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BIOLOGY OFBIOLOGY OFINVERTEBRATESINVERTEBRATES
AND CHORDATESAND CHORDATES
Dr. M.S.McCONNELL
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ORGANISM
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGANS
TISSUES
CELL
CELLULAR ORGANISATION
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MATTER
LIVING NON LIVING
ANIMALS
PLANTS
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CLASSIFICATION OFCLASSIFICATION OF
ANIMALSANIMALS
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ANIMALS
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
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CLASSIFICATION OF COMMON CAT
CLASS: MAMMALIA
ORDER:CARNIVORA
FAMILY: FELIDAE
GENUS: FELIS
SPECIES: DOMESTICA
KINGDOM: ANIMALIA
PHYLUM: CHORDATA
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BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
Level of or!"#$!%#o"& U"#cell'l!r
& ('l%#cell'l!r S)((e%r)
& R!*#!l
&+#l!%er!l
N!%'re of coelo(& Pre,e"ce
& A+,e"ce
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LEVEL OF ORGANISATION
ORGAN SYSTEM GRADE
ORGAN GRADE
TISSUE GRADE
PROTOPLASMIC GRADE
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SYMMETRY
BILATERAL RADIAL
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COELOM
Bo*) c!v#%) #",#*e %-e or!"#,(
T-e #"%er"!l or!", -!" freel) #",#*e !
%r'e coelo(
I% #, for(e* #" %-e *evelo#" e(+r)o !"*
#% ,%!),
A body cavity#, !") fl'#* f#lle* ,!ce #" !
('l%#cell'l!r or!"#,(
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I% refer, %o %-e ,!ce/ loc!%e* +e%0ee" !"
!"#(!l1, o'%er cover#" 2e#*er(#,3 !"*
%-e o'%er l#"#" of %-e '% c!v#%)/ 0-ere#"%er"!l or!", *evelo.
T-e %)e of +o*) c!v#%) l!ce, !"
or!"#,( #"%o o"e of %-e,e %-ree ro',
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NATURE OF COELOM
ACOELOMATE: -!ve "o +o*) c!v#%) !% !ll.
Organs have direct contact with the
epithelium. Semi-solid mesodermal tissues
between the gut and body wall holdtheir organs in place.
E.g. fatworms: Tapeworm, liver fuke,etc
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PSEUDOCOELOMATE:animals-!ve !
pseudocoel2l#%er!ll) 4f!l,e c!v#%)53.
T#,,'e *er#ve* fro( (e,o*er( o"l) !r%l) l#"e,%-e fl'#* f#lle* +o*) c!v#%) of %-e,e !"#(!l,.
T-',/ !l%-o'- or!", !re -el* #" l!ce loo,el)/
%-e) !re "o% !, 0ell or!"#$e* !, #" ! coelo(!%e.
E.. ro'"* 0or(, : A,c!r#,
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EUCOELOMATE:--!true coelom"
have a fuid #lled body cavity called a coelomwith a complete lining called er#%o"e'(derived
$rom mesoderm %one o$ the three r#(!r) %#,,'el!)er,&.
The complete mesoderm lining allows organs tobe attached to each other so that they can be
suspended in a particular order while still beingable to move $reely within the cavity.
E.g. 'ost bilateral animals, including all thever%e+r!%e,, are coelomates.
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NATURE OF COELOM
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P-)l'( : Pro%o$o!
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FEATURES OF PHYLUM
PROTO6OA Pro%o$o!", !re %-e simples%
!"* primitive!"#(!l,
(#"'%e !"* microscopic
e#%-er free l#v#" or ('%'!l,7co((e",!l, or !r!,#%e,
All %-e free l#v#" for(, !re
!8'!%#c
asymmetricalor symmetric
2r!*#!ll) or +#l!%er!ll),)((e%r)3
!re acellular
protoplasmic grade of
organization
Locomotion is carried outby flagella or cilia or
pseudopodia
Reproduction is either by
asexual or sexual means.
Asexual reproduction is bymeans of budding or
multiple fission
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E9AMPLES
Plasmodium vivax;
Amoeba proteus;
Entamoeba histolytica;
Euglena virditis;
Paramecium caudatum
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P-)l'( : Por#fer!
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FEATURES OF PHYLUM PORIFERA
A"#(!l, -!ve cellular level of
organization.
T-ere #, loo,e !re!%#o" of
cell,/ e!c- cell f'"c%#o"#"
#"*ee"*e"%l).
T-e +o*) v!r#e, #" %-e *#ffere"%
or#fer!",7 ,o(e of %-e( !re
v!,e l#e or c)l#"*r#c!l 2-!v#"
radial symmetry37 o%-er, !re
fl!% or lo+'l!r or #rre'l!r #",-!e.
I% (!) +e +r!"c-e* !"*
%-erefore asymmetric.
,#$e of %-e v!r#o', or#fer!",
r!"e, fro( ! fe0 (#ll#(e%er, %o ;
(e%er,
colo'r of %-e,e, !"#(!l, #, !l,o
v!r#e*. I% r!"e, fro( r!) %o
+ro0"/ %o +r#-% )ello0 or re* or
or!"e/ %o v#ole% or #"/ %o +l!c
or 0-#%e.
Por#fer!", !re diploblastic/ -!v#"
o"l) %-e r#(!r) er( l!)er,. T-e Ec%o*er( #, *#ffere"%#!%e* #"%o
!" o'%er dermal layer!"* %-e
e"*o*er( #, *#ffere"%#!%e* #"%o !"
#""er choanocyte layer
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FEATURES OF PHYLUM PORIFERA
Por#fer! *o "o% -!ve or!"
,),%e(,
+o*) +e!r, %0o #"*, of ore,
2!3 Ostia2+3 Osculum +o*) e"clo,e, ! l!re c!v#%)
c!lle* %-e spongocoel
+o*) co",#,%, of (ocro,co#c
+o*#e, c!lle* spicules
A canal systemof v!r)#"co(le
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E9AMPLES
Leucosolenia;
Euplectella;
Scypha;
Hayalonema
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P-)l'( : Coele"%er!%!
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FEATURES OF PHYLUM
COELENTRATA %-e ,#(le,% eumetazoans
All of %-e( !re aquatic
mostly marine
(!) e
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FEATURES OF PHYLUM
COELENTRATA Nervo', ,),%e( #, #" %-e for(
of ! primitive networ# of
nerve fibers
Respiratory and circulatorysystems are absent
They exhibitpolymorphismandthere are two basic
$orms %a& a cup shapedPolyp and %b& a saucershaped Medusa
A,e
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E9AMPLES
Hydra vulgaris;
Obelia;
Aurelia aurita;
Physalia;
Porpita
ALL CORALS
JELLY FISH
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P-)l'( : Pl!%)-el(#"%-e,
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FEATURES OF PHYLUM
PLATYHELMINTHES
T-e !"#(!l, !re dorso-
ventrally flattenedl#e ! le!f
T-e) -!ve organ gradeof
or!"#$!%#o" They are aceolomates.
The cavity between thebody wall and the gut is#lled with parenchyma.
They are triploblasticin nature
T-e) !re bilaterally
symmetrical
T-e) have segmentedbody. (lthough this is a
pseudo-segmentation.
muscle bers arearranged in circular,longitudinal andvertical layers
in higher parasiticatworms the digestivesystem is degeneratedor all together absent
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FEATURES OF PHYLUM
PLATYHELMINTHES
) *espiratory organs areabsent.
) +arasites are obligate
anaerobes.There is nocirculatory system
) ecretion is enabled byame cellsprotonephridia!
(ll animals arehermophrodites.
Their development isdirect or indirect."ndo-parasites usuallyhave indirectdevelopment withmany larval stages.These larval stagesmay be spread outthrough one or moreintermediate hosts
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E9AMPLES
FLA !OR"S
Pla#aria$
Fasiola hepati%a$
S%histoso&a hae&atobiu&$
ae#ia soliu&
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END OF THIS CLASSEND OF THIS CLASS
NE9T CLASS
ANOTHER FOURPHYLUMS