Classification of Living Things (based on lab manual….this is not the way things are currently grouped*): this week we look at the groups in red • Domain Prokarya— made of prokaryotic cells – “Kingdom” Archaea – “Kingdom” Bacteria • Domain Eukarya— made of Eukaryotic cells – “kingdom protista” • protozoans— “animal” like protists • algae— “plant like” protists – Plant Kingdom – Animal Kingdom – Fungi Kingdom – * new groupings include domain bacteria (all bacteria), domain Archaea (consists of archeans), both Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotes. The third domain is Eukarya which contains all organisms composed of eukarytotic cells. Bacteria, Archaea, and protists are no longer considered kingdoms
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Classification of Living Things: this week we look at the groups in red
Classification of Living Things: this week we look at the groups in red. Domain Prokarya— made of prokaryotic cells Kingdom Archea Kingdom Bacteria (eubacteria) Domain Eukarya— made of Eukaryotic cells “kingdom protista” protozoans— “animal” like protists algae— “plant like” protists - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Classification of Living Things (based on lab manual….this is not the way things are currently grouped*):
this week we look at the groups in red
• Domain Prokarya— made of prokaryotic cells– “Kingdom” Archaea– “Kingdom” Bacteria
• Domain Eukarya— made of Eukaryotic cells– “kingdom protista”
• protozoans— “animal” like protists• algae— “plant like” protists
– Plant Kingdom– Animal Kingdom– Fungi Kingdom
– * new groupings include domain bacteria (all bacteria), domain Archaea (consists of archeans), both Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotes. The third domain is Eukarya which contains all organisms composed of eukarytotic cells. Bacteria, Archaea, and protists are no longer considered kingdoms
Terminology• Unicellular
– Organism is only a single cell
• Multicellular– Organism is made of many cells
• Cells are dependent on one another
• Autotrophic– Photosynthetic Autotrophs:
• Heterotrophic
TerminologyPhotosynthetic Autotrophs:
• use energy of sunlight and inorganic molecules to make their own food (energy molecules)
• Photosynthesis– Uses photosynthetic pigments
Terminology• Heterotrophic:
– Break down organic molecules for food/energy • eat other organisms (living or dead)—carnivores, herbivores,
scavengers, & decomposers• eat wastes of other organism (detrivores & saprophytes)
• metabolism• heterotrophic v. autotrophic• aerobic v. anearobic• DNA/genetics
Lab utilizes/focuses on these
YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE THREE SHAPES BY THEIR OFFICIAL NAMES
Importance/Relevance of bacteria:be able to give some examples
• Environmentally:– Decomposers/Nutrient Cycling
• Break down dead things to make nutrient available for other organisms
– Nitrogen fixers/Nitrogen Cycle and Availability• only organisms that can take atmospheric N2 and make it
available for use by other organisms– root nodules– crop rotation
– create oxygen (photosynthetic varieties)– symbionte with other organisms
• e.g., gut fermentation
NITROGEN CYCLE -- nitrogen passes from physical environment to producers (e.g., plants) to animals, to
another animal (etc.) and returns to the physical env through waste and decomposition (of dead).
Importance/Relevance of bacteria:be able to give some examples
• In human health– pathogens– “normal flora”
• prevent infections & can influence our immune system• provide vitamins• “pro-biotics” (e.g., Activia…you know the commercials)• May alter immune function and be linked to autoimmune disorders and
allergies (hygenien hypothesis & old-friends hypothesis)• May alter our fat deposition
– original source of some antibiotics– Botox is made from bacterial toxin– produce flatulents and B.O.
Importance/Relevance of bacteria:be able to give some examples
• Food/NutritionBacteria are used to chemical alter/change milk into things such as:
– yogurt– kefer milk– cheeses– other fermented food items
that are more resistant to spoiling
• Some bacteria are pathogens to crop plants
Importance/Relevance of bacteria:be able to give some examples
• Biotechnology:
Genetically engineered bacteria:– production of drugs and/or hormones for human use– Are being developed to production of ethanol (a fuel)
• Bioremediation• gene mining for new substances and enzymes
• They are:– Unicellular– Mostly heterotrophic– Have special structure for feeding and/or to make
them mobile
Protozoans:Animal-like protists
Feeding and movement structures:
• cilia (ciliates)
• Flagella (flagellates)
• Psuedopods (ameobas)
Mostly Heterotrophic Protists
• You should know:– The protists covered in the lab manual– The structures each uses to feed and move with– Any details about these from the lab manual that I
emphasized in lab– Also know the two organisms that plasmodium must
pass through, the disease plasmodium causes, and what parts of the human body it infects.
Protozoan VideosParamecium•Generic views (1+min progressively zooms in on contractive vacule): •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6oHxbXKILw •30 second close up where you can see feeding vacuoles move•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jctNl30Cv_I•Conjugation:•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1zAQqU1WQ0•fission—turn off sound•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnlkvquWXS8
• Can be unicellular (e.g., diatoms) or multicellular• Traditionally classified by the color of photosynthetic pigment
– the molecule that captures the energy of sunlight• Brown
• Red
• Green
Kelp Structure
Algae
You should know:– The examples we looked at– The structure of the “giant bladder kelp” and
the function of the holdfast, air cyst, and blade– Know which are multicellular and which are
unicellular– Give some examples of how Algae are
commercially important/relevant
Relevance of algae
• Base of aquatic/marine food chain• O2 production• Food for humans, e.g., nori• Commercial uses
– Agar gelatin (in scientific labs)– Source of Dyes/coloring agents– Thickening and stabilizing agents in foods, soaps, and cosmetics– Clarifying beer (“irish moss”)– Component of “personal lubricants”
• Potential source of biofuel• Fertilizer• Bioremediation (e.g.,uptake and remove phosphates)