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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
ClassificationClassification of of boar carcassesboar carcasseswith with a a Mass Spectrometry based Mass Spectrometry based ENEN
S. S. AmpueroAmpuero, G. , G. BeeBee, Uppsala , Uppsala June June 20052005
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
CONTENTS
EN specifications
Definition of boar taint
A Swiss case
Classification of boar carcasses
Conclusions
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
EN specifications
Global analysis: Androstenone, Skatol, Indole,...
Model corresponding to human classification
Limit of detection, ppm A: 0.5? 1? 0.3?; ppm S: 0.1? 0.2?
Sensitivity: doubtful samples
Speed of analysis: 3500 pigs/day 1750 u/day = 3 u/min
Costs
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Definition of boar taint
Model sample groups
Veterinarian discrimination (olfaction of cooked salivary glands, muscular, adipose tissu)
Concentration of androstenone, skatol, indol or models (HPLC Elisa, GC,...)
Sensory panel analysis (olfaction of heated backfat)
Consumers test on meat (cooking odour and flavour)
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
HPLC vs ELISA
y = 0.8658x - 0.0088R2 = 0.9033
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3Elisa [mg/kg Androstenone]
HPL
C [m
g/kg
And
rost
enon
e]
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
A Swiss case
Androstenone distribution106 boars, 80 kg av. live weight
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
R1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
%
Androstenon concentration [mg/kg]
75%
96%
98%
51%
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
A Swiss case
Skatol distribution106 boars, 80 kg av. live weight
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35
R1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
%
Skatol concentration[mg/kg]
76%
96 %
97%
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
A Swiss caseSkatol vs Androstenone 106 boars, 80 kg av. life weight
y = 0.0366x + 0.0402R2 = 0.1103
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Androstenone concentration [mg/kg]
Skat
ol c
once
ntra
tion
[mg/
kg]
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
A Swiss caseIndole vs Androstenone 106 boars, 80 kg av. life weight
y = 0.0088x + 0.009R2 = 0.1006
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Androstenone concentration [mg/kg]
Indo
le c
once
ntra
tion
[mg/
kg]
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
A Swiss caseIndole vs Skatol
106 boars, 80 kg av. life weight
y = 0.2099x + 0.001R2 = 0.6886
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Skatol concentration [mg/kg]
Indo
le c
once
ntra
tion
[mg/
kg]
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Sensory panel
Olfaction of Fat Samples
Samples Panel Detection range
Castrates3Negatif boars6Positif boars29 29
0,02 0,03 0,04 ppmSkatol:0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 ppmAndrostenone:
8
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Sensory panel
Olfaction of Fat Samples,training
Selection for non-anosmics Training
Fiability testat 0.3 ppmandrostenone
Pur compounds Test: 3AFCD Test: 5 pairs of samples(1 castrate – 1 sample)
OK = 4 of 5 correct pairs
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Sensory panel
Olfaction of Fat Samples, testingTest: unknown pairs (1 castrate – 1 sample)
hgfenoise
dcbasignal
Same sureN
Same unsureN?
Different unsureS?
Different sureS
Statistical analysis: R-index
Ri =a(f+g+h) + b(g+h) + c(h) +0.5(ae+bf+cg+dh)
(a+b+c+d)(e+f+g+h)
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Sensory panel
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Androstenone concentration [mg/kg]
arbi
trary
sca
le (%
pos
itive
ans
wer
s)
sorted outclassifiedcastrates
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Sensory panel
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Skatol concentration [mg/kg]
arbi
trary
sca
le (%
pos
itive
ans
wer
s)
sorted outclassifiedcastrates
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Classifying with an EN
http://www.smartnose.com/
“Pattern recognition”Sampling Detection
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Classifying with an EN
K= CairCmatrix
Preconcentration
(SPME,SPDE, Twister)
Pyrolysis
Derivatisation
5α-Androst-16-en-3-one
MW: 272.4 g/molFP: 140-145 °C
Skatol
MW: 131.17 g/molBP : 538.7 °C
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Boar carcasses classifications, PyrolysisAndrostenone Skatol Indole
(± 0.2 ppm) (± 0.05 ppm) (± 0.05 ppm)JH_5965 5.2 0.16 0.07JH_5913 2.9 0.15 0.02JH_5956 1.9 0.48 0.12JH_5964 1.9 0.09 0.00JH_5053 1.5 0.09 0.00JH_6083 1.4 0.09 0.01JH_5939 1.3 0.09 0.00JH_6029 1.2 0.11 0.00JH_5982 1.2 0.12 0.01JH_6060 1.1 0.09 0.00JH_6087 1.0 0.09 0.00JH_6048 1.0 0.10 0.01JH_5955 1.0 0.14 0.01JH_5068 0.9 0.09 0.00JH_6082 0.8 0.09 0.00JH_6091 0.8 0.09 0.00JH_5966 0.8 0.09 0.00JH_5087 0.8 0.09 0.00JH_6069 0.8 0.09 0.00JH_5075 0.7 0.09 0.00JH_6032 0.7 0.09 0.00JH_6108 0.7 0.08 0.00JH_6065 0.6 0.08 0.00JH_6062 0.6 0.09 0.00JH_6078 0.6 0.09 0.00JH_6080 0.6 0.09 0.00JH_6105 0.6 0.09 0.01JH_6086 0.5 0.09 0.00JH_6042 0.2 0.09 0.00
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Boar carcasses classifications, Pyrolysis
conditionsmg of backfatpyrolysis temperature 700°Cdata acquisition time 200 sec
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Boar carcasses classifications, Pyrolysis
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Boar carcasses classifications, Pyrolysis
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Boar carcasses classifications, Pyrolysis
conditionsmg of backfatpyrolysis temperature 500°Cdata acquisition time 200 sec
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Conclusions
(Better) definition of model samples
Standard analytical methods
Pyrolysis presents several advantages: sensitivity, fastness
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Acknowledgements
OVFCOOPSchweizerischer TierschutzvereinZürcher TierschutzvereinPierre-Alain DufaySensory panel (29 people)
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
L’odeur de verrat
Consommation de viande en Suisse(kg de viande achetés par personne en 2003)
porc; 25.2 kg
autre; 1.6agneau; 1.5
veau; 3.7
volaille; 10.1
bœuf; 10.2
1.3 Mio. porcs mâles castrés en 2003AGIR 6.05.2003
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Pyrolysis
Classification de verrats avec un nez électronique-MOSEchantillons modèle d’après le conténu en androsténone
38 échantillons de tissu adipeux dorsale
Bourrounet et al, Sensors and Actuators B 26-27 (1995) 250-254
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Le nez électronique; littérature
Classification de verrats avec un NE pyrolyse-MSEchantillons modèle d’après le conténu en androsténone
40 échantillons de tissu adipeux dorsale
Androstenone< 0.7 mg/g
1.6 mg/g
Berdagué et al, Science des aliments 16 (1996) 425-433
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
L’odeur de verrat
Consumers detection limit
Annor-Frempong I (1997)Riux Solé (2001)
0.008 – 0.060.1 – 0.25
Scatol
Annor-Frempong I (1997)Riux Solé (2001)
0.2 – 10.5 - 1
Androsténone
RéferenceLimite de détectionµg/g
Hansen-Moller (1994)Riux Solé (2001)
66%Androst. + scatol
Hansen-Moller (1994)Riux Solé (2001)
58 %50 %
Scatol
Hansen-Moller (1994)24 %Androsténone
RéferenceCarcasses avec odeur
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
castrés
verrats
scat
ol
ANALYSE- tissu adipeux dorsal- conditionné 1h à 90°C- extraction avec SPME- temps d’analyse 7 min
androsténone
Boar carcasses classifications, SPME
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Boar carcasses classifications, Pyrolysis
100% classification correcte de castrés et verrats
castrés
verratsANALYSE
tissu adipeux dorsalTempérature pyrolyse 500°Cacquisition de données 200 sec
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Pyrolysis
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Pyrolysis
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Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire male Pigs / Uppsala / June 2005 Silvia Ampuero, [email protected] / www.alp.admin.ch
Pyrolysis