Climate Change Policy Target Setting and Implementation Process in Japan and China Japan-China Policy Research Workshop in 2017 Jin Zhen, Ph.D. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies(IGES)
Climate Change Policy Target Setting and Implementation Process
in Japan and China
Japan-China Policy Research Workshop in 2017
Jin Zhen, Ph.D.Institute for Global Environmental Strategies(IGES)
Table of Contents
Target Setting and Implementation Process in China
Target Setting and Implementation Process in Japan
Future discussion topics
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TARGET SETTING AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS IN CHINA
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Main targets in 13th FYP Period(by 2020, compare to 2015) Energy efficiency target (energy intensity target) : Reduce the energy
consumption per unit of GDP by 15% CO2 reduction target: Reduce the CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 18% Targets for phasing-out of backward production capacity Non-fossil fuels targets: Increase the share of non-fossil fuels in total energy
consumption to 15%
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National Five Year Plan (FYP)
The National Five Year Plan (FYP) played an important role as regulatory scheme in China
The targets set by the plan are legally binding Regarding implementation of the plan, the State
Council has the authority to introduce administrative measures, enact administrative rules and regulations, and issue decisions and orders (Constitution, Article 89,Clause 1; Legislative Law, Article 56, Clause 2)
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Target Responsibility System (TRS)
A legal scheme to clarify the responsibility of local governments, i.e., the concrete legally binding targets allocated by the central government, through National Target Allocating Processes.
Under the TRS, the provincial governments are required to achieve the allocated targets and shall take joint liability with the lower levels of local governments under their direct control.
In order to ensure the effectiveness of TRS, the law is set to ensure the achievement of targets. Target achievement status is linked to personnel evaluation, with possible punishment measures.
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How is TRS working?
China's Constitution gives the State Council the comprehensive authority to draw up the FYP for national economic and social development and to implement it (Constitution, Article 89,Clause 5)
Regarding implementation of the plan, the State Council has the comprehensive authority to adopt administrative measures, enact administrative rules and regulations, and issue decisions and orders (Constitution, Article 89,Clause 1; Legislative Law, Article 56, Clause 2)
The local governments are responsible for implementing the National FYP (Article 59, Clause 5 of the Organization Law).
Moreover, higher branches of government can reprimand local government heads for refusing to carry out their orders
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Target responsibility system(TRS)energy efficiency policy
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Scheme of TRS State council sets National
targets (energy intensity target, Controlling Total Energy Consumption to 4 billion tce by 2015), and distributed to local governments as mandatory targets.
Target achievement status is linked to personnel evaluation, with possible punishment measures.
The allocated target distributes to the enterprises in the cooperation of a country and the local government
Provincial governments need to build regional FYP based on allocated target
Local government targets
Other enterprises:
under the jurisdiction of
local governments
State Council
Authorisation
Supervision &
Manage-ment
Cement: 370MtIron : 48Mt
Steel-making: 42MtCox: 42Gt
Alcohol: 1.0Mtetc.
State-run enterprises:
under the jurisdiction of the
state
Target allocation
Closure of Small Plant and Outdated Capacity
(CSPOC) Program
Specification
Provincial level target
Prefecture level target
County level
target
Township leveltarget
Target allocation
Top-10,000 Program:1. Support local governments
achieving their allocated targets
2. Introduction of Energy- Saving Equipment and management systems as main measure
Supervision & manage-
ment
Energy efficiency target setting process
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TRS on PM2.5 Target: Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Action Plan To reduce the urban concentration of Particulate Matters (PM10) by at 10% in all
cities greater than or equal to prefecture-level, and to gradually increase the annual number of days with fairly good air quality;
To reduce PM2.5 concentration lever in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei by 25%, in Yangtze River Delta in 20% and in Pearl River Delta region by15%; and
To control the annual average concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing to below 60 micrograms per cubic meter.
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Air Quality Improvement Target(by 2017 compare to 2013) Region
Annualaverage decline of PM2.5 (%)
-25% Beijing , Tianjin , Hebei
11-20% Shanxi, Shandong , Shanghai , Jiangsu,
Zhejiang-15% Guangdong , Chongqing-10% Inner Mongolia
Annualaverage decline of PM10 (%)
-15% Henan , Shaanxi, Qinghai , Xinjiang
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-12% Gansu, Hubei
-10% Sichuan, Liaoning , Jilin , Hunan , Anhui , Ningxia
-5% Guangxi, Fujian , Jiangxi, Guizhou , Heilongjiang
Continuous improvement Hainan , Tibet, Yunnan 3
Source: MWP(2013)The MEP has signed target responsibility agreements for preventing and combating air pollution with 31 provinces http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2014-01/07/content_2561650.htm
Rate of Achievement for Annual Targets
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PM2.5 Air Quality Improvement Target(by 2017 compare to 2013)
Annual Targets (Rate of Achievement)
Annual Target (Rate of Achievement)
2014 2015 2016 201710% of all 35% of all 65% of all 100%
Total Score: 100
Score for achievement of annual target: 60Score for over
achievement: 40
Achieved
Non achievement with a little improvement on the Annual average Air Quality comparison with last year
Non improvement and the Annual Average Air Quality worsen in comparison with last year
The Over achieved at or above 30%
The over achieved less than 30%
60
60 × (Actually achieved target % /
Annual Improvement target %)
0 4040 × (Over
achieved rate% / 30%)
Score for out put of TRF
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Total Score 100
No. Indicator Score of Indicator
Sub-indicator Score of Sub-indicator
1 Optimize the Industrial Structure 12
New capacity control for overcapacity sectors 2Rectification of the illegal construction project in overcapacity sectors 2
Elimination of backward production capacity 6Relocation of highly polluting factories 2
2 Environment-Friendly production 6Assessment to Environment-Friendly production and upgrade the related
technology for key sectors 6
3Coal Management and vehicle fuel
supply 10
Coal consumption cap 0 or 6 or 8Coal cleaning treatment 4 or 0
Clean coal supply for residential use 0 or 2Diesel and gasoline fuel supply under China IV and V standards 6 or 2
4Rectification of coal-fired boilers in
small size 10Elimination of small coal-fire boiler 8
Permit regulation for new coal-fire boiler 2
5Air Pollution Control for Industrial
Sector 15Industrial dust (PM) control 8
Industrial VOCs control 7
6 Dust control in urban 8Dust control from construction site 4
Permit regulation for new coal-fire boiler 4
7Vehicle emission prevention and
control 12
Out of using for yellow label vehicle 7Environmental labeling management for vehicles 2 or 1
Promote the new vehicle using 0 or 1Capacity building for environmental supervision of vehicles 1
Transportation system building for the pedestrians and cyclists 2
8Advancing the contraction of Energy
Saving Building with Heating Metering
5Advancing the construction of energy saving building 5 or 2
Advancing the heating metering 0 or 3
9Investment for Air Pollution
Prevention and Control 6Investment in air pollution prevention and control by local governments,
enterprises and society6
10Environmental Management for Air
Pollution 16
Annual work plan formulation 2Advancement of ledger management scheme 1
Quality management monitoring for atmospheric environment 5Agricultural waste incineration control 3
Controlling the agricultural waste incinerating 1Environmental information disclosure 4
TARGET SETTING AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS IN JAPAN
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Legal Obligation for Plan Making and Target Setting
Act on Promotion ofGlobal Warming Counter-measures (1998)
Local GovernmentsNational Government
The national government shall establish “Government Action Plan” (Action Plan) and “Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures” (National Plan).
National Plan shall prescribe targets regarding greenhouse gas emissions and sinks for each class and category of greenhouse gases.
National government shall support the programs of local government bodies for the control of greenhouse gases.
In view of the National Plan, local governments(1789) shall establish its Action Plan.
Prefectures(47),designated cities and core cities(149) shall prescribe the countermeasures for global warming in its Action Plan.
No request for setting the regional GHG reduction targets, but many local governments established regional “Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures” with Mid/Long-term target.
Action Plan(limited to its own
administrationand undertakings)
National plan for Global Warming
Countermeasures
Action Plan(limited to its own
administrationand undertakings)
Regional Counter-measures
for Global Warming
National Government Target Setting Process
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Global Warming Prevention Headquarters(GWPH)• Chairman: Prime Minister• 3 Vice Chairman: Chief Cabinet secretary, Minister of
the Environment, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry
• Members: Other ministers
The advisory body of MOE: Central Environment Council (including
Members form industry)
The advisory body of METI: Central Industrial
Structure Council (including Members form
industry)
Cabinet
Joint Experts Meeting (JEM)
After October 2014 Starting JEM
April 2015Submit Draft of
Japan’s INDC to JEM
June 2016Summarized as
Government plan of INDC at GWPH
July 2016(After Public comment)
the INDC confirmed by GWPH
Associations and Unions
Targets of Emission Reductions for 2030
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Type of Main Targets
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Industrial sector
Commercial and other sectors
Residential sector
Transport sector
Energy conversion
sector
Other GHG and removals by LULUCF
Emission reduction Targets for associations and Unions (102)
Targets for Introduction of highly energy-efficient equipment/devices
(7 equipment for all sector, 32 equipment and technologies for industry sector)
Other targets
Targets for associations and Unions
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Consists of National Target
FY2005 (actual)
(Mt)
FY2013 (actual) (Mt)
Estimated emission in FY2030 by sector (Mt)
Targets for associations and Unions
Energy-originated CO2
1,219 1,235 927
Industrial sector 457 429 401 49(53)Commercial and others 239 279 168 33(45)
Residential sector 180 201 122
Transport sector 240 225 163 15(19)Energy transformation 104 101 73 5
Thank you
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