1 Climate Change and Ocean Acidification Kevin Noone Sida-SRC Conference on Oceans and Climate Change Stockholm, 12 October 2010
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Climate Change and Ocean Acidification
Kevin Noone Sida-SRC Conference on Oceans and Climate Change
Stockholm, 12 October 2010
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Outline
• The basics of ocean acidification • Ocean acidification impacts • Connections to development
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Acknowledgments
• Terry Garcia, National Geographic • Alex David Rogers, Zoological Society of London • Carol Turley, Plymouth Marine Laboratory
for providing material and inspiration for this presentation
The oceans comprise huge ecosystems
• Oceans cover 71% of Earth’s surface
• Average depth ~ 3,800m • 88% oceans beyond
continental shelves are >1km deep
• 90% of habitable volume for life
• Contains 90% of Earth’s biomass
Every second breath you take comes from the ocean…..
• Oxygen is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis by microscopic plants • Overall oceans produce nearly half of the atmosphere’s oxygen
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The basics of ocean acidification
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Carbonate chemistry in the oceans
Climate Change Science Compendium, UNEP 2009
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pH in the deep past
Turley et al, 2006. Cambridge University Press, 8, 65-70
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Anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans
Sabine, et al., Science 305, 367-371, 2004
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Changing ocean pH
Source: Guinotte, et al., Coral Reefs 22, 551-558, 2003
pCO2 = 280 ppmv
pCO2 = 375 ppmv
1870
2000-2009
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Changing ocean pH
pCO2 = 415 ppmv
pCO2 = 465 ppmv
2020-2029
2040-2049
Source: Guinotte, et al., Coral Reefs 22, 551-558, 2003
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Changing ocean pH
Source: Guinotte, et al., Coral Reefs 22, 551-558, 2003
pCO2 = 517 ppmv
2060-2069
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Impacts
The most diverse marine ecosystems on Earth
Coral reefs are ancient ecosystems Cover <1% of Earth’s surface but harbour 1.5 - 2 million species Includes quarter of all marine fish Species Coral reefs confer a net value of approximately $29.8 billion per year Tourism & recreation $9.6 billion; coastal protection $9 billion; fisheries $5.7 billion; biodiversity $5.5 billion Feed about 1 billion people per year
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Coral reefs
Bellwood, D.R., et al., 2004. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature, 429(6994): 827-833.
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Coral reefs
Kleypas & Yates, Oceanography, 22(4), 108-117, 2009.
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Ocean acidification: implications?
Orr et al. Nature 437, 681-686, 2005
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Ocean acidification and development
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Population growth & ocean acidification
S. R. Cooley, et al., Oceanography, 22(4), 172-181, 2009.
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Coral reefs
S. R. Cooley, et al., Oceanography, 22(4), 172-181, 2009.
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