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Cleanliness and hygiene Cleanliness and hygiene 二二 () 二二 ()
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Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Jan 11, 2016

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Cleanliness and hygiene (二). 压 疮 ( Pressure sores ). 身体局部组织长期受压,血液循环障碍,局部持续缺血、缺氧、营养不良而致的软组织溃烂和坏死。 来源于拉丁文 Decub 褥疮 bed sores 压力性溃疡 pressure ulcers 营养性溃疡. Mechanism of Pressure Ulcers. Mechanism. Mechanism. Outer factors. Inner factor. Blood Circulation smoking spasm - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 1: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Cleanliness and hygieneCleanliness and hygiene(二)(二)

Page 2: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

压 疮压 疮 (( Pressure soresPressure sores ))

身体局部组织长期受压,血液循环障碍,局部持续缺血、缺氧、营养不良而致的软组织溃烂和坏死。

来源于拉丁文 Decub

褥疮 bed sores

压力性溃疡 pressure ulcers

营养性溃疡

Page 3: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Mechanism of Pressure UlcersMechanism of Pressure Ulcers

Page 4: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Mechanism

Page 5: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Mechanics Factor

pressure

friction

shearing force

Trauma & Infection

Temperature

Moisture

Blood Circulation

smoking

spasm

Age

Nutrition

Anaemia

Movement &

Sensation

Mechanism

Pressure ulcer

Outer factors Inner factor

Page 6: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Landis 2.7Kpa

Mclennan 2.1-4.3Kpa ( 体积描记器 )

Disdule 9.3Kpa 2h

肌肉: 500mmHg 4h

皮肤: 800mmHg 8h

200mmHg 16h

Mechanism-Pressure

Page 7: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

压力梯度

Mechanism-Pressure

Page 8: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

剪切力( Shearing force)

因两层组织相邻表面间的滑行,产生进行性地相对移动所引起的,是由摩擦力与压力相加而成,与体位有密切关系。

G

N f

Mechanism-Shearing Force

Page 9: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Medications

Orthopedic Devices

Elevated body temperature

Moisture

Malnutrition

Mental StatusSensory Impairment

Reduced MobilityImmobility

Pressure sores

Risk Factors

Page 10: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Susceptible PeopleSusceptible People((易患人群易患人群))

患神经系统疾病者老年人 肥胖者身体衰弱、营养不佳者水肿病人

疼痛病人石膏固定病人大小便失禁病人发热病人 使用镇静剂的病人

Page 11: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Susceptible SitesSusceptible Sites((易患部位易患部位))

缺乏脂肪组织保护、无肌肉包裹或肌层较薄的骨隆突处及受压部位

supine position side-lying position prone position sitting position皮肤皱褶处石膏包裹或受压处

Page 12: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Supine PositionSupine Position

Page 13: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Side-lying PositionSide-lying Position

(髋部)

Page 14: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Prone PositionProne Position

Page 15: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Sitting PositionSitting Position

Page 16: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Stages of Pressure Ulcer FormationStages of Pressure Ulcer Formation

Page 17: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

瘀血红润期瘀血红润期StageⅠ

Ⅰ 期:具有超过 30 分钟不消退的红斑,皮肤完整

Page 18: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

炎性浸润期炎性浸润期Stage Ⅱ

Ⅱ 期:损害累及表皮或真皮受损

Page 19: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

浅度溃疡期浅度溃疡期Stage Ⅲ

Ⅲ期:损害涉及皮肤全层及皮下脂肪组织

Page 20: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)
Page 21: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)
Page 22: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)
Page 23: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

深度溃疡期深度溃疡期Stage Ⅳ

Ⅳ 期:深层组织(肌肉、骨骼、关节)受损

Page 24: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

深度溃疡期深度溃疡期Stage Ⅳ

Page 25: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Pressure Ulcers Pressure Ulcers &&

Nursing ProcessNursing Process

Page 26: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

AssessingAssessing

•Assessment of Skin Integrity•Assessment of Pressure Ulcer

Page 27: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Assessment of Skin IntegrityAssessment of Skin Integrity

•Nursing History•Physical Assessment•Risk Assessment Tools

Page 28: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Risk Assessment ToolsRisk Assessment Tools

Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore

Norton’s Pressure Area Risk Assessment Form Scale

Anderson Scale

Page 29: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Braden 量表

评分内容 评分标准

1 分 2 分 3 分 4 分

感觉 对压迫有关的不适感受能力 完全丧失 严重丧失 轻度丧失 未受损害

潮湿 皮肤暴露于潮湿环境的程度 持久潮湿 非常潮湿 偶尔潮湿 很少潮湿

活动 身体活动程度 卧床不起 局限于椅 偶尔步行 经常步行

活动能力(移动)

改变或控制体位的能力 完全不能 严重受限 轻度受限 不受限

营养 通常摄食状况 非常差 可能不足 适当 良好摩擦和剪切力 有 有潜在危险 无问题

总分: 6-23 分 总分↓ 危险性↑

轻度危险: 15-18 分 中度危险: 13-14 分

高度危险: 10-12 分 极度危险: 9 分以下

Page 30: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Norton Norton 量表量表身体情况 精神状态 活动 运动 二便失禁

很好 4 清醒 4 步行 4 不受限 4 无 4

尚可 3 淡漠 3 辅助步行 3 轻度受限 3 偶尔 3

差 2 模糊 2 局限于椅 2 严重受限 2 尿 2

很差 1 昏迷 1 卧床不起 1 完全不能 1 粪尿 1

总分: 5-20 分

15-18 分: 5 % 14 分以下: 32 % 12 分下(高危组): 48 %( 2 周) 营养评估量表

Page 31: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

营养评估表营养评估表体重 年龄 白蛋白 /HB 饮食 口腔 牙 摄食能力

正常 <40 岁 正常值范围35-60g/L

非素食 红润 健康 独立进食 4

略减轻 40-60 白蛋白 <35g/L

Hb<10-12g/L

偶尔素食 干燥 龋齿 碎食 3

严重减轻 60-80 白蛋白 <30g/L

Hb 6-10g/L

素食 苔厚 部分或全部假牙

需喂食 2

恶病质 80 岁 白蛋白 <20g/L

Hb< 6g/L

严重素食 溃疡 无牙 无假牙

需管喂 1

25-28 分:不易患压疮 19-25 分:较易患压疮 ≤ 18 分:极易患压疮

Page 32: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

AndersonAnderson 危险指标记分法危险指标记分法主要指标( 2 分)

次要指标( 1 分)

意识不清 老年≥ 70 岁

麻痹 运动受限

脱水 粪尿失禁

消瘦骨突部发红

记分≥ 3 分,发生压疮的危险性极高

Page 33: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Assessment of Pressure UlcersAssessment of Pressure Ulcers

•Location of the lesion•Size of lesion (length, width, depth)•Stage of the ulcer•Color of the wound bed and

location of necrosis or eschar•Condition of the wound margins• Integrity of surrounding skin•Clinical signs of infection

Page 34: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Page 35: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)
Page 36: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)
Page 37: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

记录记录• 骶尾部Ⅲ压疮,大小 6×6cm ,伤口基

底部 80 %黄色腐肉,有大量血水样渗出液,无味,伤口周围皮肤红肿,有触痛。

Page 38: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

DiagnosingDiagnosing

•Impaired Skin Integrity•Risk for Infection•Pain•Body Image Disturbance•Anxiety

Page 39: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

PlanningPlanningFor maintaining intact skin Inspect at regular intervalsKeep skin clean, dry, and moisturizedProvide appropriate pressure-relieving

devices and measuresFor promoting wound healingAdvocate wound nutritionDocument wound assessment at regular

intervalsApply appropriate wound treatments and

dressing

Page 40: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

ImplementingImplementing

•Preventing Pressure Ulcers•Treating Pressure Ulcers

Page 41: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Preventing pressure ulcersPreventing pressure ulcersProtecting the Skin from External

Mechanical Forces Turning the client periodically *body Mechanics Supporting surface *Doughnut Avoiding Friction and Shearing Force

Hygiene and Skin careStimulate Blood Circulation of Skin

*Massage Heat lamps

Providing NutritionTeaching Clients and Families about

Prevention

Page 42: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Supine PositionSupine Position

Page 43: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Side-lying PositionSide-lying Position

··

·

Page 44: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Prone PositionProne Position

Page 45: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Sitting PositionSitting Position

Page 46: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)
Page 47: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

ORTHODERM CONVERTIBL Sapphire 1100

Sapphire 475Sapphire 800

Air Prism

Page 48: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Thera-Turn 1000

Tru - TurnRoho Dry Flotation Mattress Overlay

Prodigy Mattress Overlay

Comfort Turn

Page 49: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

NATURE SLEEP 700

MAXIFLOAT L SERIES

MAXIFLOAT D SERIES

MAXIFLOAT E SERIES

436 PRESSURE REDUCTION MATTRESS

Page 50: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Low Air Loss Mattress

Page 51: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

避免摩擦力避免摩擦力•床单位•防止擦伤病人•改变体位 ※悬吊法 ※提式床单法

Page 52: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

※勿对发红部位进行按摩

Page 53: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)
Page 54: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

增 进 营 养增 进 营 养高蛋白高热量高维生素

Page 55: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)

Treating Pressure UlcersTreating Pressure Ulcers

• Cleaning the Pressure Ulcer• Dressing the Pressure Ulcer ※现代伤口护理新理论 - 湿润性伤口愈合理论• Controlling Infection• Providing care in other treatment

Options

Page 56: Cleanliness and hygiene (二)
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