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Classified information 1
Classified information
A typical classified document. Page 13 of a U.S.National
Security Agency report[1] on the USS
Liberty incident, partially declassified andreleased to the
public in July 2004. The originaloverall classification of the
page, "top secret",
and the Special Intelligence code word "umbra,"are shown at top
and bottom. The classification of
individual paragraphs and reference titles isshown in
parentheses - there are six different
levels on this page alone. Notations with leaderlines at top and
bottom cite statutory authority for
not declassifying certain sections.
Classified information is a categorization applied to
information thata government claims is sensitive information.
Access is restricted bylaw or regulation to particular groups of
persons. A formal securityclearance is often required to handle
classified documents or accessclassified data. The clearance
process requires a satisfactorybackground investigation. There are
typically several levels (classes) ofsensitivity, with differing
clearance requirements. This sort ofhierarchical system of secrecy
is used by virtually every nationalgovernment. The act of assigning
the level of sensitivity to data iscalled data classification.
Although the root sense of the word"classified" is simply
synonymous with "categorized", it has developeda sense synonymous
with "censored" in the context of classifiedinformation.
A distinction could be made between formal security
classification andprivacy markings such as "Commercial in
confidence".Some corporations and non-government organizations also
assignsensitive information to multiple levels of protection,
either from adesire to protect trade secrets, or because of laws
and regulationsgoverning various matters such as personal privacy,
sealed legalproceedings and the timing of financial information
releases.
Government classification
The purpose of classification is to protect information from
being usedto damage or endanger national security. Classification
formalises whatconstitutes a "state secret" and accords different
levels of protection based on the expected damage the
informationmight cause in the wrong hands.
However, classified information is frequently 'leaked' to
reporters by officials for political purposes. Several USpresidents
have leaked sensitive information to get their point across to the
public.[2][3]
Classification levelsAlthough the classification systems vary
from country to country, most have levels corresponding to the
followingBritish definitions (from the highest level to lowest)
Top Secret (TS)
The highest level of classification of material on a national
level. Such material would cause "exceptionally gravedamage" to
national security if made publicly available.
Secret
It is desired that no document be released which refers to
experiments with humans and might have adverse effect on
publicopinion or result in legal suits. Documents covering such
work field should be classified `secret.
April 17, 1947 Atomic Energy Commission memo from Colonel O.G.
Haywood, Jr. to Dr. Fidler at the Oak Ridge Laboratory
inTennessee[4]
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Classified information 2
Such material would cause "serious damage" to national security
if it were publicly available.
Confidential
Such material would cause "damage" or be "prejudicial" to
national security if publicly available.
Restricted
Such material would cause "undesirable effects" if publicly
available. Some countries do not have such aclassification.
Unclassified
Technically not a classification level, but is used for
government documents that do not have a classification listedabove.
Such documents can sometimes be viewed by those without security
clearance.There are a plethora of pseudo-classifications under this
category. Please see the articles on Sensitive butunclassified and
Controlled Unclassified Information for more information. Some
government prosecutors haveretro-actively changed unclassified
information into classified information after charging someone with
a crime; seethe Thomas Andrews Drake case for example.
ClearanceDepending on the level of classification there are
different rules controlling the level of clearance needed to
viewsuch information, and how it must be stored, transmitted, and
destroyed. Additionally, access is restricted on a "needto know"
basis. Simply possessing a clearance does not automatically
authorize the individual to view all materialclassified at that
level or below that level. The individual must present a legitimate
"need to know" in addition to theproper level of clearance.
Compartmented informationIn addition to the general risk-based
classification levels above, often there are additional constraints
on access, suchas (in the U.S.) Special Intelligence (SI), which
protects intelligence sources and methods, No Foreign
dissemination(NOFORN), which restricts dissemination to U.S.
nationals, and Originator Controlled dissemination (ORCON),which
ensures that the originator can track possessors of the
information. Documents in some compartments aremarked with specific
"code words" in addition to the classification level.
Nuclear informationGovernment information about nuclear weapons
such as nuclear warheads often has an additional marking to show
itcontains such information.
Sharing classified information between countriesWhen a
government agency or group shares information between an agency or
group of other countrys governmentthey will generally employ a
special classification scheme that both parties have previously
agreed to honour.For example the marking ATOMAL, is applied to U.S.
RESTRICTED DATA or FORMERLY RESTRICTEDDATA and United Kingdom
ATOMIC information that has been released to NATO. ATOMAL
information ismarked COSMIC TOP SECRET ATOMAL (CTSA), NATO SECRET
ATOMAL (NSAT), or NATOCONFIDENTIAL ATOMAL (NCA).In cases where a
country wishes to share classified information bilaterally (or
multilaterally) with a country that hasa sharing agreement, the
information is with the countries it can be shared with. Those
countries would have tomaintain the classification of the document
at the level originally classified (TOP-SECRET, SECRET, etc.) with
theappropriate caveat (USNZ, AUSGE, CANUK, etc.).
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Classified information 3
NATO classifications
For example, sensitive information shared amongst NATO allies
has four levels of security classification; from mostto least
classified:1.1. COSMIC TOP SECRET (CTS),2.2. NATO SECRET (NS),3.3.
NATO CONFIDENTIAL (NC), and4.4. NATO RESTRICTED (NR).A special case
exists with regard to NATO UNCLASSIFIED (NU) information. Documents
with this marking isNATO property (copyright) and must not be made
public without NATO permission. In general documents with
thisclassification, aren't cleared for internet-transmission
either, unless clearly marked with RELEASABLE FORINTERNET
TRANSMISSION. Documents that can be made public however, should be
clearly marked with NONSENSITIVE INFORMATION RELEASABLE TO THE
PUBLIC.In addition to the above classification levels NATO operates
with1.1. COSMIC TOP SECRET - AThis level is given to people who
need to have access to the joined Atomic program of NATO. This
level is nevergiven permanently to anyone, regardless of jobtitle -
e.g. President of the U.S.A. etc. It is only given for short
periodsof time, when needed.
International organisations
European Commission, has 5 levels, EU TOP SECRET, EU SECRET, EU
CONFIDENTIAL, EURESTRICTED, and EU COUNCIL / COMMISSION.[5] (Note
that usually the French term is used)
OCCAR, a European defence organisation, has three levels of
classification: OCCAR SECRET, OCCARCONFIDENTIAL, OCCAR
RESTRICTED.[6]
By country
Facsimile of the cover page from an East Germanoperation manual
for the M-125 Fialka cipher
machine. The underlined classification markingscan be translated
as "Cryptologic material! Secret
classified material" de:Verschlusssache.
Most countries employ some sort of classification system for
certaingovernment information. For example, in Canada, information
that theU.S. would classify SBU (Sensitive but Unclassified) is
called"protected" and further subcategorised into levels A, B, and
C.
Australia
On 19 July 2011, the National Security (NS) classification
markingscheme and the Non-National Security (NNS) classification
markingscheme in Australia was unified into one structure.
The Australian Government Security Classification system
nowcomprises TOP SECRET, SECRET, CONFIDENTIAL andPROTECTED. A new
dissemination limiting markers (DLMs) schemewas also introduced for
information where disclosure may be limitedor prohibited by
legislation, or where it may otherwise require specialhandling. The
DLM marking scheme comprises For Official Use Only(FOUO),
Sensitive, Sensitive: Personal, Sensitive: Legal, and
SensitiveCabinet. [7]
Documents marked Sensitive Cabinet, relating to discussions
inFederal Cabinet, are treated as PROTECTED at minimum due to
itshigher sensitivity.
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Classified information 4
Background checks for access to TOP SECRET material are carried
out at either of two levels: at TOP SECRETNEGATIVE VETTING (TSNV),
or at the more stringent and expensive TOP SECRET POSITIVE
VETTING(TSPV) level, depending on the extent of required access to
TOP SECRET material and on the potential damage tonational security
should such material be disclosed to unauthorised parties. Most
background checks for access toTOP SECRET material are carried out
at the TOP SECRET NEGATIVE VETTING level.
Brazil
In Brazil, a top secret (Ultrassecreto) government-issued
document may be classified for a period of 25 years, whichmay be
extended up to another 25 years. Thus, no document remains
classified for more than 50 years. This ismandated by the 2011
Information Access Law (Lei de Acesso Informao), a change from the
previous rule,under which documents could have their classification
time length renewed indefinitely, effectively shuttering
statesecrets from the public. The new law applies retroactively to
existing documents.
Canada
Background and hierarchy
There are 2 main type of sensitive information designation used
by the Government of Canada: Classified andDesignated. The access
and protection of both types of information is governed by the
Security of Information Act,effective December 24, 2001, replacing
the Official Secrets Act 1981.[8] To access the information, a
person musthave the appropriate level of clearance and a Need to
know.
Special operational information
SOI is not a classification of data per se. It is defined under
the Security of Information Act, and unauthorised releaseof such
information constitutes a higher breach of trust, with penalty of
life imprisonment.SOIs include: military operations in respect of a
potential, imminent or present armed conflict the identity of
confidential source of information, intelligence or assistance to
the Government of Canada tools used for information gathering or
intelligence the object of a covert investigation, or a covert
collection of information or intelligence the identity of any
person who is under covert surveillance encryption and
cryptographic systems information or intelligence to, or received
from, a foreign entity or terrorist group
Classified information
Classified information can be designated Top Secret, Secret or
Confidential. These classifications are only used onmatters of
national interest. Top Secret: This applies when compromise might
reasonably cause exceptionally grave injury to the national
interest. The possible impact must be great, immediate and
irreparable. Secret: This applies when compromise might reasonably
cause serious injury to the national interest. Confidential: When
disclosure might reasonably cause injury to the national
interest.
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Classified information 5
Designated information
Designated information is not classified. Designated information
pertains to any sensitive information that does notrelate to
national security and cannot be disclosed under the access and
privacy legislation because of the possibleinjury to particular
public or private interests.[9][10]
Protected C (Extremely Sensitive designated information): is
used to protect extremely sensitive information ifcompromised,
could reasonably be expected to cause extremely grave injury
outside the national interest.Examples could include bankruptcy,
identities of informants in criminal investigations, etc.
Protected B (Particularly Sensitive designated information): is
used to protect information that could cause severeinjury or damage
to the people or group involved if it was released. Examples
include medical records, annualpersonnel performance reviews,
etc.
Protected A (Low-Sensitive designated information): is applied
to low sensitivity information that should not bedisclosed to the
public without authorisation and could reasonably be expected to
cause injury or embarrassmentoutside the national interest. Example
of Protected A information could include employee number, pay
depositbanking information, etc.
Federal Cabinet (Queen's Privy Council for Canada) papers are
either designated (i.e. overhead slides prepared tomake
presentations to Cabinet) or classified (draft legislations,
certain memos).[11]
People's Republic of China
A building in Wuhan housing provincial officesfor dealing with
foreign countries etc. The redslogan says, "Protection of national
secrets is a
duty of every citizen"
The Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China (which is
notoperative in the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong
andMacao) makes it a crime to release a state secret. Regulation
andenforcement is carried out by the National Administration for
theProtection of State Secrets.
Under the 1989 "Law on Guarding State Secrets,"[12] state
secrets aredefined as those that concern:
1.1. Major policy decisions on state affairs;2.2. The building
of national defence and in the activities of the armed
forces;3.3. Diplomatic activities and in activities related to
foreign countries
and those to be maintained as commitments to foreign
countries;4.4. National economic and social development;5.5.
Science and technology;6.6. Activities for preserving state
security and the investigation of criminal offences; and7. Any
other matters classified as "state secrets" by the national State
Secrets Bureau.[13]
Secrets can be classified into one of three categories:
Top secret ( ): Defined as "vital state secrets whose disclosure
would cause extremely serious harm to statesecurity and national
interests";
Highly secret ( ): Defined as "important state secrets whose
disclosure would cause serious harm to statesecurity and national
interests"; and
Secret ( ): Defined as "ordinary state secrets whose disclosure
would cause harm to state security andnational interests".[13]
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Classified information 6
France
In France, classified information defined by article 413-9 of
the Penal Code.[14] The three levels of militaryclassification are
Confidentiel Dfense (Confidential Defence): Information deemed
potentially harmful to national defence, or that
could lead to uncovering an information classified at a higher
level of security. Secret Dfense (Secret Defence): Information
deemed very harmful to national defence. Such information
cannot
be reproduced without authorisation from the emitting authority,
except in exceptional emergencies. Trs Secret Dfense (Very Secret
Defence): Information deemed extremely harmful to national defence,
and
relative to governmental priorities in national defence. No
service or organisation can elaborate, process, stock,transfer,
display or destroy information or protected supports classified at
this level without authorisation from thePrime Minister or the
national secretary for National Defence. Partial or exhaustive
reproduction is strictlyforbidden.
Less sensitive information is "protected". The levels are Non
Protg (unprotected) Diffusion restreinte administrateur
("administrative restricted information") Diffusion restreinte
("restricted information") Confidentiel personnels Sous-Officiers
("Confidential non-commissioned officers") Confidentiel personnels
Officiers ("Confidential officers")A further mention, "spcial
France" (reserved France) restricts the document to French citizens
(in its entirety or byextracts). This is not a classification
level.Declassification of documents can be done by the Commission
consultative du secret de la dfense nationale(CCSDN), an
independent authority. Transfer of classified information is done
with double envelopes, the outerlayer being plastified and
numbered, and the inner in strong paper. Reception of the document
involves examinationof the physical integrity of the container and
registration of the document. In foreign countries, the document
mustbe transferred through specialised military mail or diplomatic
bag. Transport is done by an authorised convoyer orhabilitated
person for mail under 20kg. The letter must bear a seal mentioning
"PAR VALISEACCOMPAGNEE-SACOCHE". Once a year, ministers have an
inventory of classified information and supports bycompetent
authorities.Once their usage period is expired, documents are
transferred to archives, where they are either destroyed
(byincineration, crushing or electrical overtension), or stored.In
case of unauthorized release of classified information, competent
authorities are the Ministry of Interior, the Hautfonctionnaire de
dfense et de scurit ("high civil servant for defence and security")
of the relevant ministry, andthe General secretary for National
Defence. Violation of such secrets is an offence punishable with 7
years ofimprisonment and a 100000 Euro fine; if the offence is
committed by imprudence or negligence, the penalties are 3years of
imprisonment and a 45000 Euro fine.
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Classified information 7
Hong Kong
The Security Bureau is responsible for developing policies in
regards to the protection and handling of confidentialgovernment
information. In general, the system used in Hong Kong is very
similar to the UK system, developedfrom the Colonial Hong Kong
era.Four classifications exists in Hong Kong, from highest to
lowest in sensitivity:[15]
Top Secret ( ) Secret ( ) Confidential ( )
Temporary Confidential ( ) Restricted ( / )
Restricted (staff) ( ( )) Restricted (tender) ( ( )) Restricted
(administration) ( ( ))
Restricted documents are not classified per se, but only those
who have a need to know will have access to suchinformation, in
accordance with the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance.[16]
New Zealand
New Zealand uses the Restricted classification, which is lower
than Confidential. People may be given access toRestricted
information on the strength of an authorisation by their Head of
Department, without being subjected tothe background vetting
associated with Confidential, Secret and Top Secret clearances. New
Zealand's securityclassifications and the national-harm
requirements associated with their use are roughly similar to those
of theUnited States.In addition to national security
classifications there are two additional security classifications,
In Confidence andSensitive, which are used to protect information
of a policy and privacy nature. There are also a number
ofinformation markings used within ministries and departments of
the government, to indicate, for example, thatinformation should
not be released outside the originating ministry.Because of strict
privacy requirements around personal information, personnel files
are controlled in all parts of thepublic and private sectors.
Information relating to the security vetting of an individual is
usually classified at the InConfidence level.
Russian Federation
In the Russian Federation, a state secret ( ) is information
protected by the state on itsmilitary, foreign policy, economic,
intelligence, counterintelligence, operational and investigative
and otheractivities, dissemination of which could harm state
security.
Sweden
The Swedish classification has been updated due to increased
NATO/PfP cooperation. All classified defencedocuments will now have
both a Swedish classification (Kvalificerat Hemlig or Hemlig), and
an Englishclassification (Top Secret, Secret, Confidential, or
Restricted).
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Classified information 8
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom currently uses five levels of classification
from lowest to highest, they are: PROTECT,RESTRICTED, CONFIDENTIAL,
SECRET and TOP SECRET (formerly MOST SECRET). Those working
withsuch material should have the relevant security clearance and
often are required to sign to confirm theirunderstanding and
acceptance of the Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1989, although the
Act applies in the same wayregardless of signature. PROTECT is not
in itself a security protective marking level (such as RESTRICTED
orgreater), but is used to indicate information which should not be
disclosed because, for instance, the documentcontains tax, or
national insurance or other personal information.Government
documents without a classification may be marked as UNCLASSIFIED or
NOT PROTECTIVELYMARKED.[17]
United States
The U.S. classification system is currently established under
Executive Order 13292 and has three levels ofclassification
Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret. The U.S. had a Restricted
level during World War II but nolonger does. U.S. regulations state
that information received from other countries at the Restricted
level should behandled as Confidential. A variety of markings are
used for material that is not classified, but whose distribution
islimited administratively or by other laws, e.g., For Official Use
Only (FOUO), or Sensitive but Unclassified (SBU).The Atomic Energy
Act of 1954 provides for the protection of information related to
the design of nuclear weapons.The term "Restricted Data" is used to
denote certain nuclear technology. Information about the storage,
use orhandling of nuclear material or weapons is marked "Formerly
Restricted Data." These designations are used inaddition to level
markings (Confidential, Secret and Top Secret). Information
protected by the Atomic Energy Act isprotected by law and
information classified under the Executive Order is protected by
Executive privilege.
Table of equivalent classification markings in various
countries
(State) Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted
Albania Teper Sekret Sekret Konfidencial I Kufizuar
Argentina Estrictamente Secreto yConfidencial
Secreto Confidencial Reservado
Australia Top Secret Secret Confidential Protected
Austria Streng Geheim Geheim Vertraulich Eingeschrnkt
Belgium (Dutch) Zeer Geheim Geheim Vertrouwelijk Beperkte
Verspreiding
Belgium (French) Trs Secret Secret Confidentiel Diffusion
restreinte
Bolivia Supersecretoor Muy Secreto
Secreto Confidencial Reservado
Bosnia andHerzegovina
Strogo povjerljivo Tajno Konfidencialno Restiktirano
Brazil Ultra Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado
Bulgaria
Cambodia Sam Ngat Bamphot Sam Ngat Roeung Art Kambang Ham Kom
Psay
Canada Top Secret/Trs secret Secret/Secret
Confidential/Confidentiel Protected A, B or C /Protg A, B ou C
Chile Secreto Secreto Reservado Reservado
China, People'sRepublic of
Jum ( ) Jm ( ) Mm ( ) Nib ( )
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Classified information 9
China, Republic of "Absolutely" Secret ( )
"Extremely" Secret( )
Secret ( ) no direct equivalent
Colombia Ultrasecreto Secreto Confidencial Reserva del
sumario
Costa Rica Alto Secreto Secreto Confidencial
Croatia Vrlo tajno Tajno Povjerljivo Ogranieno
Czech Republic Psn tajn Tajn Dvrn Vyhrazen
Denmark Yderst Hemmeligt Hemmeligt Fortroligt Til
TjenestebrugForeign Service:Fortroligt(thin Black border)
Ecuador Secretisimo Secreto Confidencial Reservado
Egypt Sirriy lil-yah
Sirriy iddan
Kh
Mazr
El Salvador Ultra Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado
Estonia Tiesti salajane Salajane Konfidentsiaalne Piiratud
Ethiopia Yemiaz Birtou Mistir Mistir Kilkil
European Union (EU) TRES SECRET UE / EUTOP SECRET
SECRET UE / EUSECRET
CONFIDENTIEL UE / EUCONFIDENTIAL
RESTREINT UE / EURESTRICTED
European Union(Western) (WEU)
FOCAL TOP SECRET WEU SECRET WEU CONFIDENTIAL WEU RESTRICTED
Euratom EURA TOP SECRET EURA SECRET EURA CONFIDENTIAL EURA
RESTRICTED
Finland Erittin salainen (TLL I) Salainen (TLL II)
Luottamuksellinen (TLL III) Viranomaiskytt (TLLIV)
France Trs secret dfense Secret dfense Confidentiel dfense
Diffusion restreinte
Germany Streng Geheim Geheim VS-Vertraulich VS-Nur fr
denDienstgebrauch
Greece
Guatemala Alto Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado
Haiti Top Secret Secret Confidential Reserve
Honduras Super Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado
Hong Kong Top Secret, Secret, Confidential, Restricted, /
Hungary Szigoran Titkos Titkos Bizalmas Korltozott Terjeszts
India (Hindi) (Param Gupt) (Gupt) (Gopniya)
/(Pratibandhit/seemit)
India (English) Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted
Indonesia Sangat Rahasia Rahasia Rahasia Dinas Terbatas
Iran Fararaz Raz Sar-be-moher Sarbaste
Iraq Sirriy lil-yah
Sirriy
Kh
Madd
Iceland Algert Leyndarml Leyndarml Trnaarml jnustuskjal
Ireland (Irishlanguage)
An-sicreideach Sicreideach Runda Srianta
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Classified information 10
Israel Sodi Beyoter
Sodi
Shamur
Mugbal
Italy Segretissimo Segreto Riservatissimo Riservato
Japan Kimitsu, Gokuhi, Hi, Toriatsukaichuui,
Jordan Maktm iddan
Maktm
Sirriy
Madd
Korea, South I(Il)-Kup Bi Mil, 1 II(I)-Kup Bi Mil,2
III(Sam)-Kup Bi Mil, 3 Dae Woi Bi,
Korea, North Unknown, Unknown, Unknown, Unknown,
Laos Lup Sood Gnod Kuam Lup Kuam Lap Chum Kut Kon Arn
Latvia Sevii slepeni Slepeni Konfidencili Dienesta vajadzbm
Lebanon Tres Secret Secret Confidentiel
Lithuania Visikai Slaptai Slaptai Konfidencialiai Riboto
Naudojimo
Malaysia Rahsia Besar Rahsia Sulit Terhad
Mexico Ultra Secreto Secreto Confidencial Restringido
Montenegro Strogo Tajno Tajno Povjerljivo Interno
Netherlands[18] STG. Zeer Geheim STG. Geheim STG. Confidentieel
DepartementaalVertrouwelijk
New Zealand Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted
Nicaragua Alto Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado
Norway STRENGT HEMMELIG HEMMELIG KONFIDENSIELT BEGRENSET
Pakistan (Urdu) Intahai Khufia Khufia Sigh-e-Raz Barai Mahdud
Taqsim
Pakistan (English) Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted
Paraguay Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado
Peru Estrictamente Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado
Philippines Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted
Poland cile tajne Tajne Poufne Zastrzeone
Portugal Ultra Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado
Romania Strict Secret de ImportanDeosebit
Strict Secret Secret Secret de serviciu
Russia (: (SovershennoSekretno))
(: (Sekretno))
(: () (Ne podlezhitoglasheniyu (Konfidentsial'no))
()(Dlya SluzhebnogoPol'zovaniya)
Saudi Arabia Saudi Top Secret Saudi Very Secret Saudi Secret
Saudi Restricted
Serbia Latin: Dravna tajnaCyrillic:
Latin: StrogopoverljivoCyrillic:
Latin: PoverljivoCyrillic: o
Latin: InternoCyrillic:
Singapore Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted
Slovak Republic Prsne tajn Tajn Dvern Vyhraden
Slovenia Strogo tajno Tajno Zaupno Interno
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Classified information 11
Spain Secreto Reservado Confidencial Difusin Limitada
Sweden Kvalificerat Hemlig (KH);Hemlig/Top Secret (H/TS)
Hemlig (H);Hemlig/Secret H/S)
Hemlig/Confidential (H/C) Hemlig/Restricted (H/R)
Switzerland Geheim / Secret Vertraulich / Confidentiel
Dienstlich / Interne auservice
Tanzania (Swahili) SIRI KUU SIRI STIRI IMEZUILIWA
Thailand Lap thi sut () Lap mak () Lap () Pok Pid ()Turkey ok
Gizli Gizli zel Hizmete zel
South Africa(English)
Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted
South Africa(Afrikaans)
Uiters Geheim Geheim Vertroulik Beperk
Ukraine
United Kingdom TOP SECRET SECRET CONFIDENTIAL RESTRICTED
United States Top Secret Secret Confidential For Official Use
Only
Uruguay Ultra Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado
Vietnam Tuyt Mt Ti Mt Mt Ph Bin Hn Ch
Original source: NISPOM Appendix B[19] In addition, Finland uses
label Salassa pidettv, "to be kept secret" forinformation that is
not classified but must not be revealed on some other basis than
national security. (E.g. privacy,trade secrets etc.)
Corporate classificationPrivate corporations often require
written confidentiality agreements and conduct background checks on
candidatesfor sensitive positions.[20] In the U.S. the Employee
Polygraph Protection Act prohibits private employers fromrequiring
lie detector tests, but there are a few exceptions. Policies
dictating methods for marking and safeguardingcompany-sensitive
information (e.g. "IBM Confidential") are common and some companies
have more than onelevel. Such information is protected under trade
secret laws. New product development teams are often sequesteredand
forbidden to share information about their efforts with un-cleared
fellow employees, the original AppleMacintosh project being a
famous example. Other activities, such as mergers and financial
report preparationgenerally involve similar restrictions. However,
corporate security generally lacks the elaborate
hierarchicalclearance and sensitivity structures and the harsh
criminal sanctions that give government classification systems
theirparticular tone.
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Classified information 12
Traffic Light ProtocolThe Traffic Light Protocol[21][22] was
developed by the G8 countries to enable the sharing of sensitive
informationbetween government agencies and corporations. This
protocol has now been accepted as a model for trustedinformation
exchange by over 30 other countries. The protocol provides for four
"information sharing levels" for thehandling of sensitive
information.
References[1] http:/ / www. nsa. gov/ public_info/ _files/
uss_liberty/ attack_sigint. pdf[2][2] Burn Before Reading,
Stansfield Turner, 2006[3] Classified Information in Woodwards
Obamas Wars (http:/ / stephenkim. org/ 2011/ 09/ 03/
classified-information-in-woodwards-obamas-wars/ ), September
29, 2010, Jack Goldsmith, Lawfare, via stephenkim.org[4] Atomic
Energy Commission's Declassification Review of Reports on Human
Experiments and the Public Relations and Legal Liability
Consequences (https:/ / www. gwu. edu/ ~nsarchiv/ radiation/
dir/ mstreet/ commeet/ meet9/ brief9/ tab_i/ br9i2. txt), presented
as evidenceduring the 1994 ACHRE hearings.
[5] http:/ / ec. europa. eu/ transparency/ access_documents/
docs/ guide_citoyen/ en. pdf[6] http:/ / www. fco. gov. uk/ Files/
kfile/ 306652_CM6554. pdf[7] http:/ / www. ag. gov. au/ www/ agd/
rwpattach. nsf/ VAP/ (689F2CCBD6DC263C912FB74B15BE8285)~Australian+
Government+
information+ security+ management+ guidelines-+ Australian+
Government+ Security+ classification+ system. pdf/ $file/
Australian+Government+ information+ security+ management+
guidelines-+ Australian+ Government+ Security+ classification+
system. pdf
[8] Security of Information Act (http:/ / www. csis-scrs. gc.
ca/ en/ newsroom/ backgrounders/ backgrounder12. asp)[9]
Non-Insured Health Benefits Program Privacy Code (http:/ / www.
hc-sc. gc. ca/ fniah-spnia/ pubs/ nihb-ssna/ _priv/ 2005_code/
appendix2-eng. php)[10] Security Policy - Manager's Handbook
(http:/ / www. tbs-sct. gc. ca/ pubs_pol/ gospubs/ TB_J2/ dwnld/
spmh_e. rtf)[11] Confidences of the Queen's Privy Council for
Canada (http:/ / www. tbs-sct. gc. ca/ pubs_pol/ gospubs/ TBM_121/
CHAP2_6-PR_e.
asp?printable=True)[12] Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress, " Law on Guarding State Secrets (http:/ / www.
gov. cn/ banshi/ 2005-08/ 21/
content_25096. htm)" ( ), promulgated 1988 and effective
1989.[13] Translation per Human Rights in China, State Secrets:
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41421), (2007).[14] Article 413-9 (http:/ / www. legifrance. gouv.
fr/ WAspad/ UnArticleDeCode?code=CPENALLL. rcv& art=413-9),
Legifrance[15] (http:/ / www. csb. gov. hk/ hkgcsb/ doclib/
general. pdf)[16] LCQ3: Equal Opportunities Commission (http:/ /
www. hab. gov. hk/ en/ publications_and_press_releases/
press_releases_speeches/
equal_opportunities/ 191103q3. htm)[17] "[ARCHIVED CONTENT]
Understanding the Security Policy Framework & frequently asked
questions" (http:/ / www. cabinetoffice. gov.
uk/ spf/ faqs. aspx). Cabinetoffice.gov.uk. . Retrieved
2012-06-01.[18] (https:/ / www. aivd. nl/ aspx/ download.
aspx?file=/ contents/ pages/ 95299/
leidraadaanwijzenvertrouwensfuncties. pdf)[19] (https:/ / www. dss.
mil/ portal/ ShowBinary/ BEA Repository/ new_dss_internet/ isp/
fac_clear/ download_nispom. html)[20] "Employment Background
Checks: A Jobseeker's Guide | Privacy Rights Clearinghouse" (http:/
/ www. privacyrights. org/ fs/ fs16-bck.
htm). Privacyrights.org. . Retrieved 2011-12-12.[21] http:/ /
www. oecd. org/ dataoecd/ 25/ 10/ 40761118. pdf[22] "'Re: OpenSSH
security advisory: cbc.adv' - MARC" (http:/ / marc. info/
?l=bugtraq& m=122754275122010& w=2). Marc.info. .
Retrieved
2011-12-12.
External links US "NISPOM" manual (http:/ / www. dss. mil/ isp/
odaa/ nispom06. html), explaining rules on classified
information among other things - full title is "National
Industrial Security Program Operating Manual". Marking Classified
National Security Information (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ isoo/
training/ marking-booklet.
pdf) ISOO booklet PDF Defence Vetting Agency (http:/ / www. mod.
uk/ DefenceInternet/ AboutDefence/ WhatWeDo/
SecurityandIntelligence/ DVA/ DefenceVettingAgency. htm).
Carries out national security checks in the UK. Los Alamos table of
equivalent US and UK classifications (http:/ / badge. lanl. gov/
uk-usa_classification. shtml) The Black Vault (http:/ / www.
theblackvault. com) - a database of more than a half million
declassified pages on
many different topics, all acquired through the FOIA
-
Classified information 13
The National Security Archive (http:/ / www. gwu. edu/
~nsarchiv/ ) - a collection of declassified documentsacquired
through the FOIA
Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth & K. Lee Lerner, eds. Terrorism:
essential primary sources. Thomson Gale, 2006.
ISBN978-1-4144-0621-3 Library of Congress. Jefferson or Adams Bldg
General or Area Studies Reading Rms LCControl Number:
2005024002.
Peter Galison, Removing Knowledge (http:/ / www. fas. harvard.
edu/ ~hsdept/ bios/ docs/ Removing Knowledge.pdf) in Critical
Inquiry n31 (Autumn 2004)
Parlament of Serbia (http:/ / www. parlament. gov. rs/ upload/
archive/ files/ lat/ pdf/ zakoni/ 2009/ 2502-09Lat.zip), Law on
confidentiality of data. (Serbian)
Parlament of Montenegro (http:/ / www. skupstina. me/ index.
php?strana=zakoni& id=618), Law onconfidentiality of data.
(Serbian)
-
Article Sources and Contributors 14
Article Sources and ContributorsClassified information Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=516834210 Contributors:
10metreh, ALE!, ALR, Adrius42, Ahoerstemeier, Al Lemos, Alainna,
Alan Liefting,Alanmak, Alansohn, Alpha Quadrant, AlwaysNL,
Andreasmperu, Andrew Swallow, ArnoldReinhold, Atif.t2, Avjoska,
AwOc, AzaToth, B4hand, Baronofcheese, Bbpen, Bdalpe,
Betacommand,Binksternet, Bjarkith, Bob Hu, Boru318, BruceR,
Brzydakkk, Cab88, Cacciatore, Cahk, Calm, Camilo Sanchez, Canley,
Chester Markel, Chithanh, Chris the speller, Ckatz, Clicketyclack,
Cliffb,Cobi, Cogiati, ComputerSherpa, Cpl Syx, Cryptosmith,
CubicStar, Curps, DAGwyn, Dante Alighieri, David Gerard, David
Latapie, David Newton, Deathphoenix, Decora, Dhollm,
Djamo,DocWatson42, Donreed, Dpmuk, Dylan620, ESkog, EcoRat,
Emersoni, EncMstr, Erikwithaknotac, EsaL-74, Eskildalenius,
Everyking, Evil Monkey, Ewlyahoocom, Excirial, F.F.McGurk,Falconus,
Fastfission, Fleminra, Fred Bradstadt, Funandtrvl, Fvw, Gaius
Cornelius, Galoubet, Garyzx, Gaya7980, Gimmetrow, Giraffedata,
Godardesque, Gomm, Grubie.kz, Gurch, Guy M,Haeinous, Haggis,
Haku14, Headlikeawhole, Hephaestos, Hippi ippi, Hoplon, Hpcooper,
Hsan22, Hu12, Huaiwei, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, Hydrargyrum,
Iancarter, Ihope127, Instantnood, Int21h,Isaac, Isomorphic,
J.delanoy, J04n, JGHowes, JIP, JLaTondre, JNW, JackofOz, James500,
Jarry1250, Jeff3000, Jericho4.0, Jim1138, Jmundo, Johns78,
Johnteslade, Joseph Solis in Australia,Joyous!, Judzillah, Jwbene,
KGasso, Karada, Keycard, Kiand, KingpinE7, Kmccoy, Koavf, Koshatul,
Krashlandon, KurtRaschke, Kyuuzo, La goutte de pluie,
LastWarrior2010, Lockesdonkey,Lotje, Luigifan, M jurrens, MARK S.,
Madhero88, Mairi, Mak17f, Malmis, Mandarax, MarcoTolo, Markaci,
Marunchak, Matt Crypto, Mauls, Maurice Carbonaro, Max Cheung,
Meaghan,Mgnystrom, Mhi, Miagirljmw14, Minna Sora no Shita,
Missionary, Mnbf9rca, Moose6589, Mormegil, Mulad, Mzajac, NHSavage,
Nabokov, Napzilla, Neutrality, NewAtair, NickdelaG,Nielswik,
Nihiltres, NinjaStrider, Nixer, Nmiryanic, Northamerica1000, Nsaa,
Onebyte, Pakaran, Peter Isotalo, Petri Krohn, Phillyman23,
PhnomPencil, Picodoro, Pmfap, Pol098, Prof77, Quarl,Qxz, RTC,
Radagast83, Rama, Rassilon, Ray Chason, RayHahn, Reddi, Reinyday,
Richardcavell, RickK, Rjwilmsi, Roadrunner, Rochdalehornet,
Rodzilla, Roidhun, Roofbird, Rsrikanth05,Rutger-dk, Rz350,
Sallicio, Samwaltz, Sandstein, Savidan, SchuminWeb, Sdscubadiver,
Securiger, Sephiroth storm, Shattered, Shirik, Sirtrypsin, Sn00kie,
SpaceFlight89, Spearhead, Spirals31,Splintercellguy, Sppong,
Srich32977, Staka, Stefanomione, Stevertigo, Stor stark7,
Straightontillmorning, Sujeetkrana, SuperHamster, Tabletop, The
Cunctator, The Epopt, The Font, TheFounders Intent, The Hybrid, The
Thing That Should Not Be, TheGerm, Thief12, Three-quarter-ten,
Tkynerd, Toh, Tomas e, TommyUdo, Tpbradbury, Tqbf, TreasuryTag,
Tsiaojian lee,Twinsday, UriBudnik, Useight, Username7000,
Vikassurajv, Vmenkov, WCFrancis, Whythe, Wiki-Ed, Wmahan,
Woohookitty, WookMuff, Wstenfuchs, Zollerriia, var Arnfjr
Bjarmason, , 479 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and
ContributorsImage:NSALibertyReport.p13.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NSALibertyReport.p13.jpg
License: Public Domain Contributors: ArnoldReinhold, Cobatfor,
Foroa,Kaihsu, TommyBee, 1 anonymous
editsImage:FialkaManualCoverPage.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FialkaManualCoverPage.jpg
License: Public Domain Contributors: ArnoldReinhold,
Blathnaid,Doco, Stan Shebs, 1 anonymous editsFile:Wuhan Hubei
foreign affairs office 4232.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wuhan_Hubei_foreign_affairs_office_4232.jpg
License: GNU Free DocumentationLicense Contributors:
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