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Annals. Food Science and Technology 2011
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THE CHARACTERIZATION OF LIQUID DISCHARGE IN THE HY DROGRAPHIC
NETWORK OF THE TINOASA – CIUREA WATERSHED, IASI COU NTY
Claudiu PRICOP, Florian STĂTESCU Technical University“Gheorghe
Asachi”of Iaşi,
Faculty of Hydrotechnical Engineering,Geodesy and Environmental
Engineering Bd. D. Mangeron 65, Iasi 700050, Romania
E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper analyzes the
hydrological parameters of liquid flow from the representative
hydrographic basin Tinoasa – Ciurea, according to the climate
changes at global and Romanian level. The results of researches
made in the hydrographical basin Tinoasa – Ciurea were based on
data obtained from a well established number of observation and
measurements points, in a long series of years, which helps to
determine the hydrological parameters of liquid flow in a certain
period of time. Also, in all the stages of the research were taken
into account the conditional factors of liquid forming and solid
flow in the representative hydrographic basin: mean altitude, mean
slope, relief, gelogy, soil, vegetation, etc.. The influence of
multiannual monthly mean temperature increase, evaporation and
evapotranspiration coefficients increase, rainfall quantitative
decrease, all correlated with short period of rainfall in excess –
excepting February 2010, are determinants factors of liquid and
solid flow producing in the Tinoasa- Ciurea hydrographic basin. The
research method is applied in small hydrographic basins and is
based on the split of representative hydrographic basin in 5
sections, means 5 hydrographic subbasins, where monthly, annual,
multiannual monthly mean and total multiannual flows are analyzed.
The paper presents the results and evaluations covering a longer
period of time, based on data obtained from the observation and
measurements of various parameters recorded in the Tinoasa – Ciurea
hydrographic representative basin, Iasi county, referring the
determinations concerning the multi-year discharge in a 19 years
period. (1992-2010), multi-year average values of discharge in
Tinoasa River in 2001-2010 years and multi-year variation of
average rainfall for a 30 years period.
Keywords: representative basin, multi-year average flow,
rainfall, discharge. Submitted: 17.10.2011 Reviewed: 14.11.2011
Accepted: 15.12.2011 1. INTRODUCTION
According to the definition, the
representative basins are research units that on a 1:1 scale
model series, in natural conditions, in which an intensive program
of hydrometeorologic observations and measurements is carried out,
providing the possibility to determine the elements required to
establish the rules of flow formation in watersheds principles
obtained in the experimental stations (Institute of Meteorology and
Hydrology, 1980).
In the representative basins, there is the possibility to follow
up the discharge processes, starting from particular cases to
general ones, an opportunity that can lead to clear conclusions
regarding the influence that various factors have on the
discharge.
Through the researches carried out, there is a possibility to
find answers for many hydrological issues, using a limited number
of observation points and measurements (Institute of Meteorology
and Hydrology, 1980).
The results obtained during this research are ultimately used to
check the existent graphical or mathematical relations related to
the discharge, as well as to establish their components (the
hydrological parameters) for their subsequent practical
application.
Given the importance of representative basins in the research of
discharge forming processes on small rivers, a series of criteria
were taken into consideration for their selection, including:
- the diversity of physical-geographical
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2011
geology, geomorphology, soils and vegetation) and various
subbasin general forms
- the representative basin must be typical for vast territories
in the country
- the existence inside the representative basin of subbasins,
allowing the investigation of factors which generate the discharge
on experimental areas and very small areas basins.
- the homogeneity of the subbasin conditions so as not to make
many corrections to the discharge parameters
- the degree of river use in the representative basin should be
as low as possible, so that it does not significantly impact the
hydrological regime
- the existence of a meteo station inside or near the
representative basin, to provide climatic data covering long
periods of time and which – correlated with the data obtained for
short periods of time – would eventually help determinate the
hydrological parameters.
The representative basins have been located in various natural
conditions, to underline the role that the most important factors
have on discharge formation, e.g. the receptive basin’s area,
medium altitude, medium slope and physical-geographical
characteristics such as: geology, relief, climate, soil, vegetation
(Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, 1980). 2. MATERIAL AND
METHODS
Tinoasa-Ciurea representative basin was
established in 1969 and it is situated in the hydrographic basin
of Bahlui river (fig. 1). The closest locality to the closing
section is Ciurea, Iasi County.
The morphometric data and forestation coefficients are presented
in tables 1, 2 and 3: Table 1 Morfometric data and forestion
coefficients
in Tinoasa-Ciurea basin, county Iaşi.
Basin name
Basin area
(Km²)
Profile altitude
(m)
Maximum altitude
(m) RUSU 1,54 123,50 390
BOLOVANI 0,50 124,28 335
CIUREL 0,17 122,55 192 HUMARIA 1,60 120.06 410
TINOASA 4,17 118,80 410
Figure 1 Location of Ciurea Tinoasa basin, Iasi County
Table 2 Morfometric data and forestion coefficients
in Tinoasa-Ciurea basin, county Iaşi.
Basin name
Medium altitude
(m)
Streambed length (Km)
Streambed slope (‰)
RUSU 280 2,13 110,3
BOLOVANI 250,4 1,18 102,3
CIUREL 158 0,48 140,4
HUMARIA 270 2,14 111,0
TINOASA 272 2,32 103,9
Table 3 Morfometric data and forestion coefficients
in Tinoasa-Ciurea basin, county Iaşi.
Basin name
Medium basin slope
(‰)
Forestation coefficient
(%) RUSU 152 87,9
BOLOVANI 153 33,4
CIUREL 157 0,0
HUMARIA 170 100
TINOASA 159 77,6
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Data regarding the physical-geographical
characteristics of the Tinoasa-Ciurea representative basin
(Cotiuşcă et al, 2009; Stătescu and Pricop, 2008; Anuarele
hidrologice, 1991-2010):
-geology: bedrock and clays are predominant, rubles, sands and
loess are also found
-relief: downy, situated at the border between the Central
Moldavian Plateau and the Moldavian Plain, with heights between 410
and 125 meters, and slops between 125 ‰ and 170 ‰;
-climate: continental sometimes excessive continental, hills
with predominant north-west circulation, with multiyear medium
precipitations between 595-600 mm and multiyear medium air
temperatures of 9 ºC;
-soil: brown and forest brown hectic soils, and also pseudo
rendzine;
-vegetation: deciduous forests are predominant. There are also
meadows and pastures.
In the Tinoasa-Ciurea representative basin, a complex program of
observation and hydrometeorology measurements is currently carried
out.
On the meteorology platform (photo 1), observation and
measurements at standard hours are taken: liquid and solid
precipitations, air temperature (ordinary, minimum, maximum), air
humidity, wind direction and speed, evaporation at soil
surface.
Tinoasa-Ciurea representative basin has 5 sections on Rusu,
Bolovani, Ciurel, Humaria and Tinoasa (closing section) rivers,
where the levels, liquid flow capacity and suspension silts are
registered (photo 2).
Tinoasa-Ciurea representative basin has drain plots (including a
free drain plots and two concrete platforms), on which discharge
capacity measurements of slope discharge are performed. In
addition, the Tinoasa-Ciurea representative basin has a drilling
alignment which is used for piezometric observations and
measurements (photo 3).
Photo 1 Images with meteorological free platform
(Photo C.PRICOP, different seasons 2009)
Photo 2 Measurement section images (closing
section) watercourse of the representative basin Tinoasa,
Tinoasa-Ciurea
(Photo C.PRICOP, different seasons 2009)
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2011
Photo 3 Picture with phreatic aquifer drilling
observations F19 (Photo C.PRICOP, 2009)
The data obtained in the Tinoasa-Ciurea representative basin,
based on the observations and measurements carried out during the
last 10 years (2001-2010), has been used for analysis and
characterization of this period, and also for identification of new
evolution trends of main climatic parameters.
The idea for this analysis came due to the climatic changes
recorded in Romania. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The conclusion is that the observations and measurements carried
out in Romania highlight a series of signals pointing to future
climatic changes, many of them having similar trends with world
changes.
The changes include the evolution of main climatic parameters
(e.g. temperature, precipitation, moisture, flood regime), season
sequence and the existence of phenomena and desertification
trends.
From the registered data, some aspects stand out, including:
- the medium air temperature at field surface is increasing;
- a slight increase of the medium annual temperature and a
precipitation decrease;
- extreme temperatures have been recorded;
The most important modifications of the hydrological regime,
doubled by their consequences, include:
- the increase of evaporation in the summer season due to the
air temperature increase;
- the extension of small water periods and the reduction of
minimum flows due to increased evaporation and decreased
precipitations in summer;
- continuation of drainage liquid flow in months 3, 4, 5 in the
last 10 years (fig. 2 and fig. 3);
- the earlier burst of nival floods and mixed floods (snow-rain)
in spring, due to the desynchronization between the melting snow
layer and spring rains.
Using the data obtained in the last 15 years in the Ciurea –
Tinoasa representative basin, monthly, annual and multiyear medium
flows for the 5 sections (Rusu, Bolovani, Ciurel, Humăria and
Tinoasa) were determined as well as the medium number of days per
month, year and multi-year when the discharge on every river was
generated (Anuarele hidrologice, 1991-2010).
The multi-year variation of average rainfall in the
representative hydrographic basin (fig. 4), are covering a long
period of time – 32 years, correlated with data from shorter period
of time – 10 years (fig. 5), helps in the determination of
hydrological parameters of liquid flow.
By comparing the multiyear medium values with the values
recorded in 2007, we developed an evaluation of discharge for the
above mentioned period.
The graphical presentation of the evaluation from January to
September 2007 versus the multiyear values:
Figure 2 Multi-year average values of the drained
liquid flow on Tinoasa River in 10 years period (2001-2010)
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Figure 3 The multi-year average flow of liquid
drained for 19 years period (1992-2010)
Figure 4 Multi-year variation of average rainfall in the
representative basin for a 32 years period (1978-
2010)
Figure 5 Monthly rainfall amounts for 2001 - 2010
years in representative Basin
4. CONCLUSIONS
The 2010 year from the meteorological point of view is defined
to be a little bit warmer than normally and with recorded rainfall
with values significantly higher than the multi-year medium
values.
In June, on the fond of the rainfall excess important discharges
have happened on the all sections of representative basin: Rusu,
Bolovani, Ciurel, Humaria şi Tinoasa when have been recorded
successive floods. Also in February there was a flood that has been
favored by the increases in air temperature that led to rapid
melting of snow fallen in the previous months and overlapped with
rainfalls. In 2010 compared to previous years they were far less
dry days on this 5 rivers and the only dry month was August. 5.
REFERENCES [1] Cotiuşcă, Stătescu D., Stătescu C.V., Innovative
Techniques of Monitoring the Dynamics of Hydraulic Soil
Properties, Generated by Climate Changes (MANAGEMENT OF
TCHNOLOGICAL CHANGES, Editura Alexandroupolis, Greece, Spetember
2009;
[2] Stătescu F., Pricop C., The evolution of hydrological
parameters in representative basin Tinoasa-Ciurea, district Iasi
BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI BULLETIN OF THE
POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF JASSY Tomul LIV (LVIII), Fasc. 2 ,
2008;
[3] **** Anuarele hidrologice pentru bazinul reprezentativ
Ciurea din perioada 1991 – 2010;
[4] **** Studii si cercetari hidrologice XLIX , Ed. Institutul
de Meteorologie si Hidrologie , 1980 Bucuresti.
Multi-year average
Rainfall multi-year average in the representative basin
(1978-2010)