Classification of Living Organisms Why do we want to do this?

Classification of Living Organisms

Why do we want to do this?

Carolus Linnaeus

• Swedish

• System of naming organisms – 2 kingdoms originally

• Binomial nomenclature

2 name naming system

• Changed to 5 kingdoms, then 3 Domains

How to write a scientific name

• 1 Capitalize 1st word (genus)

• 2 Lower case for 2nd word (species)

• 3 Underline or italicize

• Examples:– Homo sapiens– Pan troglodytes

• Next time genus can be abbreviated to 1st letter H. sapiens

3 Domain Naming system• Domain - Bacteria Archaea Eukarya• Kingdom - Used to be • Monera (Bacteria); Protista; Fungi; Plantae; Animalia• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species

Pneumonic Device

• Domain • Kingdom • Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species

• Dumb

• King

• Phillip

• Came

• Over

• For

• Great

• Sex

New vs Old

3 Domains

5 Kingdoms

Plantae

Monera Protista

Fungi

Animalia

Common ancestor

Example 1

• Domain - Eukarya• Kingdom - Animalia• Phylum - Chordata• Class Mammalia• Order Cetacea• Family Delphinidae• Genus Orcinus• Species orca

Example - Humans

• Domain - Eukarya• Kingdom - Animalia• Phylum - Chordata• Class Mammalia• Order Primata• Family Hominidae• Genus Homo• Species sapiens

Characteristics of 5 Kingdoms

• Monera (Bacteria) -Single celled

Prokaryotic Binary Fission (reproduction)

• Protista -Eukaryotic Single or Multicelled

Producers, consumers or decomposers

• Fungi -Multicellular (usually) Eukarytotic decomposer

• Plantae -Multicellular Eukarytotic producer

• Animalia -Multicellular Eukarytotic consumer

How we are all related

Domain Archaea

• Unicellular

• Prokaryotes• Lacks peptidoglycan in cell wall (Gram -)

• Extreme living – probably poor competitors Thermophiles – heat loving (Deep sea Thermal vents)

Halophiles – salt loving (Dead sea, Great Salt Lake)

Methanogens – produce methane Sulfur producing

Domain Bacteria

• Unicellular

• Prokaryotes• Has peptidoglycan in cell wall (Gram +)

• Can be colonial or filamentous Blue green (algae) Cyanobacteria Chemoautotrophs (probably first cells ever) Nitrogen fixing bacteria

Domain Eukarya• Kingdom Protista

• Single or Multicelled

• Eukaryotic Fungus-like (decomposers) end in –mycota

Slime molds and water molds Animal-like (consumers) move by

Cilia Flagella or Pseudopodia Plant-like photosynthetic (producers)

Diatoms Dinoflagellates or Algae-

Red; Green; Brown; or (Golden)

Domain Eukarya• Kingdom Fungi• Multicelled (usually) • Eukaryotic• Nucleus and Cell wall - chitin• DecomposerZygomycota – moldsBasidiomycota – Club fungus(Mushrooms,

puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts)Ascomycota – Sac fungi, morels, truffles,

yeast (most found in kitchen),lichens

Domain Eukarya• Kingdom Plantae

• Multicelled

• Eukaryotic

• Nucleus and Cell wall - cellulose

• Producer - photoautotroph Bryophytes (Moss, liverwort, hornwort) Pteridophytes (Club moss, horsetail, fern) Gymnosperms (Ginkgo, cycad, gnetophyte, conifer) Angiosperm (Dicot, Monocot)

Alternation of generations

Bryophytes• Live on land• No vascular tissue• Need water to reproduce (swimming

sperm, just like us)• Gametophyte generation dominant,

sporophyte dependentMossLiverwortHornwort

Gametophyte generation dominant

Pteridophytes• Live on land• Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)• Reproduce with spores Sori - spore producing structure (on ferns)Sporophyte dominant, gametophyte independentClub mossHorsetailFern

Gymnosperms• Live on land• Vascular tissue • Seeds in cones• Sporophyte dominant,

gametophyte dependentCycadGinkgoGnetophyteConifers (pine, spruce, fir, redwood, sequoia)

Angiosperms

• Most live on land (some freshwater, 7 marine)

• Vascular tissue

• Flowers

• Sporophyte dominant,

gametophyte dependentDicots (shrubs, oak, maple trees)Monocots (grasses, palm trees)

Dicot

• Two cotyledons in seed• Branching veins in leaves• Flower petals – 4 or 5 (or multiples)• Vascular tissue in bundles in ring• Tap rootOak, Maple, aspen treesShrubsMost ornamental flowers

Monocot

• Single cotyledon in seed

• Parallel veins in leaf

• Flower petals – 3 (or multiples)

• Vascular tissue in scattered bundles

• Fibrous root ballGrassesPalmsLily, orchid, iris