Click on a lesson name to select. Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Section 1: Introduction to Plant Reproduction Section 2: Flowers Section 3: Flowering.

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Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants

Section 1: Introduction to Plant Reproduction

Section 2: Flowers

Section 3: Flowering Plants

Vegetative Reproduction

The plants that result from vegetative reproduction are clones of the original plant because their genetic makeups are identical to the original plant.

23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction

Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23

Strawberry plant

Advantages of Vegetative Reproduction

Reproduction in Plants

It is faster to grow new plants than from a spore or a seed.

The resultant plants are more uniform in their characteristics.

The only way to produce some fruits that do not produce seeds


Chapter 23

Natural Vegetative Reproduction


When conditions are dry, some mosses dry out, break apart, and are scattered by the wind.

When conditions improve, some of these pieces are able to resume growth in a new location.

Moss


Chapter 23

Humans Use Vegetative Reproduction


Farmers, horticulturists, and scientists can use buds, leaves, stems, or root pieces from certain plants to grow new plants.

A few cells of plant tissue can be placed on nutrient agar in sterile conditions to produce hundreds of identical plants.


Chapter 23

Alternation of Generations


The life cycle of most plants includes a diploid (2n) sporophyte stage and a haploid (n) gametophyte stage.


Chapter 23

The gametophyte stage produces gametes—egg and sperm.


In nonvascular plants, the sperm must have a small amount of water to get to the egg.


Chapter 23

In vascular plants, the sperm may be carried by the wind, or another vector such as an insect.


Fertilization of the egg by the sperm forms a cell that is the first cell of the sporophyte stage.


Chapter 23


Moss Reproduction and Life Cycle


The life cycle of the mosses begins with the dominant stage, the gametophyte.


Chapter 23

There are both male and female forms of the gametophyte.


Eggs are produced in the female structure, called the archegonium.


Sperm are producedin the male structure, called the antheridium.

Chapter 23


The chemical that allows sperm to find the egg is chemotaxis.


Sperm require water to swim to the egg.

Chapter 23



The mature sporophyte consists of a stalk that grows in the gametophyte stage.

Chapter 23

At the tip of the stalk is a capsule where up to 50 million spores may form by meiosis.


The spores produce a protonema that can develop into the gametophyte plant and start a new cycle.


Chapter 23


Fern Reproduction and Life Cycle


Another life cycle that has alternation of generations and produces spores is that of the fern.


Chapter 23

Spores are produced from the sori, on the underside of a frond.


If a fern spore lands on damp, rich soil, it can grow and form a tiny, heart-shaped gametophyte called a prothallus.


Chapter 23


The young sporophyte develops into a frond to start the cycle over again.


Fertilization produces a sporophyte that grows from the prothallus.

Chapter 23

Conifer Reproduction and Life Cycle



Conifers are heterosporus—they produce twotypes of spores that develop into male and female groups.

Chapter 23

Female Cones


At the base of each scale on a female cone are two ovules.

Each ovule has a megasporangium that produces megaspores.

One of the megaspores develops into the female gametophyte.


Chapter 23

Male Cones


Each scale on the male cone contains hundreds of sporangia.

The sporangia produce microspores, which produce the male gametophyte, or pollen grain.


Chapter 23

Pollination


Pollination occurs when the pollen grain from one species of a plant lands on the female reproductive structure of a plant of the same species.

The pollen grain is trapped in a sticky substance called the pollen drop which is located near the micropyle.


Chapter 23

Seed Development


Seed development within the cone may take as long as three years.

The seed embryo will use the cotyledons for photosynthesis upon sprouting.


Chapter 23

Conifer’s Life Cycle

Flower Organs

Flowers are the reproductive structures of anthophytes.

23.2 Flowers


There are basically four structures—sepals, petals, stamen, and pistils.


23.2 Flowers

Chapter 23

Flowers have several organs that provide protection or support, or are involved in the reproductive process.


Petals attract animal pollinators and provide a landing pad.


Sepals and petals open and close to protect the reproductive parts of the flower.

23.2 Flowers

Sepals may be green and look like leaves and petals.

Chapter 23


The filament stalk supports the anther, which contains the pollen grains.

23.2 Flowers

Most flowers have several stamen—the male reproductive organ—surrounding the central part of the flower.

Chapter 23

Flower Adaptations


Structural differences

Flowers that have sepals, petals, stamens, and one or more pistils are called complete flowers.

If a flower is missing one or more of these organs, it is an incomplete flower.

23.2 Flowers

Chapter 23


Flowers that have both stamens and pistils are called perfect flowers.

An imperfect flower has either functional stamens or pistils.

23.2 Flowers

Chapter 23


23.2 Flowers

Monocots generally have multiples of three.

When the petal number is a multiple of four or five, the plant is either a dicot or a eudicot.

The number of other organs often is the same multiple of three, four, or five.

The number of flower organs distinguishes dicots and eudicots from monocots.

Chapter 23

Pollination Mechanisms


Flower adaptations that relate to pollination include flower size, shape, color, and petal arrangements.

Animal pollination

Wind pollination

Self pollination

23.2 Flowers

Chapter 23


Photoperiodism


The flowering response to the number of hours of uninterrupted darkness is known as photoperiodism.

Flowering plants are divided into four different groups based on the critical period.

23.2 Flowers

Chapter 23

Short-day Photoperiodism


A short-day plant flowers when exposed daily to a number of hours of darkness that is greater than its critical period.

23.2 Flowers

Chapter 23

Long-day Photoperiodism


A long-day plant flowers when the number of hours of darkness is less than its critical period.

23.2 Flowers

Chapter 23

Intermediate-day Photoperiodism


An intermediate-day plant flowers as long as the number of hours of darkness is neither too great or too few.

23.2 Flowers

Chapter 23

Day-neutral Photoperiodism


A day-neutral plant flowers over a range in the number of hours of darkness.

23.2 Flowers

Chapter 23

Life Cycle

The life cycle of a flowering plant includes gametophyte and sporophyte generations.

23.3 Flowering Plants


Results of Reproduction

Fertilization is only the beginning of a long process that ends with the formation of a seed.



Chapter 23

Seed and Fruit Development

The sporophyte begins as a zygote, or a 2n cell.


The zygote undergoes numerous cell divisions to form an embryo.

Nourishment for the embryo comes from a tissue called the endosperm.


Chapter 23

Double Fertilization in Flowering Plants



As the ovule develops into a seed, changes occur in the ovary that lead to the formation of fruit.


As the endospore matures, the outside layers of the ovule harden and form a protective tissue called the seed coat.

Chapter 23

Seed Germination


When the embryo in a seed starts to grow, the process is called germination.

The first part of the embryo to appear outside the seed is the radicle.


Chapter 23


The cotyledons will provide nourishment for the seedling until photosynthesis begins.


The hypocotyl is the first part of the seed to appear above ground.

Chapter 23



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Chapter 23

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1. A2. B3. C4. D

CDQ 1

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What term is used to describe the process in which new plants grow from parts of an existing plant?

A. budding

B. regeneration

C. vegetative reproduction

D. sexual reproduction



1. A2. B3. C4. D

CDQ 2

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What is the threadlike structure of a spore which develops into a gametophyte?

A. chemotaxis

B. prothallus

C. protonema

D. microspore

1. A2. B3. C4. D

CDQ 3

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What structure of the plant embryo first appears outside the seed?

A. cotyledon

B. first leaf

C. hypocotyls

D. radicle

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 1

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Which scientist uses plant cells to grow new plant tissues on nutrient agar?

A. botanical technologist

B. horticulture specialist

C. plant physiologist

D. tissue-culture technician

23.1 Formative Questions

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 2

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What is the term for the movement of cells in response to a chemical?

A. chemitropism

B. chemotaxis

C. chemiosmosis

D. hydrochemisis

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 3

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What is the tiny heart-shaped gametophyte produced from a fern spore called?

A. frond

B. sorus

C. prothallus

D. protonema

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 4

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What is the term for a plant that produces two types of spores that develop into male or female gametophytes?

A. bisporous

B. diasporous

C. gametosporous

D. heterosporous

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 5

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In conifers, how are pollen grains produced by a male cone transported to a female cone?

A. animals

B. fire

C. water

D. wind

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 6

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What type of flowers are either male reproductive organs or female reproductive organs, not both?

A. complete flowers

B. incomplete flowers

C. perfect flowers

D. imperfect flowers

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 7

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What is a characteristic of plants that are pollinated by animals?

A. brightly-colored petals

B. large pistils

C. long stamens

D. many sepals

1. A

2. B

FQ 8

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Which type of plant flowers when the number of hours of darkness is less than its critical period?

A. short-day plant

B. long-day plant

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 9

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Which type of plants generally has flower organs in multiples of three?

A. monocots

B. dicots

C. tricots

D. eudicots

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 10

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What is the dominant generation in flowering plants?

A. anthophyte

B. gametophyte

C. saprophyte

D. sporophyte


1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 11

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From what plant organ does a fruit develop?

A. anther

B. ovary

C. stigma

D. style

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 12

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How does the dispersal of seeds increase the survival rate of offspring?

A. It increases genetic diversity.

B. It limits the spread of disease.

C. It reduces competition.D. It results in

new adaptations.

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 13

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What begins the process of seed germination?

A. absorption of water

B. appearance of

the radicle

C. breakdown of

the endosperm

D. growth of cotyledons

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 14

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What is an adaptation that increases the survival rate of seeds exposed to harsh conditions?

A. dormancy

B. photoperiodism

C. alternation of generations

D. internal germination

1. A2. B3. C4. D

CAQ 1

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Which flower organ is indicated?

A. pistil

B. spore

C. stamen

D. sepal


1. A2. B3. C4. D

CAQ 2

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Photoperiodism is associated with what plant necessity?

A. hours of daylight

B. hours of darkness

C. ability to perform

photosynthesis

D. ability to reproduce

1. A2. B3. C4. D

CAQ 3

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What is the food source for the embryo in a eudicot seed?

A. seed coat

B. endosperm

C. cotyledon

D. radicle

1. A2. B3. C4. D

STP 1

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What occurs when a new plant grows at the end of a parent plant’s runner or stolon?

A. artificial duplication

B. botanic replication

C. organic cloning

D. vegetative reproduction


1. A2. B3. C4. D

STP 2

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What are the first cells of the gametophyte stage?

A. gametes

B. spores

C. zygotes

D. gametophyte cells

1. A2. B3. C4. D

STP 3

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How are flowering plants heterosporous?

A. Antheridia produce sperm; archegonia produce eggs.

B. Females produce pollen grains; males develop ovules.

C. Pistils produce megaspores; stamens produce microspores.

D. Gametophytes produce female spores; sporophytes produce male spores.

1. A2. B3. C4. D

STP 4

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What is this multinucleated cell called?

A. ovule

B. pollen grain

C. female gametophyte

D. male megaspore

1. A2. B3. C4. D

STP 5

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A pollen grain from one species of plant lands on the stigma of a plant that is a different species. How is fertilization prevented?

A. The pollen grain cannot undergo mitosis.

B. The sperm nucleus cannot fuse with the egg.

C. The pollen grain cannot produce a pollen tube.

D. The pollen tube cannot produce sperm nuclei.

1. A

2. B

STP 6

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Which fertilization results in the endosperm?

A

B

1. A

2. B

STP 7

0%0%



Which seed is a monocot?

A.

B.


Glencoe Biology Transparencies


Image Bank


Image Bank


vegetative

reproduction

chemotaxis

protonema

prothallus

heterosporus

megaspore

microspore

micropyle

Vocabulary

Section 1

sepal

petal

stamen

pistil

photoperiodism

short-day plant

long-day plant

intermediate-day

plant

day-neutral plant


Vocabulary

Section 2

polar nuclei

endosperm

seed coat

germination

radicle

hypocotyl

dormancy


Vocabulary

Section 3


Alternation of Generations

Moss’s Life Cycle

Conifer’s Life Cycle

Organs of a Flower

Visualizing Pollination

Double Fertilization in Plants

Germination of a Bean Seed

Animation






Click on a lesson name to select. Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Section 1: Introduction to Plant Reproduction Section 2: Flowers Section 3: Flowering.

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