Classification. Taxonomy Branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history Branch of biology.

ClassificationClassification

TaxonomyTaxonomy Branch of biology that names and groups Branch of biology that names and groups

organisms according to their organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary historycharacteristics and evolutionary history

Can you classify these?Can you classify these?

AristotleAristotle first person to classify organismsfirst person to classify organisms

classified living things as plants or animalsclassified living things as plants or animals

grouped animals as grouped animals as land dwellersland dwellers air dwellersair dwellers water dwellerswater dwellers

he groups plants into 3 groups based on their he groups plants into 3 groups based on their stemsstems

his system was based on common nameshis system was based on common names

Why Doesn’t That System Why Doesn’t That System Work?Work?

many animals that live in the same environment many animals that live in the same environment are more closely related to others in another are more closely related to others in another environmentenvironment for example: whales are classified with fish in the water for example: whales are classified with fish in the water

and bats with birds in the air. Actually bats and whales and bats with birds in the air. Actually bats and whales are more closely related to each other as mammalsare more closely related to each other as mammals

common names vary from place to placecommon names vary from place to place for example: a dog in English is a chien in French, a cane for example: a dog in English is a chien in French, a cane

in Italian and a perro in Spanishin Italian and a perro in Spanish

descriptions are not always accuratedescriptions are not always accurate for example: jellyfish are not fishfor example: jellyfish are not fish

LinnaeusLinnaeus

devised a system that has hierarchical devised a system that has hierarchical categories categories

used morphology (form and structure) used morphology (form and structure) to categorizeto categorize

7 levels of organization7 levels of organization

what we use todaywhat we use today

Linnaeus’ levels of Linnaeus’ levels of classificationclassification

KingdomKingdom largest and most inclusive (there are 6 of them)largest and most inclusive (there are 6 of them)

PhylumPhylum called division in plantscalled division in plants

ClassClass OrderOrder FamilyFamily GenusGenus SpeciesSpecies

smallest and least inclusivesmallest and least inclusive only one organism type/species (eg. dog)only one organism type/species (eg. dog)

LionLion Great White Great White SharkShark

Percula Percula ClownfisClownfis

hh

Common Common OctopuOctopu

ssKingdoKingdo

mmAnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia

PhyluPhylumm

ChordatChordataa

ChordataChordata ChordataChordata MolluscaMollusca

ClassClass MammaliMammaliaa

ChondrichthyChondrichthyeses

OsteichthyeOsteichthyess

CephalapoCephalapodada

OrderOrder CarnivorCarnivoraa

LamnifomesLamnifomes PerciformesPerciformes OctopodaOctopoda

FamilFamilyy

FelidaeFelidae LamnidaeLamnidae PomacentridPomacentridaeae

OctopodidOctopodidaeae

GenusGenus PantherPantheraa

CarcharodonCarcharodon AmphiprionAmphiprion OctopusOctopus

SpeciSpecieses

leoleo carchariascarcharias perculapercula vulgarisvulgaris

More specifically within mammals:

LionLion JaguarJaguar OrangutaOrangutann

HumanHuman DogDog

KingdoKingdomm

AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia

PhylumPhylum ChordataChordata ChordataChordata ChordataChordata ChordataChordata ChordataChordata

ClassClass MammaliMammaliaa

MammaliMammaliaa

MammaliaMammalia MammaliMammaliaa

MammaliMammaliaa

OrderOrder CarnivorCarnivoraa

CarnivorCarnivoraa

PrimatePrimate PrimatePrimate CarnivorCarnivoraa

FamilyFamily FelidaeFelidae FelidaeFelidae PongidaePongidae HominidaHominidaee

CanidaeCanidae

GenusGenus PantheraPanthera PantheraPanthera PongoPongo Homo Homo CanisCanis

SpeciesSpecies leoleo oncaonca pygmaeuspygmaeus sapiensapien familiarisfamiliaris

(there are different breeds of dogs, but they are all the same species)

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

bi = 2 nomial = name nomen= bi = 2 nomial = name nomen= naming cloture= systemnaming cloture= system

The scientific name of an organism has The scientific name of an organism has two partstwo parts

GenusGenus speciesspecies

Ursus maritimus Trachemys scripta

Writing the NameWriting the Name italicized (or underlined if hand written)italicized (or underlined if hand written)

genus is always capitalizedgenus is always capitalized

species is always lower casespecies is always lower case

eg- eg- Panthera leoPanthera leo is the scientific name of a lion is the scientific name of a lion Canis familiarisCanis familiaris is the scientific name is the scientific name

of a dogof a dogCanis lupusCanis lupus is the scientific name of a wolf is the scientific name of a wolf

(notice the close relationship between the dog (notice the close relationship between the dog and wolf-they are in the same Genus together)and wolf-they are in the same Genus together)

Canis familiarisCanis familiaris Canis lupusCanis lupus

Important Vocabulary Prokaryotic: No Nucleus – BACTERIA Eukaryotic: Has Nucleus – Everything Else Autotrophic: “Self-feeding” – Producers / Make own

sugar.. Photo/chemo – synthesis. Heterotrophic: “other eaters” – consumers Locomotion: Can move from place to place. Cell Wall: outside of cell membrane. Provides protection

and shape. Multicellular: Made up of more than 1cell (cells specialize

and depend on each other.) Unicellular: Made up of only one cell. Not dependent on

others.

Six Kingdom SystemSix Kingdom System

PlantsPlants Animals Animals Fungi Fungi ProtistsProtists EubacteriaEubacteria ArchaeArchaebacteria bacteria

““Archae” means ancient:Archae” means ancient: Found in Found in very hostile (acidic / hot) environments very hostile (acidic / hot) environments like that of ancient Earth.like that of ancient Earth.

Six Kingdom SystemSix Kingdom System

Kingdom: ArchaebacteriaKingdom: Archaebacteria prokaryoticprokaryotic

unicellularunicellular

autotrophic and heterotrophicautotrophic and heterotrophic

many live in harsh environments like hot many live in harsh environments like hot sulfur sulfur springs and very salty lakessprings and very salty lakes

““archae” means ancient and seems to be archae” means ancient and seems to be direct direct descendants or very similar to the descendants or very similar to the 1st organisms 1st organisms on Earthon Earth

Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Eubacteria

prokaryoticprokaryotic unicellularunicellular autotrophic and heterotrophicautotrophic and heterotrophic ““eu” means trueeu” means true includes many bacteria that affect includes many bacteria that affect

your life (like the ones that cause your life (like the ones that cause tooth decay, make foods like yogurt tooth decay, make foods like yogurt and cause food poisoning)and cause food poisoning)

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

eukaryoticeukaryotic unicellular and multicellularunicellular and multicellular autotrophic and heterotrophicautotrophic and heterotrophic look like plants but lack specialized look like plants but lack specialized

tissuestissues include giant kelp, euglena and include giant kelp, euglena and

amoebaeamoebae

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

eukaryoticeukaryotic unicellular and multicellularunicellular and multicellular heterotrophicheterotrophic absorb nutrientsabsorb nutrients include mushrooms, mildews and include mushrooms, mildews and

moldsmolds

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

eukaryoticeukaryotic multicellularmulticellular autotrophic (rarely heterotrophic)autotrophic (rarely heterotrophic) most live on landmost live on land most use photosynthesis for energymost use photosynthesis for energy includes mosses, ferns, trees and includes mosses, ferns, trees and

flowering plantsflowering plants

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

eukaryoticeukaryotic multicellularmulticellular heterotrophicheterotrophic symmetrical body organizationsymmetrical body organization move about their environmentmove about their environment includes dogs, insects, birds, fish, includes dogs, insects, birds, fish,

coral…coral…

Three Domain SystemThree Domain System

A. developed by Carl Woese of the A. developed by Carl Woese of the University of IllinoisUniversity of Illinois

B. a classification system based B. a classification system based on molecular biologyon molecular biology

* compares sequences of * compares sequences of ribosomal RNAribosomal RNA

DomainsDomains

1. bacteria1. bacteria * eubacteria in six-kingdom * eubacteria in six-kingdom

systemsystem 2. archae2. archae * archaebacteria in 6 kingdom * archaebacteria in 6 kingdom

systemsystem 3. eukarya3. eukarya * includes 4 eukaryotic * includes 4 eukaryotic

kingdoms: protista, fungi, plantae and kingdoms: protista, fungi, plantae and animaliaanimalia