State. Usanga, U.J.,Okoronkwo, M. O. and Agu, L. U. 756

F5. Socio Economic Characteristics and Level of Biosecurity Practicesamong Fish Farmers in Obio-Akpor Local Government of Rivers State.Akinrotimi O.A. 771

F6. Improving Women Participation in Agricultural Production in Nigeria.Olowa, O. A. Olowa, O. W. and Umoru, J. I. A. 780

F7. Effects Of Covid-19 Pandemic On Non-Farming Activities Of RuralWomen Farmers In Ughelli North Local Government Area, Delta State.Emerhirhi, E., Nnadi, F.N., Okoroma, E.O. 790

F8. Perception Of Agricultural Undergraduates To Agriculture RelatedEntrepreneurship Education Among Selected Tertiary Institutions In

E11. Performance of ginger processors in Abia State, Nigeria. Kadurumba Cand Nwakor N. F. 666

E12. Functional Qualities of Bitter Yam (Dioscorea dumetorum): A Review.Q.U. Ano, C.O. Nwadili and J.E. Obidiegwu. 674

E13. Assessment of knowledge of Environmental Hygiene Practices amongCassava Processors in Ibarapa Central Local Government Area of OyoState. S.A Ariwoola, A.J Ajibade, A.A Oyeleye, O.A Adekola, A.DOlabimisi. 682

E14. Agricultural Mechanization: A Pre-Requisite for Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa. Lawal A. T. , Mshelia, D.A., Umar, J., Yakubu, S.A. andAbdullahi , K. Y. 693

E15. Preferences and willingness to pay for renewable energy technologiesamong microcredit beneficiaries in Abia State, Nigeria. M.A Idu and S.OAigbokie. 702

E16. Effect of processing on the proximate composition of cassava roots anddried chips. N.O., Nwohu, A.N., Kanu and V.N., Ezebuiro. 712

SUB-THEME F: GENDER, SOCIOECONOMICS AND AGRICULTUREF1. Gender Roles on Pro Vitamin A Cassava Commercialization in Anambra

State, Nigeria. I.N. Nwokocha, H. N. Anyaegbunam and J.O. Nwaekpe. 720F2. Effects of Women’s Contribution to Farm Decision Making on

Livelihood of Rural Women In Rivers State, Nigeria. Emerhirhi, E.,

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C.U. Izuogu and J. N. Obi. 806F10. An investigation of the utilization of improved rubber technologies

among farm settlers in Edo and Delta states of Nigeria. Ogwuche P., F.G. Otene, F.O. Igbinosa, B.O.Asemota and W. A. Adeyemi. 815

F11. Women Empowerment for Poverty Reduction: Case of Sokoto SkillAcquisition Programme in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Shuaibu, H. and M.B.Ali. 824

F12. Socio Economics of Fish Marketing in Ibeju Lekki Local GovernmentArea of Lagos State, Nigeria. Okelola O.E., B.N, Korie; C.I, Korie andO.C, Ariyo. 834

F13. Gender differential in economic and scale efficiency in broiler productionin the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. Haruna E.O. andE.E. Samuel. 842

F14. The role of women in forestry and agriculture: the gender issues. OvuikeO.O., O. R. Adejoba, M. O. Mustafa, F. B. Owolo, R. A., Ugwu and V.E. Edohoeket. 852

F15. Strategies to reduce gender inequality among cassava farmers in Imostate. Amadi G. 857

F16. Differences between Male and Female Participation in CassavaProduction and Processing in Imo State. Amadi G., Q. C. Uwandu and J.O. Uzuegbu. 863

F17. Turmeric Production as a Frontier in Women Empowerment andSustainability in Nigeria. Obasi C.P. 869

F18. Benefits of Gurara Dam on Rural Livelihood of Crop Farmers in KachiaLocal Government Area of Kaduna State. Sirajo, A; Anamayi, E.S,Jayeoba, W.A and Maina, M.A. 875

F19. Influence of risk management practices on poverty status of cassavafarmers by gender in Abia State, Nigeria. Osondu K.R., J.B. Simonyan,and F.A. Nse-Nelson. 884

F20. Analysis of Livelihood Status of Irish Potato Farmers and itsDeterminants in Barikin-Ladi LGA of Plateau State, Nigeria. Hudu M.I.,A. D. Tahir2, S. Ladan, and A. B. Aminu. 894

F21. Effect Of Farmers’ Participation in “Agric And You” Inspiration RadioBroadcast on Cassava Production in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.Agbarevo M.N.B. and N. G. Akpabio. 903

Ibadan, Oyo State. Adebayo, A.S1, Agboola, E.A, Adedeji, M. S, Majebi,O. E. 799

F9. Attitudes and constraints faced by poultry workers in Kwara state,Nigeria. S. Ibrahim-Olesin L. L. Adefalu M. O. Olaolu; C. L. Njoku;

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F22. Status of sweet potato seed systems Development in Nigeria. E.O.Anedo., K. Aroh, and N.T. Azodo. 909

F23. Rice grain quality and consumers preference in Lavun and Paikoro localgovernment areas of Niger State, Nigeria. Ibrahim, Mohammed Enagi. 917

F24. Challenges and Coping Strategies of Fish Sellers in the COVID-19Pandemic: A Study of Iddo and Boundary Markets in Lagos State,Nigeria. Nwezza, S. N., Eborka, K., Achi, M. C., Opara, K. F., Olajide,O. T., Amoo, I. F. 925

F25. Effect of Adoption of Processing/Utilization of Ginger Technologies onthe Livelihood of Rural Women in Aguata Agricultural Zone, AnambraState, Nigeria. Kanu, R. I. 933

F26. Effect of Level of Adoption of Turmeric Value Addition Technologies onLivelihood of Rural Women in Nkanu East Local Government Area,Enugu State, Nigeria. Kanu, R.I. 943

F27. Effects of household poverty status on amount spent on food in AtibaLocal Government Area of Oyo State. Amao, S.A, Adeoye, A., Adeagbo,T.A, Ajay, M.J. Kehinde, R.O. 950

F28. Resource use Efficiency of credit and non-credit cassava farmers inEnugu State, Nigeria. M.A Idu and S.O Aigbokie. 958

F29. The Role Of Women In Agricultural Development Of Nigeria. OwoeyeE.A, Sangotoyinbo, O.A, Mangodo.C, Adeyemi,T.O.A, Fadoyin,A.S. 968

F30. Gender Challenges of Small-Holder Farmers in Home-Grown Rice(Oryza glaberrinia) Production in Abia State, Nigeria. Onunka, B.N.,Chima Uju and Agonwo-Ademoye, Q.C. 976

F31. Perceived Health Benefits and Utilization of Moringa Tree Products(Moringa Oleifera) among Rural Households’ of Nasarawa State,Nigeria. Z. Mohammed, J. H. Tsado, I. T. Salihu, S. Timothy and M.Abdullahi. 985

SUB-THEME G: LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE

G1. Comparative Studies on the Binding Potential of Yam Starch (Discorearotundata) and Cassava Starch (Manihot esculenta) In Aquatic andLivestock Feeds. 998

G2. Comparative profitability analysis of means of fishing craft motorizationby artisanal fisherfolks on Epe Lagoon, Lagos State Nigeria. AbasilimC.F. 1006

G3. Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate on Some Antioxidant Enzymes and LipidPeroxidation in Clarias gariepinus. Achilike, N.M and Akinrotimi, O.A. 1014

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G4. Impact of slaughterhouse waste on broiler production. Nwose R.N., D. I.Nwose, R. O. Igwe, A. I. Adeolu, J. M. I. Nwenya. 1022

G5. Effects of dietary selenium nanoparticles onthe growth performance ofAfrican catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Olanipekun, S.Olamide, Gbadamosi, Oluyemi K and Jacobson, Precious A. 1031

G6. Effect of the blend of Fish Meal and Rubber Seed Meal (Heveabrasiliensis) feed on the Growth Performance of Clarias gariepinusjuveniles. Anokwuru S.N.; A. W. Akpan; A. O. Okon, M.U. Effiong; E.O. Abolagba; T.Esekhade; S.O.Idoko; P.Ogwuche; F.O.Igbinosa and S.O.Musa. 1038

G7. Impact of Different Mating Ratio on Fertility and Hatchability ofJapanese Quails. Eniola Olanrewaju, Oyelami Busayo Abel., BabatundeRichard O., Adelusi Felicia Temitope, Shaib-Rahim Hafsoh Olajumokeand Abegunrin O.O. 1048

G8. A Study on the Impact of Brownish Red Colouration on Some WaterQuality Parameters in the Production Ponds of the University ofAgriculture, Makurdi Fish Farm. Mtomga F., and A.P., Adagbo. 1055

G9. Poverty Reduction through Skill and Entrepreneurship Development inAquaculture. The Case of Chikun–Kajuru Constituency Project, KadunaState, Nigeria. Obasi E. U., Alhaji T. A.,Unah R.L., Rayyanu H.S. andOmotoyo I.A. 1066

G10. Effect of Ocimum gratissimum (Scent Leaf) on Nutrition andHaematology of African catfish. Olaniyi C.O., Raji M.K., Adedayo O.O.,Aworinde T.R., Ilori A.T and Oyadiran E. 1072

G11. Case Report: Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome in Poultry Production.Ukonu C.E. 1084

G12. Genetic Diversity and Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphismof Insulin-like Growth Factor- 1 Gene in Sarotherodon melanotheron.Ukenye, E.A. 1090

G13. Economic Analysis of Cattle Fattening in Sandamu Local GovernmentArea, Katsina State, Nigeria. A. D. Abubakar, J. Gabriel and U. Idris. 1096

SUB-THEME H: SOIL CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

H1. Mitigation of Climate Change through Soil (Terrestrial) CarbonSequestration and Organic Matter Management on Tropical Soils. OrjiJ.E. and C. S Iroegbu. 1109

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H2. Antibacterial Effect of Bee Propolis On Some Soil-borne Bacteria.Harbor, C.I., Iwoh, E.F., Okorafor, U.C., Uchechukwu, N.U. and Ukpabi,U.J. 1118

H3. Effect of Atrazine Herbicide on Some Selected Soil Properties and PlantBiomass. Aribisala, L. A., Bello, W. B., Okoro-Robinson, M. O.,

Ogunjinmi, S. O., 1Olla, N. O., Olaniyan, M. I. Okekunle, O. A. andAlabi A.S. 1124

H4. Effect of Land Use on Available Micronutrients in Institute forAgricultural Research Farm, Samaru Zaria Nigeria. Maniyunda L.M.,S.L.Ya’u, and A.F. Ishaq. 1132

H5. Potential Use of Soils in Kwadaro Sub-humid Environment forSustainable Agriculture. Ya’u S.L., L.M. Maniyunda and A.A. Yusuf. 1141

H6. Impact of Agroforestry on Soil Conservation and EnvironmentalSustainability: A Review. Sangotoyinbo, O.A;Mangodo ,C.;Adeyemi,T.O.A; Fadoyin, A.S and Owoeye, E.A. 1153

H7. Evaluation of nutrient status of soils of NRCRI, Nyanya sub–stationAbuja for increased cassava production. Njoku N.R. and I. NOnyenkwere. 1161

H8. Effect of Organic and Inorganic Soil Amendments on Cocoyam (NCe011) yield at Umudike, Southeastern Nigeria. F.N. Duru, E. C. Offor,C.C. Nwokocha and C. Cyprian. 1168

H9. Effect of different cropping systems and slope positions on carbonsequestration and carbon to nitrogen ratio in inland valleys ofSoutheastern Nigeria. J.C. Nwite, C. H. Okorie, I.B. Okaoroafor and A.C. Elendu. 1178

H10. Concentration of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils of Micheal OkparaUniversity of Agriculture Umudike Host Communities. B.C. Nwangwuand V. N. Okeke. 1187

H11. Effect of different levels of abattoir waste on soil properties and drymatter yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativa). I. A. Nweke, A. C. Igwe, C.Anochie, S. I. Ijearu. 1193

H12. Glyphosate effect on Soil Chemistry of Afikpo, Southeastern Nigeria. D.E.O. Azu, O.U. Nwanja, A.F. Osisi, B.A. Essien, S.I. Ijearu. 1201

SUB-THEME I: VALUE CHAIN AGRIBUSINESS

I1. Perceived Constraints Affecting Honey Marketing In Kano Metropolis,Kano State, Nigeria. Lawal A. T. , Umar, J., Mshelia, D.A. Yakubu, S.Aand Abdullahi, K.Y. 1210

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Area, Kogi State, Nigeria. Abubakar A.D. and John Gabriel. 1224I4. Determinants of total factor productivity in Oil palm production systems

in Edo and Kogi States, Nigeria. Abdul-Qadir M.I., R. A. Abu, and Q. E.Osemwegie. 1239

I5. Analysis of total savings and livestock gross domestic product in Nigeria,1981 – 2016. A.I. Onwusika and E.C. Ogbanje. 1248

I6. Attitude of Fadama III Beneficiaries towards Provision of AgriculturalExtension Services in Makoda Local Government Area of Kano State,Nigeria. U. Sani. 1258

I7. The Role, Relevance and Impact of Natural Rubber in the NigeriaEconomy. F.G. Otene, B.O. Asemota, P. Imarhiagbe and P. Ogwuche. 1267

I8. Boosting farmers’ income through value addition: A review. C.U.Nwachukwu. 1273

I9. Sweet Potato Production, Processing and Marketing in Nigeria: Potentialsfor Food Security and Poverty Alleviation. Igbojionu, I. U andChimaraoke, C.C. 1281

I10. Evaluation of market structure of frozen fish marketing in Sabon Garilocal government area Kaduna state. Uchendu C.U. and Madumere .I.V. 1289

I11. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Decentralized Vine MultipliersModel for Sustainable Formal Seed System of Sweet Potato in AbiaState, Nigeria. M.H. Tokula, M. Mazza and I.N. Nwokocha. 1298

I12. Assessment of Formal Seed Yam System in Abia state: A Value ChainThinking Approach. Kalu, C.A. Nwaekpe, J.O. and. Obidiegwu, J. E. 1307

I13. Formation of Yellow Pepper Marketing in Enugu State, Nigeria.C.Kadurumba, I.B Okoroafor , F.U.Okoye, E.S. Mgbebu, M.E. Chime. 1314

I14. Agribusiness Risk Sources and Management Strategies AmongSmallholder Farmers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. S. E. Esheya. 1321

I15. Assessing the Consumer Preference and Acceptability of Pro-Vitamin ACassava Products in South-East and South-South Nigeria. P. E. Amadiand I. L. Onuegbu. 1330

I16. An Analysis of Cocoyam Profitability Among Small Holder Farmers InSouth Eastern Nigeria. B.A. Ukeje, C. Alamba and E.C. Agoh. 1338

I2. Economic Analysis of Kolanut Marketing in Osun and Ogun States ofNigeria. Oluyole, K.A., Akinpelu, A.O. and Yahaya, A.T. 1218

I3. Value Chain Analysis of Fish Marketing in Lokoja Local Government

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ABSTRACTS

1. Sweet Potato: Crop for Enhanced Nutrition, Health and Income Generation.Uchechukwu, N.U. 1345

2. Yield response of Sweet Potato (Ipomea Batatas (L.) Lam) to differenttillage practices in Ishiagu, Southeastern Nigeria. R. B. Balogun, E. C.Umeokechukwu, M. O. Mustafa, F. B. Olowoyo, and I. B. Nsie 1346

3. Propagation and socio economic importance of selected non timber forestproducts. F, Kazeem-Ibrahim. I. O, Asinwa, O. A., Iroko and J. M.,Ajekigbe. 1347

4. Biomass accumulated by Entandrophragma angolense (Welw.) C.DC.seedlings under different organic fertilizer. O.A, Iroko, A.M, Aduradola, A.O, Oladoye and W. T. Wahab. 1348

5. Effect of Weed Control and Intra-Row Spacing on Growth and Yield ofSoybeans (Glycine max), During Wet Season at Afaka, Kaduna. J.E., Essien,D.I. Adekpe, M.Olorukooba, U. Bala, and T. Adeogun. 1349

6. Factors Influencing The Production Of Millet In Zango Kataf LocalGovernment Area Of Kaduna State. O.F Alabi, O.S Olafemi, O.E Olagunjuand B.D Owonubi. 1350

7. Energetic Herbs and Farming Activities in Nigeria. Olubanji Isaiah Falade. 13518. Repellant Effect of Urine insecticides spray and NPK(15:15:15) Compound

Fertilizer Application on the Growth and Yield of watermelon (Citrullulonatus Thumb). Akhideno, L.O; Omoayena, J.E; Yusuf A.S. and Adeyemi,T.O.A. 1352

9. Yield of Exotic Sweet potato Varieties in Umudike Rainforest Agro-Ecologies of Southeastern Nigeria. Nwankwo, I.I.M and Ikoro, A.I. 1353

10. Generation Of Sweetpotato Botanical Seeds In Two Diverse Agro-EcologiesThrough Genetic Recombination. Nwankwo, I.I.M, and Ikoro, A.I. 1354

11. Evaluation of the Performance of white fleshed Sweetpotato Landraces forofficial Registration as Variety and for commercial Sweetpotato Production.Nwankwo, I.I.M, and Ikoro, A.I. 1355

12. Prelimininary Yield Evaluation Of New Sweetpotato Breeding Lines ForStorage Root Yield And Quality Traits. Nwankwo, I.I.M, and Ikoro, A.I. 1356

13. A Review of Phytochemistry, Metabolic Changes and Medicinal Uses ofMung Bean Seeds. L.A. Chukwu. 1357

14. Control of Callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae),using some natural plant materials. L.A. Chukwu, K. C. Emeasor, A. F.Asawalam. 1358

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15. Agronomic Response of Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas {L.} Lam) todifferent levels of vine pruning in Dadin-Kowa, Gombe State. B. G. Garba,and R.B. Balogun. 1359

16. Field trial of different Weed Control Measures on the yield of FlutedPumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook F.) in Dadin Kowa, Gombe State. B.G. Garba and R. B. Balogun. 1360

17. Growth and Yield of Cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) as influenced byBotanical Solutions in Gwagwalada, FCT, Abuja. A. Abdulrashid, P.Z.Chuwang, C. A. Ezelobe. 1361

18. Botanical Solutions and their effects on the Management of Post-FloweringInsect Pest of Cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) in Gwagwalada, FCT, Abuja.A. Abdulrashid, P.Z. Chuwang, C. A. Ezelobe. 1362

19. Ginger Yield and Soil Properties as influenced by Legume Intercrop andPoultry Manure in Gwagwalada, FCT, Abuja. C.A. Ezelobe, and P.O.Anyaegbu. 1363

20. Effects of NPK Fertilizer and Legume crops on Ginger Yield and SoilProperties in Gwagwalada, FCT, Abuja. C.A. Ezelobe, P.O. Anyaegbu, A.Abdulrashid. 1364

21. Irrigated and Rain-fed Farming System of Sugarcane Production in BauchiState, Nigeria. T. O. Ademola, R. S. Olaleye, O. J. Ajayi and Y. Muhammed 1365

22. Performance of eight yellow cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties inNigeria. L.C Jiwuba. 1366

23. Effect of Poultry Manure Application on the Performance of Sweet basil(Ocimum basilicum L.) in Jalingo, Taraba State. Y. A. Garjila, A. O.Lakurbe, J. Raymond, M. I. Rikin, S.I. Hamman, and A.D. Manthy. 1367

24. Assessment of Off-Season Scent Leaf (Occimum Gratissimum) MarketingIn Anambra State, Nigeria. Mmaduka Jane Uzoamaka. 1368

25. Assessment of Suitability of Indigenous Rhizobia as Inoculant for RecentlyReleased Groundnut Genotypes. Abdullahi, A. A., G. L. Abdullahi. 1369

26. Contribution of Yam (Dioscorea species) Production for Food Security andIncome Generation in Nigeria. Uwandu, Q.C. 1370

27. Precision Agriculture:An Important Tool For Improving Crop Yield. N. C.Onyemachi; W.A Jayeoba, B.O Adaaja and I.J Maisamari. 1371

28. On-Farm Evaluation of Selected Pre-Release White Yam (DioscoreaeRotundata) Genotypes for Disease Resistance and Agronomic Performancein some Nigeria Agro-ecozones. C.O. Nwadili, J.E. Obidiegwu,,N.R.Okereke, A.A. Ikoro, and A.I. Udeagbara. 1372

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Level of Awareness and Climate-Smart Agricultural Technologies used by RiceFarmers in South-east, Nigeria

1ONYEKWE, Chris N. 2*OSUAFOR, Ogonna. O. & 3UDE, Kingsley D. &4ONWUEMELIE, Chioma P.

1,3,4 Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.

2*Department of Agricultural Economics & Extension, Nnamdi Azikiwe University,Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. *[email protected].

Abstract

In Nigeria, climate change is seriously threatening agricultural productive activities in ruralcommunities which are mainly rain-fed. The evidence of the unpleasant impact of climatechange abounds in southeast, Nigeria. These include: increased cases of flooding andnumerous gully erosion sites which have resulted to loss of arable farmlands, farm stead,economic tree, biodiversity and others. In south-east zone of Nigeria, there have beenobserved changes in rainfall regime and decreased yield of some traditional crops as a resultof climate change. Thus, agriculture production systems require adaptation to these changesin order to ensure the food and livelihood security of farming communities. Adaptationoptions that sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience to climatic stresses, andreduce greenhouse gas emissions are known as climate-smart agricultural (CSA)technologies, practices and services. Despite the various benefits of CSA technologies, thecurrent rate of adoption by Rice farmers is fairly low due to factors such as socio-economiccharacteristics of farmers, bio-physical environment of a particular location, and the attributesof new technologies. Furthermore, the fact that climate risk on agricultural production arelocation specific, the identification, prioritization, promotion and demand for available CSAtechnologies by Rice farmers are major challenges for scaling out CSA in diverse agro-ecological zones such as that of South-eastern, Nigeria. This paper sought to investigate thelevel of awareness and climate-smart agricultural (CSA) technologies used by Rice farmers inSouth-east Nigeria. There is paucity of information with regards to rice production. Hence,the need for the study. The study determined Rice farmers’ level of awareness and CSAtechnologies used by the Rice farmers in Southeast, Nigeria. Three states out of five states inthe region were purposively selected due to dominance of rice farmers in the states.Descriptive statistics was used to achieve the objectives. The result revealed that CSAtechnologies used by rice farmers were energy-smart, water-smart and nutrient-smarttechnologies. Farmers were more aware specifically of the following technologies: furrow-irrigated raised bed planting (2.87); drainage management (2.66); directed seeded rice (2.76);zero tillage / minimum tillage (2.75); intercropping rice with legumes (2.74); and applicationof organic manure (2.55) revealing poor awareness to climate smart agriculture in the study

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area. The study recommended the importance to offer awareness campaigns in order toimprove environmental knowledge and encourage environmental enthusiasm amongstsociety. Awareness and knowledge play a major role in the sustainable CSA technologyadoption and use. The findings of this research would be helpful in integrating farmers’ levelof use of CSA technologies with government programs in the study area.

Key words: Climate-smart agriculture, technologies, awareness.

Introduction

Climate change will affect agricultural production through higher mean temperaturesand more frequent weather extremes (Daryanto et al., 2016; Lesk et al., 2016). Highervariability in crop yields and food prices may increase poverty and food insecurity, especiallyin developing countries (Wheeler & Von-Braun 2013; Brown & Kshirsagar, 2015)Smallholder farmers, who make up a large share of the world’s poor and undernourishedpeople, could suffer the most (World Bank 2010). Often located in the tropics and subtropics,smallholders are particularly vulnerable to climate shocks, and they are usually also ill-equipped to cope with risks (Vermeulen et al. 2012). Agriculture in developing countriesmust undergo significant transformation if it is to meet the growing and interconnectedchallenges of food insecurity and climate change (FAO, 2010). Deforestation and unplannedland-use change triggered by increasing extraction of the natural resource base have increasedpeople’s vulnerability to the impacts of climate change and variability (Antle, 2009;Gwambene, 2012; CCAFS, 2014). The demand for food, fiber and fuel results in biodiversityloss and decline in the productive capacity of ecosystems, which have negative implicationson food security and income, especially to the rural poor (Nyanga et al., 2011; IDB, 2014).

In Nigeria, particular threats are posed to agricultural production arising from changes inrainfall patterns which has resulted to increased desertification in the Sahel region andflooding in the southern part of the country (Spurgeon, Wasilewski, Ikpi & Foster, 2009). InSouth-eastern, Nigeria, Ozor and Nnaji (2011) identified that the most significant impacts ofclimate change experienced by rice farmers are; soil erosion, lack of portable water forhuman consumption and livestock use, loss of vegetation/pastures, intense weed growth,incidence of pests and diseases distortion and destruction of wildlife ecosystems, decrease insoil fertility and health related issues of climate change which can affect production, drudgeryand stress from heat. According to (Enete, Madu, Mojekwu, Onyekuru, et al., 2011), thebiggest effect of climate change in the geopolitical zone include reduced farm yield andincome, drying up of streams/rivers, reduction in storage quality of rice crops, loss ofpastureland/vegetation and destruction of wildlife ecosystem. They noted that these effectsare likely attributable to the fact that zone in view has a drier weather; being closer to theNorth, and hence has inherent insufficient rain water for maximum crop yield.

The challenge of rapidly boosting productivity is compounded by the current andexpected impacts of climate change. Changes to precipitation and temperature, especially in

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marginal areas, are expected to reduce productivity and make production more erratic (Cline,2008; Lobell et al. 2008; Boko, et al. 2007). Sub-Saharan African countries in particular aremost at risk: resources for adaptation are scarce, temperatures are already close to or beyondthresholds at which further warming reduces yields, and agriculture forms a larger share ofnational economies than elsewhere in the world (Cline, 2008). Agriculture, which accountsfor nearly 14 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, also contributes to climate change (IPCC2007). The good news is that agriculture can be integrated into the solution to reduce the paceof climate change by sequestering carbon in the soil instead of emitting it into theatmosphere. It is possible to achieve what the World Bank (2010) terms “climate-smartagriculture” or “triple wins”: attaining higher yields, placing more carbon in the soil, andachieving greater resilience to heat and drought.

A proposed means to achieve this is increased adoption of a ‘climate-smart agriculture’(CSA) approach (FAO, 2010). Developing appropriate and feasible climate-smart andclimate-resilient agricultural practices is perceived to reduce hunger and improve foodsecurity and income (CCAFS, 2014). Transforming existing agriculture systems into climate-smart systems to negate the impacts of climate change, is necessary in order to address theseemerging and unavoidable challenges (CCAFS, 2014). The important option is to buildsustainable food systems, improve productivity and income of smallholder farmers especiallyrice farmers. Agricultural intensification through improved technologies needs to considerfarmers’ level of awareness and use to new (Haule et al., 2010, Coulibaly et al., 2015) whichmotivated the study. Various studies (Palanisami, Kumar, Malik, Raman et al., 2015;Campbell, Cheong, McCormick, Pulwarty et al., 2012; Below, Mutabazi, Kirchke, Frank etal., 2012; Deressa, Hassan & Ringler, 2011) focused on the benefits of CSA technologies andWillingness to pay for CSA use, little or no study assessed awareness level and use ofcomprehensively agglomerated CSA technologies specifically in South-east, Nigeria.

Considering the adverse effects of climate change in South-east, Nigeria, the application ofCSA technologies by rice farmers in their production activities may be the solution envisagedfor food production deficits arising from climate change. Although, some traditional practicescarried out by rice farmers could be termed ‘climate smart’, but then, there are some otherinnovative technologies/practices that rice farmers may not be aware of that which promotesthe three pillars of CSA. Based on this premise and considering the fact that CSA may be anew concept to rice farmers in South-east zone of Nigeria, this study will address thefollowing research questions: are rice farmers aware of CSA technologies and which CSAtechnologies do they use in their Rice farming activities?

Materials & Method

The survey was conducted in southeast agro-ecological zone of Nigeria. Southeast islocated between latitudes 04°17’ N and 07°06’ N and longitudes 05°23’ E and 09°28’ E(Macmillan, 2009). The area comprises the geographical location of five states namely Abia,Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo. The climate of southeast Nigeria is generally tropical

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with two clear identifiable seasons: the wet and dry seasons with average highest annualrainfall at 1952 mm and temperature pattern-mean daily and annual temperature at 28 and27°C, respectively (Igbokwe et al., 2008). It is primarily an agricultural zone with sandy,mostly loose and porous soil, hence its vulnerability to climate change. Three States namelyAnambra, Ebonyi and Enugu states out of five states were purposively selected because ofthe dominance of rice farmers in the states. Having provided the list of rice farmers by theAgricultural development Programme (ADPs) in the purposively selected states, Yamane’sformula of population size determination, 349 rice farmers constituted the population for thestudy.

Interview schedule was used to collect data from the respondents which addressed issuessuch as farmers’ level of awareness of CSA technologies and the CSA technologies used. Theinstrument was validated by two experts, one from the Department of AgriculturalEconomics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and one from Department of AgriculturalEconomics and Extension, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Descriptive statistics wasused to achieve the objective.

Result and Discussion

Table 1: Rice farmers’ level of awareness and CSA technologies used by the farmers inSoutheast, Nigeria.

Awareness parameters Standard deviation Mean Remark

Water-smart technologies

Rainwater harvesting 0.767 0.49 Reject

Drip irrigation 0.566 2.13 Reject

Cover crops method 0.891 2.24 Reject

Furrow-irrigated raised bed planting 0.369 2.87 Accept

Drainage management 0.211 2.66 Accept

Directed seeded rice 0.479 2.76 Accept

Systems of rice intensification 0.643 0.43 Reject

Sprinkler irrigation 0.800 1.42 Reject

Energy-smart technologies

Use of solar pumps 0.398 1.09 Reject

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Zero tillage or minimum tillage

Nutrient-smart technologies

0.435 2.75 Accept

Mulching 0.719 1.59 Reject

Application of green manure 0.972 2.21 Reject

Integrated nutrient management 0.000 0.00 Reject

Leaf color chart 0.536 0.42 Reject

Intercropping rice with legumes 0.653 2.74 Accept

Application of organic manure 0.780 2.55 Accept

Weather-smart technologies

Crop insurance 0.913 1.41 Reject

Weather based crop agro-advisories 0.715 0.03 Reject

Climate information (seasonal and inseason)

0.929 1.51 Reject

Knowledge-smart technologies

Improved rice variety that is floodtolerant

0.840 2.10 Reject

Mixed farming 1.188 1.91 Reject

Adjusting planting dates 1.134 1.70 Reject

Crop diversification 1.069 2.19 Reject

Contingent crop planting 0.679 0.46 Reject

Carbon-smart technologies

Agro-forestry 0.818 1.44 Reject

Integrated pest management 0.780 0.96 Reject

Bio-gas 0.144 0.02 Reject

Source: Field data survey, 2020.

Twenty seven CSA technologies/categorical options as sub units were given in the sameorder throughout the survey in a consistent manner and options provided were just three,namely: “very much aware/moderately aware and slightly aware”. Rice farmers were

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informed to choose only one level of the options provided. This group of options tested therice farmer’s awareness with reference to improved CSA technologies. From the result, theresponse of 77.7% of the Rice farmers were rejected because they were less than the meancut-off point of 2.5 while the response of the rest of the Rice farmers (22.2%) were acceptedas their mean score met the cut-off point aforementioned. Rice farmers were more aware withthe following CSA technologies (mean score in parenthesis): furrow-irrigated raised bedplanting (2.87); drainage management (2.66); directed seeded rice (2.76); zero tillage /minimum tillage (2.75); intercropping rice with legumes (2.74); and application of organicmanure (2.55). The result conforms to findings of Olorunfemi, Olorunfemi and Oladele(2020) who reported that extension agents in South West Nigeria were more involved indisseminating nutrient smart and tillage smart initiatives which are use of organic manuring,use of herbicides and Zero tillage or minimum tillage. The result is in contrast with thefindings of Arun et al. (2017) who reported that maize farmers in India were aware andpreferred crop insurance, rainwater harvesting, weather based crop agro-advisories andcontingent crop farming. The study revealed poor awareness to climate smart agriculture byrice farmers in Southeast, Nigeria. Reasons for poor awareness may possibly be linked to thesectors saddled with such responsibilities. Dissemination of new technologies in developingcountries is done jointly by the public and private sector (Wolf et al. 2001). Farmers receiveinformation or are aware of new technologies from agricultural media, commercial vendors,cooperative extension, and commodity associations. Frequently media processes informationobtained from cooperative extension. Different sources of information have varying degreesof reliability while also highlighting different aspects of some technology (Just et al. 2002).In many developing countries especially vulnerable to climate change, the knowledgedissemination system may be lacking. For example, the private sector may not invest indistribution networks, extension services may be understaffed and underfunded, and access toinformation from media may be limited. Frequently, the introduction of new technologieswill require the development of a dissemination system. Dissemination cum awareness willimprove with investment in extension services and a communication network. Theimplication of Rice farmers’ awareness to rice production is that there would be improvementin terms of sales and ease in climate friendly rice production as well as increased output.

Conclusion and Recommendations

This study provides insight into the level of awareness and climate smart agriculturaltechnologies used by rice farmers in Southeast Nigeria. Farmers’ level of use may differbased on prevalent climate conditions and ability to use the technology. The study found thatrice farmers in Southeast Nigeria used CSA technologies such as energy-smart, water-smartand nutrient-smart technologies. The level of use may be affected by technologies readilyavailable to them. The findings showed poor awareness to climate smart agriculture in thestudy area. This result suggests that farmers need to be educated on the many CSAtechnologies available to them and their anticipated benefits. To make further buttress, theUnited Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) estimating that by 2050,

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agriculture will need to produce 60 per cent more food globally, and 100 per cent more indeveloping countries, if it is to meet demand at current levels of consumption. Food demandneeds to be met primarily from productivity increase on existing agricultural land sinceopening up new land for agriculture carries major environmental costs. Hence, supporting thetransformation to more sustainable production practices is a prerequisite for sustainabledevelopment. Agriculture and food systems at every scale, from the farm to the global, haveto improve and become more efficient in resource use (use less land, water and inputs toproduce food more sustainably together with reducing food loss and waste) to meet the futurechallenges. To achieve this they also need to adapt to climate change and natural resourcepressure, and contribute to mitigating climate change in which awareness of CSAtechnologies poses a strong foundational prerequisite. The study therefore recommended thatextension agents need to be involved to expose the rice farmers to the need to use weather-smart, knowledge-smart and carbon-smart technologies in order to contribute to mitigatingclimate change. Government policies aimed at promoting CSA technologies should focus onsite-specific technologies that are appropriate to the rice farmers. The findings of thisresearch would be helpful in integrating farmers’ level of use of CSA technologies withgovernment programs in the study area.

References

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Antle, J. C. (2009). Rainfall shocks, markets and food crises: the effect of drought on grainmarkets I Niger.” Center for Global Development, working paper (2012).

Arun, K-C., Aggarwal, P.K., Joshi, P.K. & Vyas, S. (2017). Farmers’ prioritization ofclimate-smart agriculture (CSA) technologies. Agricultural Systems, 151, 181-191.

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Cite this article: Onyekwe, C.N. Osuafor, O.O., Ude, K.D. & Onwuemelie, C.P. (2021).Level of Awareness and Climate-Smart Agricultural Technologies used by Rice Farmers inSouth-east, Nigeria. In Ogunji, J.O., I.I. Osakwe, R.U. Onyeneke, S.C. Iheanacho & M.U.Amadi (eds). Climate Smart Agriculture and Agribusiness Development in Nigeria.Proceedings of the 54th Annual Conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria held atAlex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, 31st January – 4th

February, 2021, 199-206.