Climate MRV for Africa – Phase 2 Development of National GHG Inventory ENERGY – Mobile combustion (transport) Project of the European Commission DG Clima Action EuropeAid/136245/DH/SER/MULTI Amr Osama Abdel-Aziz, Assen Gasharov, Mike Bess and Laura Lahti Team Leader and Key Experts April 2017 Lead partner
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Climate MRV for Africa – Phase 2
Development of National GHG Inventory
ENERGY – Mobile combustion (transport)
Project of the European Commission
DG Clima Action EuropeAid/136245/DH/SER/MULTI
Amr Osama Abdel-Aziz, Assen Gasharov, Mike Bess
and Laura Lahti
Team Leader and Key Experts
April 2017
Lead partner
National GHG Inventory – key elements
Steps in preparing the national GHG inventory
Energy: Mobile combustion - Transport
Energy: Mobile combustion
5 main source categories:
Road
Off-road
Aviation
Railways
Water-borne
3 main GHGs: CO2 CH4 N2O
Energy in the overall GHG matrix, 2013
Transport contributes
about a quarter of energy
sector GHG emissions
Global emissions: 32.2 GtCO2 (2013)
Transport contributes close
to half of energy sector
GHG emissions
Ethiopia
Road Transportation
Road Transportation - scope
6 sub-categories:
Cars
Light Duty Trucks
Heavy Duty Trucks
Motorcycles
Evaporative Emissions from Vehicles
Urea-based Catalysts
Liquid and gaseous fuels
Catalytic converter emissions (non-combustion)
Two types of activity data can be used
Fuel sold (quantity combusted): use for CO2
Vehicle kilometres (distance travelled): use for CH4
Use both approaches as validation (QA/QC)
CO2 Emissions from combustion
Tier 1: Default IPCC carbon content of fuels
Tier 2: Country-specific carbon content of fuels
Road Transport - methodology
Road Transport – methodology (CO2)
CO2 from combustion: Main equation (IPCC 3.2.1)
A B = A x B
Fuel sold (TJ)
x Emissions factor
(kg CO2/TJ)
= CO2 emissions (kg CO2)
A1 A2
Fuel consumption
(unit)
x Net calorific
value (TJ/unit)
B1 B2
Carbon emissions
factor (kgC/TJ)
x Molar ratio
(44/12)
Road Transport – methodology (CO2)
CO2 from Urea-based catalysts (UBC) (IPCC 3.2.2)
A B C = A x B x C
Additive consumed
(Gg)
x Purity of urea
(%)
x Carbon factor
= CO2 emissions (kg CO2)
C1 C2
12/60 (Carbon fraction in
urea, CO(NH2)2)
x 44/12 (Carbon fraction
in CO2)
Notes:
Additive: 1-3%
of diesel used
Purity: 32.5%
(IPCC default)
CH4 and N2O emissions are more difficult to calculate
Depend on vehicle technology, fuel and operating
characteristics
Total Fuel Sold much more certain than disaggregated
fuel consumption and vehicle kilometres data
Emissions from biofuels to be included and reported!
Road Transport – methodology (CH4 / N2O)
Road Transport – methodology (CH4 / N2O)
Choice of Tiers
Tier 1 - fuel-based emission factors
- fuel consumption
- equation 3.2.3 (IPCC)
Tier 2 - fuel-based emission factors, specific to vehicle type
- fuel consumption
- equation 3.2.4 (IPCC)
Tier 3 – detailed country-specific vehicle kilometre data
– activity-based emission factors by vehicle type
- modelling
- equation 3.2.5 (IPCC)
Decision
Tree
CH4
N2O
Fuel sold/consumed
Is it disaggregated for on-road / off-road?
Is there any double counting with e.g. Agriculture?
Could some fuel be used for stationary combustion?
Is there data for biofuels and blends?
Cross-check by using data for vehicle type & vehicle km
Vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT)
Tier 1 – useful for comparison (QC)
Tier 2 & 3 – necessary (by fuel, vehicle type, road type)
Sample surveys or annual checks of commercial vehicles
Other parametres – vehicle technology and age
Road Transport – Activity data
Biofuels are not included for CO2 emissions
As the CO2 released is re-absorbed by tree/plant
grow, there is no additional CO2 emitted. Any net
change is reported in the AFOLU source category
Biofuels are included for CH4 and N2O emissions
They are additional emissions, not accounted for
anywhere else in the inventory
Road Transport – Biofuels
Off-Road Transportation
Relevance: vehicles and mobile machinery in:
o Agriculture
o Forestry
o Industry (incl. construction)
o Residential (recreation, gardening)
o Other (airport grounds)
Emissions: CO2 , CH4 , N2O
Same methodology as Road transport
Challenge with data due to dispersed/discrete nature
CO2 – consumption by type of fuel at national level
Challenge obtaining activity data
Urea-based emissions if relevant
Off-Road Transport - scope
Off-Road Transport – methodology (CO2)
CO2 from combustion: Main equation (IPCC 3.3.1)
A B = A x B
Fuel sold (TJ)
x Emissions factor
(kg CO2/TJ)
= CO2 emissions (kg CO2)
A1 A2
Fuel consumption
(unit)
x Net calorific
value (TJ/unit)
B1 B2
Carbon emissions
factor (kgC/TJ)
x Molar ratio
(44/12)
Decision
Tree
CO2
CH4
N2O
Civil Aviation
Civil Aviation - scope
Domestic aviation:
Commercial passenger planes
Agricultural planes
Private jets and helicopters
International and military aviation – excluded
Fuels: jet fuel (kerosene/gasoline), aviation gasoline
Operational cycle:
Landing and Take-off (LTO) – 90% of emissions
Cruise – 10% of emissions
Civil Aviation – methodology (CO2/CH4 /N2O)
All Tiers separate Domestic vs. International flights
Tier 1 - fuel-based emission factors
- fuel consumption (jet fuels & aviation gasoline)
- equation 3.6.1 (IPCC)
Tier 2 - fuel-based emission factors, specific to vehicle type
- fuel consumption (jet fuels only) for LTO and Cruise
- equations 3.6.2. to 3.6.5 (IPCC)
Tier 3 – detailed country-specific vehicle kilometre data
– activity-based emission factors by vehicle type
- modelling
- equation 3.2.5 (IPCC)
Fuel consumption
Number of Landings/Take-offs
Detailed aircraft/flight movements
Civil aviation – Activity data
Decision
Tree
CO2
CH4
N2O
Civil Aviation – methodology: Tier 1
Fuel consumption based only (IPCC 3.6.1)
A B = A x B
Fuel used (TJ)
x Emissions factor
(kg/TJ)
= Emissions (kg)
A1 A2
Fuel consumption
(unit)
x Net calorific
value (TJ/unit)
B1 B2
Carbon emissions
factor (kg/TJ)
x Molar ratio
Civil Aviation – methodology: Tier 2
4-step calculation (Domestic vs. International)
Step 1: Estimate Total fuel used for aviation (data)
Step 2: Estimate LTO fuel used
Step 3: Estimate Cruise fuel used
Step 4: Estimate LTO and Cruise emissions
LTO fuel used = Number of LTOs x Fuel used per LTO
Cruise fuel used = Total fuel used - LTO fuel used
LTO emissions
= Number of LTOs
x LTO emission factor
Cruise emissions
= Cruise fuel used
x Cruise emission factor
Water-borne Navigation
Water-borne Navigation - scope
All types of water-borne transport:
Large cargo ships
Fishing and Transport boats
Recreational vessels
International and military vessels – excluded
(to confirm if domestic: check tax & duty data)
Fuels: diesel (mostly), fuel oil/natural gas (some)
Emissions: CO2 , CH4 , N2O
Water-borne navigation – methodology
2 Tiers only (all emissions - CO2 , CH4 , N2O )
Separate for Domestic vs. International activity
Tier 1 – default or country-specific emission factors by fuel
- fuel consumption by fuel type
Tier 2 – country-specific emission factors by fuel
- fuel consumption by fuel, vessel and engine type
- check EMEP/EEA emissions guidebook (2005)
Water-borne navigation – methodology
Tier 1 and Tier 2 equation (IPCC 3.5.1)
All emissions: CO2 , CH4 , N2O
Fugitive emissions (e.g. oil tankers) – report separately
A B = A x B
Fuel used (TJ)
x Emissions factor
(kg/TJ)
= Emissions (kg)
Railways
Railways - scope
3 types of locomotives:
Diesel
Electric
Steam (coal)
Fuels: diesel, electricity, sub-bituminous coal
Electricity – accounted for in stationary
combustion
Emissions: CO2 , CH4 , N2O
Railways – methodology
CO2 - Tier 1 and Tier 2 only
CH4 , N2O – all 3 Tiers (Tier 3 – by engine use)
Tier 1 – default emission factors by fuel
- fuel consumption overall (regardless of locomotive type)
Tier 2 – country-specific emission factors by fuel
- fuel consumption overall
- (if available – by locomotive type)
Railways – methodology
Tier 1 and Tier 2 equation (IPCC 3.4.1)
All emissions: CO2 , CH4 , N2O
A B = A x B
Fuel used (TJ)
x Emissions factor
(kg/TJ)
= Emissions (kg)
Thank you!
Amr Osama Abdel-Aziz, Assen Gasharov, Mike Bess and Laura Lahti
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