Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2009

8/4/2019 Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2009

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BANGLADESH CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY

&ACTION PLAN 2009

Paper prepared by

Md. Shamsul ArefinJoint Secretary

Ministry of Public Administration

Government of Bangladesh

57th Senior Staff CourseBPATC, Savar, Dhaka.

21 April 2012M. Shamsul Arefin1


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Objectives of the Study

What are the climate changes?

What are the consequences for Bangladesh?

What climate change-induced impact is mostvulnerable for Bangladesh ?

How can the potential effects of climate change befactored into policy making, and

What adaptation measures for Bangladesh are mostfeasible?



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Geographic Features of the Country

Geographic location made Bangladesh one of the most

vulnerable countries to climate change.

Interface of two different environments- Bay of Bengal to the

south and the Himalayas to the north.

Only about 10% of the country is hardly 1 meter above the Sea

Level, and one-fifth area is under tidal excursions. Have too much water in monsoon and little water in winter.

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Bangladesh: Climate Change Scenario

Bangladesh is on thethreshold of disaster.

About 23% of the countrys

area is vulnerable due tosea level rise.

If the water level rises by

one meter, 30 millionpeople will be displaced by2030

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Bangladesh: Climate Change Scenario

Northwest will be affected by droughtindeed,

already started

Agricultural production will reduce by 40% by 2050

impact on food security Fishery and forestry will be affected

Wide ranging adverse impacts on human health and

well-being A serious challenge to development and poverty

reduction



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IPCC 4th Assessment about Bangladesh Average temperature has registered an increasing trend of

about 1C in May and 0.5C in November during the 23 yearperiod from 1985 to 2008.

More devastating floods have taken place during, 1988,

1998, 2002, and 2004 Cyclones & its intensity have noted to increase since 1970.

Salt water from the Bay of Bengal is reported to havepenetrated 100 km or more inland.

The precipitation decline and droughts has resulted in thedrying up of wetlands & severe degradation of ecosystems.

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Climate Climate is simply the weather that is dominant or normalin a particular region; the term climate includes

temperature, rainfall and wind patterns. Geography, global air and sea currents, tree cover,global temperatures and other factors influence the climateof an area, which causes the local weather.

However, large changes have been very gradual overhuge time periods. The humans are now, due to pollution from industrialprocesses and wasteful lifestyles directly influencing the

climate of the earth. Human influence is now believed to be changing theclimate much faster than occurring in the past undernatural processes.


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What is climate change?Climate change is the variation in global or regional

climates over time. It reflects changes in the variability oraverage state of the atmosphere over time scales rangingfrom decades to millions of years.

These changes can be caused by processes internal

to the Earth, external forces (e.g. variations in sunlightintensity) or, more recently, human activities.

In recent climate change often refers only to changesin modern climate, including the rise in average surfacetemperature known as global warming.

The term is also used with a presumption of humancausation, as mentioned in the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).


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Greenhouse GasesSince the beginning of the industrial revolution around

1750, one of these greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, hasincreased by over 30% and is now at a higher concentration inthe atmosphere than it has been for many thousands of years.

Chemical analysis of the carbon demonstrates that this

increase is due largely to the burning of fossil fuels - coal, oiland gas.These are consumed mainly through industry and

transportationNitrous oxide and methane are also produced by human

activity are thickening the natural layer of atmosphere.

This leads to a warming of the earth, commonly known asGlobalWarming.


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GHG

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are calledgreenhouse gases Greenhouse gases are those that can absorb andemit infrared radiation.

In order, the most abundant greenhouse gases inEarth's atmosphere are

Water vapor

Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide

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Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

The Greenhouse Effect is a natural process through whichvarious gasses and water vapour in the atmosphere affects the

earths climate. The earths climate is driven by this continuousflow of energy from the sun, mainly in the form of visible light.

About 30% is immediately scattered back into space, butmost of the remaining 70% passes down through theatmosphere to warm the earths surface.

Being much cooler than the sun, the earth does not give out

energy as visible light. Instead, it emits heat in the form ofinfrared or thermal radiation.


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The Greenhouse Effect & Climate Change

A T M O S P H E R E

S U N



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GHG & Climate Change

Greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are increasing

GHGs affect the climate system

World average temperature has risen relatively fast over thepast 30 years

Sea-level rise is gradually accelerating

Many temperature-sensitive processes have changed overthe past two decades



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The burning of fossil

fuels, land use change

and other industrial

activities have

increased the GHGs inthe atmosphere that

are liable forGlobal

Warming.

Global Warming



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Spread of dengue and other diseases

Heavy rains & severe draughts

Floods, storms, & hurricanes

Changed rainfall patterns

Warming and aridity

Loss of biodiversity

Consequences of Climate Change



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Climate Change Its Impacts

Climate change is oneof the greatest

environmental, socialand economic threats ofour time

Glaciers are melting

Sea level is rising

Cyclones, tornados,floods, droughts arebecoming morefrequent and intense aswell



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Climate-induced Displacement and Migration inBangladesh

Over 10,00,000 people are

displaced by riverbank

erosion from 1971 till

2005.

Floods and droughts makemany more

Most displaced migrate

internally

Dhaka - alreadyoverpopulated (14

million) is the major

destination



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VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE



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Tropical Cyclones and Storm Surges

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In recent years, cyclonic activity in the Bay of Bengalare more frequent with high winds of over 150 km. perhour and storm surge up to 7 meters

Cyclones of 1970 killed over 5 lakh and 1991 around1.5 lakh

Source: ISDR report 2007

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21 April 201220

Recent Sidr and AilaSidr

The speed of Hurricane was 200 km/ h accompanied by storm surgesand severely damaged 6 districts of south-western Bangladesh

This caused high deaths & wounds, made colossal damage of crops

and livestock, demolished houses, disrupted communications and

washed away over 380 km of embankmentsAila

Aila hits 26 districts in the South, affecting 9 million people, caused

production loss of about us$ 99 million

Widespread damage of Sunderban- world heritage resources

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The bio-diversity of the Sundarbans has been under threatdue to recurrent natural calamities like storms, cyclones andtornadoes, tidal surges and sea level rise.Source : IPCC report 2006

Group (Total number of

living species)

Threatened

Fisheries 266 54

Amphibians 22 8Reptiles 109 58

Birds 388 41

Mammals 110 40

Total 895 201

Status of Inland Threatened Species of Bangladesh WB report 2008

Forest resources and depletion of bio-diversity

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21 April 201222

Salinity engulfing more Agricultural land

Average water salinity increased over 172% from 1980s

Gopalgonj, Tongipara and Narail experience 200-400%

increase

More than 1.70 lakh ha agricultural land affected by salt

World Bank predicts more than 90 km intrusion landward at

western part of Sundarbans during dry season.

Source: WB report on environment 2009

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21 April 201223

Sea-level Rise

Sea-level rise by one metre, expected to take place by thecurrent century, will devour the whole of the Sundarbans.

If the Sea level rise is higher than currently expected, and

coastal polders are not strengthened and/or new one built,six to eight million people will be displaced by 2050 and

would have to be resettled.

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Climate Change and Food Production

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There is large potential of increasing productivity ofcrops, fisheries and livestock despite climate change

uncertainties and production challenges.

If Setting up of Agro-ecological Zones (AEZ).

Efficiently managing fisheries and livestock

resources & of improved breeds and brood fish.

Restructuring of crops and cropping pattern

M. Shamsul Arefin

B l d h Cli t Ch A ti Pl


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Bangladesh Climate Change Action Plan

Based on the following six pillars:

1.Food security, social protection and health;

2. Comprehensive disaster management;

3. Infrastructure development;

4. Research and knowledge management;

5. Mitigation and low-carbon development; and

6. Capacity building and institutional development.


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Climate Change Action Plan

Food security, social protection and health

To ensure that the poorest and most

vulnerable in society, including women andchildren, are protected from climate changeFood security, safe housing, employmentand access to basic services.



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Comprehensive Disaster Management

To further strengthen the country's alreadyproven disaster management systems to deal with

increasingly frequent and severe naturalcalamities.

Degradation of land, water bodies, forests,biodiversity loss, arsenic contamination in groundwater, surface water pollution, air pollution, salinity

interference in coastal zone are a major concernof climate change in Bangladesh



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Infrastructure

The existing assets (e.g., coastal andriver embankments) are well-maintained

and fit-for-purpose and

The urgently needed infrastructure

(e.g. cyclone shelters and urbandrainage) is to be put in place to deal

with the impacts of climate change.21 April 2012M. Shamsul Arefin28


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Research

To predict scale and timing of climate

change impacts on different sectors of

the economy;

Ensure that Bangladesh is networked

with the latest global thinking onclimate change.



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Mitigation & Low-Carbon Development

Bangladesh is the lowest energy consumingcountry ( 170 Kwh) per-capita.

But at the same time, we are inefficient inlowing carbon emission.

Thats why steps to be taken to reduce the

carbon emission


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Capacity Building and Institutional

Strengthening

To enhance the capacity ofgovernment ministries and agencies,civil society and the private sector tomeet the challenge of climate change.



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Water logging

Drought

Flood

Cyclone Storm surge, salinity

Bank erosion

Pictures of Impact of Climate Change

Bank Erosion21 April 2012M. Shamsul Arefin32


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Drought, Floods,Cyclones likely tointensify in future due toclimate change.



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Risk of Climate Change

Frequent floods/droughts/cyclones/storm surges etcleading to disasters

Salinity intrusion, river bank erosion, temperaturevariability, erratic precipitation etc.

Climate Change also has severe social impacts that will

cause internal and external migration of displacedcommunity


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An Innocent Victim

Bangladesh is an innocent victim of adverse impacts ofClimate Change.

To manage the impacts, Bangladesh has taken a two-pronged

approach.

It has been vigorously participating in the international

negotiations process for realisation of the goals under the Bali

Action Plan as well as preparing itself at home for necessarydomestic action.


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Government Steps

BCCSAP 2009 has laid out Bangladeshs possible

response to impacts of climate change.

BCCSAP contains 6 themes and 44 programme

areas.

Establishment of Climate Change Trust Fund with

an allocation of US$ 100 m for this year

Implementation is ongoing.


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Creation of Fund

The government has identified an urgent need for US$ 10billion over 5 years.

This fund is mostly expected to be raised through bi-

lateral and multi-lateral sources, while the government

will also make possible contribution.


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Conclusion


Bangladesh has already developed salinity tolerant, floodtolerant and shorter maturity varieties of rice. This will help inthe short run.

Extensive agricultural extension services are needed to makethese varieties available to the farmers.

But this is only the beginning: more varieties and appropriateecosystem-based agricultural system need to be developed.

Extreme events are unstoppable and we cannot ignore it.

Climatic incidence cannot be altered but its adverse impact can

be minimized.


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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

21 A il 2012M Sh l A fi40

Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2009

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