Climate change influences on India’s Marine Fisheries Presented by Dr.(Ms).V.Kripa, Principal Scientist Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Kochi Co authors : E.Vivekanandan, P.U.Zacharia, and A.Gopalakrishnan Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 1
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Climate change influences on India’s Marine Fisheries
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Climate change influences on India’s Marine Fisheries Presented by Dr.(Ms).V.Kripa, Principal Scientist Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Kochi
Co authors : E.Vivekanandan, P.U.Zacharia, and A.Gopalakrishnan
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 1
Length of coastline 8,129 km Fishing villages 3,288
Marine fishers population 3.9 million Active fishers population 0.9 million
Landing centers 1,511 Major fishing harbours 26 Minor fishing harbours 38
Profile of Indian Marine Fisheries
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How the Exploitation is Carried Out
• 5 major Gears – Trawl – Bagnets – Gillnets – Seines – Hook & Line
• Major Crafts – Mechanized – Motorized – Non-mechanized
• More than 25 craft gear combinations
Number Catch (lakh tonnes) % contribution Mechanized 72559 30.8 78 Motorised 71313 7.8 20 Non mechanised 50618 0.8 2.2
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14721
24890
2007 2012
Value (in INR crores) of marine fish landings
11.51% per annum
Traditional units
Mechanized units
1997-98 2009-10
Structural shift in the capital investment
24934
38562
2007 2012
Retail market -Gross earnings (in INR crores)
9.11% per annum
4117 crores
Private capital investment in fishing equipments
15,163 crores
22% pa
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Indian Marine Fisheries - Percentages
Gross value US$ 7.2 billion Export Value US$ 4.5 billion: ~65%
marine capture % in total exports 3% Domestic markets 81% fresh; 5% frozen
6% dry; 5% fish meal Per capita fish consumption 2.85 kg (range 39 – 0.3) Share in GDP ~1% Share in agricultural GDP 4.5%
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India Vs World – Marine Catch Trends
India Global
Continuing to grow & expand
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Cat
ch (m
illio
n to
nnes
)
World marine catch
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Estimates of carbon emission from marine fishing crafts
1
Source : Vivekanandan et al 2013.Carbon footprint by marine fishing boats of India.Current Science. 105 (15): 361-366
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Different types of seines in which more than 20 fishermen are involved in fishing –they fish shoal farming
small pelagic fishes
A small harbour in Vypin Island -Kerala
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Carbon footprint by marine fishing boats of India
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1961, 15.3%
2010, 76.2%
Percentage contribution by
mechanized craft
6708 nos
0.31
3.6
1961 2010
Disel consumption equivalent to CO2emission (million tones (mt))
15.3
76.2
1961 2010
Contribution of mechnazied craftto overall landing (%)
72559 nos
Considering global estimate, India’s emission intensity is low by about 40% per tonne of live weight landed.
Carbon footprint by marine fishing boats of India
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Climate change impacts on fish distribution and phenology
2
Source : Results of network project on climate change
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Sensitiveness of Fish to Temperature
• Some fish are sensitive to even 1oC rise in temperature • However, the temperature has to increase beyond a
certain threshold for a visible impact • Generally, those with short life and quick generation
turnover adapt • They try to adapt by shifting the area of distribution;
and/or effecting phenological changes • Fishing technology masks the effects
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Changes in Distribution and Phenology
• Category 1: Extension of distributional boundary (Indian oils sardine)
• Category 2: Change in biomass (Indian oil sardine)
• Category 3: Shift in depth of occurrence (Indian Mackerel)
• Category 4: Temporal shift in spawning (Nemipterus japonicus)
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 14
Oil Sardine Sardinella longiceps • Coastal, pelagic, schooling fish • Maximum size – 20cm • Massive fishery in India; probably the largest
stock in the Indian ocean • Crucial role in marine ecosystems as a plankton
feeder and as food for larger fishes • Annual production : 3.8 lakh tonnes (15%) • Total value : Rs. 350 crores • Low priced; staple sustenance and nutritional
food for millions • A tropical fish with preference for SST > 28°C
Case study
1
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Extension of northern boundary of oil sardine (the colored lines indicate percentage of All India oil sardine production)
0.1% - 1%1% - 10%
10 % - 25%25% - 50%
>50%
LONGITUDE(°E]
LAT
ITU
DE
(°N
)
1961-1976 1977-1986
1987-1996 1997-2006
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Distributional Changes
• With warming of the sea, the fish is able to find temperature to its preference in the northern latitudes and eastern longitudes, thereby extending the distributional boundaries and establishing fisheries in larger coastal areas.
. • These distributional shifts are expected to result in
drastic changes in species mix and ecosystem structures and functions.
• Will this trend pave the way for species replacement?
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Sardine catch has been related to several oceanographic parameters
Banse, 1959, Pillai et al., 1980, Yohannan and Abdurahman, 1998, Longhurst and Wooster, 1990, Madhupratap et al., 1994, Jayaprakash,
2002 and Xu and Boyce, 2009) Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium
on CC 18
Case study
2
• The IEEZ was divided into six regions such as • South West EEZ (SWEEZ), • South East EEZ (SEEEZ), • North East EEZ (NEEEZ), • North West EEZ (NWEEZ), • Lakshadweep EEZ (LAKEEZ) and Andaman EEZ (ANEEEZ)
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on CC 19
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Features of sardine fishery
Fishery during commences during June -July
Spawning June-Sep
Rapid growth,
early maturity
Entry of spawners
Shoals of juveniles
Shoals of adults
Wide annual fluctuations
Upwelling has very important role in sardine fishery and CC impacts upwelling
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Sardine fishery fluctuations • Upwelling helps in
increasing productivity and this supports sardine spawning and recruitment
• But studies on sardine catch and upwelling has shown that if hypoxic waters are present in coastal waters before spawning this can prevent spawners from entering the spawning ground.
• Hypoxic conditions also affect larval survival
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S.W MONSOON The normal rainfall during the southwest monsoon over Kerala from 1871 to 2008 was 1924.9 mm with a coefficient of variation of 19.3%. The monthly rainfall was relatively undependable with August and September having a coefficient of variation of 41.5 and 54.1 per cent respectively
Adaptation to seawater warming – Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta)
• Coastal, pelagic, tropical fish • Maximum size – 32cm • Massive fishery in India; • Crucial role in marine ecosystems as a plankton feeder and as
food for larger fishes • Annual production : 1.4 lakh tonnes (5%) • Total value : Rs 350 crores • Staple sustenance and nutritional food for millions
Case study
3
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Indian mackerel :descends to deeper waters • Indian mackerel generally occupies
surface and subsurface waters. conventionally caught by surface drift gillnets by artisanal fishermen.
• In recent years, the fish is increasingly getting caught in bottom trawlnets operated by large mechanised boats at about 50 m depth.
• Now, about 10% of the mackerel catch is by the trawlers.
• This shows that the fish descends down to overcome warmer surface waters.
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 26
Phenological changes in threadfin breams • One of the dominant demersal resources of India • Maximum size: 32 cm • Annual production : 1.2 lakh tonnes (5%) • Total value : Rs. 360 crores • A prolonged spawning seasonality • Shift in peak spawning activity towards cooler months in the last 20
years, off Chennai
Nemipterus japonicus Nemipterus mesoprion
Case study
4
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N. mesoprion : Change in spawning season off Chennai
0
20
40
60
80
100
1983
1985
1987
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
Year
Spaw
ners
(%) October-March
April-September
Nemipterus japonicus: Change in spawning season off Chennai
0
20
40
60
80
100
1980
1982
1984
1986
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
Year
Spaw
ners
(%)
October - March
April - September
SST: 27.5 – 28 °C
SST: 29 – 29.5 °C
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Jan-
96
Mar
-96
May
-96
Jul-9
6
Sep-
96
Nov
-96
Jan-
97
Mar
-97
May
-97
Jul-9
7
Sep-
97
Nov
-97
Jan-
98
Mar
-98
May
-98
Jul-9
8
Sep-
98
Nov
-98
Jan-
99
Mar
-99
May
-99
Jul-9
9
Sep-
99
Nov
-99
Jan-
00
Mar
-00
May
-00
Jul-0
0
Sep-
00
Nov
-00
Tem
pera
ture
deg
C
Catc
h in
tonn
es
Seawater temp at 10m depth and catch of threadfin breams (1996 to 2000)
Threadfin breams Temp
Strong upwelling –low bottom water temp gives good catch of Nemiterus japonicus
• Very strong relation to bottom water temperature
• Catch above 2000 tonnes were recorded when the bottom water temp were less than 25 deg C (average=23.8 deg C)
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Case study
5
Impacts of low pH on Meroplankton
• Low Ph was observed during September and October in the coastal waters in some years, mainly due to anthropogenic impacts.
• The plankton community during this period showed considerable changes
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 30
5
23.5
70.6
5.9 Range of surface water pH at 5 m depth, off Cochin during
2008-2013 pH <7
pH 7 to 8
pH > 8
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
May
-08
Jun-
08Se
p-08
Dec-
08M
ar-0
9M
ay-0
9Se
p-09
Nov
-09
Jan-
10Fe
b-10
Mar
-10
May
-10
Jun-
10Se
p-10
Oct
-10
Nov
-10
Jan-
11Fe
b-11
Apr-
11M
ay-1
1Au
g-11
Sep-
11O
ct-1
1N
ov-1
1De
c-11
Jan-
12Fe
b-12
Mar
-12
Apr-
12O
ct-1
2N
ov-1
2De
c-12
Jan-
13Fe
b-13
Mar
-13
Apr-
13Au
g-13
Sept
-13
Oct
-13
Nov
-13
Dec-
13
pH of surface water
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Change in zooplankton community structure
• Macro zooplankton dominated the community • Calciphorous zooplankton (bivalve larvae, pteropods and
phyllosoma) and micro-zooplankton were found to be negatively impacted
• Low biomass of micro-zooplankton can negatively affect fish recruitment.
• Phyllosoma and bivalve larvae were absent indicating that fishery of these shellfish stocks can be affected. August and September are the spawning months of bivalves especially mussels.
• However, larger crustacean larvae were not affected, indicating a size based vulnerability to ocean acidification.
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Impacts on Marine Habitats –coral reefs, coastal ecosystems and
livelihoods
3
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Bleaching events in the Indian Seas
Location Month/Year Mortality/Bleaching Gulf of Mannar June 1998 60% branching forms lost Lakshadweep May 1998 78% mortality
Andaman Islands May 1998 Up to 50% dead Nicobar Islands May 1998 Up to 20% dead Gulf of Kachchh May 1998 10-30% bleaching
Palk Bay April 2002 60% affected
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Coastal waters- an area where small scale fishers depend on the natural resources
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Artisanal fisheries
Coastal waters provide livelihood to several artisanal small scale fishers
Increased no.of rainy days affects livelihood
Cast net fishers
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Clam fishing is an imp coastal livelihood
Flooding leads to loss in fishing days
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The whole family takes part in the harvest, post harvest and marketing. So when there is loss in fishing days it affects the whole family
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Vulnerability and perception of fishermen towards climate change
4
Results of the IDLAM -Integrated District-level adaptation and mitigation component of NICRA project Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on
CC 39
Coastal population
• More than 100 million people of the Indian population live along the 7510 km country’s coasts, with an average population density of 455 persons per km2 which is about 1.5 times the national average of 324 (Census, 2001)..
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 41
Alapuzha district of Kerala The survey was done in Alapuzha district which has • 30 fishing villages • 20278 fishermen families. • Traditional fishermen - 20024 (98.74% of total
fishermen families) of which 10244 (50%) are below poverty line
• 51 mechanized boats,1015 crafts with outboard and 1766 boats are non-motorised Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium
on CC 42
Seawall as protection
from monsoon
waves –This will prevent sea erosion.
Still…..
Houses are built very
close to the sea thereby increasing
the vulnerability
to CC impacts
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 43
Beaches are important landing centres Country crafts with fish catch and auctioning at the landing centre
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It has been observed that sea level rise of 1 mm per year could cause a recession of shoreline in the order of about 0.5 m per year
The approach……… info on fishermen perception collected through planned surveys
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 45
Beaches are imp landing
centres, and is the major site where
auctioning of fish catch is
done and place where crafts are berthed.
When beaches erode, or when
CC impacts beaches, the
fishermen are directly affected
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11,922
1,991 686 438 391 501 590 631
3,268
TVM KLM APZ EKM THR MLM KOZ KAN KAS
Noof coastal villagers involved in fish marketing in different districts of Kerala
2,88
0
546
1,50
3
531 67
0
1,57
1
1,83
1
542
1,10
1
2,30
4
299
1,98
0
146
217
186
260
97 39
5
TVM KLM APZ EKM THR MLM KOZ KAN KAS
Number of fishing crafts in which will be berthed in the beaches /coastal waters
Motorized Non-motorized
Change in fishing ground
Move to distant fishing ground Has
affected Livelihood Increased fishing cost
Threat to life –no protection for fishers
Loss in fishing days due to bad weather
Fishermen’s perception Im
pact
s
1
2
Affe
cts
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Small landing centres are destroyed
Abnormally high tidal amplitudes
Rough weather
Sea level rise
Destruction /loss of houses
Has affected even basic facilities in fisher households
Has affected the whole village where fishing is the main activity
Fishermen’s Perception
4 3
Caus
es
Impa
cts
Affe
cts
Seawater intrusion in households
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 48
Factors which increase vulnerability of fishers
How vulnerability is increased
Low level of awareness about climate change
Makes fishers more vulnerable to CC impact
Low literacy rate Unable to accept /adopt protective measure
Lack / inadequate level of sanitation and health care facilities
Fishers more vulnerable to spread of epidemics consequent to flood or inundations / cyclones
Inferences from the survey
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 49
Factors which increase vulnerability of fishers
How vulnerability is increased
Lack of protection shelters, wireless weather communication tools, poor/ bad roads
Exposes fishers to more vulnerable situations
Distance between residential area and the coastline very low
High vulnerability to sea erosion; SL rise
Unplanned developmental activities (construction and destruction of habitats)
Has led to sea water intrusion during high tides since most villages are low lying areas
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Kerala –Incessant rains during monsoon Picture of an Indian news paper
Floods are common and coastal villagers are affected by water logging
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More droughts-more water scarcity
• Women in coastal areas have to spend considerable energy and time to source drinking water for the family.
• The most disastrous drought was noticed in the year 1953 during the decade 1951-60 for the first time, followed by 1983, 1991 and 1996 in recent decades.
• The occurrences and intensity of droughts were increasing in the recent decades.
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 52
• The analysis of decadal water level trend (1996 -2005) indicates that 13% and 30% of monitoring wells are showing declining trend of more than 0.1m/yr for pre-monsoon and post monsoon data respectively (CGWB data)
• Indicates more stress for coastal fisher families who depend on ground water
• Government is promoting rainwater harvesting schemes
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Adaptation and mitigation
• Mangrove restoration • Strengthen basic amenities in coastal
villages (drinking water, good sanitation etc)
• Increase disaster preparedness
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 54
Traditional fish culture
• Of the four main activities in traditional fish farming, only one activity uses energy.
• ICE USED FOR PRESERVATION,
• TRANSPORTATON BY ROAD
• NO POWER USED
• ONLY NATURAL FEED
• SOURCED FROM NATURE
SEED FEED
POST HARVEST HARVEST
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 55
Coir making is a good additional alternate avocation option in some villages of Kerala
• Identify alternate avocation for villagers to compensate for loss in fishing days
• This will vary from in different villages and will depend on availability of raw material
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 56
Coastal areas are important breeding ground and nursery of valuable biota
By improving habitats, the ecosystem productivity can be increased which will increase the income earned by coastal fishers; which can to some extent reduce vulnerability and loss of fishing days
Mangrove restoration is imp
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Involving younger generation in restoration programs
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 58
Involvement of villagers is important
CMFRI -Climate awarness mission
Mangrove planting in shallow extensive and semi-intensive shrimp ponds to abate stress due to high temperatures
Supporting artisanal aquaculture activities
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 60
The major Climate Preparedness activities (CPAs) recommended as management advisories for increasing the preparedness of coastal villages to impacts of CC
Climate Preparedness Activity (CPA)
1 Increase awareness among fishers on climate change and related threats to the livelihood
2 Increase the adaptation and preparedness through proper scientific interactions and trainings
3 Strengthen alternative avocations available across the different fishing villages to negate the risks and uncertainties of CC
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 61
4 Develop location specific elevation levels for new settlement areas under the town planning acts after proper assessments to avoid damage to sea erosion. Rules to be strictly enforced
5 Develop local infrastructure (roads, health supports, protection shelters etc) for reducing CC vulnerability
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 62
Climate Preparedness Activity (CPA)
6 Train and involve fishers for disaster preparedness / evacuation (There are rograms like Jana Jagrithi Samithi in Kerala)
7 Strictly regulate unplanned coastal activities which would affect tidal amplitudes in village canals/ riparian areas
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8 Since fishermen are forced to move out to deeper areas, protection aids must be made available even for traditional /artisanal fishers.
9 Strengthen seawalls and bioshields (In Kerala there are programs like Theeravanam (coastal forestry)
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Disaster management in Idia
• The natural disaster management system in the country is very good.
• Can get warning on state of sea • Advice fishermen to abstain from fishing
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Cyclone Phailin in India
• Phailin became a very severe cyclonic storm on October 10, 2013 equivalent to a category 1 hurricane
• Around 12 million people affected. • As part of the preparations, 600 buildings were
identified as cyclone shelters and people were evacuated from areas near the coast, including Ganjam, Puri, Khordha and Jagatsinghapur districts in Odisha
• The cyclone prompted India's biggest evacuation in 23 years with more than 5,50,000 people moved up from the coastline in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh to safer places
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Phailin
Affected villages
Natural Disaster management in India Shifting fishers to safer places during cyclone
Fishermen
• More awareness programs
• Alternate avocation for adapting to CC
Planners
• More planning for protecting the target group from impacts of CC
• Disaster mang. programs
Community
• Develop towards green economy
• Reduce carbon foot print for posterity
Big disasters are well managed. But factors affecting daily life has to be given more importance
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 69
Future work
• We are on the way towards developing climate models for fisheries resources
• Have data and we need more collaboration • Need more guidance on ocean acidification
related work • Overall impacts on marine ecosystem services
is being evaluated
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 70
Thank u PICES for sponsoring and for the invitation and for the opportunity for presenting India’s research highlights on impacts of CC on marine fisheries
Kripa -CMFRI; 3rd International Symposium on CC 71