Classifications of Pharmaceutical Drugs

►All anti-inflammatory drugs are divided into 2 groups: (a) Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory) drugs ; (b) Steroid anti-inflammatory drugs Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs are classified according to chemical structure and anti-inflammatory activity.I group – preparations with strong anti-inflammatory activity A. Nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) I. Acid derivatives 1) Derivatives of salicylic (ortho-oxybenzoic) acid Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) Lysine acetylsalicylate Sodium salicilate Methyl salicylate 2) Pyrazolone derivatives Phenylbutazone 3) Derivatives of indole-acetic acid Indomethacin Sulindac Derivatives of phenylacetic acid Diclofenac Sodium (Voltaren) Derivatives of propionic acid Ibuprofen Ketoptofen Naproxen Derivatives of anthranylic acid Mefenamic acid Oxicam derivatives Piroxicam Tenoxicam Lornoxicam II. Non-acidic derivatives B. Preferential inhibitors of COX2 Meloxicam Nimesulide Nabumetone C. Selective inhibitors of COX2 Celecoxib Rofecoxib

II group – preparations with poor anti-inflammatory activity Pyrazolone derivative Metamizol Paraaminophenol derivatives Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Preparations of other chemical structure- Ketorolac

► Antihistaminic drugs – blockers of H1-histaminic receptors: Drugs of the first generation (”old”): Diphenhydramine (Dimedrol) Promethazine (Diprazine, Pipolphen) Chloropyramine (Suprastin) Clemastine (Tavegyl) Phencarol Mebhydroline (Diazoline)  Antihistamines of the second generation: Loratadine (Claritine, Clarotadin) Acrivastine (Semprex) Azelastine Cetirizine (Zyrtec) Ebastine (Kestine) Desloratadine (Aerius) Fexofenadine (Telfast)   Inhibitors of mast cell and basophile degranulation: for internal use – Ketotifen  for inhalation: Cromoglicic acid (Intal) Nedocromil (Tilade) combined drugs (cromoglicic acid +fenoterol = Ditec) for local use: Cromoglicic acid (Ifiral) Cromohexal Others drugs with antiallergic action: glucocorticoids antileukotriene drugs: - lipoxygenase blockers: zileuton - blockers of leukotriene receptors: zafirlukast, montelukast

► FUNCTIONAL ANTAGONISTS OF HISTAMINE: β2-adrenomimetics – – adrenalin, isadrine, orciprenaline (alupent)

muscarinic receptor blocker: Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) methylxanthines: theophylline, aminophylline (euphylline) antileukotriene drugs:

• lipoxygenase blockers: zileuton • blockers of leukotriene receptors: zafirlukast, montelukast

►Classification of analgesics,I. Narcotic analgesicsII. Non-narcotic analgesics1. Narcotic analgesics containing alkaloids of opium. Among these are Morphine and Codeine.

1. Synthetic narcotic analgesics. Trimeperidine (Promedol) Fentanyl Piritramide Pentazocine Tramadol ButorphanolClassification of narcotic analgesics according to their action on different

types of opioid receptors.

A. Full agonists of opioid receptors. They stimulate all types of opioid receptors. Among these are Morphine, Trimeperidine, Fentanyl.

B. Partial agonists of opioid receptors. The drugs are also called agonists-antagonists because they stimulate some types of opioid receptors and block others. Among these are:

Pentazocine Butorphanol Nalbuphine Buprenorphine PiritramideC. Narcotic analgesics with a mixed mechanism of action. For

example,Tramadol.

2.Non-narcotic analgesics of different chemical groups.The main non-narcotic analgesics are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID).

1. Pyrazolone derivatives: Metamizole sodium2. Paraaminophenol derivatives: Paracetamol

3. Heteroaryl-acetic acid derivatives: Ketorolac4. Drugs with a high anti-inflammatory activity can be recommended for the

treatment of pain syndrome caused by inflammation of peripheral tissues. Among these are Diclofenac, Indometacin, Acetylsalicylic acid and Meloxicam.

►AGENTS ACTING ON FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE APPARATUS

I. Agents influencing an appetitea) stimulants of an appetite (bitter stuffs)b) preparations inhibiting an appetite (anorectics)

Phepranone Sibutramine

II. Agents regulating motor (motional) function of GIT1. Emetics

a) emetic drugs of direct action Apomorphine

b) emetic drugs of reflex action preparations of Thermopsis

2. Antiemetics a) blockers of dopamine receptors of trigger zone of vomiting centre

Tiethylperazine (Turicam) Bromopride Metaclopramide (Cerucal, Reglan) Domperidone (Mothilium)

c) Blockers of serotonin 5HT3 receptors Tropisetrone Ondansetrone

d) drugs of other mechanism of actionM-cholinoblockers (Scopalamine, “Aerone”)

Antigistaminic drugs (Diprazine, Dimedrol)

3. Preparations increasing tone of smooth muscles and motility of GIT

Anticholinesterase drug (Proserine)

4. Preparations decreasing tone of smooth muscles and motility of GIT

Spasmolitics (Papaverine, Drotaverine, Dibazol)

M-chlinergic blockers (Atropine)

Gaglionic blockers (Pirilen, Benzoxexonium)

III. Laxatives

A. Preparations causing mechanical irritation of mechanoreceptors of mucous coat of intestine according to nature

1. Salt laxatives Magnesium sulfate Sodium sulfate Mineral salts

2. Preparations swelling in intestine Laminaria Bran Seed of plantain Linseed Methylcellulose Carboxycellulose Prune

3. Lactulose preparations Normaze Duphalac

B. Preparations causing chemical irritation of chemoreceptors in intestine

1. Preparations containing anthraglycosides Rhubarb root Buckthorn bark Common [purging] buckthorn Senna leaves Rhamnil Antrasennin Senade Agiolax

2. Synthetic laxatives

Phenolphtalein Oxyphenisatine Bisacodyl (Dulcolax) Sodium picosulfate (Guttalax)

3. Castor oil

C. Preparations softening fecal mass and facilitating their travel through intestine – eccoprotic preparations

sunflower-seed oil almond-oil olive oil liquid paraffin Poloscalpol

D. Carminative agents – stimulate passage of gases.

Fennel seeds Dill seeds caraway-seeds aromatic waters (mint, anise, dill)

IV. Antidiareal agents.

a) preparations of specific action – acting on pathogenic organisms (antimicrobial and antibacterial agents)

b) preparations of non-specific action (for symptomatic therapy) -

drugs inhibiting intestine peristalsis

Loperamide Immodium) Attapulgit (Caopectate) Smecta (Diosmectide)

V. Agents influencing on secretion of GIT

a) stimulators of secretion

Histamine Pentagastrine

b) agents inhibiting stomach secretion

VI. Antiulcer agents

1. Antacids

a) of systemic action (Sodium hydrocarbonate)b) of non-systemic action (Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium

sulfate, Calcium carbonate, Aluminium hydrate)2. Preparations decreasing secretion of hydrochloric acid

a) histamine H2-receptors blockers: Ranitidine

Famotidine Cimetidine

b) proton pump inhibitors (blockers Н + K+ - ATPase): Omeprazole Pantoprazole Lansoprazole

c) muscarinic receptor blockers: nonselective m-cholinoblockers

Atropine

agents blocking M1-cholinoreceptors mainlyPirenzepine

3. Gastroprotectors – preparations protecting mucous coat of stomach from lesions

a) Preparations producing mechanical protection of mucous coat (ulcer surface).

Sucralfat Bismuth tripotassium dicitrate

b) prostaglandin analogues:

Misoprostol Enprostil Rioprostil

4. Preparations stimulating regeneration of mucous coat of stomach

a) Preparations received from liquorice

Carbenoxolon

b) synthetic analogue of enkephalins – Dalargin

c) preparations of biostimulants

“Solcoseril” Methyluracil Vitamin U

5. Preparation inhibiting chelicobacter pylori

Metronidazole Macrolide antibiotics (Clarythromycin, Roxithromycin) De-nol

VII. hepatotropic agents

A. Influencing on liver function:

bile-expelling preparations are divided into

a) Agents stimulating bile production (choleretica (chole – bile, rheo – flow) or cholesecretica).

b) Agents promoting bile excretion (cholagoga (chole – bile, ago – turn out) or cholekinetica).

c) Preparations relaxing biliary tracts

d) Preparations thining bile (dilutent)

B. Hepatoprotectors

Silibinin Essentiale Corsil LIV-52

C. Cholelitolitics

Ursodeoxycholic acid Ursofalc Chenodeoxycholic acid

VIII. Agents used in disorders of excretory function of pancreas

1. In deficiency of pancreas function substitute therapy is used

Pancreatin – enzyme of pancreas

2. Drugs used in increased function of pancreas (acute pancreatitis) -

Inhibitors of ptoteolitic enzymes

Aprotinin Contrical

IX. Drugs regulating balance of intestine microflora (so-called “eubiotics”)

Lactobacterine Bifidumbacterine Bactisuptil

Classification of antianginal drugs: group and preparations

I. Drugs decreasing the myocardial oxygen demand

1. Nitrates

Short acting: Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, Nitroglycerine) Long acting: Isosorbide dinitrate (short acting by sublingual route),

Isosorbide mononitrate, Erythrityl tetranitrate, Penta erythritol tetranitrate

2. Nitrites – closed to nitrates on mechanism of action:Amylnitrite, Sodium nitrite

3. - adrenoceptor blockers: β Propranolol, Metoprolol, Atenolol, Nebivolol etc.

4. Calcium channel blockers. They decrease the myocardium functions and so the myocardial oxygen consumption too.

Phelyl alkylamine: Verapamil Benzothiazepine: Diltiazem Dihydropyridines: Nifedepine, Felodipine, Amlodipine,

Nitrendipine, Nimodipine, Lacidipine5. Potassium channel opener - NicorandilII. Drugs increasing oxygen delivery to the myocardium:

They are less effective and so less popular and used rare.

1. Validol – the drug of reflex action, it is used for relief of angina pectoris symptoms

2. 2- adrenoceptor agonists: β Oxyphedrine3. Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase4. Coronary vasodilating drugs with adenosine mechanism of action. They increase adenosine concentration in the myocardium, dilate collateral vessels – Dipyridamole

III. Inhibitors of platelet aggregation - Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) in small doses – up to 100 mg in a day

 ►CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS

Group I - neurotropic drugs of central action

1) α2-adrenomimetics Clonidine , Methyldopa , Guanfacine

2) Agonist of imidazoline receptorsMoxonidine , Rilmenadine

Group II - neurotropic drugs of peripheral action

1) Ganglionic blockersHexamethonium Benzosulfonate Trepirium Iodide (Hygronium)

2) SympatholyticsReserpine Guanethidine Sulfate

Combined preparations:

«Adelphan» , «Brinerdin» , «Crystepin»

3) selective α1adrenoceptor antagonista) short term acting drug – Prazosinb) long term acting drug – Terazosin, Doxazosin, Bunazosin

4) -β adrenoceptor antagonist 1 generation – β1- β2- adrenoceptor antagonists

Propranolol , Pindolol , Bopindolol , Nadolol

2 generation – cardioselective β1- adrenoceptor antagonists

Metoprolol , Atenolol , Bisoprolol , Talinolol

3 generation

nonselective – Carvedilol, Busindolol selective - adrenoceptor antagonists with vasodilating properties Nebivolol

Group III – drugs of myotropic action

1) Blockers of calcium channel L-type - Nifedipine, Amlodipine, Diltiazem T-type - Mibefradil

2) Potassium channel activators Minoxidil Diazoxide

3) Nitrosovasodilators Sodium Nitroprusside Molsidomine

4) Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase Dibasol Papaverine

5) Others Hydrolazine Magnesium sulfate

Group IV – drugs acting on renin- angiotensin system

1) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

Captopril Enalapril Lisinopril Benazepril Ramipril Perindopril

2) Angiotensin II antagonists Losartan Valsartan Candesartan

Group V – diuretics

Hydrochlorothiazide Furosemide (Lasix)

• Spironolactone

CLASSIFICATION OF CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS

A. According to nature 1) Dihydropyridine derivatives

Nifedipine Nicardipine Felodipine Lacidipine Nimodipine Nitrendipine Felodipine Amlodipine Isradipine

They more influence on artery tone then on myocardium.

2) Benzothiazepine derivatives DiltiazemEqual influence both artery and myocardium.

3) Phenylalkylamine derivatives

VerapamilInfluence on myocardium is greater then on arteries. So it is used in

arrhythmia and coronary heart disease.

According to generation

Generation 1(short term action)

Nifedipine Nicardipine Diltiazem Verapamil

Generation 2(prolonged forms of preparations of generation I, retard-forms or new compounds with long time of action)

Isradipine Nimodipine

Generation III

Amlodipine • Lacidipine

Antihypotensive drugs.

Hypotension (low blood pressure) can be acute and chronic. Acute hypotension is observed in collapse, shock and faint. Chronic hypotension is characterized by permanent low arterial blood pressure. For the treatment of hypotension depending on its cause the following groups of preparations are used.

1. Vasoconstrictive agents:

a) Agonists of angiotensin II

Angiotensinamide (synthetic analogue of endogenous angiotensinamide).

It is manufactured in the form of powder in vials. It is dissolved ex tempore and administered intravenously. Angiotensinamide has short-time but vigourous action.

b) Adrenoceptor agonists (mainly - adrenoceptor agonists)α

Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)

They are non-selective - adrenoceptor agonists.α

Mesaton –selective ones. c) Sympathomimetics

Ephedrine It stimulates noradrenaline release from presynaptic membrane.

All the drugs are mainly used in acute hypotension.

d) Glucocorticoids

Prednisolone Dexamethasone Hydrocortisone

They are used in acute hypotension as they increase adrenoreceptor sensitivity to catecholamines, decreases penetrability of vessels.

2. Agents increasing cardiac output (improving heart function). They are used in case of shocks, in postoperative period.

a) Dopamine receptor agonists

Dopamine hydrochloride It stimulates heart function and increases tone of vessels and used in cardiogenic shock, traumatic shock.

b) -adrenomometicsβ

Dobutamine c) Cardiac glycosides

3. Analeptics. They stimulate both tone of vessels and myocardium function.

Caffeine Cordiamin (Nikethamide) Camphor preparations

4. General tonic (general stimulants) – they increase a tone of CNS.

Ginseng Aralia Devil's-club SchizandraTinctures from the plants are used in chronic hypotension conditions.

5. If hypotension is due to loss of blood then preparations increasing volume of blood circulation - plasma-substituting solutions, colloid solutions, crystalloid solutions (salt solutions).

Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs, their groups and preparations.

I. Drugs blocking ion channels of cardiac hystiocytes (conducting system of heart and contractile myocardium)

1. Drugs blocking sodium channels (membrane stabilizers; group IA)

Subgroup IA (quinidine and quinidine like drugs):

Quinidine sulfate Disopyramide

Procainamide Ajmaline

Subgroup IB:

Lidocain Phenytoin

Subgroup IC:

Flecainide Propafenone Ethmosine Ethacizine

2. Drugs blocking L-type of calcium channels (group IV)

Verapamil Diltiazem

3. Drugs blocking potassium channels (drugs increasing repolarization duration and action potential; group III)

Amiodaron (Cordaron) Ornid Sotalol

II. Drugs mainly influencing on receptors of heart efferent innervation

Drugs weakening adrenergic influences:

- adrenergic blockersβ

Anaprilin and etc.

Drugs increasing adrenergic influences:

- adrenergic agonistsβ

Isoprenaline

sympathomimetics

Ephedrine

Drugs weakening cholinergic influences:

muscarinic receptor blocker

Atropine sulfate

III. Different drugs having antiarrhythmic activity

Potassium and magnesium drugs Cardiac glycosides Adenosine

Antiarrhythmic drugs are also classified into following groups:

A. Drugs used in tachyarrhythmia and extrasystoles Drugs blocking sodium channels Drugs blocking calcium channels Drugs blocking potassium channels - adrenergic blockersβ Cardiac glycosides (digitalis drugs) Adenosine Potassium and magnesium drugs B. Drugs used in bradyarrhythmia and conduction abnormality Muscarinic receptor blocker - adrenergic agonistsβ

Classification of antibiotics (groups and drugs)

I. (Beta) - lactam antibioticsβ

PenicillinsCephalosporinsCarbapenemsMonobactams

II. Macrolides and azalides

III. Aminoglycosides

IV. Tetracyclines

V. Polymyxins

VI. Lincosamides

VII. Rifampicins

VIII. Glycopeptides

IX. Polyene antibiotics

X. Others: Chloramphenicol, Fosfomycin, Fusidic acid, Ristomycin, Gramicidin

Biosynthetic penicillins can be classified into:

1. Drugs with a short-term action: Benzylpenicillin: benzylpenicillin-sodium; benzylpenicillin-

potassium Phenoxymethylpenicillin Benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin

2. Drugs with a long-term action: Benzylpenicillin-procaine Benzathine benzylpenicillin (bicillin-1, extencillin) Bicillin-3 (benzylpenicillin-potassium + benzylpenicillin-procaine

+ benzathine benzylpenicillin in equal quantities) Bicillin-5 (1 part of benzylpenicillin-procaine, 4 parts of

benzathine benzylpenicillin)

Semisynthetic penicillins: drugs and their pharmacological features.

Semisynthetic penicillins can be classified into:

I. Penicillinase resistant penicillins: Methicillin Oxacillin Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin Flucloxacillin Nafcillin

II. Extended spectrum penicillins Ampicillin Amoxicillin Hetacillin Talampicillin Pivampicillin

III. Penicillins acting on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (blue pus bacillus)a) Carboxypenicillins: Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Carfecillinb) Ureidopenicillins: Piperacillin, Azlocillin, Mezlocillin

►Cephalosporins are subdivided into following generations.

I. First generation:

1. Parenteral: Cephalothin, Cefazolin

2. Oral: Cephalexin, CefadroxilII. Second generation:

1. Parenteral: Cefuroxime, Cefoxitin, Cefamandole2. Oral: Cefaclor, Cefuroxime axetilIII. Third generation:

1. Parenteral: Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefoperazone, Cefoperazone/sulbactam

2. Oral: Cefixime, CeftibutenIV. Fourth generation: Parenteral: Cefepime, Cefpirome

►Modes of manufacturing

Fourteen-membered Fifteen- membered Sixteen- membered

Natural macrolides

Erythromycin Oleandomycin

Spiramycin Josamycin Midecamycin

Semisynthetic macrolides

Roxithromycin Clarithromycin

Azithromycin Midecamycin acetate

►Classification:

1. Aminoglycosides of the 1st generation: Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Neomycin

2. Aminoglycosides of the 2nd generation: Gentamycin, Tobramycin, Netilmicin

3. Aminoglycosides of the 3rd generation: Amikacin

►Quinolones and fluoroquinolones:

1. Drugs of the 1st generation: non-fluorinated quinolones Nalidixic acid Oxolinic acid Pipemidic acid

2. Drugs of the 2nd generation: Ciprofloxacin Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Pefloxacin

Lomefloxacin (2 F)3. Drugs of the 3rd generation:

Levofloxacin Sparfloxacin Temafloxacin (3F) Enoxacin Tosufloxacin Fleroxacin Rufloxacin

4. Drugs of the 4th generation: Moxifloxacin Clinafloxacin Gatifloxacin Trovafloxacin (3F)

1. Classification of antituberculous drugs (groups and medicines).According to their chemical structure antituberculous drugs can be divided into:

I. Antituberculous antibiotics: Rifampicin Rifabutin Capreomycin Cycloserine Streptomycin Kanamycin AmikacinII. Hydrazides of isonicotinic acid: Isoniazid Metazide Opiniazide FtivazideIII. Derivatives of para-aminosalicylic acid: Para-aminosalicylic acidIV. Synthetic drugs with other chemical structure: Pyrazinamide Ethionamide Ethambutol ThiacetazoneV. Fluoroquinolones: Lomefloxacin Ciprofloxacin

OfloxacinVI Macrolides :

Clarithromycin Azithromycin

According to their clinical utility antituberculous drugs can be divided into:

I. Drugs of first line: These drugs have high antitubercular efficacy as well as low toxicity; are used routinely

Streptomycin Rifampicin Isoniazid Ethambutol PyrazinamideII. Drugs of second line: These drugs have either low antitubercular efficacy or high toxicity or both; are used in special circumstances only.

Capreomycin Cycloserine Kanamycin Amikacin Para-aminosalicylic acid Lomefloxacin

Classification of antifungal drugs:

According to their chemical structure drugs are divided into following groups:

I. Antifungal antibiotics:A. Polyenes: Amphotericin B, Nystatin, NatamycinB. Heterocyclic benzofurans: GriseofulvinII. Synthetic antifungal drugs:A. Azoles:

1. Imidazole derivatives: Clotrimazole, Econazole, Miconazole, Ketoconazole, Oxiconazole

2. Triazole derivatives: Fluconazole, Intraconazole

B. Allylamines: Terbinafine, Naftifine

C. Thiocarbamates: Tolnaftate

D. Nitrophenol derivatives: Nitrofungin

E. Derivatives of undecylenic acid: ointment “Zincundan”, ointment “Undecin”

F. Antifungal drugs with other chemical structure:

1. Dequalinium chloride (Decamin)2. Iodine drugs: alcohol solution of Iodine, potassium iodide3. Drugs of salicylic acid

► I. Synthetic antiviral drugs:

1. Adamantane derivatives: Amantadine Rimantadine

2. Nucleoside analogs: Zidovudine (AZT) Acyclovir Valaciclovir Vidarabine Ganciclovir Idoxuridine

3. Drugs with other chemical structure: Arbidol Oxolin Tebrophen Bonaphton Florenal

II. Drugs of a biological origin:

1. Interferons: Interferon alfa ( )α Interferon alfa-2a Interferon alfa-2b Interferon beta ( )β Interferon gamma ( )γ

2. Drugs of a herbal origin: Flacosid Alpisarin Helepin Gossypol

According to their clinical utility antiviral drugs are classified into: I. Anti-influenza drugs:

a) Adamantane derivatives:

Amantadine Rimantadine

b) Inhibitors of viral neuraminidase:

Zanamivir Ozeltamivir

c) Inducers of interferon synthesis:

ArbidolII. Anti-herpes drugs:

1. Nucleoside analogs: Acyclovir Valaciclovir Famciclovir Idoxuridine Ganciclovir

2. Inducers of interferon synthesis:

Cycloferon

III. Drugs used for the treatment of HIV:

1. Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase:

a) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

Zidovudine (AZT) Didanozine Stavudine Lamivudine Zalcitabine

b) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Nevirapine Efaverenz

2. Protease inhibitors:

Saquinavir Indinavir Amprenavir Ritonavir

IV. Drugs used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus infections:

1. Nucleoside analogs:

Ganciclovir Valganciclovir2. Foscarnet

V. Antiviral drugs with an extended spectrum of action (nonselective antiviral drugs):

Ribavirin Lamivudine Interferons: Interferon , etcα

There are drugs which increase resistance of body cells to an action of viruses (nonselective antiviral drugs). Among these are:

Interferons: Interferon alfa (α), Interferon alfa-2a, Interferon alfa-2b, Interferon beta (β), Interferon gamma (γ)

Inducers of interferon synthesis: Arbidol, Poludan, Neovir (Cridanimod), Cycloferonum (Methylglucamine acridonacetate),

Immunomodulators: Imunofan, Licopid, Levamisole, Polyoxydonium

1. Classification of antiprotozoal drugs. I. Drugs used for the treatment and prevention of malaria.

Chloroquine (chingamin) Pyrimethamine (chloridin) Mefloquine Quinine Primaquine Sulfonamides: Sulfadoxine Tetracyclines: Tetracycline, Doxycycline

II. Drugs used for the treatment of amebiasis.

Metronidazole Emetine Tetracyclines: Tetracycline, Doxycycline Chloroquine Iodoquinol

III. Drugs used for the treatment of lambliasis.

Metronidazole Furazolidone Aminochinole

IV. Drugs used for the treatment of trichomoniasis.

Metronidazole Tinidazole Trichomonacide Furazolidone

V. Drugs used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.

Pyrimethamine (chloridin) Sulfadimidine (Sulfadimesine)

VI. Drugs used for the treatment of balantidiasis.

Tetracyclines Monomycin Chiniofone

VII. Drugs used for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

Solyusurmin Sodium stibogluconate Metronidazole Pentamidine Meglumine antimonite

According to localization of amoebas, antiamoebic drugs can be divided into:

A. Antiamoebic drugs (amoebicides) used for the treatment of intestinal and extraintestinal amoebiasis.

Metronidazole Tinidazole Ornidazole

B. Amoebicides (with direct action) which are effective against amoebas localized within lumen of the large intestine.

Chiniofon Iodoquinol

C. Amoebicides (with indirect action) which are effective against amoebas localized within lumen of the large intestine and in intestinal wall.

TetracyclinesD. Tissue amoebicides acting on amoebas localized in intestinal wall and in the liver.

Emetine Dehydroemetine

E. Tissue amoebicides effective against amoebas localized in the liver.

Chloroquine

Classification of antihelmintic drugs:

Antihelmintic drugs can be classified into:I. Drugs used for the treatment of intestinal helminthiasises.1. Drugs used for the treatment of intestinal nematodosises

Levamisole Pyrantel pamoate Mebendazole Albendazole Piperazine adipate Pyrvinium embonate Bephenium hydroxynaphthoas

2. Drugs used for the treatment of intestinal cestodosises. Mebendazole Albendazole Praziquantel Aminoacrichine Niclosamide

II. Drugs used for the treatment of abenteric helminthiasises.

1. Drugs used for the treatment of abenteric nematodosises. Diethylcarbamazine (ditrazine citrate)

1. Drugs used for the treatment of abenteric cestodosises Albendazole Praziquantel

2. Drugs used for the treatment of abenteric trematodosises

Praziquantel Chloxyl Antimonyl Na- tartrate

Emetine Diethylcarbamazine (ditrazine citrate)

►Classification of antineoplastic drugs: I. Aalkylating agents:

Chlorethylamines: Cyclophosphamide, Chlorbutin, Dopane, Sarcolysine (merphalan)

Ethylenimine: Thiotepa (thiophosphamide) Derivatives of methanesulfonic acid: Myelosan Nitrosoureas: Nitrosourea, Lomustine, Carmustine,

Nimustine Triazines: Dacarbazine, Procarbazine Drugs containing Platinum: Cisplatin, Carboplatin

II. Antimetabolites:

Antagonists of folic acid: Methotrexate Purine antagonists: Mercaptopurine Pyrimidine antagonists: 5-Fluorouracil, Phthorafur, Cytarabine

III. Antineoplastic antibiotics:

Actinomycins: Dactinomycin Anthracyclines: Rubomycin, Doxorubicin, Carminomycin Phleomycins: Bleomycin Drugs with other chemical structure: Olivomycin, Mitomycin,

RufocromomycinIV. Vegetable antineoplastic drugs:

Vinca alkaloids: Vincristine, Vinblastine Taxanes (alkaloids of Western yew tree): Paclitaxel, Docetaxel Epipodophyllotoxin: Etoposide, Tenyposide Alkaloids of showy autumn crocus: Colchamine, Colchicine

V. Enzymatic drugs: L-Asparaginase

VI. Hormones and their antagonists:

Androgens: Testosterone propionate, Medrotestrone propionate, Tetrasterone

Estrogens: Ethinylestradiol, Fosfestrol, Diethylstilbestrol

Gestagens: Hydroxyprogesterone, Medroxyprogesterone Antiestrogens: Tamoxifen, Toremifene Antiandrogens: Flutamide, Cyproterone Antagonists of hypothalamic hormone stimulating release of

gonadotropic hormone: Goserelin, Leiprorelin Aromatase inhibitors: Letrozole Glucocorticoids: Prednisolone, Dexamethasone

VII. Cytokinins:

Interferons: Interferon alfa Interleukins: Interleukin-2

Derivatives of purine alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine) increase cerebral blood flow. From this drug group Pentoxyphylline (Agapurin, Trental) is used now for stroke treatment. It takes moderate vasodilating action, decreases platelet aggregation, increases erythrocyte membrane elasticity and improves microcirculation. The vasodilating effect is due to the adenosine receptor block. Besides the drug inhibits phosphodiesterase and increases the cyclic adenosine monophosphate contents in platelets. Pentoxyphylline is also used in peripheral circulation disorders, diabetic angiopathy, eye blood flow disorders. Adverse effects include dyspepsia, dizziness, redness.

Classification of drugs influencing tone and contractions of myometrium

A. AGENTS INCREASING STRENGTH AND FREQUENCY OF RHYTHMIC CONTRACTION OF UTERUS (DELIVERY STIMULATING)

I. Neurotropic agents

1) M-cholinomimetics

Acetylcholine Carbachol

2) Anticholinergic drugs

Neostigmine 3) Ganglion-blocking agents

Pachycarpine hydroiodide Hexamethonium benzosulfonate

Azamethonium bromide Pempidine tosylate

4) Dopaminomimetics

Levodopa 5) -adrenomimeticsα

Noradrenalin6) -adrenoblockersβ

Propranolol7) Serotonin receptor agonists

Serotonin adipinate8) Agonists of histamine receptors

HistamineII. Hormonal preparations

1) Preparations of posterior pituitary Demoxytocin Oxytocin Pituitrin

2) Prostaglandins Dinoprostone (prostaglandine E2 preparation) Dinoprost (prostaglandin F2α preparation)

3) Estrogenic hormonesSteroid

Esrone Estradiol Estradiol dipropionateNonsteroid synthetic

Hexestrol Diethylstilbestrol

4) Corticosteroid hormones Cortisone acetate

III. Cyclic nucleotides

cGMPIV. Calcium salts

Calcium chlorideB. AGENTS INCREASING TONE OF MYOMETRIUM

Ergot alkaloids

Ergometrine Ergotamine MethylergometrinePreparations of other plants

Capsella bursa-pastoris (caseweed) fluid extract (herb) Polygonum hydropiper (water pepper) fluid extract (herb) Nettle fluid extract (leaves) Arnica infusion (flowers)

C. AGENTS INHIBITING CONTRACTILITY AND TONE OF MYOMETRIUM (TOCOLYTICS)

I. Neurotropic agents

1) M-cholinoblocking agents

Atropine Platiphylline Metocinium iodide

2) -adrenoblocking agentsα

Phentolamine Tropodifene hydrochloride

3) β2-adrenomimetics

Orciprenaline Salbutamol Fenoterol (Partusisten) Terbutaline Hexoprenaline (Gynipral) Isoxuprine Ritodrine

4) GABA-ergic agents Sodium oxybutirate Gamma aminobutyric acid (Picamolonum) Hopatenic acid (Pantogam)

5) Inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis Indomethacin Ibuprofen Mefenamic acid Diflunisal

6) Hormonal gestagenic preparations

Progesterone Oxyprogesterone capronate Allylestrenol (Turinal)

7) Myotropic spasmolitics (inhibitors of phosphodiesterase)

Theophylline Aminophylline Papaverine Drotaverine Pentoxifylline (trental)

8)Magnesium salts

Magnesium sulphateIV. AGENTS DECREASING TONE OF NECK OF UTERUS

Atropine sulfate Dinoprost Dinoprostone